Version bump

Commentary: Changes update
Apply 'make format' [ci skip]
2026-10-03 00:23:35 +02:00 · 2026-07-01 18:27:54 -04:00 · 2026-07-01 18:27:54 -04:00 · 2026-07-01 19:59:37 +00:00 · 2026-07-01 15:58:35 -04:00 · 2026-06-29 22:00:10 -04:00
9590 changed files with 427509 additions and 252665 deletions
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-# mbake configuration file
+# DESCRIPTION: mbake configuration file
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Wilson Snyder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0

 [formatter]
 # Indentation settings
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Checks:          '*,-hicpp*,-android-cloexec-fopen,-cert-dcl50-cpp,-cert-env33-c,-cert-err34-c,-cert-err58-cpp,-clang-analyzer-core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult,-clang-analyzer-security*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers,-cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc,-cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,-cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,-fuchsia-*,-google-default-arguments,-google-readability-todo,-google-runtime-references,-llvm-header-guard,-llvm-include-order,-misc-string-integer-assignment,-misc-string-literal-with-embedded-nul,-modernize-use-auto,-modernize-use-trailing-return-type,-readability-braces-around-statements,-readability-container-size-empty,-readability-delete-null-pointer,-readability-else-after-return,-readability-implicit-bool-conversion,-readability-named-parameter,-readability-static-accessed-through-instance,-llvmlibc-*,-altera-*'
+Checks:          '*,-hicpp*,-android-cloexec-fopen,-cert-dcl50-cpp,-cert-env33-c,-cert-err34-c,-cert-err58-cpp,-clang-analyzer-core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult,-clang-analyzer-security*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-do-while,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers,-cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage,-cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc,-cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,-cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,-fuchsia-*,-google-default-arguments,-google-readability-todo,-google-runtime-references,-llvm-header-guard,-llvm-include-order,-misc-string-integer-assignment,-misc-string-literal-with-embedded-nul,-modernize-use-auto,-modernize-use-trailing-return-type,-readability-braces-around-statements,-readability-container-size-empty,-readability-delete-null-pointer,-readability-else-after-return,-readability-implicit-bool-conversion,-readability-named-parameter,-readability-static-accessed-through-instance,-llvmlibc-*,-altera-*,-boost-use-ranges'
 WarningsAsErrors: ''
 HeaderFilterRegex: ''
 FormatStyle:     none
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ---
 # DESCRIPTION: codecov.io config
 #
-# Copyright 2020-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020-2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 ####################
 # Validate:
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+---
+blank_issues_enabled: false
@@ -7,18 +7,34 @@ assignees: ''

 ---

+<!--
 Thanks for taking the time to report this.

-Can you please attach an example that shows the issue or missing feature?  (Must be openly licensed, completely self-contained so can directly run what you provide. Ideally use test_regress format, see https://veripool.org/guide/latest/contributing.html?highlight=test_regress#reporting-bugs)
+Please avoid attaching screenshots that show text - you can convert images to text using e.g. https://ocr.space
+
+Please remove this block when composing, and all other blocks starting with < !--.
+-->
+
+Can you please attach an example that shows the issue or missing feature?
+
+<!-- Please replace this with your answer. Examples must be openly licensed, completely self-contained so can directly run what you provide. Ideally use test_regress format, see https://veripool.org/guide/latest/contributing.html?highlight=test_regress#reporting-bugs -->

 What output from that test indicates it is wrong, and what is the correct or expected output?  (Or, please make test self-checking if possible.)

+<!-- Please replace this with your answer -->
+
 What 'verilator' command line do we use to run your example?

+<!-- Please replace this with your answer -->
+
 What 'verilator --version' are you using?  Did you try it with the git master version?  Did you try it with other simulators?

+<!-- Please replace this with your answer -->
+
 What OS and distribution are you using?

+<!-- Please replace this with your answer -->
+
 May we assist you in trying to fix this in Verilator yourself?

-(Please avoid attaching screenshots that show text - you can convert images to text using e.g. https://ocr.space)
+<!-- Please replace this with your answer - then hit "Preview" to see the formatted result before submitting.  -->
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ assignees: ''

 ---

+<!--
+Thanks for taking the time to report this.
+
+If reporting a bug or requesting a feature please hit BACK on your browser and use a different issue templates.
+
+Please remove this block when composing, and all other blocks starting with < !--.
+-->
+
 How may we help - what is your question?

-(If reporting a bug or requesting a feature please hit BACK on your browser and use a different issue templates.)
+<!-- Please replace this with your answer - then hit "Preview" to see the formatted result before submitting. -->
@@ -6,3 +6,6 @@ updates:
    directory: "/"
    schedule:
      interval: "weekly"
+    groups:
+      everything:
+        patterns: ["*"]
@@ -28,6 +28,38 @@ concurrency:

 jobs:

+  build-2604-gcc:
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      os-name: linux
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, asan: 0}
+
+  build-2604-clang:
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      os-name: linux
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, asan: 1}
+
  build-2404-gcc:
    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
@@ -58,7 +90,7 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, asan: 1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, asan: 0}

  build-2204-gcc:
    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
@@ -76,22 +108,6 @@ jobs:
        include:
          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, asan: 0}

-  build-2204-clang:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
-    with:
-      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      os-name: linux
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, asan: 0}
-
  build-osx-gcc:
    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
@@ -131,18 +147,18 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-          - {os: windows-2025, cc: msvc}
+          - {os: windows-2025-vs2026, cc: msvc}
    env:
      CI_OS_NAME: win
      CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
      CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
      CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          path: repo
      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
        with:
          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
          key: msbuild-msvc-cmake
@@ -155,11 +171,59 @@ jobs:
      - name: Zip up repository
        run: Compress-Archive -LiteralPath install -DestinationPath verilator.zip
      - name: Upload zip archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/verilator.zip
          name: verilator-win.zip

+  test-2604-gcc:
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    needs: build-2604-gcc
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
+    with:
+      archive: ${{ needs.build-2604-gcc.outputs.archive }}
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
+      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Ubuntu 26.04 gcc
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}
+
+  test-2604-clang:
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    needs: build-2604-clang
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
+    with:
+      archive: ${{ needs.build-2604-clang.outputs.archive }}
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
+      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Ubuntu 26.04 clang
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}
+
  test-2404-gcc:
    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
    needs: build-2404-gcc
@@ -232,55 +296,6 @@ jobs:
          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}

-  test-2204-clang:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
-    needs: build-2204-clang
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
-    with:
-      archive: ${{ needs.build-2204-clang.outputs.archive }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
-      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Ubuntu 22.04 clang, also test relocation
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-2}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-3}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-2}
-
  lint-py:
    name: Lint Python
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-lint-py.yml
-
-  passed:
-    name: Test suite passed
-    if: always()
-    needs:
-      - build-2404-gcc
-      - build-2404-clang
-      - build-2204-gcc
-      - build-2204-clang
-      - build-osx-gcc
-      - build-osx-clang
-      - build-windows
-      - test-2404-gcc
-      - test-2404-clang
-      - test-2204-gcc
-      - test-2204-clang
-      - lint-py
-
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Decide whether the needed jobs succeeded or failed
-        uses: re-actors/alls-green@release/v1
-        with:
-          jobs: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@ jobs:
    name: "'docs/CONTRIBUTORS' was signed"
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
      - run: test_regress/t/t_dist_contributors.py
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7

      - name: Download code coverage data
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
        with:
          pattern: code-coverage-*
          path: obj_coverage
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ jobs:
          find obj_coverage -type f | paste -sd, | sed "s/^/files=/" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - name: Upload to codecov.io
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f  # v7
        with:
          disable_file_fixes: true
          disable_search: true
@@ -110,10 +110,11 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          echo 'set man-db/auto-update false' | sudo debconf-communicate >/dev/null
          sudo dpkg-reconfigure man-db
+          sudo apt install lcov || \
          sudo apt install lcov

      - name: Download repository archive
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
        with:
          name: ${{ needs.build.outputs.archive }}
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ jobs:
          ls -lsha

      - name: Download code coverage data
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
        with:
          pattern: code-coverage-*
          path: repo/obj_coverage
@@ -162,6 +163,8 @@ jobs:
              grep -E "(lines|branches)\.*:" ${{ github.workspace }}/make-coverage-report.log | sed "s/\.*:/:/" >> notification/body.txt || true
              echo "</pre>" >> notification/body.txt
              echo "Report: [${{ github.run_id }}](https://${{ github.repository_owner }}.github.io/verilator/coverage-reports/${{ github.run_id }}/index.html)" >> notification/body.txt
+              echo "" >> notification/body.txt
+              echo "Please get to 100% line coverage, and understand all branches; see https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/internals.rst#code-coverage-results" >> notification/body.txt
            else
              echo "Patch contains no code changes" >> notification/body.txt
            fi
@@ -169,17 +172,17 @@ jobs:
          fi

      - name: Upload report
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
          path: repo/obj_coverage
          name: coverage-report

      - name: Upload notification
        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
          path: repo/notification
-          name: coverage-pr-notification
+          name: pr-notification

  # Create GitHub issue for failed scheduled jobs
  # This should always be the last job (we want an issue if anything breaks)
@@ -192,9 +195,9 @@ jobs:
      # Creating issues requires elevated privilege
      - name: Generate access token
        id: generate-token
-        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2.2.1
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@bcd2ba49218906704ab6c1aa796996da409d3eb1  # v3.2.0
        with:
-          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          client-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
          owner: verilator
          repositories: verilator
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7

      - name: Extract context variables
        run: |
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Docker meta
        id: docker_meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@80c7e94dd9b9319bd5eb7a0e0fe9291e23a2a2e9  # v6
        with:
          images: |
            ${{ vars.DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE }}/${{ env.image_name }}
@@ -64,21 +64,21 @@ jobs:
            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ inputs.add_latest_tag == true }}

      - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@06116385d9baf250c9f4dcb4858b16962ea869c3  # v4

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d7f5e7f509e45cec5c76c4d5afdd7de93d0b3df5  # v4
        with:
          buildkitd-flags: --debug

      - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        uses: docker/login-action@650006c6eb7dba73a995cc03b0b2d7f5ca915bee  # v4
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}

      - name: Build and Push to Docker
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@f9f3042f7e2789586610d6e8b85c8f03e5195baf  # v7
        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
        with:
          context: ${{ env.build_context }}
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@ jobs:
      CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - name: Install packages for build
        env:
          CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
        run: |
+          sudo apt install clang-format-18 || \
          sudo apt install clang-format-18
          git config --global user.email "[email protected]"
          git config --global user.name "github action"
@@ -37,11 +38,11 @@ jobs:
          ./configure
          make venv
          source .venv/bin/activate
-          make -j 2 format CLANGFORMAT=clang-format-18
+          make -j 4 format CLANGFORMAT=clang-format-18
          git status
      - name: Push
        run: |-
          if [ -n "$(git status --porcelain)" ]; then
-            git commit . -m "Apply 'make format'" &&
+            git commit . -m "Apply 'make format' [ci skip]" &&
            git push origin
          fi
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+# Block PRs against stable branch
+name: "Check PR not against 'stable'"
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [stable]
+
+jobs:
+  block-pr:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Fail and block PR
+        run: |-
+          echo "Error: Pull requests directly to 'stable' are not allowed. Please PR against 'master'."
+          exit 1
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
    paths: ["ci/**", ".github/workflows"]
  workflow_dispatch:
  workflow_run:
-    workflows: ["Code coverage"]
+    workflows: ["Code coverage", "RTLMeter"]
    types: [completed]

 # Sets permissions of the GITHUB_TOKEN to allow deployment to GitHub Pages
@@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ jobs:
    name: Build content
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    outputs:
-      coverage-pr-run-ids: ${{ steps.build.outputs.coverage-pr-run-ids }}
+      pr-run-ids: ${{ steps.build.outputs.pr-run-ids }}
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
      - name: Build pages
        id: build
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
        run: |
-          bash -x ./ci/ci-pages.bash
+          ./ci/ci-pages.bash
          ls -lsha
          tree -L 3 pages
      - name: Upload pages artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@fc324d3547104276b827a68afc52ff2a11cc49c9  # v5
        with:
          path: pages

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
    steps:
      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
-        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@cd2ce8fcbc39b97be8ca5fce6e763baed58fa128  # v5

  notify:
    name: Notify
@@ -70,18 +70,18 @@ jobs:
    if: ${{ github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' }}
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
      # Use the Verilator CI app to post the comment
      - name: Generate access token
        id: generate-token
-        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2.2.1
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@bcd2ba49218906704ab6c1aa796996da409d3eb1  # v3.2.0
        with:
-          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          client-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
          permission-actions: write
          permission-pull-requests: write
      - name: Comment on PR
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
-          COVERAGE_PR_RUN_IDS: ${{ needs.build.outputs.coverage-pr-run-ids }}
-        run: bash -x ./ci/ci-pages-notify.bash
+          PR_RUN_IDS: ${{ needs.build.outputs.pr-run-ids }}
+        run: ./ci/ci-pages-notify.bash
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ jobs:
      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 1000M  # Per build matrix entry (* 5 = 5000M in total)
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          path: repo
          ref: ${{ inputs.sha }}
          fetch-depth: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov && '0' || '1' }}  # Coverage flow needs full history

      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
        env:
          CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache
        with:
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "archive=$ARCHIVE" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - name: Upload repository archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
          name: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Sub-lint | Python
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          path: repo

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Install python dependencies
        run: |
+          sudo apt install python3-clang || \
          sudo apt install python3-clang
          make venv

@@ -15,6 +15,14 @@ on:
        description: "Compiler to use: 'gcc' or 'clang'"
        type: string
        required: true
+      sha:
+        description: "Git SHA to build"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+    outputs:
+      archive:
+        description: "Name of the built installation archive artifact"
+        value: ${{ jobs.build.outputs.archive }}

 defaults:
  run:
@@ -26,28 +34,36 @@ env:

 jobs:
  build:
-    runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}
    name: Build
+    runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}
+    outputs:
+      archive: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
    steps:
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/doc/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/man/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+          sudo apt update || \
          sudo apt update
-          sudo apt install ccache mold help2man libfl-dev libgoogle-perftools-dev libsystemc-dev
+          sudo apt install ccache mold help2man libfl-dev libjemalloc-dev libsystemc-dev || \
+          sudo apt install ccache mold help2man libfl-dev libjemalloc-dev libsystemc-dev

      - name: Use saved ccache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
        with:
          path: ccache
-          key: rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
-          restore-keys: rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
+          key: rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.sha }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.sha }}-${{ github.run_id }}
+            rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.sha }}
+            rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}

      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          path: repo
+          ref: ${{ inputs.sha }}
          fetch-depth: 0 # Required for 'git describe' used for 'verilator --version'

      - name: Configure
@@ -65,11 +81,16 @@ jobs:
        run: make install

      - name: Tar up installation
-        run: tar --posix -c -z -f verilator-rtlmeter.tar.gz install
+        id: create-archive
+        run: |
+          SHA=$(git -C repo rev-parse HEAD)
+          ARCHIVE=verilator-$SHA-rtlmeter-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}.tar.gz
+          tar --posix -c -z -f $ARCHIVE install
+          echo "archive=$ARCHIVE" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT

      - name: Upload Verilator installation archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
-          path: verilator-rtlmeter.tar.gz
-          name: verilator-rtlmeter-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
+          path: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
+          name: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
          overwrite: true
@@ -19,6 +19,15 @@ on:
        description: "Compiler to use: 'gcc' or 'clang'"
        type: string
        required: true
+      verilator-archive-new:
+        description: "Name of the installation archive artifact from reusable-rtlmeter-build, new version"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+      verilator-archive-old:
+        description: "Name of the installation archive artifact from reusable-rtlmeter-build, old version"
+        type: string
+        required: false
+        default: ""
      # Note: The combination of 'cases' and 'run-name' must be unique for all
      # invocations of this workflow within a run of the parent workflow.
      # These two are used together to generate a unique results file name.
@@ -58,29 +67,13 @@ jobs:
          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/doc/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/man/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+          sudo apt update || \
          sudo apt update
-          sudo apt install ccache mold libfl-dev libgoogle-perftools-dev libsystemc-dev
-
-      - name: Download Verilator installation archive
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: verilator-rtlmeter-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
-
-      - name: Unpack Verilator installation archive
-        run: |
-          tar -x -z -f verilator-rtlmeter.tar.gz
-          echo "${{ github.workspace }}/install/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-
-      - name: Use saved ccache
-        if: ${{ env.CCACHE_DISABLE == 0 }}
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
-        with:
-          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-          key: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
-          restore-keys: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}
+          sudo apt install ccache mold libfl-dev libjemalloc-dev libsystemc-dev || \
+          sudo apt install ccache mold libfl-dev libjemalloc-dev libsystemc-dev

      - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
          path: rtlmeter
@@ -89,40 +82,125 @@ jobs:
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: make venv

-      - name: Compile cases
+      - name: Use saved ccache
+        if: ${{ env.CCACHE_DISABLE == 0 }}
+        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+          restore-keys: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}
+
+      ########################################################################
+      # Run with new Verilator
+      ########################################################################
+
+      - name: Download Verilator installation archive - new
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
+        with:
+          name: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-new }}
+
+      - name: Unpack Verilator installation archive - new
+        run: |
+          tar -x -z -f ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-new }}
+          mv install verilator-new
+
+      - name: Compile cases - new
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: |
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-new/bin:$PATH"
          ./rtlmeter run --timeout 60 --verbose --cases='${{inputs.cases}}' --compileArgs='${{inputs.compileArgs}}' --executeArgs='${{inputs.executeArgs}}' --nExecute=0
+          ccache -svv

-      - name: Execute cases
+      - name: Execute cases - new
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        continue-on-error: true  # Do not fail on error, so we can at least save the successful results
        run: |
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-new/bin:$PATH"
          ./rtlmeter run --timeout 60 --verbose --cases='${{inputs.cases}}' --compileArgs='${{inputs.compileArgs}}' --executeArgs='${{inputs.executeArgs}}'

-      - name: Collate results
+      - name: Collate results - new
        id: results
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: |
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-new/bin:$PATH"
          # Use 'inputs.cases' and 'inputs.run-name' to generate a unique file name
          hash=$(md5sum <<< '${{ inputs.cases }} ${{ inputs.run-name }}' | awk '{print $1}')
          echo "hash=${hash}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          ./rtlmeter collate --runName "${{ inputs.run-name }}"  > ../results-${hash}.json

-      - name: Report results
+      - name: Report results - new
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: |
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-new/bin:$PATH"
          ./rtlmeter report --steps '*' --metrics '*' ../results-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json

-      - name: Upload results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+      - name: Upload results - new
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
          path: results-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json
          name: rtlmeter-${{ inputs.tag }}-results-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}
          overwrite: true
          retention-days: 2

-      - name: Report status
+      - name: Report status - new
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: |-  # This will fail the job if any of the runs failed
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-new/bin:$PATH"
          ./rtlmeter run --verbose --cases='${{inputs.cases}}' --compileArgs='${{inputs.compileArgs}}' --executeArgs='${{inputs.executeArgs}}'
+          # Clean up for run with old version
+          rm -rf work
+          rm -rf ${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-new
+
+      ########################################################################
+      # Run with old Verilator **on same machine for consistency**
+      ########################################################################
+
+      - name: Download Verilator installation archive - old
+        if: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old != '' }}
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
+        with:
+          name: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old }}
+
+      - name: Unpack Verilator installation archive - old
+        if: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old != '' }}
+        run: |
+          tar -x -z -f ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old }}
+          mv install verilator-old
+
+      - name: Compile cases - old
+        if: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old != '' }}
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-old/bin:$PATH"
+          ./rtlmeter run --timeout 60 --verbose --cases='${{inputs.cases}}' --compileArgs='${{inputs.compileArgs}}' --executeArgs='${{inputs.executeArgs}}' --nExecute=0
+          ccache -svv
+
+      - name: Execute cases - old
+        if: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old != '' }}
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-old/bin:$PATH"
+          ./rtlmeter run --timeout 60 --verbose --cases='${{inputs.cases}}' --compileArgs='${{inputs.compileArgs}}' --executeArgs='${{inputs.executeArgs}}'
+
+      - name: Collate results - old
+        if: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old != '' }}
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-old/bin:$PATH"
+          ./rtlmeter collate --runName "${{ inputs.run-name }}"  > ../reference-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json
+
+      - name: Report results - old
+        if: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old != '' }}
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          export PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/verilator-old/bin:$PATH"
+          ./rtlmeter report --steps '*' --metrics '*' ../reference-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json
+
+      - name: Upload results - old
+        if: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old != '' }}
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
+        with:
+          path: reference-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json
+          name: rtlmeter-${{ inputs.tag }}-reference-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}
+          overwrite: true
+          retention-days: 2
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:

      - name: Download repository archive
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
        with:
          name: ${{ inputs.archive }}
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
          ls -lsha

      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
        env:
          CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache2
        with:
@@ -99,11 +99,13 @@ jobs:

      - name: Upload code coverage data
        if: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/obj_coverage/verilator-${{ inputs.suite }}.info
          name: code-coverage-${{ inputs.suite }}

      - name: Fail job if a test failed
        if: ${{ steps.run-test.outcome == 'failure' && !cancelled() }}
-        run: exit 1
+        run: |-
+          echo "Click on '> Tests' arrow above (or on other steps), to expand it, and see the failure reasons"
+          exit 1
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
---
-# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
-# This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
-name: RTLMeter PR results
-
-on:
-  workflow_run:
-    workflows: [RTLMeter]
-    types: [completed]
-
-jobs:
-  publish:
-    name: Publish
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request' && github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success' }}
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      pull-requests: write
-    steps:
-      - name: Download report
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: rtlmeter-pr-results
-          run-id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Download PR number
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: pr-number
-          run-id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      # Use the Verilator CI app to post the comment
-      - name: Generate access token
-        id: generate-token
-        uses: actions/[email protected]
-        with:
-          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
-          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
-          permission-pull-requests: write
-      - name: Comment on PR
-        env:
-          GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
-        run: |-
-          ls -la
-          cat report.txt
-          gh pr --repo ${{ github.repository }} comment $(cat pr-number.txt) --body-file report.txt
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ on:
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # Daily, starting at 02:00 UTC
  pull_request:
    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened, labeled, unlabeled]
+  push:
+    branches: ['ci-rtlmeter/**']

 permissions:
  contents: read
@@ -35,183 +37,232 @@ jobs:
        && vars.ENABLE_SCHEDULED_JOBS == 'true') ||
      (github.event_name == 'pull_request'
        && contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'pr: rtlmeter')) ||
-      (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
+      (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch') ||
+      (github.event_name == 'push')
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    outputs:
+      old-sha: ${{ steps.start.outputs.old-sha }}
+      cases: ${{ steps.cases.outputs.cases }}
    steps:
-      - name: Startup
-        run: echo
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7

-  build-gcc:
-    name: Build GCC
+      - name: Startup
+        id: start
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: |
+          [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == 'pull_request' ]] || exit 0
+          # For a pull request, 'github.sha' is the test merge commit. Its
+          # first parent is the target branch commit it was merged with for this run.
+          OLD_SHA="$(gh api "repos/${{ github.repository }}/commits/${{ github.sha }}" --jq '.parents[0].sha')"
+          echo "old-sha=$OLD_SHA" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+      - name: Load RTLMeter cases
+        id: cases
+        run: echo "cases=$(ci/ci-rtlmeter-cases.py --event-name ${{ github.event_name }})" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+  build-gcc-new:
+    name: Build New Verilator - GCC
    needs: start
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
    with:
      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
      cc: gcc
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}

-  build-clang:
-    name: Build Clang
+  build-clang-new:
+    name: Build New Verilator - Clang
    needs: start
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
    with:
      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
      cc: clang
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
+
+  build-gcc-old:
+    name: Build Old Verilator - GCC
+    needs: start
+    if: ${{ needs.start.outputs.old-sha != '' }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
+    with:
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+      cc: gcc
+      sha: ${{ needs.start.outputs.old-sha }}
+
+  build-clang-old:
+    name: Build Old Verilator - Clang
+    needs: start
+    if: ${{ needs.start.outputs.old-sha != '' }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
+    with:
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+      cc: clang
+      sha: ${{ needs.start.outputs.old-sha }}

  run-gcc:
    name: Run GCC | ${{ matrix.cases }}
-    needs: build-gcc
+    needs:
+      - start
+      - build-gcc-new
+      - build-gcc-old
+    # Run even if 'build-*-old' was skipped (no old SHA), but not if any
+    # dependency failed, the workflow was cancelled, or 'start' was skipped
+    # (e.g. the workflow was not enabled, so there is nothing to run against).
+    if: ${{ !failure() && !cancelled() && needs.start.result == 'success' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-run.yml
    with:
      tag: gcc
      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
      cc: gcc
+      verilator-archive-new: ${{ needs.build-gcc-new.outputs.archive }}
+      verilator-archive-old: ${{ needs.build-gcc-old.outputs.archive }}
      cases: ${{ matrix.cases }}
      run-name: "gcc"
      compileArgs: ""
      executeArgs: ""
    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      max-parallel: ${{ github.event == 'schedule' && 2 || 7 }}
+      fail-fast: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+      max-parallel: 7
      matrix:
-        cases:
-          - "BlackParrot:1x1:*"
-          - "BlackParrot:2x2:*"
-          - "BlackParrot:4x4:*"
-          - "Caliptra:default:*"
-          - "NVDLA:*"
-          - "OpenPiton:1x1:*"
-          - "OpenPiton:2x2:*"
-          - "OpenPiton:4x4:*"
-          - "OpenTitan:*"
-          - "VeeR-EH1:asic*"
-          - "VeeR-EH1:default*"
-          - "VeeR-EH1:hiperf*"
-          - "VeeR-EH2:asic*"
-          - "VeeR-EH2:default*"
-          - "VeeR-EH2:hiperf*"
-          - "VeeR-EL2:asic*"
-          - "VeeR-EL2:default*"
-          - "VeeR-EL2:hiperf*"
-          - "Vortex:mini:*"
-          - "Vortex:sane:*"
-          - "XiangShan:default-chisel3:* !*:linux"
-          - "XiangShan:default-chisel6:* !*:linux"
-          - "XiangShan:mini-chisel3:* !*:linux"
-          - "XiangShan:mini-chisel6:* !*:linux"
-          - "XuanTie-E902:*"
-          - "XuanTie-E906:*"
-          - "XuanTie-C906:*"
-          - "XuanTie-C910:*"
+        cases: ${{ fromJSON(needs.start.outputs.cases)['gcc'] }}

  run-clang:
    name: Run Clang | ${{ matrix.cases }}
-    needs: build-clang
+    needs:
+      - start
+      - build-clang-new
+      - build-clang-old
+    # Run even if 'build-*-old' was skipped (no old SHA), but not if any
+    # dependency failed, the workflow was cancelled, or 'start' was skipped
+    # (e.g. the workflow was not enabled, so there is nothing to run against).
+    if: ${{ !failure() && !cancelled() && needs.start.result == 'success' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-run.yml
    with:
      tag: clang
      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
      cc: clang
+      verilator-archive-new: ${{ needs.build-clang-new.outputs.archive }}
+      verilator-archive-old: ${{ needs.build-clang-old.outputs.archive }}
      cases: ${{ matrix.cases }}
      run-name: "clang --threads 4"
      compileArgs: "--threads 4"
      executeArgs: ""
    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      max-parallel: ${{ github.event == 'schedule' && 2 || 7 }}
+      fail-fast: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+      max-parallel: 7
      matrix:
-        cases:
-          - "BlackParrot:1x1:*"
-          - "BlackParrot:2x2:*"
-          - "BlackParrot:4x4:*"
-          - "Caliptra:default:*"
-          - "NVDLA:*"
-          - "OpenPiton:1x1:*"
-          - "OpenPiton:2x2:*"
-          - "OpenPiton:4x4:*"
-          - "OpenTitan:*"
-          - "VeeR-EH1:asic*"
-          - "VeeR-EH1:default*"
-          - "VeeR-EH1:hiperf*"
-          - "VeeR-EH2:asic*"
-          - "VeeR-EH2:default*"
-          - "VeeR-EH2:hiperf*"
-          - "VeeR-EL2:asic*"
-          - "VeeR-EL2:default*"
-          - "VeeR-EL2:hiperf*"
-          - "Vortex:mini:*"
-          - "Vortex:sane:*"
-          - "XiangShan:default-chisel3:* !*:linux"
-          - "XiangShan:default-chisel6:* !*:linux"
-          - "XiangShan:mini-chisel3:* !*:linux"
-          - "XiangShan:mini-chisel6:* !*:linux"
-          - "XuanTie-E902:*"
-          - "XuanTie-E906:*"
-          - "XuanTie-C906:*"
-          - "XuanTie-C910:*"
+        cases: ${{ fromJSON(needs.start.outputs.cases)['clang'] }}

  run-gcc-hier:
    name: Run GCC hier | ${{ matrix.cases }}
-    needs: build-gcc
+    needs:
+      - start
+      - build-gcc-new
+      - build-gcc-old
+    # Run even if 'build-*-old' was skipped (no old SHA), but not if any
+    # dependency failed, the workflow was cancelled, or 'start' was skipped
+    # (e.g. the workflow was not enabled, so there is nothing to run against).
+    if: ${{ !failure() && !cancelled() && needs.start.result == 'success' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-run.yml
    with:
      tag: gcc-hier
      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
      cc: gcc
+      verilator-archive-new: ${{ needs.build-gcc-new.outputs.archive }}
+      verilator-archive-old: ${{ needs.build-gcc-old.outputs.archive }}
      cases: ${{ matrix.cases }}
      run-name: "gcc --hierarchical"
      compileArgs: "--hierarchical"
      executeArgs: ""
    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      max-parallel: ${{ github.event == 'schedule' && 2 || 7 }}
+      fail-fast: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+      max-parallel: 6
      matrix:
-        cases:
-          - "BlackParrot:1x1:* !-hier"
-          - "BlackParrot:2x2:* !-hier"
-          - "BlackParrot:4x4:* !-hier"
-          - "NVDLA:* !-hier"
-          - "OpenPiton:1x1:* !-hier"
-          - "OpenPiton:2x2:* !-hier"
-          - "OpenPiton:4x4:* !-hier"
-          - "OpenPiton:8x8:* !-hier"
-          - "OpenPiton:16x16:dhry !-hier"
-          - "XuanTie-C910:* !-hier"
+        cases: ${{ fromJSON(needs.start.outputs.cases)['gcc-hier'] }}

  combine-results:
    name: Combine results
    needs: [run-gcc, run-clang, run-gcc-hier]
-    # Run if any of the dependencies have run, even if failed.
-    # That is: do not run if all skipped, or the workflow was cancelled.
-    if: ${{ (contains(needs.*.result, 'success') || contains(needs.*.result, 'failure')) && !cancelled() }}
+    # Skip if cancelled.
+    # On PRs, run if something succeeded and nothing failed.
+    # On non-PRs, run if anything succeeded or failed (so partial results are still published).
+    if: >-
+      ${{ !cancelled() && (
+               (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && (contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !contains(needs.*.result, 'failure')))
+            || (github.event_name != 'pull_request' && (contains(needs.*.result, 'success') ||  contains(needs.*.result, 'failure')))
+          )}}
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        tag: [gcc, clang, gcc-hier]
+    outputs:
+      # The run tags, derived from the 'run-*' dependency job names
+      run-tags: ${{ steps.tags.outputs.tags }}
+    env:
+      GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+      # 'gh' resolves the repo from git otherwise, but this job has no checkout
+      # of this repo at the workspace root
+      GH_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
    steps:
+      # Derive the run tags from the dependency job names ('run-<tag>')
+      - name: Determine run tags
+        id: tags
+        run: echo "tags=$(jq -r 'keys | map(sub("^run-"; "")) | join(" ")' <<< '${{ toJSON(needs) }}')" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
      - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
          path: rtlmeter
+
      - name: Setup RTLMeter venv
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: make venv
+
      - name: Download all results
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          pattern: rtlmeter-${{ matrix.tag }}-results-*
-          path: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}
-          merge-multiple: true
+        run: |
+          for tag in ${{ steps.tags.outputs.tags }}; do
+            mkdir artifacts all-results-$tag
+            gh run download ${{ github.run_id }} --pattern "rtlmeter-$tag-results-*" --dir artifacts
+            mv $(find artifacts -name "*.json") all-results-$tag/
+            rm -rf artifacts
+          done
      - name: Combine results
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: |
-          ./rtlmeter collate ../all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}/*.json > ../all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}.json
+          for tag in ${{ steps.tags.outputs.tags }}; do
+            ./rtlmeter collate ../all-results-$tag/*.json > ../all-results-$tag.json
+          done
      - name: Upload combined results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
-          path: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}.json
-          name: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}
+          path: all-results-*.json
+          name: all-results
+          overwrite: true
+          retention-days: 30
+
+      # The reference (old) results only exist for pull requests, where the
+      # 'build-*-old' jobs run and the run jobs produce '*-reference-*' artifacts.
+      - name: Download reference results
+        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+        run: |
+          for tag in ${{ steps.tags.outputs.tags }}; do
+            mkdir artifacts all-reference-$tag
+            gh run download ${{ github.run_id }} --pattern "rtlmeter-$tag-reference-*" --dir artifacts
+            mv $(find artifacts -name "*.json") all-reference-$tag/
+            rm -rf artifacts
+          done
+      - name: Combine reference results
+        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          for tag in ${{ steps.tags.outputs.tags }}; do
+            ./rtlmeter collate ../all-reference-$tag/*.json > ../all-reference-$tag.json
+          done
+      - name: Upload reference results
+        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
+        with:
+          path: all-reference-*.json
+          name: all-reference
          overwrite: true
          retention-days: 30

@@ -227,28 +278,27 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
      - name: Download combined results
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
        with:
-          pattern: all-results-*
+          name: all-results
          path: results
-          merge-multiple: true
      - name: Upload published results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
          path: results/*.json
          name: published-results
      # Pushing to verilator/verilator-rtlmeter-results requires elevated permissions
      - name: Generate access token
        id: generate-token
-        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2.2.1
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@bcd2ba49218906704ab6c1aa796996da409d3eb1  # v3.2.0
        with:
-          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          client-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
          owner: verilator
          repositories: verilator-rtlmeter-results
          permission-contents: write
      - name: Checkout verilator-rtlmeter-results
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          repository: "verilator/verilator-rtlmeter-results"
          token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
@@ -275,116 +325,61 @@ jobs:
  prepare-pr-results:
    name: Prepare Pull Request results
    needs: combine-results
-    if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' && contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !cancelled() }}
+    if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' && needs.combine-results.result == 'success' }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    permissions:
      actions: read
    steps:
      - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
          repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
          path: rtlmeter
+
      - name: Setup RTLMeter venv
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: make venv
-      - name: Download combined results
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+
+      - name: Checkout Verilator
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
        with:
-          pattern: all-results-*
-          path: all-results
-          merge-multiple: true
-      - name: Get scheduled run info
-        id: scheduled-info
-        env:
-          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        run: |
-          ID=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} list --workflow RTLMeter --event schedule --status success --limit 1 --json databaseId --jq ".[0].databaseId")
-          echo "id=$ID" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          URL=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view $ID --json url --jq ".url")
-          echo "url=$URL" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          NUM=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view $ID --json number --jq ".number")
-          echo "num=$NUM" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          DATE=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view $ID --json createdAt --jq ".createdAt")
-          echo "date=$DATE" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - name: Download scheduled run results
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: published-results
-          path: nightly-results
-          run-id: ${{ steps.scheduled-info.outputs.id }}
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Compare results
-        working-directory: rtlmeter
-        run: |
-          for tag in gcc clang gcc-hier; do
-            ADATA=../nightly-results/all-results-${tag}.json
-            BDATA=../all-results/all-results-${tag}.json
-            touch ../verilate-${tag}.txt
-            touch ../execute-${tag}.txt
-            touch ../cppbuild-${tag}.txt
-            if [[ ! -e $ADATA ]]; then
-              continue
-            fi
-            ./rtlmeter compare --cases '* !Example:* !*:hello' --steps "verilate" --metrics "elapsed memory"              $ADATA $BDATA > ../verilate-${tag}.txt
-            cat ../verilate-${tag}.txt
-            ./rtlmeter compare --cases '* !Example:* !*:hello' --steps "execute"  --metrics "speed memory elapsed"        $ADATA $BDATA > ../execute-${tag}.txt
-            cat ../execute-${tag}.txt
-            ./rtlmeter compare --cases '* !Example:* !*:hello' --steps "cppbuild" --metrics "elapsed memory cpu codeSize" $ADATA $BDATA > ../cppbuild-${tag}.txt
-            cat ../cppbuild-${tag}.txt
-          done
+          path: verilator
+
      - name: Create report
+        id: report
+        working-directory: verilator
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        run: |
-          set -x
-          NUM=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view ${{ github.run_id }} --json number --jq ".number")
-          URL=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view ${{ github.run_id }} --json url    --jq ".url")
-          echo -n "Performance metrics for PR workflow [#$NUM]($URL) (B) compared to scheduled run" > report.txt
-          echo -n " [#${{ steps.scheduled-info.outputs.num }}](${{ steps.scheduled-info.outputs.url }}) (A)" >> report.txt
-          echo    " from ${{ steps.scheduled-info.outputs.date }}" >> report.txt
-          for tag in gcc clang gcc-hier; do
-            echo "" >> report.txt
-            if [[ $tag == "gcc" ]]; then
-              echo "<details open>" >> report.txt
-            else
-              echo "<details>" >> report.txt
-            fi
-            echo -n "<summary><strong><em>" >> report.txt
-            jq -rj ".[0].runName" all-results/all-results-${tag}.json >> report.txt
-            echo "</em></strong></summary>" >> report.txt
-            awk -v RS= -v tag=${tag} '{print > sprintf("frag-%02d-verilate-%s.txt",NR,tag)}' verilate-${tag}.txt
-            awk -v RS= -v tag=${tag} '{print > sprintf("frag-%02d-execute-%s.txt" ,NR,tag)}'  execute-${tag}.txt
-            awk -v RS= -v tag=${tag} '{print > sprintf("frag-$02d-cppbuild-%s.txt",NR,tag)}' cppbuild-${tag}.txt
-            for f in $(ls -1 frag-*-verilate-${tag}.txt | sort) $(ls -1 frag-*-execute-${tag}.txt | sort) $(ls -1 frag-*-cppbuild-${tag}.txt | sort); do
-              if [[ $f == frag-01-verilate-${tag}.txt || $f == frag-01-execute-${tag}.txt ]]; then
-                echo "<details open>" >> report.txt
-              else
-                echo "<details>" >> report.txt
-              fi
-              echo -n "<summary>" >> report.txt
-              head -n 1 $f | tr -d '\n' >> report.txt
-              echo "</summary>" >> report.txt
-              echo '<pre>' >> report.txt
-              tail -n +2 $f >> report.txt
-              echo '</pre>' >> report.txt
-              echo "</details>" >> report.txt
-            done
-            echo "</details>" >> report.txt
-          done
-          cat report.txt
+          ln -s ../rtlmeter rtlmeter
+          gh repo set-default ${{ github.repository }}
+          # Create run report - save status to fail job if the script did
+          STATUS=0
+          ci/ci-rtlmeter-report.bash ${{ github.run_id }} ${{ github.sha }} ${{ needs.combine-results.outputs.run-tags }} || STATUS=$?
+          echo "status=$STATUS" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          # Create the report artifact
+          mkdir ../report-artifact
+          mv rtlmeter-report/report ../report-artifact/
+          echo ${{ github.event.number }} > ../report-artifact/pr-number.txt
+          # Create the notification artifact
+          mkdir ../notification-artifact
+          mv rtlmeter-report/notification.txt ../notification-artifact/body.txt
+          echo ${{ github.event.number }} > ../notification-artifact/pr-number.txt
+
      - name: Upload report
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
-          path: report.txt
-          name: rtlmeter-pr-results
-      - name: Save PR number
-        run: echo ${{ github.event.number }} > pr-number.txt
-      - name: Upload PR number
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+          path: report-artifact
+          name: rtlmeter-report
+
+      - name: Upload notification
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
        with:
-          path: pr-number.txt
-          name: pr-number
+          path: notification-artifact
+          name: pr-notification
+
+      - name: Report status
+        run: exit ${{ steps.report.outputs.status }}

  # Create GitHub issue for failed scheduled jobs
  # This should always be the last job (we want an issue if anything breaks)
@@ -397,9 +392,9 @@ jobs:
      # Creating issues requires elevated privilege
      - name: Generate access token
        id: generate-token
-        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2.2.1
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@bcd2ba49218906704ab6c1aa796996da409d3eb1  # v3.2.0
        with:
-          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          client-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
          owner: verilator
          repositories: verilator
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+<!-- DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Repository-wide guidelines for AI coding agents
+     SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026-2026 Wilson Snyder
+     SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0 -->
+
+# Verilator Guidelines for AI Coding Agents
+
+These files are the general layer an agent loads first -- nearest file wins, so
+you read this repository-root file plus the one for the directory you are
+editing. They stay deliberately high-level: where to start, how the tree is laid
+out, and the conventions reviewers otherwise enforce by hand. They are an index,
+not the architecture reference -- for depth (how a pass works internally, the
+algorithms, node lifetime) they point you to `docs/internals.rst`. When the
+guidance here is not enough, that is where to look next.
+
+This file has two parts. **Orientation** gets you productive in the codebase from
+a cold start. **Before you open a PR** is the checklist of conventions reviewers
+otherwise have to enforce by hand -- read it before submitting any change.
+
+Then read the directory guide for the area you are editing:
+
+- [src/AGENTS.md](src/AGENTS.md) -- compiler C++ sources: AST, visitors, passes, parser, style
+- [include/AGENTS.md](include/AGENTS.md) -- runtime library (`verilated*`): C++14, MT-safety, fixed-width types
+- [test_regress/AGENTS.md](test_regress/AGENTS.md) -- regression tests: harness, drivers, golden files
+- [docs/AGENTS.md](docs/AGENTS.md) -- documentation (`*.rst`)
+
+______________________________________________________________________
+
+# Orientation
+
+## What Verilator is
+
+Verilator is a *compiler*, not an interpreter. It translates synthesizable (and
+much behavioral) SystemVerilog into a cycle-accurate C++ model that you then
+compile and run. Almost every decision is made at compile ("verilation") time;
+the generated C++ just advances state each evaluation. Optimize for verilation-
+time work over runtime work.
+
+## The pipeline is the spine
+
+A run is an ordered sequence of passes over one shared AST (abstract syntax
+tree). In source order:
+
+| Stage | What it does | Key files |
+|---|---|---|
+| Preprocess + parse | Lex and parse text into a raw AST -- builds nodes only, no semantic checks | `verilog.l`, `verilog.y` |
+| Link / elaborate | Resolve names, scopes, parameters; instantiate the hierarchy | `V3LinkParse`, `V3LinkDot`, `V3Param` |
+| Width / type | Assign and check data types and bit widths | `V3Width` |
+| Transform / optimize / schedule | Constant fold, lower language features, schedule events | `V3Const`, `V3Randomize`, `V3Assert*`, `V3Sched`, `V3Timing`, `V3Dfg` |
+| Emit | Lower the final AST to generated C++ | `V3EmitC*` |
+| Runtime | Library the generated model links against | `include/verilated*` |
+
+This table is the map; `docs/internals.rst` has the detail behind each stage.
+
+## Where to make a change
+
+Map the symptom to the pass that owns it, then start by reading that pass's
+top-of-file comment.
+
+| Symptom or feature area | Start in |
+|---|---|
+| Type/width error, "what type is this", implicit conversion | `V3Width` |
+| Name/scope/parameter resolution ("Can't find...", hierarchy) | `V3LinkDot`, `V3Param` |
+| `randomize` / `constraint` / `rand` / `randc` | `V3Randomize` |
+| `assert` / `property` / `sequence` / `cover` | `V3Assert`, `V3AssertPre`, `V3AssertNfa` |
+| `fork` / timing / `#delay` / NBA / event scheduling | `V3Sched`, `V3Timing`, `V3Fork` |
+| Syntax wrongly accepted or rejected | `verilog.y`, `verilog.l` |
+| Wrong generated C++ | `V3EmitC*` |
+| Runtime model behavior | `include/verilated*` |
+
+## Build and run a test
+
+- Build in the source tree: `autoconf && ./configure && make -j8`. Configure with
+  `--enable-ccwarn` so a new compiler warning stops the build.
+- Run one test from the repository root: `test_regress/t/t_<name>.py`.
+- Run the full regression with `make test`. The complete suite requires
+  configuring with `--enable-longtests` (works on every OS, including macOS).
+
+______________________________________________________________________
+
+# Before you open a PR
+
+## Scope and process
+
+- [ ] Searched open PRs and issues -- duplicating in-flight work wastes review time.
+- [ ] Fixed the general root cause, not just the reported case -- if it also
+  affects other modules/classes/interfaces, cover them or expect rejection.
+- [ ] PR is single-purpose. Refactors, drive-by fixes found along the way, and new
+  features each go in separate PRs; land standalone cleanups first.
+- [ ] Every bug fix has a test that fails *without* the fix; include the issue's
+  own reproducer when possible.
+- [ ] New code aims for 100% line coverage; branch coverage far below line coverage
+  signals guards callers never violate -- justify or remove them.
+- [ ] Ran `make format` (clang-format), `make cppcheck`, and `make lint-py`;
+  self-reviewed the diff for leftover debug code, stale comments, and
+  copy-paste errors.
+- [ ] Ran the full regression on at least one OS before submitting. Partial runs
+  are fine during development, but the submitted PR is expected to pass every
+  test.
+- [ ] Did not edit `docs/CONTRIBUTORS` (humans only) or `Changes` (maintainer
+  updates it near release).
+
+## Pick the right diagnostic (and its required test)
+
+The API you choose determines which test must accompany the change.
+
+| API | Output | Meaning | Required test |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `v3error("...")` | `%Error:` | User wrote invalid SystemVerilog | `t_*_bad*.v` + `.out` golden |
+| `v3error("Unsupported: ...")` | `%Error-UNSUPPORTED:` | Legal SV that Verilator does not yet support | `t_*_unsup*.v` + `.out` golden |
+| `v3warn(CODE, "...")` | `%Warning-CODE:` | Legal but suspicious code | warning test + `.out` golden |
+| `v3fatalSrc("...")` | `%Error: Internal Error` | Should-never-happen internal assertion | none -- not user-triggerable |
+
+- Every `v3error`/`v3warn` needs a test in `test_regress/t/` -- enforced by the
+  warn-coverage distribution test. `v3fatalSrc` is exempt.
+- Reserve "Unsupported:" for not-yet-implemented features, never for user mistakes.
+- When an error enforces a spec-defined restriction, cite the clause
+  (`IEEE 1800-2023 11.4.7`) so it is verifiable. Update `docs/guide/warnings.rst`
+  when adding or changing a warning.
+- On error paths, clean up or replace invalid AST (e.g. `AstConst::BitFalse`) so
+  later passes do not crash after the error.
+
+## Cross-cutting code rules
+
+- [ ] No non-ASCII characters in C++ sources or headers: write `--` (two ASCII
+  hyphens) rather than a Unicode em-dash, and a plain `'` rather than a smart
+  quote. At write time, not when CI complains.
+- [ ] Lists stay sorted: lexer/parser tokens, option declarations, enum values,
+  configure feature lists, documented option lists.
+- [ ] `bin/` scripts are Python (distributed cross-platform); `nodist/` may use
+  bash and platform-specific code (developer-only, not packaged).
+- [ ] Runtime code in `include/` targets C++14 (`--no-timing` builds must work);
+  C++20 only in timing code paths.
+- [ ] In `include/` public headers, prefix public classes with `Verilated`/`Vl`
+  and document the API with `///` comments.
+- [ ] A new code pattern is applied globally or not at all -- no one-off
+  convention in a single file.
+
+## Commits
+
+- Subject line is short and imperative and conventionally ends with the PR number:
+  `Support property case (#7721)`. A body is optional and common for non-trivial
+  changes.
@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-Artistic License 2.0
-
-Copyright (c) 2000-2006, The Perl Foundation.
-
-Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
-license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
-Preamble
-********
-
-This license establishes the terms under which a given free software
-Package may be copied, modified, distributed, and/or redistributed.  The
-intent is that the Copyright Holder maintains some artistic control over
-the development of that Package while still keeping the Package
-available as open source and free software.
-
-You are always permitted to make arrangements wholly outside of this
-license directly with the Copyright Holder of a given Package.  If the
-terms of this license do not permit the full use that you propose to
-make of the Package, you should contact the Copyright Holder and seek a
-different licensing arrangement.
-
-Definitions
-***********
-
-"Copyright Holder" means the individual(s) or organization(s) named in
-the copyright notice for the entire Package.
-
-"Contributor" means any party that has contributed code or other
-material to the Package, in accordance with the Copyright Holder's
-procedures.
-
-"You" and "your" means any person who would like to copy, distribute, or
-modify the Package.
-
-"Package" means the collection of files distributed by the Copyright
-Holder, and derivatives of that collection and/or of those files.  A
-given Package may consist of either the Standard Version, or a Modified
-Version.
-
-"Distribute" means providing a copy of the Package or making it
-accessible to anyone else, or in the case of a company or organization,
-to others outside of your company or organization.
-
-"Distributor Fee" means any fee that you charge for Distributing this
-Package or providing support for this Package to another party.  It does
-not mean licensing fees.
-
-"Standard Version" refers to the Package if it has not been modified, or
-has been modified only in ways explicitly requested by the Copyright
-Holder.
-
-"Modified Version" means the Package, if it has been changed, and such
-changes were not explicitly requested by the Copyright Holder.
-
-"Original License" means this Artistic License as Distributed with the
-Standard Version of the Package, in its current version or as it may be
-modified by The Perl Foundation in the future.
-
-"Source" form means the source code, documentation source, and
-configuration files for the Package.
-
-"Compiled" form means the compiled bytecode, object code, binary, or any
-other form resulting from mechanical transformation or translation of
-the Source form.
-
-Permission for Use and Modification Without Distribution
-********************************************************
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-(1) You are permitted to use the Standard Version and create and use
-Modified Versions for any purpose without restriction, provided that you
-do not Distribute the Modified Version.
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-Permissions for Redistribution of the Standard Version
-******************************************************
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-Distribution of Modified Versions of the Package as Source
-**********************************************************
-
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-
-Distribution of Compiled Forms of the Standard Version or Modified
-******************************************************************
-Versions without the Source
-***************************
-
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-the Source, provided that you include complete instructions on how to
-get the Source of the Standard Version.  Such instructions must be valid
-at the time of your distribution.  If these instructions, at any time
-while you are carrying out such distribution, become invalid, you must
-provide new instructions on demand or cease further distribution.  If
-you provide valid instructions or cease distribution within thirty days
-after you become aware that the instructions are invalid, then you do
-not forfeit any of your rights under this license.
-
-(6) You may Distribute a Modified Version in Compiled form without the
-Source, provided that you comply with Section 4 with respect to the
-Source of the Modified Version.
-
-Aggregating or Linking the Package
-**********************************
-
-(7) You may aggregate the Package (either the Standard Version or
-Modified Version) with other packages and Distribute the resulting
-aggregation provided that you do not charge a licensing fee for the
-Package.  Distributor Fees are permitted, and licensing fees for other
-components in the aggregation are permitted.  The terms of this license
-apply to the use and Distribution of the Standard or Modified Versions
-as included in the aggregation.
-
-(8) You are permitted to link Modified and Standard Versions with other
-works, to embed the Package in a larger work of your own, or to build
-stand-alone binary or bytecode versions of applications that include the
-Package, and Distribute the result without restriction, provided the
-result does not expose a direct interface to the Package.
-
-Items That are Not Considered Part of a Modified Version
-********************************************************
-
-(9) Works (including, but not limited to, modules and scripts) that
-merely extend or make use of the Package, do not, by themselves, cause
-the Package to be a Modified Version.  In addition, such works are not
-considered parts of the Package itself, and are not subject to the terms
-of this license.
-
-General Provisions
-******************
-
-(10) Any use, modification, and distribution of the Standard or Modified
-Versions is governed by this Artistic License.  By using, modifying or
-distributing the Package, you accept this license.  Do not use, modify,
-or distribute the Package, if you do not accept this license.
-
-(11) If your Modified Version has been derived from a Modified Version
-made by someone other than you, you are nevertheless required to ensure
-that your Modified Version complies with the requirements of this
-license.
-
-(12) This license does not grant you the right to use any trademark,
-service mark, tradename, or logo of the Copyright Holder.
-
-(13) This license includes the non-exclusive, worldwide, free-of-charge
-patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import and
-otherwise transfer the Package with respect to any patent claims
-licensable by the Copyright Holder that are necessarily infringed by the
-Package.  If you institute patent litigation (including a cross-claim or
-counterclaim) against any party alleging that the Package constitutes
-direct or contributory patent infringement, then this Artistic License
-to you shall terminate on the date that such litigation is filed.
-
-(14) Disclaimer of Warranty: THE PACKAGE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT
-HOLDER AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
-WARRANTIES.  THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
-PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED TO THE EXTENT
-PERMITTED BY YOUR LOCAL LAW.  UNLESS REQUIRED BY LAW, NO COPYRIGHT
-HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTOR WILL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
-INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-OF THE PACKAGE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2025 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 #
 #****************************************************************************/
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
 cmake_policy(SET CMP0091 NEW) # Use MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY to select the runtime
 project(
    Verilator
-    VERSION 5.044
+    VERSION 5.050
    HOMEPAGE_URL https://verilator.org
    LANGUAGES CXX
 )
@@ -182,6 +182,6 @@ install(
    PATTERN "include/*.cpp"
    PATTERN "include/*.vlt"
    PATTERN "include/*.sv"
-    PATTERN "include/gtkwave/*.[chv]*"
+    PATTERN "include/fstcpp/*.[chv]*"
    PATTERN "include/vltstd/*.[chv]*"
 )
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 .. for github, vim: syntax=reStructuredText

+.. Maintainers and agents, do not edit this file, it will be updated for you post- PR-merge.
+
 ===============================
 Revision History and Change Log
 ===============================
@@ -8,6 +10,506 @@ The changes in each Verilator version are described below.  The
 contributors that suggested or implemented a given issue are shown in []. Thanks!


+Verilator 5.050 2026-07-01
+==========================
+
+**Important:**
+
+* Support covergroups, coverpoints, and bins (#784) (#7117) (#7728). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Support new FST writer API (#6871) (#6992). [Yu-Sheng Lin]
+  Use of FST may requiring installing liblz4 and/or liblz4-dev packages, see docs/install.rst.
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Add `+verilator+log+file` (#4505) (#7645). [Tracy Narine]
+* Add peak memory usage to `--stats`. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Add error on mixed-initialization (#7352) (#7357).
+* Add `--coverage-per-instance` (#7636). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Add NOTREDOP error on reduction and negation operators (#7417) (#7623) (#7624).
+* Add hierarchy-aware reporting to `verilator_coverage` (#7657). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Add FINALDLY error (#7754). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Deprecate isolate_assignments attribute (#7774) (#7144). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Improve `--coverage-fsm` (#7490) (#7529) (#7561) (#7573) (#7619). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Change `+verilator+seed` to default to 1, and 0 to randomly select (#7325) (#7516). [Miguel]
+* Change JSON to include parameter constant mnemonics for FSM Coverage (#7531). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Support assert property `default disable iff` (#4848) (#7723). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support printing enum names for %p and %s (#5523) (#7338 repair) (#7521) (#7527). [Nick Brereton]
+* Support weak `until` / `until_with` property operators (#7290) (#7548) (#7685). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `s_eventually` (#7291) (#7508). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support writing to inout in fork after timing (#7345). [Kamil Danecki, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support `always` / `always[m:n]` / `s_always[m:n]` property operators (#7482). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support rand_mode() on static rand class members (#7484) (#7510). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `randomize() with (identifier_list) {constraint_block}` (#7486) (#7507). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `obj.randomize(null)` (#7487) (#7509). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support functions on RHS of force (#7491). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support procedural continuous assign/deassign (#7493). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support randsequence production function ports (#7522). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support followed-by operators `#-#` and `#=#` in properties (#7523). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support expression coverage on assign statements (#7542) (#7543). [Thomas Brown]
+* Support TERMUX (#7559). [Laurent CHARRIER]
+* Support NBAs in initial blocks with delay/event controls (#7566) (#7600). [Muzaffer Kal]
+* Support SVA goto repetition with range `[->M:N]` (#7569). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support property abort operators (accept_on, reject_on) (#7578). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support procedural concurrent assertions with inferred clock (#7581). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support calling interface functions without parens (#7584). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support streaming on queues (#7597). [Benjamin Collier, Secturion Systems, Inc.]
+* Support clocking event on a sequence declaration body (#7598) (#7793). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support generic interface arrays (#7604). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support FSM detection in primitive wrappers (#7607). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Support busses with mix of pullup/pulldown (#7632). [Lucas Amaral]
+* Support forceable on unpacked array variables (#7677) (#7678). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Support pre/post increment/decrement inside && and || (#7683). [Nick Brereton]
+* Support streaming into 2-D unpacked arrays (#7686) (#7687). [Paul Swirhun]
+* Support if/if-else in properties (#7692). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support process::self().srand() (#7695). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support MacOS lldb (#7697). [Tracy Narine]
+* Support assoc array methods with wide value types (#7680). [pawelktk]
+* Support property case (#7682) (#7721). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support `s_until` and `s_until_with`(#7722). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support covergroup runtime model Phase A1 (#7728). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Support hierarchical reference cross members (#7749) (#7820). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Support reduction XOR/AND operations in constraints (#7753). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support NBAs in initial blocks (#7754). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support assertion control system tasks in classes and interfaces (#7761). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support cover sequence statement (#7764). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support unpacked struct stream (#7767). [Nick Brereton]
+* Support $assertcontrol control_type from lock to kill (#7788). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support unbounded always [m:$] and strong s_always liveness (#7798). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support method calls on a sub-interface via a virtual interface (#7800). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support global $assertcontrol (#7807). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support VPI access to unpacked struct members (#7823). [Nick Brereton]
+* Support variable-length intersect in SVA sequences (#7835). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support dynamic loading of VPI extensions (#7727). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Optimize DFG cycle breaking to do less work (#7210). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize emitting to_string() for compiler speedup (#7468). [Jakub Michalski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize additional DFG peephole cases (#7553). [Varun Koyyalagunta, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize forced signal handling (#7554 partial) (#7572) (#7594) (#7596). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize primitive runtime functions. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize if branches with same trailing statements (#7674). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize wide conditional expansion in V3Premit (#7691). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize VL_ONEHOT. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize formatting functions (#7701) (#7702) (#7703). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize DPI import argument passing (#7704). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize runtime assertOn() checks (#7707). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize $countones and $onehot in DFG. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize procedural loop unrolling. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize V3Gate inlining heuristic (#7716). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize reset in DFG (#7737). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize DFG with relaxed live variable analysis (#7739). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize conditional patterns sharing common MBSs/LSBs in DfgPeephole (#7760). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize bit select removal earlier in DFG (#7762). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize away proven redundant case statement assertions (#7771). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize table lookups in DFG (#7772). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize input combinational logic by change detection (#7784). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize decoder case statements into lookup tables (#7795). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize wide decoder case statements into decoder expressions (#7804). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize statically known oversize shifts (#7806). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize generated function inlining (#7811). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize bit-scan loops into most-set-bit or $countones (#7822). [Thomas Santerre]
+* Optimize additional expression patterns (#7824). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize module inlining heuristic (#7837). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix `$bits` on unpacked structs (#4521) (#7796). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix TSP variable ordering for mtasks (#5342) (#7610). [Muzaffer Kal]
+* Fix inlining static initializer in V3Gate (#5381) (#7503). [Andrew Nolte] [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix timed nested fork block with disable (#6720) (#7743). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Fix segmentation fault when using --trace with --lib-create (#7299) (#7518). [anonkey]
+* Fix cross-hierarchy tristate drivers of interface nets (#7339) (#7801). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix destructive event state before dynamic waits (#7340). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix ALWCOMBORDER on variable ordering (#7350) (#7608). [Cookie]
+* Fix false MULTIDRIVEN warning on always_ff variables (#7351) (#7621) (#7672).
+* Fix array pattern concatenation (#7401) (#7402). [Greg Davill]
+* Fix fairness in `std::semaphore` (#7435) (#7605). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix generic interface port forwarded to a nested instance (#7454) (#7457). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix internal error on multi-cycle SVA under default clocking (#7472) (#7506). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix internal error instead of missing prototype error (#7485). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix mailbox#(packed_struct) type mismatch with parameterized class (#7494) (#7495). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Fix std::randomize internal error on static member of different class (#7498) (#7499). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix assert under assert error (#7500) (#7513). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Fix std::unique_ptr with incomplete type for clang (#7501) (#7526).
+* Fix virtual interface method call inlining and IMPURE suppression (#7505). [Nikolay Puzanov]
+* Fix expression coverage in loops (#7511). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix $bits on local struct with chained-interface (#7515) (#7517).
+* Fix array indexing side effects in compound assignments (#7519) (#7540) (#7544). [Kamil Danecki, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix class::localparam during elaboration (#7524) (#7534).
+* Fix dearray variable scope error (#7530) (#7602).
+* Fix nested parameterized class typedef chain (#7538). [Michael Rogenmoser]
+* Fix events in observed region (#7546). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix regression rejecting boolean `!x` inside sequence expressions (#7549) (#7551). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix exponential expansion in V3Gate (#7550). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix internal error on consecutive repetition with N > 256 (#7552) (#7603). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix inherited rand array with .size + foreach constraint (#7558) (#7650). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix biased bit distribution under value < (1 << N) constraints (#7563) (#7684). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix HIERPARAM lint checking (#7570) (#7690). [em2machine]
+* Fix display of %m in non-first argument (#7574).
+* Fix floating point compile warning on min/max delays.
+* Fix force of unpacked arrays (#7579) (#7580). [Zubin Jain]
+* Fix property argument retaining type of the previous variable (#7582). [Jakub Michalski]
+* Fix NBA to whole arrays (#7583) (#7575). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix wrong false assert for property local variables with cycle-delayed consequents (#7587) (#7651). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix interface instance name collision (#7591) (#7593). [Stuart Morris]
+* Fix process comparison compile error with `--public-flat-rw` (#7592).
+* Fix CPU pinning when no 'core id' present (#7599). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix access to parameters via class::localparam (#7609) (#7671). [em2machine]
+* Fix clocking-block sample of unpacked array (#7612) (#7613). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Fix type parameters order (#7615) (#7653) (#7693). [Kamil Danecki, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix unique_index method on assoc arrays with values differing from the keys (#7616). [Pawel Klopotek]
+* Fix wide equality comparison in unpacked structs (#7618). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix force determinism (#7620) (#7637). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix reference counting for modport task references (#7628). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix internal error when handling typedefs containing parameterized class type members (#7635) (#7661). [em2machine]
+* Fix forceable signal with a procedural continuous assign (#7638) (#7639). [Zubin Jain]
+* Fix scheduling of virtual interface method writes (#7641). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix implicit conversions of VlWide (#7642). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix CASEINCOMPLETE to not warn on `unique0 case` (#7647).
+* Fix hierarchical coverage counts for duplicate no-inline module instances (#7649). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Fix dropped iff guard on clocking inside task (#7658) (#7659). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Fix runtime speed summary report. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix reserved keywords reaching emitter (#7666). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix width of unsized literal in property expression (#7668). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix loss of events due to bit shift (#7670). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix parameter read through locally-declared interface instance (#7679). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix skipping nulls in $sscanf (#7689).
+* Fix bounds checks in expressions with read/write references (#7694). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix (const) ref default task argument handling (#7698). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix `ref` argument type check for packed arrays with differing range directions (#7700). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix ignoring not-found modules with encoded names (#7706). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix MULTIDRIVEN in generates (#7709). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix parameter pollution when using class parameters (#7711) (#7763). [em2machine]
+* Fix Makefile action to not write to ${srcdir} (#7715). [Larry Doolittle]
+* Fix splitting functions containing fork logic (#7717). [Mateusz Gancarz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix optimizations of assignments with timing controls (#7718). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix s_eventually on interface (#7731) (#7733). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Fix parameter values in coverage bins widths (#7732) (#7734). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Fix configure fall back on dynamic malloc libraries (#7736). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix crash on overlapping priority case. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix s_eventually in parameterized interfaces (#7741). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix dpi export pointers (#7742) (#7751). [Yilin Li]
+* Fix force on unpacked bit select (#7744) (#7745). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Fix `$` as unsupported coverpoint-bin range bounds (#7750) (#7825). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Fix FSM detect unchecked casts and variable redeclaration (#7758). [Adam Kostrzewski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix no-scope internal error on virtual interface method calls (#7759). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix `case (_) inside` with x wildcards (#7766). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix not failing assertion when RHS of a range window rejects once (#7773). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix $fflush and autoflush with --threads (#7782).
+* Fix out-of-bounds read value for 2-state types (#7785). [Jakub Michalski]
+* Fix `cover property` of an implication counting vacuous matches (#7789). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix randomization of dynamic arrays of objects (#7790). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix randomize() with skipping derived pre/post_randomize (#7799). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix skewed dist operator for arrays (#7802). [Jakub Wasilewski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix assertion when loop unrolling failed (#7810). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix CASEINCOMPLETE for all uncovered enum items (#7815) (#7817). [Saksham]
+* Fix split optimization nested-class crash (#7826). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix class/var named identically to an enclosing-scope type (#7827) (#7828). [Tom Jackson]
+* Fix performance on large package-scoped structs (#7830). [Wolfgang Mayerwieser]
+* Fix unclocked concurrent assertion misreported as unsupported  (#7831). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix insertion of expression coverage statement (#7832). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix lifetime of expression coverage variable (#7834). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix disable iff ignored when its condition is held continuously true (#7841). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix constant pool cache after dead scope removal (#7845). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix covergroups without --coverage (#7848) (#7849). [Joshua Leahy]
+* Fix class scope '::' reference through an inherited type parameter (#7844). [Sergey Chusov]
+
+
+Verilator 5.048 2026-04-26
+==========================
+
+**Important:**
+
+* Displaying Verilator generated FST files will require an updated version
+  of Surfer (built from 'main', or the future numbered release 0.7.0).
+  No GTKWave update is necessary (#7255).
+* Support jemalloc as the default allocator on Linux (#7250). [Yangyu Chen]
+  For better performance, `apt install libjemalloc-dev` or equivalent before running ./configure.
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Add VPI callback support to `--main` (#7145).
+* Add `--func-recursion-depth` option (#7175) (#7179).
+* Add `+verilator+solver+file` for debugging constraint solver (#7242).
+* Add `--coverage-fsm` for experimental FSM state and arc coverage (#7412). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Add printed summary to verilator_coverage (#7438) (#7462). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Deprecate `--structs-packed` (#7222).
+* Remove DFG extract optimization pass (#7394). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Remove multi-threaded FST tracing (#7443). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Improve assignment-compatibility type check (#2843) (#5666) (#7052). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Improve error message when variable used as data type (#7318). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Improve E_UNSUPPORTED warning messages (#7329). [Eunseo Song]
+* Improve NFA-based multi-cycle SVA evaluation engine (#7430). [Yilou Wang]
+* Change array tracing to dump left index to right index (#7205). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Change `--converge-limit` default to 10000 (#7209).
+* Support inout inside SV interface (#3466) (#7134) (#7708) (#7710). [Nick Brereton]
+* Support `##0` cycle delays (#4263) (#7298). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support multidimensional arrays of interfaces (#6230) (#7451). [em2machine]
+* Support array reduction methods with 'with' clause in constraints (#6455) (#6999). [Rahul Behl]
+* Support constraint imperfect distributions (#6811) (#7168). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support disable task by name (#6853) (#7136). [Nick Brereton]
+* Support procedural concurrent assertion simple cases (#6944).
+* Support force assignments to array elements of real type (#7048). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support VPI array indexing in signal names (#7097) (#7187) (#7214) (#7289). [Christian Hecken, Heidelberg University]
+* Support soft constraint solving (#7124) (#7166). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support constraints on fixed-size array of class object members (#7170) (#7183). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support Z non-blocking assignment (#7192) (#496) (#7197). [Nick Brereton]
+* Support constraint `with` item.index array reduction (#7198). [Rahul Behl]
+* Support constant expressions without parentheses in `PATHPULSE$` (#7199). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support $sformat with runtime format string (#7212).
+* Support dist and solve...before inside foreach constraints (#7245) (#7253). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support array and struct info metadata in FST traces (#7255). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Support dynamic array .size in inline randomize() with constraints (#7258) (#7266). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support defparam with more than one dot (#7262). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support modport export/import task prototypes and out-of-block definitions (#7277). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support very wide $display arguments (#7280). [Jakub Michalski]
+* Support named sequence declarations and instances in assertions  (#7283). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `##`, `##[*]`, `##[+]`, `##[M:N]` cycle delays in assertions (#7284) (#7312) (#7377). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support boolean and/or in sequence expressions (#7285). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support property-local variables and sequence match items (#7286). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support 'until' and `until_with` property (#7290 partial) (#7399) (#7436). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support implication operator with constraint_set (#7300) (#7448). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support array map() method (#7307) (#7316) (#7344). [Wei-Lun Chiu]
+* Support MacOS address sanitizer memory limit (#7308). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Support SVA goto repetition `[->N]` in concurrent assertions (#7310). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support consecutive repetition `[\*N]` in SVA properties (#7311). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support rise/fall delays (#7368). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support sequence intersect operator (#7374). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support sequence 'throughout' operator (#7378). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support sequence consecutive repetition `[*N:M]`, `[+]`, and `[*]` (#7379). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support sequence `first_match` operator (#7392). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support nonconsecutive repetition [=N] in sequence expressions (#7397). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support per-process RNG for process::srandom() and object seeding (#7408) (#7415) (#7408). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support 2**n expressions in constraint randomization (#7422). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support IEEE-compliant force/release handling (#7391). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support sequence 'within' operator (#7461). [Yilou Wang]
+* Optimize trace code for faster compiles on repeated types (#6707) (#6832). [Todd Strader]
+* Optimize impure expressions and calls with new V3LiftExpr pass (#7141) (#7164). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize size of trace declaration object code (#7150). [Szymon Gizler, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize function call return value temporaries (#7152). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize conditional merging across some impure statements (#7159). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize reuse of existing associative terms in DfgPeephole. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize duplicate vertices and multiplexers in DfgPeephole (#7305). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize commutative vertex operands in DFG for better combining. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize DFG peephole until a fixed point (#7309). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize comparisons with identical operands and $countones in DFG. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize more patterns in DfgPeephole (#7332). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize read references in DFG (#7354). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize DFG only once, after scoping (#7362). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize more DFG peephole patterns (#7423) (#7452). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize DfgBreakCycles IndependentBits analysis ordering (#7446). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize select patterns in DfgPeephole. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize temporary insertion in DfgPeephole. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize arithmetic right shift (>>>) in DfgBreakCycles (#7447). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize temporary insertion in DFG (#7459). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize mix of Concat/Extend assignments (#7479). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix recursive default assignment for sub-arrays (#4589) (#7202). [Julian Carrier]
+* Fix tracing virtual interface member written from classes (#5044) (#7465). [Nikolay Puzanov]
+* Fix virtual interface member trigger convergence (#5116) (#7323). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix shift width mismatch in constraint solver SMT emission (#5420) (#7265). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix returning wrong type from static function in parameterized class (#5479) (#7387) (#7411) (#7418) (#7445) (#7450). [em2machine]
+* Fix randomize size+element queue constraints (#5582) (#7225). [Rahul Behl, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix null assignment to virtual interfaces (#5974) (#5990). [Maxim Fonarev]
+* Fix typedef scope resolution for parameterized class aliases (#5977) (#7319). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix lambda coroutines (#6106) (#7135). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix super constructor calls with local variables (#6214) (#6933). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix parameter default comparison when value contains type cast (#6281) (#7369) (#6281). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix `local::` false error in randomize() with on parameterized class (#6680) (#7293). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix false recursive definition error (#6769) (#7118). [Alex Zhou]
+* Fix port assignment to large arrays (#6904).
+* Fix interface localparam dependencies and arbitrary nesting (#6936) (#7128) (#7188) (#7190). [em2machine]
+* Fix parameterized class typedef as interface type parameter (#7000) (#7006). [Leela Pakanati]
+* Fix errant integer promotion (#7012). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix randc solver hang with wide variables (#7068) (#7248). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix coroutine trace setters (#7078 repair) (#7296). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix vpi_put_value not updating forced read value (#7092) (#7395) (#7092). [Christian Hecken, Heidelberg University]
+* Fix scheduling non-determinism (#7120) (#7162) (#7165). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix parameters inside std::randomize `with` clause  (#7140). [Kamil Danecki, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix forcing unpacked variables (#7149). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix wide conditional short circuiting (#7155).
+* Fix eliminating assignments to DPI-read variables (#7158). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix std::randomize() in static function with static class members (#7167) (#7169). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix resolving default/non-default type parameters (#7171) (#7346) (#7380) (#7385) (#7398) (#7406) (#7398). [em2machine]
+* Fix recursive constant function in $unit scope (#7173) (#7174).
+* Fix class extend references between queues (#7195).
+* Fix library/hier_block tracing when top name is empty (#7200). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix virtual interface select from sub-interface instance (#7203) (#7370) (#7203). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix VPI force of bit-selected signals (#7211) (#7301). [Christian Hecken]
+* Fix `$finish` to immediately stop executing code from non-final blocks (#7213 partial) (#7390).
+* Fix wrong $bits() for parameterized interface struct typedefs (#7218) (#7219). [em2machine]
+* Fix `dist` operator inside constraint if blocks (#7221) (#7224). [Rahul Behl, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix array reduction in constraints crashing with class inheritance (#7226) (#7263). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix soft cross-object constraint priority inversion (#7228) (#7233). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix internal error when derived class calls this.randomize() with inherited rand members (#7229) (#7234). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix enum range constraints missing for rand variables in sub-objects (#7230) (#7235). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix vpi_put_value release on non-continuous signal (#7231) (#7241). [Christian Hecken]
+* Fix functions in generate block resulting in 'Broken link in node' (#7236) (#7367). [em2machine]
+* Fix tracing of typedefed 1D packed arrays with --trace-structs (#7237). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix rand variable used as array index in constraint evaluated as constant (#7238) (#7247). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix --hierarchical dropping arguments in -f/-F files (#7240). [Clara Sparks]
+* Fix `final` asserts and $stop (#7249). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix MacOS clang PCH compile error with -o flag (#7251) (#7327). [Eunseo Song]
+* Fix vpi_put_value with vpiIntVal on VlWide data (#7256). [Christian Hecken]
+* Fix streaming with descending unpacked arrays and unpacked-to-queue (#7287). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix MacOs lexer compile error (#7314) (#7315). [Tracy Narine]
+* Fix linking shared library with its dependencies (#7320). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix modport selection of virtual interface handle (#7321). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix false ASSIGNIN on interface input ports driven from outside (#7322). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix static initialization order for packages with class hierarchies (#7324). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix sensitivity of signals to unrelated interface members (#7336). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `disable iff` imply-delay statement linking (#7337). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix lost `$stop` on implied assertion `$error` failures.
+* Fix wait() hang when interface uses process calls and VIF function (#7342). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix error on illegal nand/nor binary operators (#7353).
+* Fix simple array assignment unrolling in slice optimization (#7359). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix missing temporary for DfgSplicePacked (#7361). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix virtual interface function calls binding to wrong instance (#7363). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix false ASSIGNIN on interface input port connections (#7365). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix string `inside` queue (#7373).
+* Fix subclass with rand_mode(0) getting randomized (#7376) (#7383). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix VPI access to Verilog `force`-ed signals (#7381). [Christian Hecken, Heidelberg University]
+* Fix sampling of hierarchical references (#7386). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix virtual class inheritance false error (#7403) (#7405). [Nikolay Puzanov]
+* Fix CMake compiler coroutine flags (#7404). [Shogo Yamazaki]
+* Fix delete inside foreach skipping elements (#7407) (#7410)
+* Fix std::randomize in parameterized-derived class (#7409) (#7416). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix virtual interface implied comparison with null (#7421). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix uvm_hdl_release_and_read to release value and check success (#7425). [Christian Hecken, Heidelberg University]
+* Fix inline constraint on array-indexed randomize target (#7431) (#7434). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix modification of members of object with const handle (#7433). [Kamil Danecki, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `dist` under implication in constraints (#7440) (#7442). [Alex Solomatnikov] [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix std::randomize `inside` corrupting class-member queue operand (#7449) (#7456). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix module parameters not re-evaluated upon instantiation (#7463) (#7477). [em2machine]
+* Fix function-in-constraint internal error on bare port return (#7473) (#7480). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix access to static variable inside function (#7474) (#7475). [Alex Zhou]
+* Fix multiple inclusion of verilated_std.sv (#7478). [Larry Doolittle]
+* Fix std::randomize inside {typedef array} internal error (#7481). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix module parameters not re-evaluated upon instantiation (#7463) (#7477). [em2machine]
+* Fix infinite recursion with VERILATOR_BIN (#7496) (#7497).
+* Add error on mixed declaration initialization with continuous assignment (#7352). [Zhi QU]
+
+Verilator 5.046 2026-02-28
+==========================
+
+**Important:**
+
+* Support #0 delays with IEEE-1800 compliant semantics (#7079). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+  This may require `-no-sched-zero-delay` to maintain performance vs. previous versions.
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Add IEEE 4-state type lint checks (#3645 partial) (#6895). [Jose Drowne]
+* Add VERILATOR_NUMA_STRATEGY environment variable (#6826) (#6880). [Yangyu Chen]
+* Add decoded Verilog name in JSON output (#6919) (#6995). [Oleh Maksymenko]
+* Add parsing of solve-before inside foreach (#6934). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add error when accessing a non-static class field from a static function (#6948). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add VerilatedContext::useNumaAssign and set on threads() call (#6954). [Yangyu Chen]
+* Add coverage type information to verilator_coverage annotation output (#7131) (#7133) (#7148).
+* Add --max-replication option (#7139). [Todd Strader]
+* Support modport expression syntax + nested (#2601) (#5581) (#7005). [Leela Pakanati]
+* Support nested interface as port connection (#5066) (#6986). [Leela Pakanati]
+* Support solve..before constraints (#5647) (#7123). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support structure initial values (#6130).
+* Support proper automatic/static initialization, and remove STATICVAR warning (#6405) (#7086).
+* Support vpi_put/vpi_get forcing of signals (#5933) (#6704). [Christian Hecken, Heidelberg University]
+* Support detailed failure info for constraint violations (#6617) (#6883). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `unique` constraints (on 1D static arrays) (#6810) (#6878). [Srinivasan Venkataramanan]
+* Support complex expressions as std::randomize arguments (#6860). [Jakub Wasilewski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support dynamic array elements in std::randomize (#6896). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support unbounded '$' in inside range expressions (#6935) (#6938). [Wei-Lun Chiu]
+* Support `extern module` as a forward-declaration that is ignored.
+* Support `foreach` with nested dots (#6991). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support signed multiplication in constraints (#7008). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support constraint_mode() on static constraints (#7027) (#7038). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support some system functions in constraint blocks (#7028) (#7036). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support std::randomize() for queue, dynamic array, and associative array variables (#7044). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support inherited and nested pre/post_randomize callbacks (#7049) (#7053). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `$get_initial_random_seed` (#7056) (#7069). [Srinivasan Venkataramanan]
+* Support unique constraint on explicit array element subsets (#7057) (#7064). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support force assignments to unpacked structs (#7060). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support function calls with random arguments in constraints (#7061) (#7083). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support power expressions with constant exponent in constraints (#7073). [Kamil Danecki]
+* Support `disable iff` with sequences (#7090). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support `this` keyword inside inline randomize() with {} constraint blocks (#7102) (#7113). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support constraint dynamic array reduction methods without 'with' clause (#7104) (#7108). [Yilou Wang]
+* Remove deprecated `--xml-only`.
+* Remove deprecated `--make cmake`.
+* Change JSON dumps to not include booleans that are false (#6977).
+* Change metacomment extra underscore error to BADVLTPRAGMA warning (#6968). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Change INITIALSTATIC to also report on processes, per IEEE (#7020).
+* Change automatic variables to not be traced.
+* Change type definition error to show type chain with source context (#7151).
+* Optimize string temporaries to not be localized (#6969). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize wide word shifts by multiple of word size (#6970). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize concatenations that produce unused bits in DFG (#6971). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize more wide operation temporaries with substitution (#6972). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize right shifts as clean (#6981). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize temporary insertion for concatenations in DFG (#7013). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize removing redundant variables during DFG Peephole pass (#7076). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize additional DFG peephole Shift and Concat patterns (#7077). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize logic and variable removal early in DFG (#7081). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize straight line code in DFG always (#7084). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize always blocks using local temporary variables in DFG (#7085). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize functions inlined from packages in DFG (#7091). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize continuous assignments with function on RHS in DFG (#7096). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix MULTIDRIVEN with task and default driver (#4045) (#6858). [em2machine]
+* Fix parameterized virtual interface references that have no model references (#4286).
+* Fix hierarchical interface/modport issues (#5941) (#6997). [Leela Pakanati]
+* Fix extending class by a typedef (#6679) (#6855). [Alex Zhou]
+* Fix variable reference lookup for module-level variables (#6741) (#6882). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix false CASEOVERLAP case item expression lint (#6825) (#6886). [Luca Colagrande]
+* Fix virtual interface triggers (#6844). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix use-after-free error (#6846). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Fix dynamic scheduler temporary variable locations (#6859) (#6926). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix dynamic array elements passed to ref argument (#6877). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix large debug_str for emitted Syms headers (#6889). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `disable iff` in simple properties (#6890). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix #0 delays to control fork scheduling (#6891). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix member-selected randomization assignments (#6892). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix WIDTHEXTEND suppression on add/sub with single-bit signal. [Dan Katz]
+* Fix segfault in V3Slice (#6899). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix unpacked array concatenation function arguments (#6900). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix signedness of packed array (#6901) (#6902). [Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA]
+* Fix assignment of queue from unpacked array (#6906).
+* Fix `foreach` with mid-index empty commas (#6910).
+* Fix internal error when fork under always expression (#6911).
+* Fix error when calling non-static method (#6916). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix memory leak in vpi_put_value and vpi_get_value (#6917). [Christian Hecken, Heidelberg University]
+* Fix interface internal type reference (#6920) (#6966). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix segfault after assignment pattern XOR error (#6928) (#6931). [emmettifelts]
+* Fix delayed initial assignment (#6929). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix event triggering (#6932) (#7072) (#7101). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `--top-module` with underscores (#6940). [Christopher Batten]
+* Fix variable randomization to better differ by seed (#6945) (#6956). [Rodrigo Batista de Moraes]
+* Fix null pointer dereference in class member trigger expressions (#6946). [Cameron Waite]
+* Fix type assignments for arrays of parameter types (#6955). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix accessing non-rand struct member in constraints (#6960). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix associative array of events causes C++ compile error (#6962).
+* Fix UNUSED / UNDRIVEN for unused functions (#6967). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix non-inlined function return value clearing (#6982).
+* Fix parameterized class typedef as interface type parameter (#6983) (#6984). [Leela Pakanati]
+* Fix virtual interface not found internal error (#7010). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix multidimensional dynamic array elements passed to ref argument (#7023). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix randomize() null pointer dereference (#7026). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix randc cyclic behavior broken with constraints (#7029) (#7035). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix inline foreach constraints on dynamic arrays of class objects (#7030) (#7037). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix rand_mode() on nested object variables causing Z3 solver error (#7031) (#7034). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix non-member identifiers used inside constraints (#7033). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix tracing without module inlining to match with inlining (#7041). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix scope tree in traces in hierarchical mode (#7042). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix rand_mode()/constraint_mode() when used as function arguments (#7051) (#7055). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix constraint_mode()/rand_mode() in constructor being overwritten (#7054). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix enum variables in constraint solver producing invalid enum values (#7058) (#7065). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix randomize() on null object handle crashing instead of returning 0 (#7059) (#7066). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix inside operator crash with impure expression and unsized range literals (#7063) (#7067). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix constant propagating DPI-written variables (#7074). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix conditional expressions in constraints (#7087). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix UNSUPPORTED on $sampled in sensitivity list (#7093). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix time to not advance after `$finish` (#7095).
+* Fix associative array size() constraint generating invalid resize() call (#7103) (#7112). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix `new` shallow copy to preserve polymorphic runtime type (#7105) (#7109). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix circular class reference %p-printing causing infinite recursion (#7106).
+* Fix too-short bit pack returning wrong value (#7111).
+* Fix randomize of real (#7115). [Srinivasan Venkataramanan]
+* Fix inlining of C functions with reloop locals (#7132). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix segfault in EmitCSyms (#7142) (#7143). [Gilberto Abram]
+
+
 Verilator 5.044 2026-01-01
 ==========================

@@ -42,7 +544,7 @@ Verilator 5.044 2026-01-01
 * Support clocking output delay `1step` (#6681). [Ondrej Ille]
 * Support parsing of dotted `bins_expression` (#6683). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Support constant expression cycle delays in sequences (#6691). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
-* Support general global constraints (#6709) (#6711). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support general global constraints (#6709) (#6711) (#7833) (#7838). [Yilou Wang]
 * Support complex std::randomize patterns (#6736) (#6737). [Yilou Wang]
 * Support `rand_mode` in global constraint gathering (#6740) (#6752). [Yilou Wang]
 * Support reduction or in constraints (#6840). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
@@ -361,6 +863,8 @@ Verilator 5.040 2025-08-30
 * Fix wide select expansion and substitution (#6341) (#6345). [Geza Lore]
 * Fix upcasting class type parameters (#6344). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Fix undefined weak link for Apple GCC etc (#6348). [Congcong Cai]
+* Fix emitting unbounded parameters (#6912).
+* Fix syntax error on unsupported defparam array (#6915).


 Verilator 5.038 2025-07-08
@@ -384,7 +888,7 @@ Verilator 5.038 2025-07-08
 * Support non-overlapping blocking/non-blocking assignments (#6137). [Geza Lore]
 * Support parameter forward types.
 * Support constant functions with left-hand-side concatenates.
-* Add PROCINITASSIGN on initial assignments to process variables (#2481). [Niraj Menon]
+* Add PROCINITASSIGN on initial assignments to process variables (#2481) (#7640). [Niraj Menon]
 * Add BADVLTPRAGMA on unknown Verilator pragmas (#5945). [Shou-Li Hsu]
 * Add ternary operator into branch coverage (#5880). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Add aggregate type error checks (#5570) (#5950). [Shou-Li Hsu]
@@ -2040,7 +2544,6 @@ Verilator 4.108 2021-01-10
 * Fix to ignore coverage on real ports (#2741) (#2745). [Paul Wright]


-
 Verilator 4.106 2020-12-02
 ==========================

@@ -2447,7 +2950,6 @@ Verilator 4.018 2019-08-29
 * Fix internal error on gate optimization of assign. (#1475) [Oyvind Harboe]


-
 Verilator 4.016 2019-06-16
 ==========================

@@ -4898,7 +5400,6 @@ Verilator 3.270 2004-10-15
 * Fix numeric fault when dividing by zero.


-
 Verilator 3.260 2004-10-07
 ==========================

@@ -5520,9 +6021,9 @@ Verilator 0.0 1994-07-08
 Copyright
 =========

-Copyright 2001-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-Version 2.0.
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2001-2025 Wilson Snyder
 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
@@ -1,165 +1,304 @@
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+GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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+     f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors.
+
+All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.
+
+If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.
+
+Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.
+
+8. Termination.
+You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).
+
+However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
+
+Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.
+
+9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
+You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
+
+10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
+Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
+
+An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
+
+You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
+
+11. Patents.
+A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”.
+
+A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
+
+Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.
+
+In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.
+
+If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.
+
+If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
+
+A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.
+
+14. Revised Versions of this License.
+The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
+
+Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
+
+Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.
+
+15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+16. Limitation of Liability.
+IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+     <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+     Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+     <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+     This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
+
+You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+Apache License
+Version 2.0, January 2004
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+1. Definitions.
+
+"License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+"Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+"Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition, "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+"You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+"Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications, including but not limited to software source code, documentation source, and configuration files.
+
+"Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical transformation or translation of a Source form, including but not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation, and conversions to other media types.
+
+"Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+"Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of, the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+"Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted" means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems, and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+"Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of, publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work, where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s) with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You institute patent litigation against any entity (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You meet the following conditions:
+
+     (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+     (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices stating that You changed the files; and
+
+     (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and attribution notices from the Source form of the Work, excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of the Derivative Works; and
+
+     (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or, within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed as modifying the License.
+
+     You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and may provide additional or different license terms and conditions for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use, reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with the conditions stated in this License.
+
+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise, any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of this License, without any additional terms or conditions. Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor, except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer, and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity, or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify, defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a file or class name and description of purpose be included on the same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier identification within third-party archives.
+
+Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+The Artistic License 2.0
+
+Copyright (c) 2000-2006, The Perl Foundation.
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+Preamble
+
+This license establishes the terms under which a given free software Package may be copied, modified, distributed, and/or redistributed. The intent is that the Copyright Holder maintains some artistic control over the development of that Package while still keeping the Package available as open source and free software.
+
+You are always permitted to make arrangements wholly outside of this license directly with the Copyright Holder of a given Package.  If the terms of this license do not permit the full use that you propose to make of the Package, you should contact the Copyright Holder and seek a different licensing arrangement.
+
+Definitions
+
+     "Copyright Holder" means the individual(s) or organization(s) named in the copyright notice for the entire Package.
+
+     "Contributor" means any party that has contributed code or other material to the Package, in accordance with the Copyright Holder's procedures.
+
+     "You" and "your" means any person who would like to copy, distribute, or modify the Package.
+
+     "Package" means the collection of files distributed by the Copyright Holder, and derivatives of that collection and/or of those files. A given Package may consist of either the Standard Version, or a Modified Version.
+
+     "Distribute" means providing a copy of the Package or making it accessible to anyone else, or in the case of a company or organization, to others outside of your company or organization.
+
+     "Distributor Fee" means any fee that you charge for Distributing this Package or providing support for this Package to another party.  It does not mean licensing fees.
+
+     "Standard Version" refers to the Package if it has not been modified, or has been modified only in ways explicitly requested by the Copyright Holder.
+
+     "Modified Version" means the Package, if it has been changed, and such changes were not explicitly requested by the Copyright Holder.
+
+     "Original License" means this Artistic License as Distributed with the Standard Version of the Package, in its current version or as it may be modified by The Perl Foundation in the future.
+
+     "Source" form means the source code, documentation source, and configuration files for the Package.
+
+     "Compiled" form means the compiled bytecode, object code, binary, or any other form resulting from mechanical transformation or translation of the Source form.
+
+Permission for Use and Modification Without Distribution
+
+(1) You are permitted to use the Standard Version and create and use Modified Versions for any purpose without restriction, provided that you do not Distribute the Modified Version.
+
+Permissions for Redistribution of the Standard Version
+
+(2) You may Distribute verbatim copies of the Source form of the Standard Version of this Package in any medium without restriction, either gratis or for a Distributor Fee, provided that you duplicate all of the original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.  At your discretion, such verbatim copies may or may not include a Compiled form of the Package.
+
+(3) You may apply any bug fixes, portability changes, and other modifications made available from the Copyright Holder.  The resulting Package will still be considered the Standard Version, and as such will be subject to the Original License.
+
+Distribution of Modified Versions of the Package as Source
+
+(4) You may Distribute your Modified Version as Source (either gratis or for a Distributor Fee, and with or without a Compiled form of the Modified Version) provided that you clearly document how it differs from the Standard Version, including, but not limited to, documenting any non-standard features, executables, or modules, and provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+     (a) make the Modified Version available to the Copyright Holder of the Standard Version, under the Original License, so that the Copyright Holder may include your modifications in the Standard Version.
+     (b) ensure that installation of your Modified Version does not prevent the user installing or running the Standard Version. In addition, the Modified Version must bear a name that is different from the name of the Standard Version.
+     (c) allow anyone who receives a copy of the Modified Version to make the Source form of the Modified Version available to others under
+
+          (i) the Original License or
+          (ii) a license that permits the licensee to freely copy, modify and redistribute the Modified Version using the same licensing terms that apply to the copy that the licensee received, and requires that the Source form of the Modified Version, and of any works derived from it, be made freely available in that license fees are prohibited but Distributor Fees are allowed.
+
+Distribution of Compiled Forms of the Standard Version or Modified Versions without the Source
+
+(5)  You may Distribute Compiled forms of the Standard Version without the Source, provided that you include complete instructions on how to get the Source of the Standard Version.  Such instructions must be valid at the time of your distribution.  If these instructions, at any time while you are carrying out such distribution, become invalid, you must provide new instructions on demand or cease further distribution. If you provide valid instructions or cease distribution within thirty days after you become aware that the instructions are invalid, then you do not forfeit any of your rights under this license.
+
+(6)  You may Distribute a Modified Version in Compiled form without the Source, provided that you comply with Section 4 with respect to the Source of the Modified Version.
+
+Aggregating or Linking the Package
+
+(7)  You may aggregate the Package (either the Standard Version or Modified Version) with other packages and Distribute the resulting aggregation provided that you do not charge a licensing fee for the Package.  Distributor Fees are permitted, and licensing fees for other components in the aggregation are permitted. The terms of this license apply to the use and Distribution of the Standard or Modified Versions as included in the aggregation.
+
+(8) You are permitted to link Modified and Standard Versions with other works, to embed the Package in a larger work of your own, or to build stand-alone binary or bytecode versions of applications that include the Package, and Distribute the result without restriction, provided the result does not expose a direct interface to the Package.
+
+Items That are Not Considered Part of a Modified Version
+
+(9) Works (including, but not limited to, modules and scripts) that merely extend or make use of the Package, do not, by themselves, cause the Package to be a Modified Version.  In addition, such works are not considered parts of the Package itself, and are not subject to the terms of this license.
+
+General Provisions
+
+(10)  Any use, modification, and distribution of the Standard or Modified Versions is governed by this Artistic License. By using, modifying or distributing the Package, you accept this license. Do not use, modify, or distribute the Package, if you do not accept this license.
+
+(11)  If your Modified Version has been derived from a Modified Version made by someone other than you, you are nevertheless required to ensure that your Modified Version complies with the requirements of this license.
+
+(12)  This license does not grant you the right to use any trademark, service mark, tradename, or logo of the Copyright Holder.
+
+(13)  This license includes the non-exclusive, worldwide, free-of-charge patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import and otherwise transfer the Package with respect to any patent claims licensable by the Copyright Holder that are necessarily infringed by the Package. If you institute patent litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim) against any party alleging that the Package constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement, then this Artistic License to you shall terminate on the date that such litigation is filed.
+
+(14)  Disclaimer of Warranty:
+THE PACKAGE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES. THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY YOUR LOCAL LAW. UNLESS REQUIRED BY LAW, NO COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTOR WILL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THE PACKAGE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Copyright (c) <year> <owner>.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+Creative Commons Legal Code
+
+CC0 1.0 Universal
+
+    CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE
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+However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
+
+Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.
+
+9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
+You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
+
+10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
+Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
+
+An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
+
+You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
+
+11. Patents.
+A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”.
+
+A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
+
+Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.
+
+In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.
+
+If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.
+
+If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
+
+A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.
+
+14. Revised Versions of this License.
+The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
+
+Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
+
+Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.
+
+15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+16. Limitation of Liability.
+IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+     <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+     Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+     <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+     This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
+
+You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+This Verilog file was developed by Altera Corporation.  It may be
+freely copied and/or distributed at no cost.  Any persons using this
+file for any purpose do so at their own risk, and are responsible for
+the results of such use.  Altera Corporation does not guarantee that
+this file is complete, correct, or fit for any particular purpose.
+NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED.  This notice must
+accompany any copy of this file.
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+This license is used on IEEE files where there is a permitted use of
+standards, including copying strictly necessary to implement normative
+interfaces defined by the standard. Refer to IEEE SA Operations Manual
+Clause 6.1 and IEEE Standards Permission policies.
+
+--
+
+Copyright 2024 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+All rights reserved.
+
+IEEE, 802, and POSIX are registered trademarks in the U.S. Patent &
+Trademark Office, owned by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
+Engineers, Incorporated.
+
+IEEE draft and approved standards are copyrighted by IEEE under US and
+international copyright laws.  They are made available by IEEE and are
+adopted for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include
+both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private
+self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering
+practices and methods. By making these documents available for use and
+adoption by public authorities and private users, neither IEEE nor its
+licensors waive any rights in copyright to the documents.
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders>
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and
+associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial
+portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO
+EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
+
+Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or distribute this software, either in source code form or as a compiled binary, for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and by any means.
+
+In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors of this software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the software to the public domain. We make this dedication for the benefit of the public at large and to the detriment of our heirs and
+successors. We intend this dedication to be an overt act of relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to this software under copyright law.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+For more information, please refer to <http://unlicense.org/>
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025-2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 #
 #****************************************************************************/
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES = \
  include/*.[chv]* \
  include/*.vlt \
  include/*.sv \
-  include/gtkwave/*.[chv]* \
+  include/fstcpp/*.[chv]* \
  include/vltstd/*.[chv]* \

 VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES = \
@@ -292,15 +292,14 @@ installbin: | mkbindirs
 	done

 installredirect: installbin | mkbindirs
-	cp ${srcdir}/bin/redirect ${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp
-	perl -p -i -e 'use File::Spec;' \
-	           -e' $$path = File::Spec->abs2rel("$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(bindir))", "$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin)");' \
-	           -e 's/RELPATH.*/"$$path";/g' -- "${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp"
-	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
+	REDIR_SCRATCH=$$(mktemp redir_XXXXXX); \
+	perl -p -e 'use File::Spec;' \
+	        -e' $$path = File::Spec->abs2rel("$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(bindir))", "$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin)");' \
+	        -e 's/RELPATH.*/"$$path";/g' -- "${srcdir}/bin/redirect" > $$REDIR_SCRATCH; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES) $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES) ; do \
-		$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) redirect.tmp $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
-	done
-	rm ${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp
+		$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$REDIR_SCRATCH $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
+	done; \
+	rm $$REDIR_SCRATCH

 # Man files can either be part of the original kit, or built in current directory
 # So important we use $^ so VPATH is searched
@@ -311,7 +310,7 @@ installman: $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 	done

 installdata:
-	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/gtkwave
+	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/fstcpp
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/vltstd
 	for p in $(VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES) ; do \
 		$(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/$$p; \
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ uninstall:
 	-rm $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/verilator-config.cmake
 	-rm $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/verilator-config-version.cmake
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin
-	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/gtkwave
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/fstcpp
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/vltstd
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_hello_binary
@@ -398,9 +397,12 @@ CPPCHECK_RUNTIME_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/include/*.cpp)
 CPPCHECK_VLC_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/Vlc*.cpp)
 CPPCHECK_EXAMPLES_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/examples/*/*.cpp)
 CHECK_CPP = $(CPPCHECK_VERILATOR_CPP) $(CPPCHECK_RUNTIME_CPP) $(CPPCHECK_VLC_CPP) $(CPPCHECK_EXAMPLES_CPP)
-CHECK_H = $(wildcard \
+CHECK_H = $(filter-out \
+  $(srcdir)/src/config_package.h \
+  $(srcdir)/src/config_rev.h, \
+  $(wildcard \
  $(srcdir)/include/*.h \
-  $(srcdir)/src/*.h )
+  $(srcdir)/src/*.h ))
 CHECK_YL = $(wildcard \
  $(srcdir)/src/*.y \
  $(srcdir)/src/*.l )
@@ -414,7 +416,7 @@ CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --cppcheck-build-dir=$(CPPCHECK_CACHE)
 CPPCHECK_FLAGS += -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 -DINFILTER_PIPE=1 -D__GNUC__=1
 CPPCHECK_FLAGS += -j$(CPPCHECK_JOBS)
 CPPCHECK_INC = -I$(srcdir)/include
-CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/include/gtkwave
+CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/include/fstcpp
 CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/include/vltstd
 CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/src/obj_dbg
 CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/src
@@ -441,7 +443,9 @@ cppcheck:
 CLANGTIDY = clang-tidy
 CLANGTIDY_FLAGS = -config='' \
  -header-filter='.*' \
-  -checks='-fuchsia-*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,-cppcoreguidelines-init-variables,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-goto,-modernize-avoid-c-arrays,-readability-magic-numbers,-readability-simplify-boolean-expr,-cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage' \
+  -checks='*,-abseil-*,-fuchsia-*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-do-while,-cppcoreguidelines-init-variables,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-goto,-modernize-avoid-c-arrays,-readability-magic-numbers,-readability-simplify-boolean-expr,-cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage' \
+
+# Good checks: -checks='-*,bugprone-assignment-in-if-condition,google-build-using-namespace,google-readability-casting,modernize-use-default-member-init,modernize-use-emplace,modernize-use-equals-default,modernize-use-equals-delete,modernize-use-nullptr,performance-faster-string-find,readability-isolate-declaration,readability-redundant-control-flow,readability-redundant-member-init,readability-redundant-string-cstr,readability-uppercase-literal-suffix

 CLANGTIDY_DEP = $(subst .cpp,.cpp.tidy,$(CHECK_CPP))
 CLANGTIDY_DEFS = -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1
@@ -491,6 +495,11 @@ MAKE_FILES = \
  src/Makefile*.in \
  test_regress/Makefile* \

+# Markdown
+MD_FILES = \
+  *.md \
+  */*.md \
+
 # Perl programs
 PERL_PROGRAMS = \
  bin/redirect \
@@ -517,6 +526,7 @@ PY_PROGRAMS = \
  nodist/lint_py_test_filter \
  nodist/log_changes \
  nodist/uvm_pkg_packer \
+  nodist/verilator_bisect \
  nodist/verilator_saif_diff \
  src/.gdbinit.py \
  src/astgen \
@@ -530,11 +540,19 @@ PY_PROGRAMS = \
 # Python files, subject to format but not lint
 PY_FILES = \
  $(PY_PROGRAMS) \
+  ci/*.py \
  test_regress/t/*.py \

 # Python files, test_regress tests
 PY_TEST_FILES = test_regress/t/*.py

+# reStructuredText Sphinx files
+RST_FILES = \
+  *.rst \
+  */*.rst \
+  ci/docker/*/*.rst \
+  docs/guide/*.rst \
+
 # YAML files
 YAML_FILES = \
  .*.yaml \
@@ -547,7 +565,7 @@ YAML_FILES = \
 # Format

 format:
-	$(MAKE) -j 5 format-c format-cmake format-exec format-py format-yaml
+	$(MAKE) -j 5 format-c format-cmake format-exec format-md format-py format-rst format-yaml

 BEAUTYSH = beautysh
 BEAUTYSH_FLAGS = --indent-size 2
@@ -577,12 +595,20 @@ MBAKE = mbake
 MBAKE_FLAGS = format --config ./.bake.toml

 format-exec:
-	-chmod a+x test_regress/t/*.py
+	-chmod a+x test_regress/t/t_*.py
+	-chmod a-x test_regress/t/*.v

 format-make mbake:
 	$(MBAKE) --version
 	$(MBAKE) $(MBAKE_FLAGS) $(MAKE_FILES)

+MDFORMAT = mdformat
+MDFORMAT_FLAGS =
+
+format-md:
+	$(MDFORMAT) --version
+	$(MDFORMAT) $(MDFORMAT_FLAGS) $(MD_FILES)
+
 YAPF = yapf
 YAPF_FLAGS = -i --parallel

@@ -590,6 +616,13 @@ format-py yapf:
 	$(YAPF) --version
 	$(YAPF) $(YAPF_FLAGS) $(PY_FILES)

+DOCSTRFMT = docstrfmt
+DOCSTRFMT_FLAGS = --line-length 75 --indent-width 3 --keep-blanks --ordered-marker "\#" --preserve-adornments --no-center-section-titles
+
+format-rst:
+	$(DOCSTRFMT) --version
+	$(DOCSTRFMT) $(DOCSTRFMT_FLAGS) $(RST_FILES)
+
 YAMLFIX = YAMLFIX_WHITELINES=1 YAMLFIX_LINE_LENGTH=200 YAMLFIX_preserve_quotes=true yamlfix
 YAMLFIX_FLAGS =

@@ -677,7 +710,7 @@ FASTCOV_OPT += --dump-statistic
 FASTCOV_OPT += --exclude-glob
 FASTCOV_OPT += '/usr/*'
 FASTCOV_OPT += '*examples/*'
-FASTCOV_OPT += '*include/gtkwave/*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*include/fstcpp/*'
 FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_dbg/*'
 FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_opt/*.yy.cpp'
 FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_opt/V3Ast*'
@@ -862,7 +895,8 @@ VENV_PATH ?= .venv
 venv:
 	# Create virtual environment using the python3 picked up by configure
 	[ -e $(VENV_PATH) ] || @PYTHON3@ -m venv --system-site-packages $(VENV_PATH)
-	# Install python3 dependencies
+	# Install python3 dependencies, with explicit retry
+	$(VENV_PATH)/bin/pip3 install -r python-dev-requirements.txt || \
 	$(VENV_PATH)/bin/pip3 install -r python-dev-requirements.txt
 	@echo
 	@echo "Installed Python virtual environment, in:"
@@ -1,56 +1,63 @@
-.. Github doesn't render images unless absolute URL
-.. Do not know of a conditional tag, "only: github" nor "github display" works
+..
+   Github doesn't render images unless absolute URL
+   Do not know of a conditional tag, "only: github" nor "github display" works
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 |badge1| |badge2| |badge3| |badge4| |badge5| |badge7| |badge8|

 .. |badge1| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Website-Verilator.org-181717.svg
   :target: https://verilator.org
+
 .. |badge2| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/License-LGPL%20v3-blue.svg
   :target: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0
+
 .. |badge3| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Artistic%202.0-0298c3.svg
   :target: https://opensource.org/licenses/Artistic-2.0
+
 .. |badge4| image:: https://repology.org/badge/tiny-repos/verilator.svg?header=distro%20packages
   :target: https://repology.org/project/verilator/versions
+
 .. |badge5| image:: https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/verilator/verilator
   :target: https://hub.docker.com/r/verilator/verilator
+
 .. |badge7| image:: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/workflows/build/badge.svg
   :target: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/actions?query=workflow%3Abuild
+
 .. |badge8| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/verilator/verilator/rtlmeter.yml?branch=master&event=schedule&label=benchmarks
   :target: https://verilator.github.io/verilator-rtlmeter-results

-
 Welcome to Verilator
 ====================

 .. list-table::

-   * - **Welcome to Verilator, the fastest Verilog/SystemVerilog simulator.**
-        * Accepts Verilog or SystemVerilog
-        * Performs lint code-quality checks
-        * Compiles into multithreaded C++, or SystemC
-        * Creates XML to front-end your own tools
+   - - **Welcome to Verilator, the fastest Verilog/SystemVerilog simulator.**
+          - Accepts Verilog or SystemVerilog
+          - Performs lint code-quality checks
+          - Compiles into multithreaded C++, or SystemC
+          - Creates JSON to front-end your own tools
     - |Logo|
-   * - |verilator multithreaded performance|
+   - - |verilator multithreaded performance|
     - **Fast**
-        * Outperforms many closed-source commercial simulators
-        * Single- and multithreaded output models
-   * - **Widely Used**
-        * Wide industry and academic deployment
-        * Out-of-the-box support from Arm and RISC-V vendor IP
-        * Over 700 contributors
+          - Outperforms many closed-source commercial simulators
+          - Single- and multithreaded output models
+   - - **Widely Used**
+          - Wide industry and academic deployment
+          - Out-of-the-box support from Arm and RISC-V vendor IP
+          - Over 700 contributors
     - |verilator usage|
-   * - |verilator community|
+   - - |verilator community|
     - **Community Driven & Openly Licensed**
-        * Guided by the `CHIPS Alliance`_ and `Linux Foundation`_
-        * Open, and free as in both speech and beer
-        * More simulation for your verification budget
-   * - **Commercial Support Available**
-        * Commercial support contracts
-        * Design support contracts
-        * Enhancement contracts
+          - Guided by the `CHIPS Alliance`_ and `Linux Foundation`_
+          - Open, and free as in both speech and beer
+          - More simulation for your verification budget
+   - - **Commercial Support Available**
+          - Commercial support contracts
+          - Design support contracts
+          - Enhancement contracts
     - |verilator support|

-
 What Verilator Does
 ===================

@@ -60,19 +67,20 @@ performing lint checks, and optionally inserting assertion checks and
 coverage-analysis points. It outputs single- or multithreaded .cpp and .h
 files, the "Verilated" code.

-These Verilated C++/SystemC files are then compiled by a C++ compiler
-(gcc/clang/MSVC++), optionally along with a user's own C++/SystemC wrapper
-file, to instantiate the Verilated model. Executing the resulting
-executable performs the design simulation. Verilator also supports linking
-Verilated generated libraries, optionally encrypted, into other simulators.
-
-Verilator may not be the best choice if you are expecting a full-featured
-replacement for a closed-source Verilog simulator, need SDF annotation,
-mixed-signal simulation, or are doing a quick class project (we recommend
-`Icarus Verilog`_ for classwork). However, if you are looking for a path to
-migrate SystemVerilog to C++/SystemC, or want high-speed simulation of
-designs, Verilator is the tool for you.
+Verilator can automatically generate a simulator executable (using
+``--binary``), or users can write their own C++/SystemC wrapper to
+instantiate the model. The resulting Verilated executable performs the
+design simulation. Verilator also supports linking Verilator-generated
+libraries, optionally encrypted, into other simulators.

+Verilator supports all design constructs, most verification constructs,
+intra-assignment delays (e.g, `#10`), and events. Tristate-bus (`z`) and
+unknowns (`x`) are handled in limited contexts, in a special manor for
+performance. It currently may not be the best choice if you are expecting a
+full-featured replacement for a closed-source Verilog simulator, performing
+SDF annotation, or mixed-signal simulation. However, if you are looking for
+a path to migrate SystemVerilog to C++/SystemC, or want high-speed
+simulation, Verilator is the tool for you.

 Performance
 ===========
@@ -92,7 +100,6 @@ Mentor ModelSim/Questa, Synopsys VCS, VTOC, and Pragmatic CVer/CVC). But,
 Verilator is open-sourced, so you can spend on computes rather than
 licenses. Thus, Verilator gives you the best simulation cycles/dollar.

-
 Installation & Documentation
 ============================

@@ -111,7 +118,6 @@ For more information:

 - `Verilator issues <https://verilator.org/issues>`_

-
 Support
 =======

@@ -128,10 +134,13 @@ Verilator also supports and encourages commercial support models and
 organizations; please see `Verilator Commercial Support
 <https://verilator.org/verilator_commercial_support>`_.

-
 Related Projects
 ================

+- `Cocotb <https://www.cocotb.org/>`_ - A coroutine-based cosimulation
+  library for writing testbenches in Python which officially supports
+  Verilator.
+
 - `GTKwave <https://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`_ - Waveform viewer for
  Verilator traces.

@@ -141,7 +150,6 @@ Related Projects
 - `Surfer <https://surfer-project.org/>`_ - Web or offline waveform viewer
  for Verilator traces.

-
 Open License
 ============

@@ -153,10 +161,17 @@ the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the
 Perl Artistic License Version 2.0. See the documentation for more details.

 .. _chips alliance: https://chipsalliance.org
+
 .. _icarus verilog: https://steveicarus.github.io/iverilog
+
 .. _linux foundation: https://www.linuxfoundation.org
+
 .. |Logo| image:: https://www.veripool.org/img/verilator_256_200_min.png
+
 .. |verilator multithreaded performance| image:: https://www.veripool.org/img/verilator_multithreaded_performance_bg-min.png
+
 .. |verilator usage| image:: https://www.veripool.org/img/verilator_usage_400x200-min.png
+
 .. |verilator community| image:: https://www.veripool.org/img/verilator_community_400x125-min.png
+
 .. |verilator support| image:: https://www.veripool.org/img/verilator_support_400x125-min.png
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator default licensing for "reuse lint"
+
+version = 1
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "**/.clang-format",
+    "**/.gitattributes",
+    "**/.gitignore",
+    ".clang-tidy",
+    ".codacy.yml",
+    ".devcontainer/devcontainer.json",
+    ".github/**",
+    ".pre-commit-hooks.yaml",
+    ".style.yapf",
+    "CITATION.cff",
+    "CPPLINT.cfg",
+    "ci/docker/buildenv/wavetools.conf",
+    "docs/CONTRIBUTORS",
+    "docs/spelling.txt",
+    "docs/verilated.dox",
+    "examples/**/*.vc",
+    "install-sh",
+    "test_regress/.gdbinit",
+    "test_regress/input.vc",
+    "test_regress/input.xsim.vc",
+    "test_regress/t/*.dat",
+    "test_regress/t/*.gprof",
+    "test_regress/t/*.mem",
+    "test_regress/t/*.out",
+    "test_regress/t/*.tree",
+    "test_regress/t/*.vc",
+    "test_regress/t/t_lint_bsspace_bad.v",
+    "verilator.pc.in",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "2003-2026 Wilson Snyder"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "docs/_static/**",
+    "docs/gen/*.rst",
+    "docs/guide/figures/**",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "2003-2026 Wilson Snyder"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "test_regress/t/uvm/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = [
+    "2010-2017 Mentor Graphics Corporation",
+    "2010-2013 Synopsys, Inc.",
+    "2010-2018 Cadence Design Systems, Inc.",
+    "2013 NVIDIA Corporation",
+]
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "include/gtkwave/lz4.*"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "2011-2023 Yann Collet"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "BSD-2-Clause"
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025-2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 #
 ######################################################################
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025-2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 #
 ######################################################################
@@ -27,6 +27,21 @@ use vars qw($Debug @Opt_Verilator_Sw);
 autoflush STDOUT 1;
 autoflush STDERR 1;

+# Guard against unbounded recursive re-entry. Hierarchical / --build flows
+# legitimately re-enter the wrapper a few levels deep (wrapper -> verilator_bin
+# -> make -> wrapper -> ...); a misconfigured VERILATOR_BIN, VERILATOR_GDB or
+# VERILATOR_VALGRIND that points back at this wrapper, however, recurses
+# without bound and exhausts the OS PID table. Use VERILATOR_RUNNING as a
+# depth counter and cap it well above any real nesting.
+my $verilator_running_max = 16;
+my $verilator_running_depth = ($ENV{VERILATOR_RUNNING} || 0) + 1;
+if ($verilator_running_depth > $verilator_running_max) {
+    die "%Error: verilator: re-entered $verilator_running_depth levels deep"
+        . " via \$VERILATOR_RUNNING; check that VERILATOR_BIN, VERILATOR_GDB"
+        . " and VERILATOR_VALGRIND do not resolve back to this wrapper script.\n";
+}
+$ENV{VERILATOR_RUNNING} = $verilator_running_depth;
+
 $Debug = 0;
 my $opt_aslr;
 my $opt_gdb;
@@ -86,9 +101,15 @@ if (defined $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}) {
    $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT} = $verilator_root;
 }

-if ($opt_gdbbt && !gdb_works()) {
-    warn "-Info: --gdbbt ignored: gdb doesn't seem to be working\n" if $Debug;
-    $opt_gdbbt = 0;
+my $lldb_selected = 0;
+if (($opt_gdb || $opt_gdbbt) && !gdb_works()) {
+    if (lldb_works()) {
+        $lldb_selected = 1;
+    } else {
+        warn "-Info: --gdb or --gdbbt ignored: gdb doesn't seem to be working\n" if $Debug;
+        $opt_gdbbt = 0;
+        $opt_gdb = 0;
+    }
 }

 # Determine runtime flags and run
@@ -98,22 +119,35 @@ if ($opt_gdbbt && !gdb_works()) {
 # then see exactly the contents of @Opt_Verilator_Sw.
 my @quoted_sw = map { sh_escape($_) } @Opt_Verilator_Sw;
 if ($opt_gdb) {
-    # Generic GDB interactive
-    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
-         . aslr(0)
-         . ($ENV{VERILATOR_GDB} || "gdb")
-         . " " . verilator_bin()
-         # Note, uncomment to set breakpoints before running:
-         #  ." -ex 'break main'"
-
-         # Note, we must use double-quotes ("run <switches>")
-         # and not single ('run <switches>') below. Bash swallows
-         # escapes as you would expect in a double-quoted string.
-         # That's not true for a single-quoted string, where \'
-         # actually terminates the string -- not what we want!
-         . " -ex \"run " . join(' ', @quoted_sw) . "\""
-         . " -ex 'set width 0'"
-         . " -ex 'bt'");
+    # Note, we must use double-quotes ("run <switches>")
+    # and not single ('run <switches>') below. Bash swallows
+    # escapes as you would expect in a double-quoted string.
+    # That's not true for a single-quoted string, where \'
+    # actually terminates the string -- not what we want!
+    if ($lldb_selected) {
+        # Generic lldb interactive
+        run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+             . aslr(0)
+             . ($ENV{VERILATOR_GDB} || "lldb")
+             . " " . verilator_bin()
+             # Note, uncomment to set breakpoints before running:
+             #  . " -o 'b main'"
+             . " -o 'b exit'"  # Need break to keep process active for bt
+             . " -o \"run " . join(' ', @quoted_sw) . "\""
+             . " -o 'settings set term-width 1024'"
+             . " -o 'bt'");
+    } else {
+        # Generic GDB interactive
+        run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+             . aslr(0)
+             . ($ENV{VERILATOR_GDB} || "gdb")
+             . " " . verilator_bin()
+             # Note, uncomment to set breakpoints before running:
+             #  . " -ex 'break main'"
+             . " -ex \"run " . join(' ', @quoted_sw) . "\""
+             . " -ex 'set width 0'"
+             . " -ex 'bt'");
+    }
 } elsif ($opt_rr) {
    # Record with rr
    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
@@ -121,15 +155,27 @@ if ($opt_gdb) {
         . "rr record " . verilator_bin()
         . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 } elsif ($opt_gdbbt && $Debug) {
-    # Run under GDB to get gdbbt
-    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
-         . aslr(0)
-         . "gdb"
-         . " " . verilator_bin()
-         . " --batch --quiet --return-child-result"
-         . " -ex \"run " . join(' ', @quoted_sw)."\""
-         . " -ex 'set width 0'"
-         . " -ex 'bt' -ex 'quit'");
+    # Run under debugger to get gdbbt
+    if ($lldb_selected) {
+        run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+             . aslr(0)
+             . ($ENV{VERILATOR_GDB} || "lldb")
+             . " " . verilator_bin()
+             . " -o 'b exit'"  # Need break to keep process active for bt
+             . " --batch --source-quietly"
+             . " -o \"run " . join(' ', @quoted_sw)."\""
+             . " -o 'settings set term-width 1024'"
+             . " -o 'bt' -o 'quit'");
+    } else {
+        run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+             . aslr(0)
+             . ($ENV{VERILATOR_GDB} || "gdb")
+             . " " . verilator_bin()
+             . " --batch --quiet --return-child-result"
+             . " -ex \"run " . join(' ', @quoted_sw)."\""
+             . " -ex 'set width 0'"
+             . " -ex 'bt' -ex 'quit'");
+    }
 } elsif ($opt_valgrind) {
    # Run under valgrind
    my $valgrind_bin = ($ENV{VERILATOR_VALGRIND} || "valgrind --error-exitcode=1 --max-stackframe=2815880"
@@ -149,7 +195,7 @@ if ($opt_gdb) {
        . verilator_bin()
        . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 } else {
-    # Normal, non gdb
+    # Normal, non-gdb
    run(ulimit_stack_unlimited() . aslr(1) . verilator_bin() . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 }

@@ -185,9 +231,9 @@ sub verilator_bin {

 sub gdb_works {
    $! = undef;  # Cleanup -x
-    system("gdb /bin/echo"
+    system("gdb /bin/sh"
           . " --batch-silent --quiet --return-child-result"
-           . " -ex 'run -n'"  # `echo -n`
+           . " -ex 'run -c exit'"  # `/bin/sh -c exit
           . " -ex 'set width 0'"
           . " -ex 'bt'"
           . " -ex 'quit'");
@@ -195,6 +241,18 @@ sub gdb_works {
    return $status == 0;
 }

+sub lldb_works {
+    $! = undef;  # Cleanup -x
+    # macOS system integrity stops attach to system binaries like /bin/sh
+    system("lldb --version"
+           . " --batch --source-quietly"
+           . " -o 'settings set term-width 1024'"
+           . " -o 'bt'"
+           . " -o 'quit'");
+    my $status = $?;
+    return $status == 0;
+}
+
 sub aslr {
    my $want_on = shift;
    $want_on = $opt_aslr if defined $opt_aslr;
@@ -213,14 +271,22 @@ sub ulimit_stack_unlimited {
    # AddressSanitizer doesn't work with 'ulimit -s unlimted'
    if (`${\(verilator_bin())} --get-supported DEV_ASAN` eq "1\n") {
        # Use host 'physical memory / #cores / 8' instead
-        open(my $fh, "<", "/proc/meminfo") || die "Can't read host memory for asan";
-        while (<$fh>) {
-            if (m/MemTotal:\s+(\d+)\s+kB/) {
-                $limit = int(int($1)/`nproc`/8);
-                last;
+        if ($^O eq "darwin") {
+            my $membytes = `sysctl -n hw.memsize`;
+            chomp $membytes;
+            my $ncpu = `sysctl -n hw.ncpu`;
+            chomp $ncpu;
+            $limit = int(int($membytes / 1024) / $ncpu / 8);
+        } else {
+            open(my $fh, "<", "/proc/meminfo") || die "Can't read host memory for asan";
+            while (<$fh>) {
+                if (m/MemTotal:\s+(\d+)\s+kB/) {
+                    $limit = int(int($1)/`nproc`/8);
+                    last;
+                }
            }
+            close($fh);
        }
-        close($fh);
    }
    system("ulimit -s $limit 2>/dev/null");
    my $status = $?;
@@ -334,6 +400,7 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --no-aslr                   Disable address space layout randomization
    --no-assert                 Disable all assertions
    --no-assert-case            Disable unique/unique0/priority-case assertions
+    --assert-unroll-limit <iter> Max SVA assertion repetition before erroring
    --autoflush                 Flush streams after all $displays
    --bbox-sys                  Blackbox unknown $system calls
    --bbox-unsup                Blackbox unsupported language features
@@ -345,12 +412,15 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     -CFLAGS <flags>            C++ compiler arguments for makefile
    --compiler <compiler-name>  Tune for specified C++ compiler
    --compiler-include          Include additional header in the precompiled one
+    --constraint-array-limit <size>   Maximum array size for constraint array reduction
    --converge-limit <loops>    Tune convergence settle time
    --coverage                  Enable all coverage
    --coverage-expr             Enable expression coverage
    --coverage-expr-max <value>     Maximum permutations allowed for an expression
+    --coverage-fsm              Enable FSM state/arc coverage
    --coverage-line             Enable line coverage
    --coverage-max-width <width>   Maximum array depth for coverage
+    --coverage-per-instance     Enable per-instance coverage counters
    --coverage-toggle           Enable toggle coverage
    --coverage-underscore       Enable coverage of _signals
    --coverage-user             Enable SVL user coverage
@@ -368,8 +438,10 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --diagnostics-sarif-output <filename>  Set SARIF diagnostics output file
    --dpi-hdr-only              Only produce the DPI header file
    --dump-<srcfile>            Enable dumping everything in source file
+    --dump-ast-patterns         Enable dumping Ast pattern statistics
    --dump-defines              Show preprocessor defines with -E
    --dump-dfg                  Enable dumping DfgGraphs to .dot files
+    --dump-dfg-patterns         Enable dumping Dfg pattern statistics
    --dump-graph                Enable dumping V3Graphs to .dot files
    --dump-inputs               Enable dumping preprocessed input files
    --dump-tree                 Enable dumping Ast .tree files
@@ -390,6 +462,9 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     -f <file>                  Parse arguments from a file
     -FI <file>                 Force include of a file
    --flatten                   Force inlining of all modules, tasks and functions
+    --fourstate                 Enable fourstate logic
+    --no-fourstate              Disable fourstate logic
+    --func-recursion-depth <value>  Maximum recursive constant function depth
    --future0 <option>          Ignore an option for compatibility
    --future1 <option>          Ignore an option with argument for compatibility
     -fno-<optimization>        Disable internal optimization stage
@@ -482,11 +557,13 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --quiet-stats               Don't print statistics
    --relative-includes         Resolve includes relative to current file
    --reloop-limit <value>      Minimum iterations for forming loops
+    --replication-limit <value> Replication concatenation limit (default: 8k)
    --report-unoptflat          Extra diagnostics for UNOPTFLAT
    --rr                        Run Verilator and record with rr
    --runtime-debug             Enable model runtime debugging
    --savable                   Enable model save-restore
    --sc                        Create SystemC output
+    --sched-zero-delay          Specify #0 delay support
    --no-skip-identical         Disable skipping identical output
    --stats                     Create statistics file
    --stats-vars                Provide statistics on variables
@@ -494,7 +571,6 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --no-std-package            Prevent parsing standard package
    --no-std-waiver             Prevent parsing standard lint waivers
    --no-stop-fail              Do not call $stop when assertion fails
-    --structs-packed            Convert all unpacked structures to packed structures
     -sv                        Enable SystemVerilog parsing
     +systemverilogext+<ext>    Synonym for +1800-2023ext+<ext>
    --threads <threads>         Enable multithreading
@@ -515,7 +591,6 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --trace-params              Enable tracing of parameters
    --trace-saif                Enable SAIF file creation
    --trace-structs             Enable tracing structure names
-    --trace-threads <threads>   Enable FST waveform creation on separate threads
    --no-trace-top              Do not emit traces for signals in the top module generated by verilator
    --trace-underscore          Enable tracing of _signals
    --trace-vcd                 Enable VCD waveform creation
@@ -552,8 +627,6 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --x-assign <mode>           Assign non-initial Xs to this value
    --x-initial <mode>          Assign initial Xs to this value
    --x-initial-edge            Enable initial X->0 and X->1 edge triggers
-    --xml-only                  Create XML parser output
-    --xml-output                XML output filename
     -y <dir>                   Directory to search for modules

 This is a short summary of the simulation runtime arguments, i.e. for the
@@ -568,6 +641,7 @@ description of these arguments.
     +verilator+debugi+<value>             Enable debugging at a level
     +verilator+error+limit+<value>        Set error limit
     +verilator+help                       Show help
+     +verilator+log+file+<filename>        Log stdout and stderr output to filename
     +verilator+noassert                   Disable assert checking
     +verilator+prof+exec+file+<filename>  Set execution profile filename
     +verilator+prof+exec+start+<value>    Set execution profile starting point
@@ -576,8 +650,11 @@ description of these arguments.
     +verilator+quiet                      Minimize additional printing
     +verilator+rand+reset+<value>         Set random reset technique
     +verilator+seed+<value>               Set random seed
+     +verilator+solver+file+<filename>     Set random solver log filename
     +verilator+V                          Show verbose version and config
     +verilator+version                    Show version and exit
+     +verilator+vpi+<library>[:<bootstrap>]  Load VPI shared library
+     +verilator+wno+unsatconstr+<value>    Disable constraint warnings


 =head1 DISTRIBUTION
@@ -17,12 +17,13 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(

    For documentation see
    https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_ccache_report.html""",
-    epilog="""Copyright 2002-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-Version 2.0.
+    epilog="""This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

-SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2002-2026 Wilson Snyder
+SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+""")

 parser.add_argument('-o', type=pathlib.Path, metavar="OUTFILE", required=True, help='output file')
 parser.add_argument('logdir', type=pathlib.Path, help='log directory')
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025-2026 Wilson Snyder
 #
 ######################################################################

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ if (! GetOptions (
    pod2usage(-exitstatus => 2, -verbose => 0);
 }

-# Normal, non gdb
+# Normal, non-gdb
 run(verilator_coverage_bin()
    . " " . join(' ', @Opt_Verilator_Sw));

@@ -157,6 +157,10 @@ verilator_coverage - Verilator coverage analyzer

    verilator_coverage --annotate <obj>

+    verilator_coverage --report summary,hier <datafiles>...
+
+    verilator_coverage --report hier <datafiles>...
+
    verilator_coverage  -write merged.dat <datafiles>...

    verilator_coverage  -write-info merged.info <datafiles>...
@@ -175,7 +179,10 @@ L<https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_coverage.html>.
    --annotate-points             Annotates info from each coverage point.
    --filter-type <regex>         Keep only records of given coverage type.
    --help                        Displays this message and version and exits.
+    --include-reset-arcs          Include reset arcs in FSM arc summaries.
+    --levels <depth>              Limit displayed hierarchy report depth.
    --rank                        Compute relative importance of tests.
+    --report <kind>[,<kind>...]   Generate reports: summary, hier, or hierarchy.
    --unlink                      With --write, unlink all inputs
    --version                     Displays program version and exits.
    --write <filename>            Write aggregate coverage results.
@@ -197,6 +204,7 @@ can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
 of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
 Artistic License Version 2.0.

+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 =head1 SEE ALSO
@@ -110,12 +110,13 @@ It performs a diff between two files, or all files common between two
 directories, ignoring irrelevant pointer differences.

 Exit status is 0 if inputs are the same, 1 if different, 2 if trouble.""",
-    epilog="""Copyright 2005-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-Version 2.0.
+    epilog="""This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

-SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2005-2026 Wilson Snyder
+SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+""")

 parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('--no-lineno',
@@ -613,12 +613,13 @@ Verilator_gantt creates a visual representation to help analyze Verilator

 For documentation see
 https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_gantt.html""",
-    epilog="""Copyright 2018-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-Version 2.0.
+    epilog="""This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

-SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2018-2026 Wilson Snyder
+SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+""")

 parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_true', help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('--no-vcd', help='disable creating vcd', action='store_true')
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 # mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
 # pylint: disable=C0114,C0209
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
-# of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
-# Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify the
+# Verilator internals under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General
+# Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 #
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 ######################################################################

@@ -173,12 +173,13 @@ in each Verilog block.

 For documentation see
 https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_profcfunc.html""",
-    epilog="""Copyright 2002-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-Version 2.0.
+    epilog="""This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

-SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2002-2026 Wilson Snyder
+SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+""")

 parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('filename', help='input gprof output to process')
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI dependency install script
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Geza Lore. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Geza Lore
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ################################################################################
@@ -34,7 +30,7 @@ elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
 elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
  MAKE=gmake
 else
-  fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
+  fatal "Unknown CI_OS_NAME: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
 fi

 if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
@@ -44,12 +40,32 @@ if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
  echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
 fi

-install-vcddiff() {
-  TMP_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
-  git clone https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff "$TMP_DIR"
-  git -C "${TMP_DIR}" checkout dca845020668887fd13498c772939814d9264fd5
-  "$MAKE" -C "${TMP_DIR}"
-  sudo cp "${TMP_DIR}/vcddiff" /usr/local/bin
+install-wavediff() {
+  source ci/docker/buildenv/wavetools.conf
+  local _base_url="https://github.com/hudson-trading/wavetools/releases/download/${WAVETOOLS_VERSION}"
+  local _platform
+  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+    _platform="linux-x86_64"
+  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+    _platform="macos-arm64"
+  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "windows" ]; then
+    _platform="windows-x86_64"
+  else
+    echo "WARNING: No wavetools binary available for CI_OS_NAME=$CI_OS_NAME, skipping"
+    return 0
+  fi
+  local _tmpdir
+  _tmpdir=$(mktemp -d)
+  local _archive="wavetools-${WAVETOOLS_VERSION}-${_platform}"
+  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "windows" ]; then
+    wget -q -O "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.zip" "${_base_url}/${_archive}.zip"
+    unzip -o "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.zip" -d "${_tmpdir}"
+  else
+    wget -q -O "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.tar.gz" "${_base_url}/${_archive}.tar.gz"
+    tar -xzf "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.tar.gz" -C "${_tmpdir}"
+  fi
+  sudo cp "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}/wavediff" /usr/local/bin/wavediff
+  rm -rf "${_tmpdir}"
 }

 if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
@@ -60,28 +76,32 @@ if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
    sudo apt-get update ||
    sudo apt-get update
-    sudo apt-get install ccache help2man libfl-dev ||
-    sudo apt-get install ccache help2man libfl-dev
+    sudo apt-get install --yes ccache help2man libfl-dev ||
+    sudo apt-get install --yes ccache help2man libfl-dev
    if [[ ! "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]]; then
      # Some conflict of libunwind verison on 22.04, can live without it for now
-      sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev ||
-      sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev
+      sudo apt-get install --yes libjemalloc-dev ||
+      sudo apt-get install --yes libjemalloc-dev
    fi
-    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-20.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]]; then
-      sudo apt-get install libsystemc libsystemc-dev ||
-      sudo apt-get install libsystemc libsystemc-dev
+    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-26.04" ]]; then
+      if [[ ! "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "-riscv" ]]; then
+        sudo apt-get install --yes libsystemc libsystemc-dev ||
+        sudo apt-get install --yes libsystemc libsystemc-dev
+      fi
    fi
-    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]]; then
-      sudo apt-get install bear mold ||
-      sudo apt-get install bear mold
+    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-26.04" ]]; then
+      sudo apt-get install --yes bear mold ||
+      sudo apt-get install --yes bear mold
    fi
  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+    brew update ||
    brew update
+    brew install ccache perl gperftools autoconf bison flex help2man ||
    brew install ccache perl gperftools autoconf bison flex help2man
  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
    sudo pkg install -y autoconf bison ccache gmake perl5
  else
-    fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
+    fatal "Unknown CI_OS_NAME: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
  fi

  if [ -n "$CCACHE_DIR" ]; then
@@ -96,16 +116,18 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
    sudo apt-get update ||
    sudo apt-get update
    # libfl-dev needed for internal coverage's test runs
-    sudo apt-get install gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3 ||
-    sudo apt-get install gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3
+    sudo apt-get install --yes gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3 ||
+    sudo apt-get install --yes gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3
    # Required for test_regress/t/t_dist_attributes.py
-    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]]; then
-      sudo apt-get install python3-clang mold ||
-      sudo apt-get install python3-clang mold
+    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-26.04" ]]; then
+      sudo apt-get install --yes python3-clang mold ||
+      sudo apt-get install --yes python3-clang mold
    fi
-    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-20.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]]; then
-      sudo apt-get install libsystemc-dev ||
-      sudo apt-get install libsystemc-dev
+    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-26.04" ]]; then
+      if [[ ! "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "-riscv" ]]; then
+        sudo apt-get install --yes libsystemc libsystemc-dev ||
+        sudo apt-get install --yes libsystemc libsystemc-dev
+      fi
    fi
  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
    brew update
@@ -115,14 +137,14 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
    # fst2vcd fails with "Could not open '<input file>', exiting."
    sudo pkg install -y ccache gmake perl5 python3 jq z3
  else
-    fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
+    fatal "Unknown CI_OS_NAME: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
  fi
  # Common installs
-  install-vcddiff
+  install-wavediff
  # Workaround -fsanitize=address crash
  sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_rnd_bits=28
 else
  ##############################################################################
  # Unknown build stage
-  fatal "Unknown build stage: '$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME'"
+  fatal "Unknown CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: '$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME'"
 fi
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI script for 'pages.yml', notifies PRs
 #
-# Copyright 2025 by Geza Lore. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Geza Lore
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

-# Notify PRs via comment that their coverage reports are available
+# Notify PRs via comment that their workflow reports are available

 # Get the current repo URL - might differ on a fork
 readonly REPO_URL=$(gh repo view --json url --jq .url)
@@ -17,7 +13,7 @@ readonly REPO_URL=$(gh repo view --json url --jq .url)
 ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts
 mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}

-for RUN_ID in ${COVERAGE_PR_RUN_IDS//,/ }; do
+for RUN_ID in ${PR_RUN_IDS//,/ }; do
  echo "@@@ Processing run ${RUN_ID}"

  # Create workflow artifacts directory
@@ -25,7 +21,7 @@ for RUN_ID in ${COVERAGE_PR_RUN_IDS//,/ }; do
  mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}

  # Download artifact of this run, if exists
-  gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name coverage-pr-notification --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} || true
+  gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name pr-notification --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} || true
  ls -lsha ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}

  # Move on if no notification is required
@@ -39,7 +35,7 @@ for RUN_ID in ${COVERAGE_PR_RUN_IDS//,/ }; do
  gh pr comment $(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt) --body-file ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/body.txt

  # Get the artifact ID
-  ARTIFACT_ID=$(gh api "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/runs/${RUN_ID}/artifacts" --jq '.artifacts[] | select(.name == "coverage-pr-notification") | .id')
+  ARTIFACT_ID=$(gh api "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/runs/${RUN_ID}/artifacts" --jq '.artifacts[] | select(.name == "pr-notification") | .id')

  # Delete it, so we only notify once
  gh api --method DELETE "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/artifacts/${ARTIFACT_ID}"
@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI script for 'pages.yml', builds the GitHub Pages
 #
-# Copyright 2025 by Geza Lore. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Geza Lore
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 # This scipt build the content of the GitHub Pages for the repository.
-# Currently this only hosts code coverage reports, but it would be possible to
-# add any other contents to the page in parallel here.
+# Currently this hosts code coverage reports, and PR RTLMeter detailed reports.

 # Developer note: You should be able to run this script in your local checkout
 # if you have GitHub CLI (command 'gh') setup, authenticated ('gh auth login'),
@@ -29,6 +24,9 @@ if [[ -z "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" ]]; then
  GITHUB_OUTPUT=github-output.txt
 fi

+# Run IDs of PR jobs processed
+PR_RUN_IDS=""
+
 # Populates ${PAGES_ROOT}/coverage-reports
 compile_coverage_reports() {
  # We will process all runs up to and including this date. This is chosen to be
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ compile_coverage_reports() {
  jq "." completedRuns.json

  # Create artifacts root directory
-  local ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts
+  local ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts-coverage
  mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}

  # Create coverage reports root directory
@@ -57,9 +55,6 @@ compile_coverage_reports() {
  local CONTENTS=contents.tmp
  echo > ${CONTENTS}

-  # Run IDs of PR jobs processed
-  local PR_RUN_IDS=""
-
  # Iterate over all unique event types that triggered the workflows
  for EVENT in $(jq -r 'map(.event) | sort | unique | .[]' completedRuns.json); do
    echo "@@@ Processing '${EVENT}' runs"
@@ -76,13 +71,7 @@ compile_coverage_reports() {
      jq "." workflow.json

      # Record run ID of PR job
-      if [[ $EVENT == "pull_request" ]]; then
-        if [[ -z "$PR_RUN_IDS" ]]; then
-          PR_RUN_IDS="$RUN_ID"
-        else
-          PR_RUN_IDS="$PR_RUN_IDS,$RUN_ID"
-        fi
-      fi
+      [[ $EVENT != "pull_request" ]] || PR_RUN_IDS="$PR_RUN_IDS $RUN_ID"

      # Create workflow artifacts directory
      local ARTIFACTS_DIR=${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}/${RUN_ID}
@@ -152,7 +141,7 @@ CONTENTS_TEMPLATE

  <body>
  $(cat ${CONTENTS})
-  <h4>Assembled $(date --iso-8601=minutes --utc)</h1>
+  <h4>Assembled $(date --iso-8601=minutes --utc)</h4>
  <body>

  </html>
@@ -160,12 +149,136 @@ INDEX_TEMPLATE

  # Report size
  du -shc ${COVERAGE_ROOT}/*
+}

-  # Set output
-  echo "coverage-pr-run-ids=${PR_RUN_IDS}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+# Populates ${PAGES_ROOT}/rtlmeter-reports
+compile_rtlmeter_reports() {
+  # We will process all runs up to and including this date. This is chosen to be
+  # slightly less than the artifact retention period for simplicity.
+  local OLDEST=$(date --date="28 days ago" --iso-8601=date)
+
+  # Gather all RTLMeter workflow runs within the time window
+  gh run list -w rtlmeter.yml --limit 1000 --created ">=${OLDEST}" --json "databaseId,event,status,conclusion,createdAt,number" > recentRuns.json
+  echo @@@ Recent runs:
+  jq "." recentRuns.json
+
+  # Select completd runs that were not cancelled or skipped, sort by descending run number
+  jq 'sort_by(-.number) | map(select(.status == "completed" and (.conclusion == "success" or .conclusion == "failure")))' recentRuns.json > completedRuns.json
+  echo @@@ Completed with success or failure:
+  jq "." completedRuns.json
+
+  # Create artifacts root directory
+  local ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts-rtlmeter
+  mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}
+
+  # Create rtlmeter reports root directory
+  local RTLMETER_ROOT=${PAGES_ROOT}/rtlmeter-reports
+  mkdir -p ${RTLMETER_ROOT}
+
+  # Create index page contents fragment
+  local CONTENTS=contents.tmp
+  echo > ${CONTENTS}
+
+  # Iterate over all unique event types that triggered the workflows
+  for EVENT in $(jq -r 'map(.event) | sort | unique | .[]' completedRuns.json); do
+    echo "@@@ Processing '${EVENT}' runs"
+
+    # Emit section header if a report exists with this event type
+    EMIT_SECTION_HEADER=1
+
+    # For each worfklow run that was triggered by this event type
+    for RUN_ID in $(jq ".[] | select(.event == \"${EVENT}\") |.databaseId" completedRuns.json); do
+      echo "@@@ Processing run ${RUN_ID}"
+
+      # Extract the info of this run
+      jq ".[] | select(.databaseId == $RUN_ID)" completedRuns.json > workflow.json
+      jq "." workflow.json
+
+      # Record run ID of PR job
+      [[ $EVENT != "pull_request" ]] || PR_RUN_IDS="$PR_RUN_IDS $RUN_ID"
+
+      # Create workflow artifacts directory
+      local ARTIFACTS_DIR=${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}/${RUN_ID}
+      mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
+
+      # Download artifacts of this run, if exists
+      gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name rtlmeter-report --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} || true
+      ls -lsha ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
+
+      # Move on if no RTLMeter report is available
+      if [ ! -d ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/report ]; then
+        echo "No RTLMeter report found"
+        continue
+      fi
+      echo "RTLMeter report found"
+
+      # Emit section header
+      if [[ -n $EMIT_SECTION_HEADER ]]; then
+        unset EMIT_SECTION_HEADER
+        echo "<h4>RTLMeter reports for '${EVENT}' runs:</h4>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+      fi
+
+      # Create pages subdirectory
+      mv ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/report ${RTLMETER_ROOT}/${RUN_ID}
+
+      # Add index page content
+      local WORKFLOW_CREATED=$(jq -r '.createdAt' workflow.json)
+      local WOFKRLOW_NUMBER=$(jq -r '.number' workflow.json)
+      cat >> ${CONTENTS} <<CONTENTS_TEMPLATE
+        Run <a href="${RUN_ID}/index.html">#${WOFKRLOW_NUMBER}</a>
+        | GitHub: <a href="${REPO_URL}/actions/runs/${RUN_ID}">${RUN_ID}</a>
+        | started at: ${WORKFLOW_CREATED}
+CONTENTS_TEMPLATE
+      if [ -e ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt ]; then
+        local PRNUMBER=$(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt)
+        echo " | Pull request: <a href=\"${REPO_URL}/pull/${PRNUMBER}\">#${PRNUMBER}</a>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+      fi
+      echo "<br>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+    done
+
+    # Section break
+    if [[ -z "$EMIT_SECTION_HEADER" ]]; then
+      echo "<hr>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+    fi
+  done
+
+  # Write rtlmeter report index.html
+  cat > ${RTLMETER_ROOT}/index.html  <<INDEX_TEMPLATE
+  <html>
+
+  <head>
+    <title>Verilator CI RTLMeter reports</title>
+    <style>
+    body {
+      font-family: courier, serif;
+      background-color: #f3f3f3;
+      a {
+        color: #008fd7;
+      }
+    }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+  $(cat ${CONTENTS})
+  <h4>Assembled $(date --iso-8601=minutes --utc)</h4>
+  <body>
+
+  </html>
+INDEX_TEMPLATE
+
+  # Report size
+  du -shc ${RTLMETER_ROOT}/*
 }

 # Compilie coverage reports
 compile_coverage_reports;

+# Compile RTLMeter reports
+compile_rtlmeter_reports;
+
 # You can build any other content here to be put under ${PAGES_ROOT}
+
+# Set output to all affected unique PR run IDs (comma separated, no trailing comma)
+IDS=$(echo ${PR_RUN_IDS} | xargs -n1 | sort -u | paste -sd,)
+echo "pr-run-ids=${IDS}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: RTLMeter cases to run in the rtlmeter.yml CI workflow
+#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+###############################################################################
+# Defines the RTLMeter cases to run in CI. This is consumed by the 'start' job
+# in rtlmeter.yml, which captures the printed JSON and feeds it to the run job
+# matrices.
+###############################################################################
+
+import argparse
+import json
+
+# Cases to run for scheduled runs, keyyed by the 'run tag' used in rtlmeter.yml
+# The associated priority is roughly the number of minutes it takes to run the
+# job, the emitted job matrix will try to start longest jobs first.
+
+# Cases to run for non-PR jobs (e.g.: nightly schedule)
+# fmt: off
+CASES = {
+    "gcc": [
+        ("BlackParrot:1x1:*",                    5),
+        ("BlackParrot:2x2:*",                    14),
+        ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",                    25),
+        ("Caliptra:default:*",                   19),
+        ("NVDLA:*",                              29),
+        ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",                      4),
+        ("OpenPiton:2x2:*",                      7),
+        ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",                      10),
+        ("OpenTitan:*",                          16),
+        ("Servant:qerv:*",                       2),
+        ("Servant:serv:*",                       2),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:asic:*",                      4),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:default:*",                   6),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:hiperf:*",                    5),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:asic:*",                      13),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:default:*",                   6),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:hiperf:*",                    12),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:asic:*",                      4),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:default:*",                   4),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:hiperf:*",                    4),
+        ("Vortex:mini:*",                        3),
+        ("Vortex:sane:*",                        6),
+        ("XiangShan:default-chisel3:* !*:linux", 31),
+        ("XiangShan:default-chisel6:* !*:linux", 28),
+        ("XiangShan:mini-chisel3:* !*:linux",    13),
+        ("XiangShan:mini-chisel6:* !*:linux",    15),
+        ("XuanTie-C906:*",                       5),
+        ("XuanTie-C910:*",                       9),
+        ("XuanTie-E902:*",                       5),
+        ("XuanTie-E906:*",                       6),
+    ],
+    "clang": [
+        ("BlackParrot:1x1:*",                    5),
+        ("BlackParrot:2x2:*",                    9),
+        ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",                    12),
+        ("Caliptra:default:*",                   16),
+        ("NVDLA:*",                              28),
+        ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",                      5),
+        ("OpenPiton:2x2:*",                      6),
+        ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",                      8),
+        ("OpenTitan:*",                          10),
+        ("Servant:qerv:*",                       17),
+        ("Servant:serv:*",                       15),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:asic:*",                      6),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:default:*",                   8),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:hiperf:*",                    5),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:asic:*",                      9),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:default:*",                   8),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:hiperf:*",                    7),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:asic:*",                      4),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:default:*",                   5),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:hiperf:*",                    5),
+        ("Vortex:mini:*",                        3),
+        ("Vortex:sane:*",                        5),
+        ("XiangShan:default-chisel3:* !*:linux", 21),
+        ("XiangShan:default-chisel6:* !*:linux", 19),
+        ("XiangShan:mini-chisel3:* !*:linux",    8),
+        ("XiangShan:mini-chisel6:* !*:linux",    8),
+        ("XuanTie-C906:*",                       3),
+        ("XuanTie-C910:*",                       7),
+        ("XuanTie-E902:*",                       7),
+        ("XuanTie-E906:*",                       7),
+    ],
+    "gcc-hier": [
+        ("BlackParrot:1x1:*",    4),
+        ("BlackParrot:2x2:*",    16),
+        ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",    25),
+        ("NVDLA:*",              25),
+        ("OpenPiton:16x16:dhry", 16),
+        ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",      4),
+        ("OpenPiton:2x2:*",      4),
+        ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",      4),
+        ("OpenPiton:8x8:*",      6),
+        ("XuanTie-C910:*",       7),
+    ],
+}
+# fmt: on
+
+# Cases to run for PR jobs
+# fmt: off
+CASES_PR = {
+    "gcc": [
+        ("BlackParrot:1x1:*",                    5),
+        ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",                    25),
+        ("Caliptra:default:*",                   19),
+        ("NVDLA:*",                              29),
+        ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",                      4),
+        ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",                      10),
+        ("OpenTitan:*",                          16),
+        ("Servant:qerv:*",                       2),
+        ("Servant:serv:*",                       2),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:asic:*",                      4),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:default:*",                   6),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:hiperf:*",                    5),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:asic:*",                      13),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:default:*",                   6),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:hiperf:*",                    12),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:asic:*",                      4),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:default:*",                   4),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:hiperf:*",                    4),
+        ("Vortex:mini:*",                        3),
+        ("Vortex:sane:*",                        6),
+        ("XiangShan:default-chisel3:* !*:linux", 31),
+        ("XiangShan:default-chisel6:* !*:linux", 28),
+        ("XiangShan:mini-chisel3:* !*:linux",    13),
+        ("XiangShan:mini-chisel6:* !*:linux",    15),
+        ("XuanTie-C906:*",                       5),
+        ("XuanTie-C910:*",                       9),
+        ("XuanTie-E902:*",                       5),
+        ("XuanTie-E906:*",                       6),
+    ],
+    "clang": [
+        ("BlackParrot:1x1:*",                    5),
+        ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",                    12),
+        ("Caliptra:default:*",                   16),
+        ("NVDLA:*",                              28),
+        ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",                      5),
+        ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",                      8),
+        ("OpenTitan:*",                          10),
+        ("Servant:qerv:*",                       17),
+        ("Servant:serv:*",                       15),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:asic:*",                      6),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:default:*",                   8),
+        ("VeeR-EH1:hiperf:*",                    5),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:asic:*",                      9),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:default:*",                   8),
+        ("VeeR-EH2:hiperf:*",                    7),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:asic:*",                      4),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:default:*",                   5),
+        ("VeeR-EL2:hiperf:*",                    5),
+        ("Vortex:mini:*",                        3),
+        ("Vortex:sane:*",                        5),
+        ("XiangShan:default-chisel3:* !*:linux", 21),
+        ("XiangShan:default-chisel6:* !*:linux", 19),
+        ("XiangShan:mini-chisel3:* !*:linux",    8),
+        ("XiangShan:mini-chisel6:* !*:linux",    8),
+        ("XuanTie-C906:*",                       3),
+        ("XuanTie-C910:*",                       7),
+        ("XuanTie-E902:*",                       7),
+        ("XuanTie-E906:*",                       7),
+    ],
+    "gcc-hier": [
+        ("BlackParrot:1x1:*",    4),
+        ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",    25),
+        ("NVDLA:*",              25),
+        ("OpenPiton:16x16:dhry", 16),
+        ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",      4),
+        ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",      4),
+        ("OpenPiton:8x8:*",      6),
+        ("XuanTie-C910:*",       7),
+    ],
+}
+# fmt: on
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+    description="Print the RTLMeter CI cases as JSON, keyed by run tag")
+parser.add_argument("--event-name",
+                    required=True,
+                    help="GitHub event name that triggered the workflow")
+parser.add_argument(
+    "--ci-testing",
+    action="store_true",
+    help="Print only the shortest (lowest priority) case per tag, to reduce CI testing time")
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+# Pull requests use the reduced 'CASES_PR' set, other events (e.g.: the nightly
+# schedule) use the full 'CASES' set.
+is_pr = args.event_name == "pull_request"
+selected = CASES_PR if is_pr else CASES
+
+cases = {}
+for tag, entries in selected.items():
+    # Highest priority (longest) first
+    ordered = sorted(entries, key=lambda cp: cp[1], reverse=True)
+    # While tweaking the CI, keep only the shortest (lowest priority) case to minimise churn time
+    if args.ci_testing:
+        ordered = ordered[-1:]
+    # Case filters appended to every case for this tag/event
+    suffix = ""
+    # Filters out the non-hierarchical case variants for the hierarchical job
+    if tag == "gcc-hier":
+        suffix += " !-hier"
+    # Filter out hello tests on pull requests, these just add measurement noise
+    if is_pr:
+        suffix += " !*:hello"
+    cases[tag] = [case + suffix for case, _ in ordered]
+print(json.dumps(cases, separators=(",", ":")))
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI script for 'rtlmeter.yml' PR results
+#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+# This script builds the content of the response comment posted on PRs
+# at the end of RTLMeter runs.
+
+# Developer note: You should be able to run this script in your local checkout
+# if you have GitHub CLI (command 'gh') setup, authenticated ('gh auth login'),
+# and have set a default repository ('gh repo set-default').
+
+# Trace when running in the CI
+[ "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" != "true" ] || set -x
+
+# Arguments:
+#  1. run ID
+#  2. SHA of the event that triggered the run (for a PR, the test merge commit)
+#  rest: run tags
+RUN_ID=$1; shift
+RUN_SHA=$1; shift
+RUNS="$@"
+
+# $VERILATOR_CHECKOUT/ci directory
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(readlink -f $(dirname ${BASH_SOURCE[0]}))
+
+# Move into a temporary directory
+rm -rf rtlmeter-report
+mkdir rtlmeter-report
+pushd rtlmeter-report &> /dev/null
+TMP_DIR=$(readlink -f .)
+
+# Download the combined results. 'combine-results' uploads a single artifact
+# for each version, holding the per-tag JSON files (e.g. all-results-gcc.json):
+#  - 'all-results'   for the new version
+#  - 'all-reference' for the old reference version
+mkdir new ref
+NEW_DIR=$(readlink -f new)
+REF_DIR=$(readlink -f ref)
+gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name all-results   --dir $NEW_DIR
+gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name all-reference --dir $REF_DIR
+
+# Get Some metadata about the runs
+RUN_URL=$(gh run view $RUN_ID --json url --jq ".url")
+RUN_NUM=$(gh run view $RUN_ID --json number --jq ".number")
+
+# Repository owner and name of the default repository, used to build the
+# GitHub Pages URL of the detailed report. The owner is lowercased, as required
+# for the '<owner>.github.io' Pages domain. Resolved here, while still in the
+# default repository's git context (before the 'cd rtlmeter' below).
+PAGES_OWNER=$(gh repo view --json owner --jq '.owner.login' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+PAGES_NAME=$(gh repo view --json name --jq '.name')
+
+# The 'old' reference was built from the target branch base commit, which is
+# the first parent of the triggering merge commit (same as the 'start' job in
+# rtlmeter.yml). Resolved here, while still in the default repository's git
+# context (before the 'cd rtlmeter' below).
+REF_SHA=$(gh api "repos/{owner}/{repo}/commits/$RUN_SHA" --jq '.parents[0].sha')
+
+# Go back to root directory
+popd &> /dev/null
+# Go to RTLMeter directory
+cd rtlmeter
+
+# Compare results
+SUMMARY_ARGS=()
+for r in $RUNS; do
+  CMP_JSON=$TMP_DIR/cmp-$r.json
+  # Gather args for summary script
+  SUMMARY_ARGS+=($NEW_DIR/all-results-$r.json $CMP_JSON)
+  # Create JSON
+  ./rtlmeter compare --format json --steps "*" --metrics "*" \
+    $REF_DIR/all-reference-$r.json $NEW_DIR/all-results-$r.json > $CMP_JSON
+  # Also create detailed tables
+  ./rtlmeter compare --format ascii --steps 'verilate' --metrics '*' $REF_DIR/all-reference-$r.json $NEW_DIR/all-results-$r.json > $TMP_DIR/verilate-$r.txt
+  ./rtlmeter compare --format ascii --steps 'cppbuild' --metrics '*' $REF_DIR/all-reference-$r.json $NEW_DIR/all-results-$r.json > $TMP_DIR/cppbuild-$r.txt
+  ./rtlmeter compare --format ascii --steps 'execute'  --metrics '*' $REF_DIR/all-reference-$r.json $NEW_DIR/all-results-$r.json > $TMP_DIR/execute-$r.txt
+  # Chop them at new lines, into one table per file
+  awk -v RS= -v prefix=$TMP_DIR/$r-frag '{print > sprintf("%s-verilate-%02d.txt",prefix,NR)}' $TMP_DIR/verilate-$r.txt
+  awk -v RS= -v prefix=$TMP_DIR/$r-frag '{print > sprintf("%s-cppbuild-%02d.txt",prefix,NR)}' $TMP_DIR/cppbuild-$r.txt
+  awk -v RS= -v prefix=$TMP_DIR/$r-frag '{print > sprintf("%s-execute-%02d.txt" ,prefix,NR)}' $TMP_DIR/execute-$r.txt
+done
+
+# Create summary, suppress failure, but save the status reported to pass back.
+STATUS=0
+venv/bin/python3 $SCRIPT_DIR/ci-rtlmeter-report.py ${SUMMARY_ARGS[@]} > $TMP_DIR/summary.txt || STATUS=$?
+# Print it
+cat $TMP_DIR/summary.txt
+
+# Create notification comment content
+NOTIFICATION=$TMP_DIR/notification.txt
+cat > $NOTIFICATION <<NOTIFICATION_TEMPLATE
+Performance metrics for PR workflow [#$RUN_NUM]($RUN_URL), comparing:
+- target branch commit [${REF_SHA:0:9}](https://github.com/${PAGES_OWNER}/${PAGES_NAME}/commit/${REF_SHA}) (A)
+- with PR merge commit [${RUN_SHA:0:9}](https://github.com/${PAGES_OWNER}/${PAGES_NAME}/commit/${RUN_SHA}) (B)
+
+<details open>
+  <summary>Summary of all runs</summary>
+  <pre>
+$(cat $TMP_DIR/summary.txt)
+  </pre>
+</details>
+
+The reported numbers are the geometric means of the ratios of the metrics over all cases,
+less than 1 is a regression, greater than 1 is an improvement.
+The jobs run on variable and noisy runners, so some variance is expected between runs.
+
+Detailed report: [${RUN_ID}](https://${PAGES_OWNER}.github.io/${PAGES_NAME}/rtlmeter-reports/${RUN_ID}/index.html)
+NOTIFICATION_TEMPLATE
+
+# Create detailed report
+REPORT=$TMP_DIR/body.html
+cat > $REPORT <<SUMMARY_TEMPLATE
+<h3>Summary of all runs</h3>
+<pre>
+$(cat $TMP_DIR/summary.txt)
+</pre>
+SUMMARY_TEMPLATE
+echo "<h3>Detailed results</h3>" >> $REPORT
+for r in $RUNS; do
+  RUN_NAME=$(jq -rj ".[0].runName" $NEW_DIR/all-results-$r.json)
+  echo "<h4>$RUN_NAME</h4>" >> $REPORT
+  for f in $(ls -1 $TMP_DIR/$r-frag-verilate-*.txt | sort) \
+           $(ls -1 $TMP_DIR/$r-frag-cppbuild-*.txt | sort) \
+           $(ls -1 $TMP_DIR/$r-frag-execute-*.txt | sort); do
+    cat >> $REPORT <<DETAIL_TAMPLATE
+    <details>
+      <summary>$(head -n 1 $f | tr -d '\n')</summary>
+      <pre>
+$(tail -n +2 $f)
+      </pre>
+    </details>
+DETAIL_TAMPLATE
+  done
+done
+
+# Turn the report into a proper HTML page
+mkdir -p ${TMP_DIR}/report
+cat > ${TMP_DIR}/report/index.html <<INDEX_TEMPLATE
+<html>
+
+  <head>
+    <title>Verilator RTLMeter report #${RUN_NUM}</title>
+    <style>
+    body {
+      font-family: courier, serif;
+      background-color: #f3f3f3;
+      a {
+        color: #008fd7;
+      }
+    }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+$(cat ${TMP_DIR}/body.html)
+  </body>
+
+</html>
+INDEX_TEMPLATE
+
+exit $STATUS
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI script for 'rtlmeter.yml' PR results
+#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+###############################################################################
+# This script runs with the venv of **RTLMeter**
+###############################################################################
+
+import sys
+import json
+import tabulate
+from typing import Final, List
+
+tabulate.PRESERVE_WHITESPACE = True
+tabulate.MIN_PADDING = 0
+
+_ASCII_TABLE_FORMAT: Final = tabulate.TableFormat(
+    lineabove=tabulate.Line("╒═", "═", "═╤═", "═╕"),
+    linebelowheader=tabulate.Line("╞═", "═", "═╪═", "═╡"),
+    linebelow=tabulate.Line("╘═", "═", "═╧═", "═╛"),
+    headerrow=tabulate.DataRow("│ ", " │ ", " │"),
+    datarow=tabulate.DataRow("│ ", " │ ", " │"),
+    linebetweenrows=None,
+    padding=0,
+    with_header_hide=None,
+)
+
+
+def printTable(table: List[List[str]], **kwargs) -> None:
+    print(tabulate.tabulate(table, tablefmt=_ASCII_TABLE_FORMAT, **kwargs))
+
+
+# fmt: off
+stepMetric = (
+    # Step,      Metric,    Status Brackets
+    ("execute",  "speed",   ("❌", 0.96, "⚠️", 0.98, "✅", 1.02, "💡", 1.04, "⭐")),
+    ("execute",  "memory",  ("❌", 0.90, "⚠️", 0.95, "✅", 1.05, "💡", 1.10, "⭐")),
+    ("verilate", "cpu",     ("❌", 0.96, "⚠️", 0.98, "✅", 1.02, "💡", 1.04, "⭐")),
+    ("verilate", "memory",  ("❌", 0.90, "⚠️", 0.95, "✅", 1.05, "💡", 1.10, "⭐")),
+    ("cppbuild", "cpu",     ("❌", 0.96, "⚠️", 0.98, "✅", 1.02, "💡", 1.04, "⭐")),
+    ("cppbuild", "memory",  ("❌", 0.90, "⚠️", 0.95, "✅", 1.05, "💡", 1.10, "⭐")),
+    ("cppbuild", "codeSize",("❌", 0.96, "⚠️", 0.98, "✅", 1.02, "💡", 1.04, "⭐")),
+    ("cppbuild", "elapsed", ("❌", 0.70, "⚠️", 0.85, "✅", 1.15, "💡", 1.30, "⭐")),
+)
+
+badgeLegend = [
+    ("❌", "Likely regression"),
+    ("⚠️", "Possible regression"),
+    ("✅", "Within acceptable range"),
+    ("💡", "Possible improvement"),
+    ("⭐", "Likely improvement"),
+]
+# fmt: on
+
+changedCycles = []
+table = []
+badgesToExplain = set()
+
+for ref, cmp in zip(sys.argv[1::2], sys.argv[2::2]):
+    with open(ref, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        ref_json = json.load(f)[0]
+    with open(cmp, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        cmp_json = json.load(f)
+    if table:
+        table.append(tabulate.SEPARATING_LINE)
+    runName = ref_json["runName"]
+
+    # Check simulated cycles match - it's ok to crash if this entry does not exist
+    for entry in cmp_json["execute"]["clocks"]["table"]:
+        case, _, _, (refCycles, _), (newCycles, _), _, _ = entry
+        refCycles = int(refCycles)
+        newCycles = int(newCycles)
+        if refCycles != newCycles:
+            changedCycles.append([runName, case, refCycles, newCycles])
+
+    # Check metrics
+    for step, metric, brackets in stepMetric:
+        if step not in cmp_json:
+            continue
+        data = cmp_json[step]
+        if metric not in data:
+            continue
+        data = data[metric]
+        minGain = float("inf")
+        maxGain = float("-inf")
+        meanGain = 1
+        count = 0
+        for _, _, _, (a, _), (b, _), g, _ in data["table"]:
+            # for wall clock and CPU time, ignore small values that just add noise
+            if metric == "elapsed" or metric == "cpu":
+                if a < 30 or b < 30:
+                    continue
+            minGain = min(minGain, g)
+            maxGain = max(maxGain, g)
+            meanGain *= g
+            count += 1
+        if count == 0:
+            continue
+        meanGain = meanGain**(1 / count)
+
+        status = brackets[0]
+        for limit, badge in zip(brackets[1::2], brackets[2::2]):
+            if meanGain >= limit:
+                status = badge
+        badgesToExplain.add(status)
+
+        table.append([
+            runName, step, ref_json["metrics"][metric]["header"], f"{meanGain:.2f}x  {status} ",
+            f"{minGain:.2f}x", f"{maxGain:.2f}x", f"{count}"
+        ])
+
+# Print changed cycles if any
+if changedCycles:
+    print("❌ simulated cycles changed (must be fixed):")
+    printTable(changedCycles,
+               headers=("Run", "Case", "Old Cycles", "New Cycles"),
+               colalign=("left", "left", "right", "right"),
+               disable_numparse=True)
+    print()
+
+# Print results
+printTable(
+    table,
+    headers=("Run", "Step", "Metric", "Improvement", "Min", "Max", "Samples"),
+    colalign=("left", "left", "left", "right", "right", "right", "right"),
+    disable_numparse=True,
+)
+
+# Explain badges
+print()
+for badge, legend in badgeLegend:
+    if badge in badgesToExplain:
+        print(f"  {badge} : {legend}")
+
+# Fail job if status changed
+sys.exit(0 if not changedCycles else 1)
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI main job script
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Geza Lore. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Geza Lore
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ################################################################################
@@ -33,7 +29,7 @@ elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
  export MAKE=gmake
  NPROC=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
 else
-  fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
+  fatal "Unknown CI_OS_NAME: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
 fi
 NPROC=$(expr $NPROC '+' 1)

@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=9/10
      ;;
    *)
-      fatal "Unknown test: $TESTS"
+      fatal "Unknown TESTS: $TESTS"
      ;;
  esac

@@ -208,5 +204,5 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
 else
  ##############################################################################
  # Unknown build stage
-  fatal "Unknown build stage: '$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME'"
+  fatal "Unknown CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: '$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME'"
 fi
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI Windows Power Shell - Compile Verilator
 #
-# Copyright 2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 ################################################################################

@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI Windows Power Shell - Verilate a test
 #
-# Copyright 2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 ################################################################################

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Dockerfile for env to build and fully test Verilator
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Stefan Wallentowitz. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Stefan Wallentowitz
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 FROM ubuntu:24.04
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ RUN apt-get update \
                        libfl2 \
                        libfl-dev \
                        libclang-rt-18-dev \
-                        libgoogle-perftools-dev \
+                        libjemalloc-dev \
                        libsystemc \
                        libsystemc-dev \
                        numactl \
@@ -53,10 +53,14 @@ RUN apt-get update \

 WORKDIR /tmp

-RUN git clone https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff.git && \
-    make -C vcddiff && \
-    cp -p vcddiff/vcddiff /usr/local/bin/vcddiff && \
-    rm -rf vcddiff
+COPY wavetools.conf /tmp/wavetools.conf
+ARG WGET_EXTRA_ARGS=
+RUN . /tmp/wavetools.conf && \
+    wget -q ${WGET_EXTRA_ARGS} -O /tmp/wavetools.tar.gz \
+    "https://github.com/hudson-trading/wavetools/releases/download/${WAVETOOLS_VERSION}/wavetools-${WAVETOOLS_VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz" && \
+    tar -xzf /tmp/wavetools.tar.gz -C /tmp && \
+    cp -p /tmp/wavetools-${WAVETOOLS_VERSION}-linux-x86_64/wavediff /usr/local/bin/wavediff && \
+    rm -rf /tmp/wavetools.tar.gz /tmp/wavetools-* /tmp/wavetools.conf

 COPY build.sh /tmp/build.sh

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _verilator build docker container:

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #!/bin/bash -e
 # DESCRIPTION: Build Verilator (inside container)
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Stefan Wallentowitz. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Stefan Wallentowitz
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 : "${REPO:=https://github.com/verilator/verilator}"
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+WAVETOOLS_VERSION=v0.1.2
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Dockerfile for image to run Verilator inside
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Stefan Wallentowitz. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Stefan Wallentowitz
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 FROM ubuntu:24.04
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ RUN apt-get update \
                        help2man \
                        libfl2 \
                        libfl-dev \
-                        libgoogle-perftools-dev \
+                        libjemalloc-dev \
                        numactl \
                        perl \
                        perl-doc \
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 Verilator Executable Docker Container
 =====================================
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # DESCRIPTION: Docker hub hook to pass SOURCE_COMMIT
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Stefan Wallentowitz. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Stefan Wallentowitz
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 docker build --build-arg SOURCE_COMMIT=${SOURCE_COMMIT} -f $DOCKERFILE_PATH -t $IMAGE_NAME .
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # DESCRIPTION: Docker hub hook to tag the latest release (stable)
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Stefan Wallentowitz. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Stefan Wallentowitz
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 if [ "$SOURCE_BRANCH"="stable" ]; then
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # DESCRIPTION: Wrap a verilator call to run a docker container
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Stefan Wallentowitz. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Stefan Wallentowitz
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 docker pull verilator/verilator:$1 >/dev/null
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Wrap a Verilator call and copy vlt includes
 #              (inside docker container)
 #
-# Copyright 2020 by Stefan Wallentowitz. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Stefan Wallentowitz
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 perl /usr/local/bin/verilator "$@"
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
-# General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 # When releasing, also update header of Changes file, and CMakeLists.txt,
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@
 # Then 'make maintainer-dist'
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### YYYY-MM-DD])
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### devel])
-AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.044 2026-01-01],
+AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.050 2026-07-01],
        [https://verilator.org],
        [verilator],[https://verilator.org])

@@ -63,8 +64,8 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([dev-asan],
              [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-dev-asan],
                              [Enable compiling Verilator with ASAN
                               AddressSanitizer for memory error detection.
-                               This disables tcmalloc.  Does not affect
-                               Verilated models using ASAN.])],
+                               This disables tcmalloc and jemalloc.  Does not
+                               affect Verilated models using ASAN.])],
              [case "${enableval}" in
                yes) CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN=yes ;;
                no)  CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN=no ;;
@@ -92,6 +93,27 @@ else
  AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC)
 fi

+# Flag to enable linking Verilator with jemalloc if available
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to use jemalloc)
+AC_ARG_ENABLE([jemalloc],
+              [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-jemalloc],
+                              [Use libjemalloc for faster dynamic memory
+                               management in Verilator binary. Preferred over
+                               tcmalloc when both are available
+                               @<:@default=check@:>@])],
+              [case "${enableval}" in
+                yes) CFG_WITH_JEMALLOC=yes ;;
+                no)  CFG_WITH_JEMALLOC=no ;;
+                *)   AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value '${enableval}' for --enable-jemalloc]) ;;
+               esac],
+              [CFG_WITH_JEMALLOC=check;])
+if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN" = "yes"; then
+  CFG_WITH_JEMALLOC=no
+  AC_MSG_RESULT("disabled by --enable-dev-asan")
+else
+  AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_JEMALLOC)
+fi
+
 # Flag to enable code coverage build with gcov
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to build for gcov code coverage collection)
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([dev-gcov],
@@ -399,6 +421,15 @@ AC_DEFUN([_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT],
    _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_IFELSE($2, $1="$$1 $2")
   ])

+AC_DEFUN([_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_SET],
+   [# _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_SET(variable, flag) -- Check if linker supports specific
+    # options. If it does, set variable to flag, only if not previously set
+    # (so the first supported flag wins and the rest are not tested).
+    if test "$$1" = ""; then
+       _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_IFELSE($2, $1="$2")
+    fi
+   ])
+
 # Add the coverage flags early as they influence later checks.
 if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV" = "yes"; then
  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,--coverage)
@@ -472,6 +503,7 @@ fi
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_DEV_ASAN)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Qunused-arguments)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-shadow)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-unnecessary-virtual-specifier)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-unused-parameter)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Xclang -fno-pch-timestamp)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-faligned-new)
@@ -531,6 +563,7 @@ m4_foreach([cflag],[
        [-Wno-tautological-bitwise-compare],
        [-Wno-tautological-compare],
        [-Wno-uninitialized],
+        [-Wno-unnecessary-virtual-specifier],
        [-Wno-unused-but-set-parameter],
        [-Wno-unused-but-set-variable],
        [-Wno-unused-parameter],
@@ -556,6 +589,34 @@ m4_foreach([ldflag], [
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LDLIBS_THREADS)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_THREADS_CMAKE)

+# Find link flags for runtime VPI library loading (+verilator+vpi+<lib>).
+# The model executable must export its VPI symbols so the dlopen'd library can
+# resolve them: -rdynamic (GNU ld) or -Wl,-export_dynamic (Darwin); the first the
+# linker accepts wins.  -ldl provides dlopen/dlsym where it is a separate library.
+_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_SET(CFG_LDFLAGS_DYNAMIC, -rdynamic)
+# -Wl,-export_dynamic contains a comma, so probe it directly rather than through
+# the _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_* macros (which re-expand their flag argument unquoted).
+if test "$CFG_LDFLAGS_DYNAMIC" = ""; then
+  ACO_SAVE_LIBS="$LIBS"
+  LIBS="$LIBS -Wl,-export_dynamic"
+  AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $CXX linker accepts -Wl,-export_dynamic])
+  AC_LINK_IFELSE(
+       [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]])],
+       [_my_result=yes
+        if test -s conftest.err; then
+          if grep -e "-export_dynamic" conftest.err >/dev/null; then
+            _my_result=no
+          fi
+        fi],
+       [_my_result=no])
+  AC_MSG_RESULT($_my_result)
+  LIBS="$ACO_SAVE_LIBS"
+  if test "$_my_result" = "yes"; then CFG_LDFLAGS_DYNAMIC="-Wl,-export_dynamic"; fi
+fi
+AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_DYNAMIC)
+_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDLIBS_DYNAMIC, -ldl)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_LDLIBS_DYNAMIC)
+
 # If 'mold' is installed, use it to link for faster buildtimes
 _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -fuse-ld=mold)
 _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_VERILATED, -fuse-ld=mold)
@@ -565,9 +626,6 @@ if test "$CFG_ENABLE_PARTIAL_STATIC" = "yes"; then
  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -static-libgcc)
  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -static-libstdc++)
  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -Xlinker -gc-sections)
-  LTCMALLOC="-Wl,--whole-archive -l:libtcmalloc_minimal.a -Wl,--no-whole-archive"
-else
-  LTCMALLOC=-ltcmalloc_minimal
 fi
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_VERILATED)
@@ -583,23 +641,56 @@ _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LIBS, -latomic)
 _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LIBS, -lbcrypt)
 _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LIBS, -lpsapi)

-# Check if tcmalloc is available based on --enable-tcmalloc
-_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_IFELSE(
-  $LTCMALLOC,
-  [if test "$CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC" != "no"; then
-    CFG_LIBS="$LTCMALLOC $CFG_LIBS";
-    # If using tcmalloc, add some extra options to make the compiler not assume
-    # it is using its own versions of the standard library functions
-    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-malloc)
-    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-calloc)
-    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-realloc)
-    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-free)
+# Figure out which malloc library to use:
+# - Prefer jemalloc over tcmalloc (it's faster)
+# - If partial static link enabled, prefer static libraries,
+#   but fall back on dynamic if static is not available
+
+# Test for jemalloc
+CFG_HAVE_JEMALLOC=no
+if test "$CFG_WITH_JEMALLOC" != "no"; then
+  if test "$CFG_ENABLE_PARTIAL_STATIC" = "yes"; then
+    _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_SET(CFG_LIBS_MALLOC, -Xlinker --whole-archive -l:libjemalloc.a -Xlinker --no-whole-archive)
+  fi
+  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_SET(CFG_LIBS_MALLOC, -ljemalloc)
+  if test "$CFG_LIBS_MALLOC" != ""; then
+    CFG_HAVE_JEMALLOC=yes
+    AC_DEFINE([HAVE_JEMALLOC],[1],[Defined if have jemalloc])
+  elif test "$CFG_WITH_JEMALLOC" = "yes"; then
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-jemalloc was given but jemalloc is not available])
+  fi
+fi
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_JEMALLOC)
+
+# Test for tcmalloc
+CFG_HAVE_TCMALLOC=no
+if test "$CFG_HAVE_JEMALLOC" = "yes"; then
+  AC_MSG_NOTICE([jemalloc found, skipping check for tcmalloc])
+elif test "$CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC" != "no"; then
+  if test "$CFG_ENABLE_PARTIAL_STATIC" = "yes"; then
+    _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_SET(CFG_LIBS_MALLOC, -Xlinker --whole-archive -l:libtcmalloc_minimal.a -Xlinker --no-whole-archive)
+  fi
+  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_SET(CFG_LIBS_MALLOC, -ltcmalloc_minimal)
+  if test "$CFG_LIBS_MALLOC" != ""; then
+    CFG_HAVE_TCMALLOC=yes
    AC_DEFINE([HAVE_TCMALLOC],[1],[Defined if have tcmalloc])
-   fi],
-  [if test "$CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC" = "yes"; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-tcmalloc was given but test for ${LTCMALLOC} failed])
-   fi])
+  elif test "$CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC" = "yes"; then
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-tcmalloc was given but tcmalloc is not available])
+  fi
+fi
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_TCMALLOC)
+
+if test "$CFG_HAVE_JEMALLOC" = "yes" || test "$CFG_HAVE_TCMALLOC" = "yes"; then
+  # If using custom malloc, add some extra options to make the compiler not assume
+  # it is using its own versions of the standard library functions
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-malloc)
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-calloc)
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-realloc)
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-free)
+fi
+
+# Finished with libraries
+CFG_LIBS="$CFG_LIBS_MALLOC $CFG_LIBS"
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LIBS)

 # Need C++14 at least
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!-- DESCRIPTION: Verilator: docs/ guidelines for AI coding agents
+     SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026-2026 Wilson Snyder
+     SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0 -->
+
+# docs/ Guidelines -- Verilator documentation (\*.rst)
+
+When to check: before editing anything under `docs/`.
+Read the repository-root [AGENTS.md](../AGENTS.md) first for process and cross-cutting rules.
+
+## Writing rules
+
+- Rewrap paragraphs after editing -- keep consistent line length in `*.rst` files.
+
+- Document only stable, implemented features -- never planned or in-development capabilities; prevents user confusion and support burden.
+
+- Explain WHAT and WHEN, not HOW -- conceptual purpose and practical use cases over implementation mechanics; describe behavior ("optimized as pure", not "treated as pure") and clarify ambiguous referents ("in the internals of Verilator").
+
+- Keep terminology consistent -- one term per concept; update docs when renaming code constructs; spell out full terms, avoiding abbreviations like "sim"/"sims".
+
+- Use "how many" for countable nouns (threads, tasks, workers) and "how much" for uncountable quantities.
+
+- Mark internal or experimental features "for internal use only" -- prevents user dependence and forced deprecation cycles later.
+
+- Use specific IEEE references: `IEEE {number}-{year}` plus the section (e.g. `Annex I`) -- a vague "IEEE spec requires" is unverifiable.
+
+- Document all flags with descriptions, not just syntax.
+
+## reStructuredText mechanics
+
+- Use the `:vlopt:` role for Verilator option references -- makes cross-references clickable and consistent.
+
+- Escape angle brackets (`\<`, `\>`) in link targets -- prevents broken links to command-line options.
+
+- Generate documentation examples with `test.extract` from `test_regress` test files -- examples stay synced with actually tested behavior.
+
+## Hard constraint
+
+- Never edit `docs/CONTRIBUTORS` -- only humans may, after reading and agreeing to its statement; remind the user instead.
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
 Contributing to Verilator
 =========================

@@ -83,12 +87,44 @@ Do you have questions on Verilator?
  <https://verilator.org/forum>`__.


+AI Policy
+---------
+
+Verilator follows the Linux Foundation recommendations regarding the usage
+of Generative Large Language Model Artificial Intelligence (LLM-AI) tools
+and agents for all contributions to the project, including source code,
+test benches, and documentation.
+
+AI assistants and automated agents are not permitted to sign off on
+contributions. A human submitter is strictly responsible for reviewing,
+verifying, and testing all AI-generated content. By submitting, the
+contributor certifies that the generated content is effectively their work
+product and adheres to project standards. This accountability is affirmed
+when the human contributor signs the Developer Certificate of Origin (DCO)
+as outlined in ``docs/CONTRIBUTORS``.
+
+Contributors are encouraged to disclose the significant use of generative
+AI tools in their commit messages or Pull Request descriptions to maintain
+transparency.
+
+Contributors must ensure that the terms and conditions of the generative AI
+tool do not place any contractual restrictions on the tool's output that
+are inconsistent with Verilator's open-source licenses, the project's
+intellectual property policies, or the Open Source Definition.
+
+If any pre-existing copyrighted materials (including third-party
+open-source code or documentation) are included in the AI tool's output,
+the contributor must confirm prior to submission that they have explicit
+permission from the third-party owners to use, modify, and distribute those
+materials under terms compliant with Verilator's licensing policies.
+
+
 Code of Conduct
 ---------------

- Our contributors and participants pledge to make participation in our
-  project and our community a positive experience for everyone. We follow
-  the `Contributor Covenant version 1.4
-  <https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct/>`__.
+Our contributors and participants pledge to make participation in our
+project and our community a positive experience for everyone. We follow the
+`Contributor Covenant version 1.4
+<https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct/>`__.

 Thanks!
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 The contributors listed below have certified their Verilator contributions
-under the Developer Certificate of Origin (https://developercertificate.org/).
+under the Developer Certificate of Origin
+(https://developercertificate.org/).
+
+AI agents may not edit this file. As a human, you are agreeing to the
+contribution terms including the AI policy in ``docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst``.

 Please see the Verilator manual for 200+ additional contributors. Thanks to all.

 404allen404
 Adam Bagley
+Adam Kostrzewski
 Adrian Sampson
 Adrien Le Masle
 أحمد المحمودي (Ahmed El-Mahmoudy)
@@ -12,6 +17,7 @@ Aidan McNay
 Aleksander Kiryk
 Alex Chadwick
 Alex Solomatnikov
+Alex Zhou
 Aliaksei Chapyzhenka
 Ameya Vikram Singh
 Andrea Calabrese
@@ -20,15 +26,19 @@ Andrei Kostovski
 Andrew Miloradovsky
 Andrew Nolte
 Andrew Voznytsa
+anonkey
 Anthony Donlon
 Anthony Moore
 Arkadiusz Kozdra
 Arthur Rosa
 Artur Bieniek
+AUDIY
 Aylon Chaim Porat
 Bartłomiej Chmiel
+Benjamin Collier
 Brian Li
 Cameron Kirk
+Cameron Waite
 Chih-Mao Chen
 Chris Bachhuber
 Chris Randall
@@ -38,6 +48,7 @@ Chuxuan Wang
 Chykon
 Congcong Cai
 Conor McCullough
+Cookie
 Dan Ruelas-Petrisko
 Daniel Bates
 Danny Oler
@@ -55,8 +66,10 @@ Drew Ranck
 Drew Taussig
 Driss Hafdi
 Edgar E. Iglesias
+Eric Mejdrich
 Eric Müller
 Eric Rippey
+Eunseo Song
 Ethan Sifferman
 Eyck Jentzsch
 Fabian Keßler-Schulz
@@ -83,6 +96,7 @@ Gökçe Aydos
 Han Qi
 Harald Heckmann
 Hennadii Chernyshchyk
+hjsanjana
 Howard Su
 Huang Rui
 Huanghuang Zhou
@@ -95,7 +109,9 @@ Iru Cai
 Ivan Vnučec
 Iztok Jeras
 Jake Merdich
+Jakub Michalski
 Jakub Wasilewski
+jalcim
 James Bailey
 James Hanlon
 James Hutchinson
@@ -130,17 +146,21 @@ Jose Loyola
 Josep Sans
 Joseph Nwabueze
 Josh Redford
+Joshua Leahy
+Julian Carrier
 Julian Daube
 Julie Schwartz
 Julien Margetts
 Justin Thiel
 Kaleb Barrett
+Kamil Danecki
 Kamil Rakoczy
 Kanad Kanhere
 Kefa Chen
 Keith Colbert
 Kevin Kiningham
 Kevin Nygaard
+Kornel Uriasz
 Kritik Bhimani
 Krzysztof Bieganski
 Krzysztof Boronski
@@ -151,13 +171,18 @@ Krzysztof Sychla
 Kuba Ober
 Lan Zongwei
 Larry Doolittle
+Laurent CHARRIER
+Leela Pakanati
 Liam Braun
 Luca Colagrande
+Lucas Amaral
 Ludwig Rogiers
 Lukasz Dalek
+M2kar
 Maarten De Braekeleer
 Maciej Sobkowski
 Marcel Chang
+Marco Bartoli
 Marco Widmer
 Mariusz Glebocki
 Markus Krause
@@ -169,11 +194,14 @@ Mateusz Gancarz
 Matt Stroud
 Matthew Ballance
 Max Wipfli
+Maxim Fonarev
 Michael Bedford Taylor
 Michael Bikovitsky
 Michael Killough
+Michael Rogenmoser
 Michal Czyz
 Michaël Lefebvre
+Miguel Perez Andrade
 Mike Popoloski
 Miodrag Milanović
 Mladen Slijepcevic
@@ -186,6 +214,8 @@ Nathan Graybeal
 Nathan Kohagen
 Nathan Myers
 Nick Brereton
+Nikolai Kumar
+Nikolay Puzanov
 Nolan Poe
 Oleh Maksymenko
 Patrick Stewart
@@ -193,6 +223,7 @@ Paul Bowen-Huggett
 Paul Swirhun
 Paul Wright
 Pawel Jewstafjew
+Pawel Klopotek
 Pawel Kojma
 Pawel Sagan
 Pengcheng Xu
@@ -209,6 +240,7 @@ Piotr Binkowski
 Qingyao Sun
 Quentin Corradi
 Rafal Kapuscik
+Rahul Behl
 Rasfunk
 Raynard Qiao
 Ricardo Barbedo
@@ -217,35 +249,45 @@ Risto Pejašinović
 Robert Balas
 Robin Heinemann
 Rodrigo Batista de Moraes
+Rowan Goemans
 Rupert Swarbrick
 Ryan Ziegler
 Ryszard Rozak
+Saksham Gupta
 Samuel Riedel
 Sean Cross
 Sebastien Van Cauwenberghe
+Secturion
+Sergey Chusov
 Sergey Fedorov
 Sergi Granell
 Seth Pellegrino
+Shogo Yamazaki
 Shou-Li Hsu
 Srinivasan Venkataramanan
 Stefan Wallentowitz
 Stephen Henry
 Steven Hugg
+Stuart Morris
 Szymon Gizler
 Sören Tempel
 Teng Huang
 Thomas Aldrian
+Thomas Brown
 Thomas Dybdahl Ahle
+Thomas Santerre
 Tim Hutt
 Tim Snyder
 Tobias Jensen
 Tobias Rosenkranz
 Tobias Wölfel
 Todd Strader
+Tom Jackson
 Tom Manner
 Tomasz Gorochowik
 Topa Topino
 Toru Niina
+Tracy Narine
 Trung Nguyen
 Tudor Timi
 Tymoteusz Blazejczyk
@@ -257,9 +299,12 @@ Varun Koyyalagunta
 Vassilis Papaefstathiou
 Veripool API Bot
 Victor Besyakov
+Vikash Patel
 Vito Gamberini
+Wei-Lun Chiu
 William D. Jones
 Wilson Snyder
+Wolfgang Mayerwieser
 Xi Zhang
 Yan Xu
 Yangyu Chen
@@ -281,5 +326,12 @@ dependabot[bot]
 february cozzocrea
 sumpster
 em2machine
+emmettifelts
 Àlex Torregrosa
 Ícaro Lima
+Yogish Sekhar
+24bit-xjkp
+Zubin Jain
+Muzaffer Kal
+Yilin Li
+Shashvat Prabhu
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 #
 # Code available from: https://verilator.org
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+# or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025-2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 #
 ######################################################################
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
 Verilator Documentation
 =======================

@@ -37,12 +37,13 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
    allow_abbrev=False,
    formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
    description="""Read a file and extract documentation data.""",
-    epilog=""" Copyright 2021-2026 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
-you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-Version 2.0.
+    epilog="""This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

-SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021-2026 Wilson Snyder
+SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+""")

 parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('path', help='path to extract from')
@@ -52,12 +52,13 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
    allow_abbrev=False,
    formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
    description="""Post-process Sphinx HTML.""",
-    epilog=""" Copyright 2021-2026 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
-you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-Version 2.0.
+    epilog="""This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3
+or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

-SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021-2026 Wilson Snyder
+SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+""")

 parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('path', help='path to edit')
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_assigneqexpr_bad
 .. code-block:: sv
   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 3,5

-       output logic c_o,
-       output logic d_o
-   );
-     assign c_o = (a_i != 0) ? 1 : 0;
+     assign d_o =  // Note = not == below
+         (
+         e_o = 1  // <--- Warning: ASSIGNEQEXPR
+         ) ? 1 : (
+         e_o = 0  // <--- Warning: ASSIGNEQEXPR
+         ) ? b_i : 0;
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 .. code-block::

   -V{t#,#}         'stl' region trigger index 0 is active: @([hybrid] a)
-   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge after 100 tries
+   %Error-DIDNOTCONVERGE: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge after '--converge-limit' of 10000 tries
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_didnotconverge_nodbg_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge after 100 tries
+   %Error-DIDNOTCONVERGE: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge after '--converge-limit' of 10000 tries
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_finaldly_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 2
+
+     bit foo;
+     final foo <= 1;  // <--- Error
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_finaldly_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Error-FINALDLY: example.v:1:13 Non-blocking assignment '<=' in final block
+       9 |   final foo <= 1;
+         |             ^~
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+.. code-block:: sv
+    :linenos:
+    :emphasize-lines: 3,6
+
+    module t(input logic clk, input logic d, output logic q);
+
+        initial q = 1'b0;  // <--- Warning
+
+        always_ff @(posedge clk) begin
+        q <= d;  // <--- Warning
+        end
+    endmodule
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_notredop_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Error-NOTREDOP: example.v:1:17 Logical not directly before reduction operator is illegal
+                                                 : ... Suggest use parentheses, e.g. '!(|expr)'
+      12 |   assign y[0] = !|v;
+         |                 ^
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   :emphasize-lines: 2

   module t;
-      sub sub();  // <--- Warning
-   endmodule
-   module sub
-     (output port);
+     sub sub ();  // <--- Warning
   endmodule
+   module sub (
+       output port
+   );
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_pinmissing_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-PINMISSING: example.v:1:8 Instance has missing pin: 'port'
+   %Warning-PINMISSING: example.v:1:7 Instance has missing pin: 'port'
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ****************
 Revision History
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0301,E0402,W0622
 #
 # Configuration file for Verilator's Sphinx documentation builder.
-# Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 #
 # This file only contains overridden options. For a full list:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def setup(app):
 # -- Project information

 project = 'Verilator'
-copyright = '2024 by Wilson Snyder, under LGPL-3.0 or Artistic-2.0'
+copyright = '2026 by Wilson Snyder, under LGPL-3.0 or Artistic-2.0'
 author = 'Wilson Snyder'

 # The master toctree document.
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ if 'VERILATOR_SPHINX_EXTENSIONS' in os.environ:
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
 # This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path.
 exclude_patterns = [
-    '_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store', 'internals.rst', 'xml.rst', 'gen/ex_*', 'CONTRIBUTING.rst'
+    '_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store', 'internals.rst', 'gen/ex_*', 'CONTRIBUTING.rst'
 ]

 # Warn about refs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _connecting:

@@ -28,13 +29,13 @@ The generated model class file manages all internal state required by the
 model, and exposes the following interface that allows interaction with the
 model:

-* Top level IO ports are exposed as references to the appropriate internal
+- Top level IO ports are exposed as references to the appropriate internal
  equivalents.

-* Public top level module instances are exposed as pointers to allow access
+- Public top level module instances are exposed as pointers to allow access
  to ``/* verilator public */`` items.

-* The root of the design hierarchy (as in SystemVerilog ``$root``) is
+- The root of the design hierarchy (as in SystemVerilog ``$root``) is
  exposed via the ``rootp`` member pointer to allow access to model
  internals, including ``/* verilator public_flat */`` items.

@@ -58,22 +59,22 @@ This means that user code that accesses internal signals in the model
 (likely including ``/* verilator public_flat */`` signals, as they are
 often inlined into the root scope) will need to be updated as follows:

-* No change required for accessing top level IO signals. These are directly
+- No change required for accessing top level IO signals. These are directly
  accessible in the model class via references.

-* No change required for accessing ``/* verilator public */`` items. These
+- No change required for accessing ``/* verilator public */`` items. These
  are directly accessible via sub-module pointers in the model class.

-* Accessing any other internal members, including
-  ``/* verilator public_flat */`` items requires the following changes:
+- Accessing any other internal members, including ``/* verilator
+  public_flat */`` items requires the following changes:

-  * Additionally include :file:`{prefix}___024root.h`. This header defines
+  - Additionally include :file:`{prefix}___024root.h`. This header defines
    type of the ``rootp`` pointer within the model class. Note the
    ``__024`` substring is the Verilator escape sequence for the ``$``
    character, i.e.: ``rootp`` points to the Verilated SystemVerilog
    ``$root`` scope.

-  * Replace ``modelp->internal->member`` references with
+  - Replace ``modelp->internal->member`` references with
    ``modelp->rootp->internal->member`` references, which contain one
    additional indirection via the ``rootp`` pointer.

@@ -178,13 +179,13 @@ DPI Example
 In the SYSTEMC example above, if you wanted to import C++ functions into
 Verilog, put in our.v:

-.. code-block::
+.. code-block:: sv

   import "DPI-C" function int add (input int a, input int b);

   initial begin
     $display("%x + %x = %x", 1, 2, add(1,2));
-   endtask
+   end

 Then after Verilating, Verilator will create a file Vour__Dpi.h with the
 prototype to call this function:
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ function name for the import, but note it must be escaped.

 .. code-block:: sv

-   export "DPI-C" function integer \$myRand;
+   import "DPI-C" function integer \$myRand;

   initial $display("myRand=%d", $myRand());

@@ -502,9 +503,9 @@ described above is just a wrapper which calls these two functions.
 3. If using delays and :vlopt:`--timing`, there are two additional methods
 the user should call:

-   * ``designp->eventsPending()``, which returns ``true`` if there are any
+   - ``designp->eventsPending()``, which returns ``true`` if there are any
     delayed events pending,
-   * ``designp->nextTimeSlot()``, which returns the simulation time of the
+   - ``designp->nextTimeSlot()``, which returns the simulation time of the
     next delayed event. This method can only be called if
     ``designp->eventsPending()`` returned ``true``.

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 *******************************
 Contributing and Reporting Bugs
@@ -86,7 +87,8 @@ Please refer to `sv-bugpoint README
 <https://github.com/antmicro/sv-bugpoint/blob/main/README.md>`_ for more
 information on how to use `sv-bugpoint`.

-.. Contributing
-.. ============
+..
+   Contributing
+   ============

 .. include:: ../CONTRIBUTING.rst
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ************************
 Contributors and Origins
@@ -31,8 +32,8 @@ contributions of time or funds include: Antmicro Ltd., Atmel Corporation,
 Compaq Corporation, Digital Equipment Corporation, Embecosm Ltd., Fractile
 Ltd., Hicamp Systems, Intel Corporation, Marvell Inc., Mindspeed
 Technologies Inc., MicroTune Inc., picoChip Designs Ltd., Sun Microsystems
-Inc., Nauticus Networks Inc., SiCortex Inc, Shunyao CAD, and Western
-Digital Inc.
+Inc., Nauticus Networks Inc., SiCortex Inc, Shunyao CAD, Tenstorrent USA,
+Inc. and Western Digital Inc.

 The contributors of major functionality are: Jeremy Bennett, Krzysztof
 Bieganski, Byron Bradley, Lane Brooks, John Coiner, Duane Galbi, Arkadiusz
@@ -142,18 +143,18 @@ Krzysztof Obłonczek, Danny Oler, Andreas Olofsson, Baltazar Ortiz,
 Aleksander Osman, Don Owen, Tim Paine, Deepa Palaniappan, James Pallister,
 Vassilis Papaefstathiou, Sanggyu Park, Brad Parker, Risto Pejašinović, Seth
 Pellegrino, Joel Peltonen, Morten Borup Petersen, Dan Petrisko, Thanh Tung
-Pham, Wesley Piard, Maciej Piechotka, David Pierce, Cody Piersall,
-T. Platz, Michael Platzer, Dominic Plunkett, Nolan Poe, Tuomas Poikela,
-George Polack, David Poole, Michael Popoloski, Roman Popov, Aylon Chaim
-Porat, Oron Port, Rich Porter, Rick Porter, Stefan Post, Niranjan Prabhu,
-Damien Pretet, Harald Pretl, Bill Pringlemeir, Usha Priyadharshini, Mark
-Jackson Pulver, Prateek Puri, Nikolay Puzanov, Han Qi, Jiacheng Qian,
-Marshal Qiao, Raynard Qiao, Yujia Qiao, Jasen Qin, Frank Qiu, Nandu Raj,
-Kamil Rakoczy, Danilo Ramos, Drew Ranck, Chris Randall, Anton Rapp, Josh
-Redford, Odd Magne Reitan, Frédéric Requin, Wajahat Riaz, Dustin Richmond,
-Samuel Riedel, Alberto Del Rio, Eric Rippey, Narcis Rodas, Oleg Rodionov,
-Ludwig Rogiers, Paul Rolfe, Michail Rontionov, Arjen Roodselaar, Arthur
-Rosa, Tobias Rosenkranz, Yernagula Roshit, Diego Roux, Ryszard Rozak, Dan
+Pham, Wesley Piard, Maciej Piechotka, David Pierce, Cody Piersall, T.
+Platz, Michael Platzer, Dominic Plunkett, Nolan Poe, Tuomas Poikela, George
+Polack, David Poole, Michael Popoloski, Roman Popov, Aylon Chaim Porat,
+Oron Port, Rich Porter, Rick Porter, Stefan Post, Niranjan Prabhu, Damien
+Pretet, Harald Pretl, Bill Pringlemeir, Usha Priyadharshini, Mark Jackson
+Pulver, Prateek Puri, Nikolay Puzanov, Han Qi, Jiacheng Qian, Marshal Qiao,
+Raynard Qiao, Yujia Qiao, Jasen Qin, Frank Qiu, Nandu Raj, Kamil Rakoczy,
+Danilo Ramos, Drew Ranck, Chris Randall, Anton Rapp, Josh Redford, Odd
+Magne Reitan, Frédéric Requin, Wajahat Riaz, Dustin Richmond, Samuel
+Riedel, Alberto Del Rio, Eric Rippey, Narcis Rodas, Oleg Rodionov, Ludwig
+Rogiers, Paul Rolfe, Michail Rontionov, Arjen Roodselaar, Arthur Rosa,
+Tobias Rosenkranz, Yernagula Roshit, Diego Roux, Ryszard Rozak, Dan
 Ruelas-Petrisko, Luca Rufer, Huang Rui, Graham Rushton, Jan Egil Ruud,
 Denis Rystsov, Pawel Sagan, Robert Sammelson, Adrian Sampson, John
 Sanguinetti, Josep Sans, Dave Sargeant, Luca Sasselli, Philippe Sauter,
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+.. _verilator control files:
+
+=======================
+Verilator Control Files
+=======================
+
+In addition to the command line, warnings and other features for the
+:command:`verilator` command may be controlled with Verilator Control
+Files, not to be confused with IEEE Configurations blocks
+(`config...endconfig`). Typically named with the `.vlt` extension, what
+makes it a Verilator Control File is the :option:`\`verilator_config`
+directive. These files, when named `.vlt`, are read before source code
+files; if this behavior is undesired, name the control file with a `.v` or
+other suffix.
+
+An example:
+
+.. code-block:: sv
+
+   `verilator_config
+   lint_off -rule WIDTH
+   lint_off -rule CASEX  -file "silly_vendor_code.v"
+
+This disables WIDTH warnings globally, and CASEX for a specific file.
+
+Verilator control files are fed through the normal Verilog preprocessor
+prior to parsing, so "\`ifdef", "\`define", and comments may be used as if
+the control file was standard Verilog code.
+
+Note that file or line-specific control only applies to files read after
+the control file. It is therefore recommended to pass the control file to
+Verilator as the first file.
+
+The grammar of control commands is as follows:
+
+.. option:: `verilator_config
+
+   Take the remaining text and treat it as Verilator Control File commands.
+   See :ref:`Verilator Control Files`.
+
+.. option:: clock_enable -module "<modulename>" -var "<signame>"
+
+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.000:
+
+   Indicates that the signal is used to gate a clock, and the user takes
+   responsibility for ensuring there are no races related to it.
+
+   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;clock_enable*/` metacomment.
+
+
+   .. t_dist_docs_style ignore no_clocker
+
+.. option:: clocker -module "<modulename>" [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<signame>"
+
+.. option:: clocker -module "<modulename>" [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"
+
+.. option:: no_clocker -module "<modulename>" [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<signame>"
+
+.. option:: no_clocker -module "<modulename>" [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"
+
+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.042:
+
+   Indicates whether the signal is used as clock or not. Verilator uses
+   this information to mark the signal and any derived signals as clocker.
+   See :vlopt:`--clk`.
+
+   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;clocker*/` metacomment.
+
+.. option:: coverage_block_off -file "<filename>" -line <lineno>
+
+.. option:: coverage_block_off -module "<modulename>" -block "<blockname>"
+
+   Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage
+   analysis purposes. It can either be specified as a named block or as a
+   filename and line number.
+
+   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_block_off*/` metacomment.
+
+.. option:: coverage_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
+
+.. option:: coverage_on  [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
+
+   Enable/disable coverage for the specified filename (or wildcard with
+   '\*' or '?', or all files if omitted) and range of line numbers (or all
+   lines if omitted). Often used to ignore an entire module for coverage
+   analysis purposes.
+
+.. option:: forceable -module "<modulename>" -var "<signame>"
+
+   Generate public `<signame>__VforceEn` and `<signame>__VforceVal` signals
+   that can force/release a signal from C++ code. The force control
+   signals are created as :option:`public_flat` signals.
+
+   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;forceable*/` metacomment.
+
+.. option:: fsm_register_wrapper -module "<modulename>" -d "<port>" -q "<port>" -clock "<port>" [-reset "<port>"] [-reset_value "<param>"]
+
+   Declares that the specified module is a transparent FSM state-register
+   wrapper for FSM coverage extraction. One declaration applies to all
+   instances of that module.
+
+   The ``-d`` option names the wrapper input port carrying next-state data.
+   The ``-q`` option names the wrapper output port carrying registered state.
+   The ``-clock`` option names the wrapper clock port.
+
+   Verilator does not infer wrapper semantics from module or port naming
+   conventions. A wrapper module must be declared with this option before
+   Verilator will use instances of it to extract FSM state and transition
+   coverage.
+
+   The ``-reset`` and ``-reset_value`` options are optional. Reset arcs are
+   emitted only when both the reset polarity can be inferred from the
+   wrapper's event control and ``-reset_value`` names a static parameter value.
+   If reset metadata is incomplete, Verilator may still emit FSM state and
+   transition coverage without reset arcs.
+
+.. option:: full_case -file "<filename>" -lines <lineno>
+
+   Same as ``//synthesis full_case``. When these synthesis directives
+   are discovered, Verilator will either formally prove the directive to be
+   true, or, failing that, will insert the appropriate code to detect
+   failing cases at simulation runtime and print an "Assertion failed"
+   error message.
+
+.. option:: hier_block -module "<modulename>"
+
+   Specifies that the module is an unit of hierarchical Verilation. Note
+   that the setting is ignored unless the :vlopt:`--hierarchical` option is
+   specified. See :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
+
+.. option:: hier_params -module "<modulename>"
+
+   Specifies that the module contains parameters a :vlopt:`--hierarchical` block. This option
+   is used internally to specify parameters for deparametrized hier block instances.
+   This option should not be used directly.
+   See :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
+
+.. option:: hier_workers -hier-dpi "<function_name>" -workers <worker_count>
+
+   Specifies how many threads need to be used for scheduling hierarchical DPI
+   tasks. This data is inserted internally during :vlopt:`--hierarchical`,
+   based on value specified in `hier_workers -module`. This option
+   should not be used directly. See :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
+
+.. option:: hier_workers -module "<module_name>" -workers <worker_count>
+
+   Specifies how many threads need to be used for scheduling given module with
+   :option:`/*verilator&32;hier_block*/` metacomment. This number needs to be
+   smaller than :vlopt:`--threads` to fit in a thread schedule.
+   See :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
+
+.. option:: inline -module "<modulename>"
+
+   Specifies the module may be inlined into any modules that use this
+   module. Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;inline_module*/` metacomment.
+
+   .. t_dist_docs_style ignore no_inline
+
+.. option:: no_inline -module "<modulename>"
+
+   Specifies the module should not be inlined into any modules that use
+   this module. Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;no_inline_module*/`
+   metacomment.
+
+.. option:: no_inline [-module "<modulename>"] -function "<funcname>"
+
+.. option:: no_inline [-module "<modulename>"] -task "<taskname>"
+
+   Specify the function or task should not be inlined into where it is
+   used. This may reduce the size of the final executable when a task is
+   used a very large number of times. For this flag to work, the task and
+   tasks below it must be pure; they cannot reference any variables outside
+   the task itself.
+
+   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;no_inline_task*/` metacomment.
+
+.. option:: isolate_assignments -module "<modulename>" -function "<fname>"
+
+.. option:: isolate_assignments -module "<modulename>" [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<signame>"
+
+.. option:: isolate_assignments -module "<modulename>" [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"
+
+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.050:
+
+   Used to indicate that the assignments to this signal in any blocks
+   should be isolated into new blocks. Same as
+   :option:`/*verilator&32;isolate_assignments*/` metacomment.
+
+.. option:: lint_off [-rule <message>] [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
+
+.. option:: lint_off [-rule <message>] [-file "<filename>"] [-contents "<wildcard>"] [-match "<wildcard>"]
+
+.. option:: lint_on  [-rule <message>] [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
+
+   Enable/disables the specified lint warning, in the specified filename
+   (or wildcard with '\*' or '?', or all files if omitted) and range of
+   line numbers (or all lines if omitted).
+
+   If the ``-rule`` is omitted, all lint warnings (see list in
+   :vlopt:`-Wno-lint`) are enabled/disabled.
+
+   If ``-contents`` is provided, the input files must contain the given
+   wildcard (with '\*' or '?'), and are waived in case they match, provided
+   the ``-rule``, ``-file``, and ``-contents`` also match. The wildcard
+   should be designed to match a single line; it is unspecified if the
+   wildcard is allowed to match across multiple lines. The input contents
+   does not include :vlopt:`--std <--no-std>` standard files, nor control
+   files (with ``verilator_config``). Typical use for this is to match a
+   version number present in the Verilog sources, so that the waiver will
+   only apply to that version of the sources.
+
+   If ``-match`` is provided, the linter warnings are matched against the
+   given wildcard (with '\*' or '?'), and are waived in case they match,
+   provided the ``-rule``, ``-file``, and ``-contents`` also match. The
+   wildcard is compared across the entire multi-line message; see
+   :vlopt:`--waiver-multiline`.
+
+   When there are overlapping conflicting lint_on/lint_off directives, they
+   are resolved in the following priority order:
+
+   * All lint_on/lint_off without a ``-file``, or with a ``-file "\*"``,
+     are processed in order of parsing.
+   * All lint_on/lint_off with ``-file "non-\*"`` are processed in order of
+     parsing.
+   * All lint_off with ``--match`` in order of parsing.
+
+   If a warning is disabled with lint_off, it will not be printed, even if
+   the source contains a lint_on metacomment. The control file directives
+   and metacomments are interpreted separately and do not interact. A
+   warning is emitted only if not disabled either in a control file or via
+   metacomments.
+
+   Before version 4.026, ``-rule`` was named ``-msg``, and
+   ``-msg`` remained a deprecated alias until Version 5.000.
+
+.. option:: parallel_case -file "<filename>" -lines <lineno>
+
+   Same as ``//synthesis parallel_case``. When these synthesis
+   directives are discovered, Verilator will either formally prove the
+   directive to be true, or, failing that, will insert the appropriate code
+   to detect failing cases at simulation runtime and print an "Assertion
+   failed" error message.
+
+.. option:: profile_data -hier-dpi "<function_name>" -cost <cost_value>
+
+   Internal profiling data inserted during :vlopt:`--hierarchical`; specifies
+   execution cost of a hierarchical DPI wrappers for modules with
+   :option:`/*verilator&32;hier_block*/` metacomment. See
+   :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
+
+.. option:: profile_data -mtask "<mtask_hash>" -cost <cost_value>
+
+   Feeds profile-guided optimization data into the Verilator algorithms in
+   order to improve model runtime performance. This option is not expected
+   to be used by users directly. See :ref:`Thread PGO`.
+
+.. option:: public [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [-var "<signame>"]
+
+.. option:: public_flat [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [(-param | -port | -var) "<signame>"]
+
+.. option:: public_flat_rd [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [(-param | -port | -var) "<signame>"]
+
+.. option:: public_flat_rw [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [(-param | -port | -var) "<signame>"] ["@(edge)"]
+
+   Sets the specified signal to be public. Same as
+   :option:`/*verilator&32;public*/` or
+   :option:`/*verilator&32;public_flat*/`, etc., metacomments. See also
+   :ref:`VPI Example`.
+
+   Using ``-port`` only selects matching ports, ``-param`` matches
+   parameters and localparams, and ``-var`` matches any signal (including
+   ports, parameters, and regular variables or nets). In all three, the
+   following ``<signame>`` can contain ``*`` and ``?`` wildcard
+   characters that match any substring or any single character respectively.
+
+.. option:: sc_biguint -module "<modulename>" -var "<signame>"
+
+   Sets the input/output signal to be of ``sc_biguint<{width}>`` type.
+   This metacomment works for signals of any width.
+   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;sc_biguint*/` metacomment.
+
+.. option:: sc_bv -module "<modulename>" -var "<signame>"
+
+   Sets the port to be of ``sc_bv<{width}>`` type, instead of bool,
+   uint32_t, or uint64_t. Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;sc_bv*/`
+   metacomment.
+
+.. option:: sformat [-module "<modulename>"] [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<signame>"
+
+.. option:: sformat [-module "<modulename>"] [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"
+
+   Must be applied to the final argument of type ``input string`` of a
+   function or task to indicate that the function or task should pass all
+   remaining arguments through $sformatf. This allows the creation of DPI
+   functions with $display-like behavior. See the
+   :file:`test_regress/t/t_dpi_display.v` file for an example.
+
+   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;sformat*/` metacomment.
+
+.. option:: split_var [-module "<modulename>"] [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<varname>"
+
+.. option:: split_var [-module "<modulename>"] [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<varname>"
+
+   Break the variable into multiple pieces typically to resolve UNOPTFLAT
+   performance issues. Typically the variables to attach this to are
+   recommended by Verilator itself; see :option:`UNOPTFLAT`.
+
+   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;split_var*/` metacomment.
+
+.. option:: timing_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
+
+.. option:: timing_on  [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
+
+   Enables/disables timing constructs for the specified file and lines.
+   When disabled, all timing control constructs in the specified source
+   code locations are ignored the same way as with the
+   :option:`--no-timing`, and code:`fork`/``join*`` blocks are
+   converted into ``begin``/``end`` blocks.
+
+   Similar to :option:`/*verilator&32;timing_on*/`,
+   :option:`/*verilator&32;timing_off*/` meta-comments, but interpreted
+   independently. If either a control file, or meta-comments disable timing
+   constructs, they will be disabled.
+
+   .. t_dist_docs_style ignore tracing_on
+
+.. option:: tracing_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
+
+.. option:: tracing_on  [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
+
+.. option:: tracing_off [-scope "<scopename>" [-levels <levels> ]]
+
+.. option:: tracing_on  [-scope "<scopename>" [-levels <levels> ]]
+
+   Enable/disable waveform tracing for all future signals declared in
+   all files.
+
+   With ``-file``, enable/disable waveform tracing in the specified
+   filename (or wildcard with '\*' or '?'), and ``-line`` range of line
+   numbers (or all lines if omitted).
+
+   For tracing_off with ``-file``, instances below any module in the
+   files/ranges specified will also not be traced. To overcome this
+   feature, use tracing_on on the upper module declaration and on any
+   cells, or use the ``-scope`` flavor of the command.
+
+   With ``-scope`` enable/disable waveform tracing for the specified scope
+   (or wildcard with '\*' or '?'), and optional ``--levels`` number of
+   levels below. These controls only operate after other
+   file/line/module-based controls have indicated the signal should be
+   traced. Matching is performed on the shortest prefix first, such that
+   ``tracing_on -scope "a.b" tracing_off -scope "a"`` will turn it on for
+   "a.b" and off for everything else "a.*".
+
+   With ``-levels`` (used with ``-scope``), the number of levels below that
+   scope which the rule is to match, where 0 means all levels below, 1 the
+   exact level as the provided scope, and 2 means an additional level of
+   children below the provided scope, etc.
+
+.. option:: verilator_lib -module "<modulename>"
+
+   Internal use only. Marks the specified module as being a stub for a library
+   created by :vlopt:`--lib-create` (including when created with
+   :vlopt:`--hierarchical`). Required for special internal processing.
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 *********
 Copyright
@@ -7,10 +8,10 @@ Copyright

 The latest version of Verilator is available from https://verilator.org.

-Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
-of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
-Artistic License Version 2.0.
+Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
+redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms of
+either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic
+License Version 2.0.

 All Verilog and C++/SystemC code quoted within this documentation file is
 released as Creative Commons Public Domain (CC0). Many example files and
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 Deprecations
 ============
@@ -17,13 +18,15 @@ C++14 compiler support
   the Ubuntu LTS versions of GCC and clang use C++20 by default, estimated
   May 2028.)

-XML output
-   Verilator currently supports XML parser output (enabled with
-   `--xml-only`). Support for `--xml-*` options will be deprecated no
-   sooner than January 2026.
+`--structs-packed` option
+   The :vlopt:`--structs-packed` option was introduced when Verilator was
+   first implementing unpacked structs. That feature has been stable now
+   for multiple years, so :vlopt:`--structs-packed` should no longer be
+   used. Thus :vlopt:`--structs-packed` will change to a no-operation flag
+   and the related :option:`UNPACKED` warning will never be issued no
+   sooner than September 2026.

-`--make cmake`
-   The `--make cmake` options is deprecated and will be removed no sooner
-   than January 2026. Use `--make json` instead. Note that the CMake
-   integration shipping with Verilator (verilator-config.mk) already uses
-   `--make json` so no changes are necessary if using that.
+tcmalloc support
+   Verilator currently supports the default malloc, tcmalloc, or jemalloc.
+   As jemalloc has better performance, support for tcmalloc may be removed
+   no sooner than January 2027.
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+.. _environment:

 Environment
 ===========
@@ -87,7 +90,22 @@ associated programs.
 .. option:: VERILATOR_GDB

   If set, the command to run when using the :vlopt:`--gdb` option, such as
-   "ddd". If not specified, it will use "gdb".
+   "ddd". If not specified, it will use "gdb" if available, otherwise
+   "lldb" if available.
+
+.. option:: VERILATOR_NUMA_STRATEGY
+
+   If set, controls NUMA assignment strategy for Verilator's thread pool
+   for Verilated simulations at runtime.
+   Possible values are:
+
+   * Empty(``""``) or ``"default"``: Enables NUMA assignment that prioritizes
+     assigning Verilator threads to physical cores.
+
+   * ``"none"``: Disables NUMA assignment. Let the operating system handle
+     thread scheduling.
+
+   Other values may be supported in future releases.

 .. option:: VERILATOR_ROOT

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _example create-binary execution:

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _example c++ execution:

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 First you need Verilator installed, see :ref:`Installation`. In brief, if
 you installed Verilator using the package manager of your operating system,
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _examples in the distribution:

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _example systemc execution:

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _examples:

@@ -9,10 +10,10 @@ Examples

 This section covers the following examples:

-* :ref:`Example Create-Binary Execution`
-* :ref:`Example C++ Execution`
-* :ref:`Example SystemC Execution`
-* :ref:`Examples in the Distribution`
+- :ref:`Example Create-Binary Execution`
+- :ref:`Example C++ Execution`
+- :ref:`Example SystemC Execution`
+- :ref:`Examples in the Distribution`

 .. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 1
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _simulation runtime arguments:

@@ -48,6 +49,11 @@ Options:

   Display help and exit.

+.. option:: +verilator+log+file+<filename>
+
+   Log all stdout and stderr to the specified output filename. If not specified
+   the normal stdout/stderr streams are used.
+
 .. option:: +verilator+noassert

   Disable assert checking per runtime argument. This is the same as
@@ -113,8 +119,17 @@ Options:
 .. option:: +verilator+seed+<value>

   For $random and :vlopt:`--x-initial unique <--x-initial>`, set the
-   simulation runtime random seed value. If zero or not specified picks a
-   value from the system random number generator.
+   simulation runtime random seed value. If not specified, the seed
+   defaults to 1. If specified as 0, a non-zero seed is generated at
+   startup; the picked value is exposed through ``$get_initial_random_seed``
+   so the run can be reproduced later by passing
+   ``+verilator+seed+<that_value>``.
+
+.. option:: +verilator+solver+file+<filename>
+
+   If specified, when the randomization solver is used, open the given
+   filename for writing, and log all random solver commands and responses
+   to it.

 .. option:: +verilator+V

@@ -123,3 +138,25 @@ Options:
 .. option:: +verilator+version

   Displays program version and exits.
+
+.. option:: +verilator+vpi+<library>[:<bootstrap>]
+
+   Load a VPI shared library before simulation starts. Only available when the
+   model was Verilated with :vlopt:`--vpi` and :vlopt:`--main` (or
+   :vlopt:`--binary`). ``<library>`` is the path to the shared library. If
+   ``:<bootstrap>`` is given, that named no-argument function is called;
+   otherwise the library's ``vlog_startup_routines`` array (IEEE 1800 38.37.2) is
+   invoked. May be repeated to load multiple libraries.
+
+   Runtime loading is supported on POSIX platforms only (it relies on the
+   executable exporting its VPI symbols to the loaded library); on Windows the
+   argument is rejected and the VPI code must instead be statically linked
+   into the model.
+
+.. option:: +verilator+wno+unsatconstr+<value>
+
+   Disable unsatisfied constraint warnings at simulation runtime. When set to
+   1, warnings about unsatisfied constraints during ``randomize()`` calls will
+   not be displayed. Defaults to 0 (warnings enabled). This can also be
+   controlled via the C++ API using
+   ``Verilated::threadContextp()->warnUnsatConstr(false)``.
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2026 by Wilson Snyder.
-.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+..
+   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ===================
 verilator Arguments
@@ -113,6 +114,15 @@ Summary:
   In versions before 5.038, these were disabled by default, and `--assert`
   or `--assert-case` was required to enable case assertions.

+.. option:: --assert-unroll-limit <iterations>
+
+   Rarely needed. Specifies the maximum repetition or range count Verilator
+   will unroll inside an SVA concurrent assertion (e.g. ``[*N]``, ``[->M:N]``,
+   ``always[lo:hi]``). Beyond this, the assertion is rejected with an error
+   so that pathological counts do not blow up compile time or memory.
+
+   Defaults to 1024. Increase if a design needs larger repetition counts.
+
 .. option:: --autoflush

   After every $display or $fdisplay, flush the output stream. This ensures
@@ -262,15 +272,27 @@ Summary:
   limitation that allow only one precompiled header per compilation.
   Use this instead of ::vlopt:`-CFLAGS` with `-include <header-path>`.

+.. option:: --constraint-array-limit <size>
+
+   Specifies the maximum array size for which array reduction methods
+   (sum, product, and, or, xor) in constraint expressions will be
+   expanded. Arrays larger than this limit will have their reduction
+   constraints ignored with a `CONSTRAINTIGN` warning. This prevents
+   excessive code generation for very large arrays.
+
+   Defaults to 64. Setting to 0 disables all array reduction constraint
+   expansion.
+
 .. option:: --converge-limit <loops>

   Rarely needed. Specifies the maximum number of runtime iterations before
-   creating a model failed to converge error. Defaults to 100.
+   creating a model failed to converge error. Defaults to 10000.

 .. option:: --coverage

   Enables all forms of coverage, an alias for :vlopt:`--coverage-line`
-   :vlopt:`--coverage-toggle` :vlopt:`--coverage-expr` :vlopt:`--coverage-user`.
+   :vlopt:`--coverage-toggle` :vlopt:`--coverage-expr` :vlopt:`--coverage-fsm`
+   :vlopt:`--coverage-user`.

 .. option:: --coverage-expr

@@ -282,6 +304,10 @@ Summary:
   covered for a given expression. Defaults to 32. Increasing may slow
   coverage simulations and make analyzing the results unwieldy.

+.. option:: --coverage-fsm
+
+   Enables native FSM state and arc coverage. See :ref:`FSM Coverage`.
+
 .. option:: --coverage-line

   Enables basic block line coverage analysis. See :ref:`Line Coverage`.
@@ -292,6 +318,20 @@ Summary:
   toggle coverage. Defaults to 256, as covering large vectors may greatly
   slow coverage simulations.

+.. option:: --coverage-per-instance
+
+   For Verilator-inserted coverage, preserve generated coverage counters and
+   ``.dat`` records per hierarchy instance. This option must be specified when
+   Verilating the model, together with one or more coverage instrumentation
+   options, for example :vlopt:`--coverage`, :vlopt:`--coverage-line`,
+   :vlopt:`--coverage-toggle`, :vlopt:`--coverage-expr`,
+   :vlopt:`--coverage-fsm`, or :vlopt:`--coverage-user`. It may increase
+   generated model size, counter memory, coverage write time, and ``.dat`` file
+   size.
+
+   This does not affect SystemVerilog ``cover``, which uses the IEEE-specified
+   coverage option ``per_instance``.
+
 .. option:: --coverage-toggle

   Enables adding signal toggle coverage. See :ref:`Toggle Coverage`.
@@ -304,8 +344,8 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --coverage-user

-   Enables adding user-inserted functional coverage. See :ref:`User
-   Coverage`.
+   Enables adding user-inserted functional covergroup coverage. See
+   :ref:`Covergroup Coverage`.

 .. option:: -D<var>=<value>

@@ -451,6 +491,10 @@ Summary:
   Rarely needed - for developer use. Enable all dumping in the given
   source file at level 3.

+.. option:: --dump-ast-patterns
+
+   Rarely needed. Enable dumping AstNodeExpr pattern statistics.
+
 .. option:: --dump-defines

   With :vlopt:`-E`, suppress normal output, and instead print a list of
@@ -467,6 +511,10 @@ Summary:
   Rarely needed. Enable dumping DfgGraph .dot debug files with dumping
   level 3.

+.. option:: --dump-dfg-patterns
+
+   Rarely needed. Enable dumping DfgGraph pattern statistics.
+
 .. option:: --dump-graph

   Rarely needed. Enable dumping V3Graph .dot debug files with dumping
@@ -614,8 +662,28 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: -fno-assemble

+.. option:: -fno-bit-scan-loops
+
+   Rarely needed. Disable converting bit counting loops into built-in operations.
+
 .. option:: -fno-case

+   Rarely needed. Disable all case statement optimizations.
+
+   Alias for all other `-fno-case-*` options.
+
+.. option:: -fno-case-decoder
+
+   Rarely needed. Disable converting case statements into decoder tables.
+
+.. option:: -fno-case-table
+
+   Rarely needed. Disable converting case statements into table lookups.
+
+.. option:: -fno-case-tree
+
+   Rarely needed. Disable converting case statements into bit-wise branch trees.
+
 .. option:: -fno-combine

 .. option:: -fno-const
@@ -638,9 +706,12 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: -fno-dfg

-   Rarely needed. Disable all use of the DFG-based combinational logic
-   optimizer. Alias for :vlopt:`-fno-dfg-pre-inline`,
-   :vlopt:`-fno-dfg-post-inline` and :vlopt:`-fno-dfg-scoped`.
+   Rarely needed. Disable the DFG-based combinational logic optimizer.
+
+   In versions before 5.048:
+
+   Alias for :vlopt:`-fno-dfg-pre-inline`, :vlopt:`-fno-dfg-post-inline` and
+   :vlopt:`-fno-dfg-scoped`.

 .. option:: -fno-dfg-break-cycles

@@ -656,15 +727,26 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: -fno-dfg-post-inline

-   Rarely needed. Do not apply the DFG optimizer after inlining.
+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.048: Do not apply the DFG optimizer after inlining.

 .. option:: -fno-dfg-pre-inline

-   Rarely needed. Do not apply the DFG optimizer before inlining.
+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.048: Do not apply the DFG optimizer before inlining.
+
+.. option:: -fno-dfg-push-down-sels
+
+   Rarely needed. Disable DFG select/concatenation optimization.

 .. option:: -fno-dfg-scoped

-   Rarely needed. Do not apply the DFG optimizer across module scopes.
+   Deprecated; use :vlopt:`-fno-dfg` instead.
+
+   In versions before 5.048: Do not apply the DFG optimizer across module
+   scopes.

 .. option:: -fno-expand

@@ -680,16 +762,47 @@ Summary:
   this is not recommended as may cause additional warnings and ordering
   issues.

+.. option:: -fno-ico-change-detect
+
+   Rarely needed. Disable input change detection in the input combinational
+   ('ico') region. With change detection enabled (the default, unless
+   :vlopt:`--vpi` is passed), the input combinational logic is evaluated only
+   when a top level input has actually changed, rather than unconditionally on
+   the first scheduling iteration.
+
+   The change detection logic assumes a top level input only ever changes
+   externally between evaluations. The optimization is automatically disabled
+   for top level input signals that are written within the design. Accesses via
+   the VPI cannot be analyzed at compile time, therefore :vlopt:`--vpi`
+   disables this optimization for all inputs; it may be turned back on by
+   explicitly passing :vlopt:`-fico-change-detect <-fno-ico-change-detect>`.
+
 .. option:: -fno-inline

+   Rarely needed. Disable module inlining.
+
+.. option:: -fno-inline-cfuncs
+
+   Rarely needed. Disable inlining of small generated C++ functions into their
+   callers.
+
+   This optimization is automatically disabled when :vlopt:`--prof-cfuncs` is
+   used.
+
 .. option:: -fno-inline-funcs

+   Rarely needed. Disable inlining of SystemVerilog functions and tasks.
+
 .. option:: -fno-inline-funcs-eager

+   Rarely needed. Disable eager inlining of SystemVerilog functions and tasks.
+
 .. option:: -fno-life

 .. option:: -fno-life-post

+.. option:: -fno-lift-expr
+
 .. option:: -fno-localize

 .. option:: -fno-merge-cond
@@ -722,11 +835,27 @@ Summary:
   automatically. Variables explicitly annotated with
   :option:`/*verilator&32;split_var*/` are still split.

+.. option:: --fourstate
+
+   Enables four-state logic support. Experimental, for developer use only.
+
+.. option:: --no-fourstate
+
+   Disables four-state logic support which is the default. Exists for forward compatibility.
+
 .. option:: --fslice-element-limit

   Rarely needed. Set the maximum array size (number of elements) for slice
   optimization to avoid excessive memory usage.

+.. option:: --func-recursion-depth <value>
+
+   Specifies the maximum depth of recursive constant function evaluation.
+   When a recursive function exceeds this depth during constant folding,
+   Verilator gives up and treats the expression as non-constant.
+
+   Defaults to 1000.
+
 .. option:: -future0 <option>

   Rarely needed. Suppress an unknown Verilator option for an option that
@@ -869,27 +998,21 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --inline-cfuncs <value>

-   Inline small C++ function (internal AstCFunc) calls directly into their
-   callers when the function has at most <value> nodes. This reduces
-   function call overhead when :vlopt:`--output-split-cfuncs` places
-   functions in separate compilation units that the C++ compiler cannot
-   inline.
+   Tune the inlining of small generated C++ function. Functions no bigger than
+   <value> nodes will be inlined if possible. The default is 20.

-   Set to 0 to disable this optimization. The default is 20.
-
-   This optimization is automatically disabled when :vlopt:`--prof-cfuncs`
-   or :vlopt:`--trace` is used.
+   See also :vlopt:`--inline-cfuncs-product` and :vlopt:`-fno-inline-cfuncs`.

 .. option:: --inline-cfuncs-product <value>

-   Tune the inlining of C++ function (internal AstCFunc) calls for larger
-   functions. When a function is too large to always inline (exceeds
-   :vlopt:`--inline-cfuncs` threshold), it may still be inlined if the
-   function size multiplied by the number of call sites is at most <value>.
+   Tune the inlining of small generated C++ function. If a function's node
+   count multiplied by the number of calls is not bigger than <value>, the
+   function will be inlined if possible.

-   This allows functions that are called only once or twice to be inlined
-   even if they exceed the small function threshold. Set to 0 to only inline
-   functions below the :vlopt:`--inline-cfuncs` threshold. The default is 200.
+   This allows functions that are called only once or twice to be inlined even
+   if they exceed the small function threshold. The default is 200.
+
+   See also :vlopt:`--inline-cfuncs` and :vlopt:`-fno-inline-cfuncs`.

 .. option:: --inline-mult <value>

@@ -1069,8 +1192,12 @@ Summary:

   Generates a script for the specified build tool.

-   Supported values are ``gmake`` for GNU Make, or ``cmake`` for CMake, or
-   ``json`` to create a JSON file to feed other build tools.
+   Supported values are ``gmake`` for GNU Make, or ``json`` to create a
+   JSON file to feed other build tools.
+
+   Verilator also supports building with CMake, but CMakeLists.txt
+   under-the-covers uses the ``--make json`` output format. There was a
+   native ``--make cmake`` but it was removed in Version 5.046.

   Multiple options can be specified together. If no build tool is
   specified, gmake is assumed. The executable of gmake can be configured
@@ -1508,6 +1635,14 @@ Summary:
   improve C++ compilation time on designs where these sequences are
   common; however, the effect on model performance requires benchmarking.

+.. option:: --replication-limit <value>
+
+   Set the limit for replication concatenation (e.g. {1024{1'b1}}). Also applies
+   to unsized literals (e.g. '0).
+
+   This option is on by default with a value of 8k. To disable, pass with a
+   value of 0.
+
 .. option:: --report-unoptflat

   Enable extra diagnostics for :option:`UNOPTFLAT` warnings. This
@@ -1586,6 +1721,23 @@ Summary:

   Specifies SystemC output mode; see also :vlopt:`--cc` option.

+.. option:: --sched-zero-delay
+
+.. option:: --no-sched-zero-delay
+
+   Specifies if the generated code should support ``#0`` delays with full IEEE
+   1800 standard scheduling semantics. Full ``#0`` support has a simulation
+   performance cost. If :vlopt:`--sched-zero-delay` is used, the generated code
+   will fully support ``#0`` delays. If :vlopt:`--no-sched-zero-delay` is used,
+   the generated code will not support ``#0` delays, and simulation will fail
+   at runtime if a ``#0`` delay is executed. If no option is given, Verilator
+   will generate code with proper ``#0`` support if the input contains either a
+   ``#0``, or a ``#(expression)`` with a delay value unknown at compile time.
+
+   Option :vlopt:`--no-sched-zero-delay` can be used if the input contains
+   ``#0`` delays, but they are known to be not executed at runtime. This can
+   improve simulation performance.
+
 .. option:: --skip-identical

 .. option:: --no-skip-identical
@@ -1628,6 +1780,8 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --structs-packed

+   Deprecated; discontinue use of this option.
+
   Converts all unpacked structures to packed structures, and issues an
   :option:`UNPACKED` warning. Specifying this option allows for backward
   compatibility with versions before Verilator 5.006, when Verilator would
@@ -1729,7 +1883,7 @@ Summary:
   :vlopt:`--trace-vcd` instead.

   Using :vlopt:`--trace` without :vlopt:`--trace-fst` nor
-   :vlopt:`--trace-fst` requests VCD traces.
+   :vlopt:`--trace-saif` requests VCD traces.

   Using :vlopt:`--trace` :vlopt:`--trace-fst` requests FST traces.

@@ -1759,7 +1913,7 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: --trace-fst

   Enable FST waveform tracing in the model. This overrides
-   :vlopt:`--trace`. See also :vlopt:`--trace-threads` option.
+   :vlopt:`--trace`.

 .. option:: --trace-max-array <depth>

@@ -1793,6 +1947,10 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --trace-threads <threads>

+   Deprecated and has no effect.
+
+   In versions before 5.048:
+
   Enable waveform tracing using separate threads. This is typically faster
   in simulation runtime but uses more total compute. This option only
   applies to :vlopt:`--trace-fst`. FST tracing can utilize at most
@@ -2198,23 +2356,16 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --xml-only

-   Create XML output only, do not create any other output.
+   Removed in 5.046.

-   The XML format is intended to be used to leverage Verilator's parser and
-   elaboration to feed to other downstream tools.
-
-   .. note::
-
-      This feature is deprecated in favor of :vlopt:`--json-only`.
+   Created XML output only, did not create any other output.

 .. option:: --xml-output <filename>

-   Specifies the filename for the XML output file. Using this option
-   automatically sets :vlopt:`--xml-only`.
+   Removed in 5.046.

-   .. note::
-
-      This feature is deprecated in favor of :vlopt:`--json-only`.
+   Specified the filename for the XML output file. Using this option
+   automatically set :vlopt:`--xml-only`.

 .. option:: -y <dir>

@@ -2229,344 +2380,3 @@ Summary:
   user-specified directories. This allows '-y "$(pwd)"' to be used if
   absolute filenames are desired for error messages instead of relative
   filenames.
-
-
-.. _verilator control files:
-
-=======================
-Verilator Control Files
-=======================
-
-In addition to the command line, warnings and other features for the
-:command:`verilator` command may be controlled with Verilator Control
-Files, not to be confused with IEEE Configurations blocks
-(`config...endconfig`). Typically named with the `.vlt` extension, what
-makes it a Verilator Control File is the :option:`\`verilator_config`
-directive. These files, when named `.vlt`, are read before source code
-files; if this behavior is undesired, name the control file with a `.v` or
-other suffix.
-
-An example:
-
-.. code-block:: sv
-
-   `verilator_config
-   lint_off -rule WIDTH
-   lint_off -rule CASEX  -file "silly_vendor_code.v"
-
-This disables WIDTH warnings globally, and CASEX for a specific file.
-
-Verilator control files are fed through the normal Verilog preprocessor
-prior to parsing, so "\`ifdef", "\`define", and comments may be used as if
-the control file was standard Verilog code.
-
-Note that file or line-specific control only applies to files read after
-the control file. It is therefore recommended to pass the control file to
-Verilator as the first file.
-
-The grammar of control commands is as follows:
-
-.. option:: `verilator_config
-
-   Take the remaining text and treat it as Verilator Control File commands.
-   See :ref:`Verilator Control Files`.
-
-.. option:: clock_enable -module "<modulename>" -var "<signame>"
-
-   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
-
-   In versions before 5.000:
-
-   Indicates that the signal is used to gate a clock, and the user takes
-   responsibility for ensuring there are no races related to it.
-
-   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;clock_enable*/` metacomment.
-
-
-   .. t_dist_docs_style ignore no_clocker
-
-.. option:: clocker -module "<modulename>" [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<signame>"
-
-.. option:: clocker -module "<modulename>" [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"
-
-.. option:: no_clocker -module "<modulename>" [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<signame>"
-
-.. option:: no_clocker -module "<modulename>" [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"
-
-   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
-
-   In versions before 5.042:
-
-   Indicates whether the signal is used as clock or not. Verilator uses
-   this information to mark the signal and any derived signals as clocker.
-   See :vlopt:`--clk`.
-
-   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;clocker*/` metacomment.
-
-.. option:: coverage_block_off -file "<filename>" -line <lineno>
-
-.. option:: coverage_block_off -module "<modulename>" -block "<blockname>"
-
-   Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage
-   analysis purposes. It can either be specified as a named block or as a
-   filename and line number.
-
-   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_block_off*/` metacomment.
-
-.. option:: coverage_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
-
-.. option:: coverage_on  [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
-
-   Enable/disable coverage for the specified filename (or wildcard with
-   '\*' or '?', or all files if omitted) and range of line numbers (or all
-   lines if omitted). Often used to ignore an entire module for coverage
-   analysis purposes.
-
-.. option:: forceable -module "<modulename>" -var "<signame>"
-
-   Generate public `<signame>__VforceEn` and `<signame>__VforceVal` signals
-   that can force/release a signal from C++ code. The force control
-   signals are created as :option:`public_flat` signals.
-
-   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;forceable*/` metacomment.
-
-.. option:: full_case -file "<filename>" -lines <lineno>
-
-   Same as ``//synthesis full_case``. When these synthesis directives
-   are discovered, Verilator will either formally prove the directive to be
-   true, or, failing that, will insert the appropriate code to detect
-   failing cases at simulation runtime and print an "Assertion failed"
-   error message.
-
-.. option:: hier_block -module "<modulename>"
-
-   Specifies that the module is an unit of hierarchical Verilation. Note
-   that the setting is ignored unless the :vlopt:`--hierarchical` option is
-   specified. See :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
-
-.. option:: hier_params -module "<modulename>"
-
-   Specifies that the module contains parameters a :vlopt:`--hierarchical` block. This option
-   is used internally to specify parameters for deparametrized hier block instances.
-   This option should not be used directly.
-   See :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
-
-.. option:: hier_workers -hier-dpi "<function_name>" -workers <worker_count>
-
-   Specifies how many threads need to be used for scheduling hierarchical DPI
-   tasks. This data is inserted internally during :vlopt:`--hierarchical`,
-   based on value specified in `hier_workers -module`. This option
-   should not be used directly. See :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
-
-.. option:: hier_workers -module "<module_name>" -workers <worker_count>
-
-   Specifies how many threads need to be used for scheduling given module with
-   :option:`/*verilator&32;hier_block*/` metacomment. This number needs to be
-   smaller than :vlopt:`--threads` to fit in a thread schedule.
-   See :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
-
-.. option:: inline -module "<modulename>"
-
-   Specifies the module may be inlined into any modules that use this
-   module. Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;inline_module*/` metacomment.
-
-   .. t_dist_docs_style ignore no_inline
-
-.. option:: no_inline -module "<modulename>"
-
-   Specifies the module should not be inlined into any modules that use
-   this module. Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;no_inline_module*/`
-   metacomment.
-
-.. option:: no_inline [-module "<modulename>"] -function "<funcname>"
-
-.. option:: no_inline [-module "<modulename>"] -task "<taskname>"
-
-   Specify the function or task should not be inlined into where it is
-   used. This may reduce the size of the final executable when a task is
-   used a very large number of times. For this flag to work, the task and
-   tasks below it must be pure; they cannot reference any variables outside
-   the task itself.
-
-   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;no_inline_task*/` metacomment.
-
-.. option:: isolate_assignments -module "<modulename>" -function "<fname>"
-
-.. option:: isolate_assignments -module "<modulename>" [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<signame>"
-
-.. option:: isolate_assignments -module "<modulename>" [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"
-
-   Used to indicate that the assignments to this signal in any blocks
-   should be isolated into new blocks. Same as
-   :option:`/*verilator&32;isolate_assignments*/` metacomment.
-
-.. option:: lint_off [-rule <message>] [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
-
-.. option:: lint_off [-rule <message>] [-file "<filename>"] [-contents "<wildcard>"] [-match "<wildcard>"]
-
-.. option:: lint_on  [-rule <message>] [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
-
-   Enable/disables the specified lint warning, in the specified filename
-   (or wildcard with '\*' or '?', or all files if omitted) and range of
-   line numbers (or all lines if omitted).
-
-   If the ``-rule`` is omitted, all lint warnings (see list in
-   :vlopt:`-Wno-lint`) are enabled/disabled.
-
-   If ``-contents`` is provided, the input files must contain the given
-   wildcard (with '\*' or '?'), and are waived in case they match, provided
-   the ``-rule``, ``-file``, and ``-contents`` also match. The wildcard
-   should be designed to match a single line; it is unspecified if the
-   wildcard is allowed to match across multiple lines. The input contents
-   does not include :vlopt:`--std <--no-std>` standard files, nor control
-   files (with ``verilator_config``). Typical use for this is to match a
-   version number present in the Verilog sources, so that the waiver will
-   only apply to that version of the sources.
-
-   If ``-match`` is provided, the linter warnings are matched against the
-   given wildcard (with '\*' or '?'), and are waived in case they match,
-   provided the ``-rule``, ``-file``, and ``-contents`` also match. The
-   wildcard is compared across the entire multi-line message; see
-   :vlopt:`--waiver-multiline`.
-
-   When there are overlapping conflicting lint_on/lint_off directives, they
-   are resolved in the following priority order:
-
-   * All lint_on/lint_off without a ``-file``, or with a ``-file "\*"``,
-     are processed in order of parsing.
-   * All lint_on/lint_off with ``-file "non-\*"`` are processed in order of
-     parsing.
-   * All lint_off with ``--match`` in order of parsing.
-
-   If a warning is disabled with lint_off, it will not be printed, even if
-   the source contains a lint_on metacomment. The control file directives
-   and metacomments are interpreted separately and do not interact. A
-   warning is emitted only if not disabled either in a control file or via
-   metacomments.
-
-   Before version 4.026, ``-rule`` was named ``-msg``, and
-   ``-msg`` remained a deprecated alias until Version 5.000.
-
-.. option:: parallel_case -file "<filename>" -lines <lineno>
-
-   Same as ``//synthesis parallel_case``. When these synthesis
-   directives are discovered, Verilator will either formally prove the
-   directive to be true, or, failing that, will insert the appropriate code
-   to detect failing cases at simulation runtime and print an "Assertion
-   failed" error message.
-
-.. option:: profile_data -hier-dpi "<function_name>" -cost <cost_value>
-
-   Internal profiling data inserted during :vlopt:`--hierarchical`; specifies
-   execution cost of a hierarchical DPI wrappers for modules with
-   :option:`/*verilator&32;hier_block*/` metacomment. See
-   :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
-
-.. option:: profile_data -mtask "<mtask_hash>" -cost <cost_value>
-
-   Feeds profile-guided optimization data into the Verilator algorithms in
-   order to improve model runtime performance. This option is not expected
-   to be used by users directly. See :ref:`Thread PGO`.
-
-.. option:: public [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [-var "<signame>"]
-
-.. option:: public_flat [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [(-param | -port | -var) "<signame>"]
-
-.. option:: public_flat_rd [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [(-param | -port | -var) "<signame>"]
-
-.. option:: public_flat_rw [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [(-param | -port | -var) "<signame>"] ["@(edge)"]
-
-   Sets the specified signal to be public. Same as
-   :option:`/*verilator&32;public*/` or
-   :option:`/*verilator&32;public_flat*/`, etc., metacomments. See also
-   :ref:`VPI Example`.
-
-   Using ``-port`` only selects matching ports, ``-param`` matches
-   parameters and localparams, and ``-var`` matches any signal (including
-   ports, parameters, and regular variables or nets). In all three, the
-   following ``<signame>`` can contain ``*`` and ``?`` wildcard
-   characters that match any substring or any single character respectively.
-
-.. option:: sc_biguint -module "<modulename>" -var "<signame>"
-
-   Sets the input/output signal to be of ``sc_biguint<{width}>`` type.
-   This metacomment works for signals of any width.
-   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;sc_biguint*/` metacomment.
-
-.. option:: sc_bv -module "<modulename>" -var "<signame>"
-
-   Sets the port to be of ``sc_bv<{width}>`` type, instead of bool,
-   uint32_t, or uint64_t. Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;sc_bv*/`
-   metacomment.
-
-.. option:: sformat [-module "<modulename>"] [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<signame>"
-
-.. option:: sformat [-module "<modulename>"] [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"
-
-   Must be applied to the final argument of type ``input string`` of a
-   function or task to indicate that the function or task should pass all
-   remaining arguments through $sformatf. This allows the creation of DPI
-   functions with $display-like behavior. See the
-   :file:`test_regress/t/t_dpi_display.v` file for an example.
-
-   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;sformat*/` metacomment.
-
-.. option:: split_var [-module "<modulename>"] [-function "<funcname>"] -var "<varname>"
-
-.. option:: split_var [-module "<modulename>"] [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<varname>"
-
-   Break the variable into multiple pieces typically to resolve UNOPTFLAT
-   performance issues. Typically the variables to attach this to are
-   recommended by Verilator itself; see :option:`UNOPTFLAT`.
-
-   Same as :option:`/*verilator&32;split_var*/` metacomment.
-
-.. option:: timing_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
-
-.. option:: timing_on  [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
-
-   Enables/disables timing constructs for the specified file and lines.
-   When disabled, all timing control constructs in the specified source
-   code locations are ignored the same way as with the
-   :option:`--no-timing`, and code:`fork`/``join*`` blocks are
-   converted into ``begin``/``end`` blocks.
-
-   Similar to :option:`/*verilator&32;timing_on*/`,
-   :option:`/*verilator&32;timing_off*/` meta-comments, but interpreted
-   independently. If either a control file, or meta-comments disable timing
-   constructs, they will be disabled.
-
-   .. t_dist_docs_style ignore tracing_on
-
-.. option:: tracing_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
-
-.. option:: tracing_on  [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
-
-.. option:: tracing_off [-scope "<scopename>" [-levels <levels> ]]
-
-.. option:: tracing_on  [-scope "<scopename>" [-levels <levels> ]]
-
-   Enable/disable waveform tracing for all future signals declared in
-   all files.
-
-   With ``-file``, enable/disable waveform tracing in the specified
-   filename (or wildcard with '\*' or '?'), and ``-line`` range of line
-   numbers (or all lines if omitted).
-
-   For tracing_off with ``-file``, instances below any module in the
-   files/ranges specified will also not be traced. To overcome this
-   feature, use tracing_on on the upper module declaration and on any
-   cells, or use the ``-scope`` flavor of the command.
-
-   With ``-scope`` enable/disable waveform tracing for the specified scope
-   (or wildcard with '\*' or '?'), and optional ``--levels`` number of
-   levels below. These controls only operate after other
-   file/line/module-based controls have indicated the signal should be
-   traced. Matching is performed on the shortest prefix first, such that
-   ``tracing_on -scope "a.b" tracing_off -scope "a"`` will turn it on for
-   "a.b" and off for everything else "a.*".
-
-   With ``-levels`` (used with ``-scope``), the number of levels below that
-   scope which the rule is to match, where 0 means all levels below, 1 the
-   exact level as the provided scope, and 2 means an additional level of
-   children below the provided scope, etc.
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More