Version bump

Signed-off-by: Kamil Rakoczy <[email protected]>

.clang-format

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: true
 AlwaysBreakAfterDefinitionReturnType: None
 AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
 AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: false
-AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: false
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: true
 BinPackArguments: true
 BinPackParameters: true
 BraceWrapping:
@@ -56,18 +56,31 @@ DisableFormat:   false
 ExperimentalAutoDetectBinPacking: false
 FixNamespaceComments: true
 ForEachMacros:
-  - foreach
   - Q_FOREACH
   - BOOST_FOREACH
-IncludeBlocks:   Preserve
+
+# Include grouping/sorting
+SortIncludes:    true
+IncludeBlocks:   Regroup
 IncludeCategories:
-  - Regex:           '^"(llvm|llvm-c|clang|clang-c)/'
-    Priority:        2
-  - Regex:           '^(<|"(gtest|gmock|isl|json)/)'
-    Priority:        3
-  - Regex:           '.*'
-    Priority:        1
-IncludeIsMainRegex: '(Test)?$'
+  - Regex:           '"V3Pch.*\.h"'
+    Priority:        -2 # Precompiled headers
+  - Regex:           '"(config_build|verilated_config|verilatedos)\.h"'
+    Priority:        -1 # Sepecials before main header
+  - Regex:           '(<|")verilated.*'
+    Priority:        1 # Runtime headers
+  - Regex:           '"V3.*__gen.*\.h"'
+    Priority:        3 # Generated internal headers separately
+  - Regex:           '"V3.*"'
+    Priority:        2 # Internal header
+  - Regex:           '".*"'
+    Priority:        4 # Other non-system headers
+  - Regex:           '<[[:alnum:]_.]+>'
+    Priority:        5 # Simple system headers next
+  - Regex:           '<.*>'
+    Priority:        6 # Other system headers next
+IncludeIsMainRegex: '$'
+
 IndentCaseLabels: false
 IndentPPDirectives: None
 IndentWidth:     4
@@ -91,7 +104,6 @@ PenaltyExcessCharacter: 1000000
 PenaltyReturnTypeOnItsOwnLine: 60
 PointerAlignment: Left
 ReflowComments:  true
-SortIncludes:    false
 SortUsingDeclarations: true
 SpaceAfterCStyleCast: false
 SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: true
@@ -102,6 +114,9 @@ SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 2
 SpacesInAngles:  false
 SpacesInContainerLiterals: true
 SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
+SpacesInLineCommentPrefix:
+  Minimum: 0
+  Maximum: -1
 SpacesInParentheses: false
 SpacesInSquareBrackets: false
 Standard:        Cpp11

.clang-tidy

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Checks:          '*,-hicpp*,-android-cloexec-fopen,-cert-dcl50-cpp,-cert-env33-c,-cert-err34-c,-cert-err58-cpp,-clang-analyzer-core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult,-clang-analyzer-security*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers,-cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc,-cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,-cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,-fuchsia-*,-google-default-arguments,-google-readability-todo,-google-runtime-references,-llvm-header-guard,-llvm-include-order,-misc-string-integer-assignment,-misc-string-literal-with-embedded-nul,-modernize-use-auto,-modernize-use-trailing-return-type,-readability-braces-around-statements,-readability-container-size-empty,-readability-delete-null-pointer,-readability-else-after-return,-readability-implicit-bool-conversion,-readability-named-parameter,-readability-static-accessed-through-instance'
+Checks:          '*,-hicpp*,-android-cloexec-fopen,-cert-dcl50-cpp,-cert-env33-c,-cert-err34-c,-cert-err58-cpp,-clang-analyzer-core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult,-clang-analyzer-security*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers,-cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc,-cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,-cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,-fuchsia-*,-google-default-arguments,-google-readability-todo,-google-runtime-references,-llvm-header-guard,-llvm-include-order,-misc-string-integer-assignment,-misc-string-literal-with-embedded-nul,-modernize-use-auto,-modernize-use-trailing-return-type,-readability-braces-around-statements,-readability-container-size-empty,-readability-delete-null-pointer,-readability-else-after-return,-readability-implicit-bool-conversion,-readability-named-parameter,-readability-static-accessed-through-instance,-llvmlibc-*,-altera-*'
 WarningsAsErrors: ''
 HeaderFilterRegex: ''
 FormatStyle:     none

.codacy.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 exclude_paths:
-  - '.github/**'
-  - 'ci/build_verilator.sh'
-  - 'include/vltstd/**'
-  - 'nodist/fastcov.py'
+  - ".github/**"
+  - "ci/build_verilator.sh"
+  - "include/vltstd/**"
+  - "nodist/fastcov.py"

.devcontainer/devcontainer.json

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+        "name": "Verilator Build Environment",
+
+        "build": {
+        "dockerfile": "../ci/docker/buildenv/Dockerfile"
+    }
+
+}

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 name: Bug report
-about: Something isn't working as expected, and it isn't "Unsupported." (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
+about: Use this to report that something isn't working as expected, and it isn't "Unsupported." (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
 title: ''
 labels: new
 assignees: ''
@@ -9,8 +9,14 @@ assignees: ''
 
 Thanks for taking the time to report this.
 
-Can you attach an example that shows the issue?  (Must be openly licensed, ideally in test_regress format.)
+Can you attach an example that shows the issue?  (Must be openly licensed, completely self-contaned so can directly run what you provide. Ideally use test_regress format, see https://veripool.org/guide/latest/contributing.html?highlight=test_regress#reporting-bugs
+
+What 'verilator' command line do we use to run your example?
 
 What 'verilator --version' are you using?  Did you try it with the git master version?
 
-Would you be willing to try to fix Verilator yourself with assistance?
+What OS and distribution are you using?
+
+May we assist you in trying to fix this in Verilator yourself?
+
+(Please avoid attaching screenshots that show text - you can convert images to text using e.g. https://ocr.space)

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 name: Feature Request
-about: Request something should be supported, or a new feature added. (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
+about: Use this to request something should be supported, or a new feature added. (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
 title: ''
 labels: new
 assignees: ''
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ Thanks for taking the time to report this.
 
 What would you like added/supported?
 
+What 'verilator --version' are you using?  Did you try it with the git master version?
+
 Can you attach an example that runs on other simulators?  (Must be openly licensed, ideally in test_regress format.)
 
-May we assist you in trying to fix this yourself?
+May we assist you in trying to fix this in Verilator yourself?

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/questions.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 name: Q and A, or Other
-about: Ask a question, not related to a specific bug or feature request. (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
+about: Use this to ask a question, not related to a specific bug nor feature request. (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
 title: ''
 labels: new
 assignees: ''
@@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ assignees: ''
 ---
 
 How may we help - what is your question?
+
+(If reporting a bug or requesting a feature please use one of the other issue templates.)

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
-  - cron: '0 0 * * 0' # weekly
+    - cron: '0 0 * * 0'  # weekly
 
 env:
   CI_OS_NAME: linux
@@ -17,128 +18,164 @@ env:
   CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
   CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
   CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
+  INSTALL_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/install
+  RELOC_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/relloc
 
 defaults:
   run:
     shell: bash
     working-directory: repo
 
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
 
   build:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, ubuntu-18.04]
+        os: [ubuntu-24.04, ubuntu-22.04, ubuntu-20.04]
         compiler:
-          - { cc: clang, cxx: clang++ }
-          - { cc: gcc,   cxx: g++     }
-        m32: [0, 1]
-        exclude:
-          # Build pull requests only with ubuntu-20.04 and without m32
-          - os:  ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && 'ubuntu-18.04' || 'do-not-exclude' }}
-          - m32: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && 1              || 'do-not-exclude' }}
-          # Build -m32 only on ubuntu-20.04
-          - {os: ubuntu-18.04, m32: 1}
+          - {cc: clang, cxx: clang++}
+          - {cc: gcc, cxx: g++}
+        include:
+          # Build GCC 10 on ubuntu-20.04
+          - os: ubuntu-20.04
+            compiler: {cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }} ${{ matrix.m32 && '| -m32' || '' }}
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}
     env:
       CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
       CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      CI_M32: ${{ matrix.m32 }}
       CC: ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}
       CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler.cxx }}
-      CACHE_BASE_KEY: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}-m32=${{ matrix.m32 }}
-      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 250M # Per build matrix entry (2000M in total)
-      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}${{ matrix.m32 && '-m32' || '' }}.tar.gz
+      CACHE_BASE_KEY: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}
+      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 1000M  # Per build matrix entry (* 5 = 5000M in total)
+      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}.tar.gz
     steps:
 
-    - name: Checkout
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      with:
-        path: repo
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo
 
-    - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-      uses: actions/cache@v2
-      env:
-        CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-        key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
+      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        env:
+          CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
 
-    - name: Install packages for build
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+      - name: Install packages for build
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
 
-    - name: Build
-      run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+      - name: Build
+        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
 
-    - name: Tar up repository
-      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-      run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
-
-    - name: Upload tar archive
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-        name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+      - name: Tar up repository
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
+        run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
 
+      - name: Upload tar archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
 
   test:
     needs: build
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, ubuntu-18.04]
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04, ubuntu-20.04]
         compiler:
-          - { cc: clang, cxx: clang++ }
-          - { cc: gcc,   cxx: g++     }
-        m32: [0, 1]
-        suite: [dist-vlt-0, dist-vlt-1, dist-vlt-2, vltmt-0, vltmt-1]
-        exclude:
-          # Build pull requests only with ubuntu-20.04 and without m32
-          - os:  ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && 'ubuntu-18.04' || 'do-not-exclude' }}
-          - m32: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && 1              || 'do-not-exclude' }}
-          # Build -m32 only on ubuntu-20.04
-          - {os: ubuntu-18.04, m32: 1}
+          - {cc: clang, cxx: clang++}
+          - {cc: gcc, cxx: g++}
+        reloc: [0]
+        suite: [dist-vlt-0, dist-vlt-1, dist-vlt-2, dist-vlt-3, vltmt-0, vltmt-1]
+        include:
+          # Test with GCC 10 on ubuntu-20.04, also test relocation
+          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: {cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10}, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: {cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10}, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: {cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10}, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-2}
+          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: {cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10}, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-3}
+          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: {cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10}, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: {cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10}, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-1}
+          # Ubuntu 24.04 only on GCC; not passing on clang yet
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, compiler: {cc: gcc, cxx: g++}, suite: dist-vlt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, compiler: {cc: gcc, cxx: g++}, suite: dist-vlt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, compiler: {cc: gcc, cxx: g++}, suite: dist-vlt-2}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, compiler: {cc: gcc, cxx: g++}, suite: dist-vlt-3}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, compiler: {cc: gcc, cxx: g++}, suite: vltmt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, compiler: {cc: gcc, cxx: g++}, suite: vltmt-1}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }} | ${{ matrix.suite }} ${{ matrix.m32 && '| -m32' || '' }}
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
     env:
       CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: test
       CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      CI_M32: ${{ matrix.m32 }}
+      CI_RELOC: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
       CC: ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}
       CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler.cxx }}
-      CACHE_BASE_KEY: test-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}-m32=${{ matrix.m32 }}-${ matrix.suite }}
-      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 64M # Per build matrix entry (2160M in total)
-      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}${{ matrix.m32 && '-m32' || '' }}.tar.gz
+      CACHE_BASE_KEY: test-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}-${{ matrix.reloc }}-${{ matrix.suite }}
+      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 100M  # Per build per suite (* 5 * 5 = 2500M in total)
+      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}.tar.gz
     steps:
 
-    - name: Download tar archive
-      uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-      with:
-        name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+      - name: Download tar archive
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
 
-    - name: Unpack tar archive
-      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-      run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+      - name: Unpack tar archive
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
+        run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
 
-    - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-      uses: actions/cache@v2
-      env:
-        CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-        key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
+      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        env:
+          CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache2
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
 
-    - name: Install test dependencies
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+      - name: Install test dependencies
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
 
-    - name: Test
-      env:
-        TESTS: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-      run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+      - name: Test
+        env:
+          TESTS: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+
+  lint-py:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    name: Lint Python
+    env:
+      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo
+
+      - name: Install packages for build
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+
+    # We use specific version numbers, otherwise a Python package
+    # update may add a warning and break our build
+      - name: Install packages for lint
+        run: sudo pip3 install pylint==3.0.2 ruff==0.1.3 clang sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe ruff
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: autoconf && ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn
+
+      - name: Lint
+        run: make -k lint-py

.github/workflows/contributor.yml

@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
+#
 name: Contributor Agreement
-
 on:
   push:
   pull_request:
   workflow_dispatch:
-
 jobs:
   Test:
     name: "'docs/CONTRIBUTORS' was signed"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - run: test_regress/t/t_dist_contributors.pl
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - run: test_regress/t/t_dist_contributors.py

.github/workflows/coverage.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
@@ -6,12 +7,11 @@ name: coverage
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
-  - cron: '0 0 * * 0' # weekly
+    - cron: '0 0 * * 0'  # weekly
 
 env:
   CI_OS_NAME: linux
   CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
-  CI_M32: 0
   COVERAGE: 1
   VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-coverage-${{ github.sha }}.tar.gz
 
@@ -22,78 +22,71 @@ defaults:
 
 jobs:
 
-
   Build:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     env:
       CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-20.04
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
 
-    - name: Checkout
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      with:
-        path: repo
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo
 
-    - name: Install packages for build
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+      - name: Install packages for build
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
 
-    - name: Build
-      run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+      - name: Build
+        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
 
-    - name: Tar up repository
-      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-      run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
-
-    - name: Upload tar archive
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-        name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+      - name: Tar up repository
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
+        run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
 
+      - name: Upload tar archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
 
   Test:
     needs: Build
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        test:
-        - vlt-
-        - vltmt-
-        num:
-        - 0
-        - 1
-        - 2
-        - 3
-        - 4
-        - 5
-        - 6
-        - 7
-        - 8
-        - 9
+        test: [vlt-, vltmt-]
+        num: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
         include:
-        - { test: dist, num: '' }
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+          - {test: dist, num: ''}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     name: test-${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
     env:
       CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: test
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-20.04
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
 
-    - name: Download tar archive
-      uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-      with:
-        name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+      - name: Download tar archive
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
 
-    - name: Unpack tar archive
-      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-      run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+      - name: Unpack tar archive
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
+        run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
 
-    - name: Install test dependencies
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+      - name: Install test dependencies
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
 
-    - name: Test
-      env:
-        TESTS: coverage-${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
-      run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+      - name: Test
+        env:
+          TESTS: coverage-${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
+        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+
+      - name: Upload coverage data to Codecov
+        env:
+          CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          find . -name '*.gcno' -exec rm {} \;
+          ./ci/codecov -v upload-process -Z --sha ${{ github.sha }} -f nodist/obj_dir/coverage/app_total.info

.github/workflows/docker.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+---
+# Build and push verilator docker image when tags are pushed to the repository.
+# The following variable(s) must be configured in the github repository:
+# DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE: docker hub namespace.
+# The following secrets must be configured in the github repository:
+# DOCKER_HUB_USER: user name for logging into docker hub
+# DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN: docker hub access token.
+name: Build Verilator Container
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags: ['v*']
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      manual_tag:
+        description: 'Git tag to use for image build'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      add_latest_tag:
+        description: 'Tag workflow_dispatch docker image as "latest"'
+        required: true
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+
+jobs:
+
+  build:
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        contexts:
+          - "ci/docker/run:verilator"
+          # - "ci/docker/buildenv:verilator-buildenv"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Extract context variables
+        run: |
+          echo "${{ matrix.contexts }}" | sed -r 's/(.*):.*/build_context=\1/' >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "${{ matrix.contexts }}" | sed -r 's/.*:(.*)/image_name=\1/' >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "git_tag=${GITHUB_REF#refs/*/}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      - name: Use manual tag
+        if: ${{ inputs.manual_tag }}
+        run: |
+          echo "git_tag=${{ inputs.manual_tag }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      - name: Docker meta
+        id: docker_meta
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
+        with:
+          images: |
+            ${{ vars.DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE }}/${{ env.image_name }}
+          tags: |
+            type=match,pattern=(v.*),group=1,enable=${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
+            type=raw,value=${{ inputs.manual_tag }},enable=${{ inputs.manual_tag != '' }}
+            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ inputs.add_latest_tag == true }}
+
+      - name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
+
+      - name: Login to Docker Hub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v2
+        with:
+          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USER }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Build and Push to Docker
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
+        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+        with:
+          context: ${{ env.build_context }}
+          build-args: SOURCE_COMMIT=${{ env.git_tag }}
+          platforms: linux/arm64,linux/amd64
+          push: ${{ !env.ACT && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
+          tags: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.tags }}
+          labels: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.labels }}

.github/workflows/format.yml

@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
+#
 name: format
-
 on:
   push:
   pull_request_target:
   workflow_dispatch:
-
 jobs:
   format:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    name: Ubuntu 20.04 | format
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    name: Ubuntu 22.04 | format
     env:
       CI_OS_NAME: linux
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-20.04
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
       CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
-      CI_M32: 0
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
       - name: Install packages for build
@@ -27,14 +25,14 @@ jobs:
           CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
         run: |
           bash ci/ci-install.bash &&
-          sudo apt-get install clang-format-11 yapf3 &&
+          sudo apt-get install clang-format-14 yapf3 &&
           git config --global user.email "[email protected]" &&
           git config --global user.name "github action"
       - name: Format code
         run: |
           autoconf &&
           ./configure &&
-          make -j 2 format CLANGFORMAT=clang-format-11 &&
+          make -j 2 format CLANGFORMAT=clang-format-14 &&
           git status
       - name: Push
         run: |

.github/workflows/msbuild.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+#
+name: msbuild
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: 0 0 * * 0  # weekly
+env:
+  CI_OS_NAME: win
+  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
+  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: repo
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+jobs:
+  windows:
+    name: run on windows
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo
+      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: msbuild-msvc-cmake
+      - name: compile
+        env:
+          WIN_FLEX_BISON: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+        run: ./ci/ci-win-compile.ps1
+      - name: test build
+        run: ./ci/ci-win-test.ps1
+      - name: Zip up repository
+        run: Compress-Archive -LiteralPath install -DestinationPath verilator.zip
+      - name: Upload zip archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/verilator.zip
+          name: verilator-win.zip

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 \#*
 .#*
+.gdb_history
 .nfs*
 *~
 *.tidy
@@ -28,14 +29,24 @@ dddrun*
 doxygen-doc
 gdbrun*
 gmon.out
-ncverilog.history
 internals.txt
+ncverilog.history
+nohup.out
+verilator-config-version.cmake
+verilator-config.cmake
+verilator.pc
 verilator.txt
 verilator_bin*
 verilator_coverage_bin*
-verilator.pc
-verilator-config.cmake
-verilator-config-version.cmake
 **/__pycache__/*
 **/_build/*
 **/obj_dir/*
+/.vscode/
+/.idea/
+/cmake-build-*/
+/test_regress/snapshot/
+xmverilog.*
+xrun.history
+
+# Normal CMake build directory
+/build

.pre-commit-hooks.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+- id: verilator
+  name: verilator-lint
+  description: Runs verilator Docker image to lint (System) Verilog designs
+  args: [--lint-only]
+  language: docker_image
+  entry: verilator/verilator:latest
+  types_or: [verilog, system-verilog]

.style.yapf

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[style]
+based_on_style = pep8
+column_limit = 99
+#split_before_arithmetic_operator=True

CITATION.cff

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# See https://citation-file-format.github.io/
+cff-version: 1.2.0
+title: Verilator
+message: >-
+  If you use this software, please cite it using the
+  metadata from this file.
+type: software
+authors:
+  - given-names: Wilson
+    family-names: Snyder
+    email: [email protected]
+    affiliation: Veripool
+  - given-names: Paul
+    family-names: Wasson
+  - given-names: Duane
+    family-names: Galbi
+  - name: 'et al'
+repository-code: 'https://github.com/verilator/verilator'
+url: 'https://verilator.org'
+abstract: >-
+  The Verilator package converts Verilog and SystemVerilog hardware
+  description language (HDL) designs into a fast C++ or SystemC model
+  that, after compiling, can be executed.  Verilator is not a
+  traditional simulator but a compiler.
+license:
+  - LGPL-3.0-only
+  - Artistic-2.0

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#*****************************************************************************
+#
+# DESCRIPTION: Script for build tool cmake on both unix and windows
+#
+#*****************************************************************************
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+#
+#****************************************************************************/
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0091 NEW) # Use MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY to select the runtime
+project(
+    Verilator
+    VERSION 5.034
+    HOMEPAGE_URL https://verilator.org
+    LANGUAGES CXX
+)
+
+# Set default build type to Release if not specified
+if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
+    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "Release" CACHE STRING "Build type" FORCE)
+endif()
+
+option(
+    DEBUG_AND_RELEASE_AND_COVERAGE
+    "Builds both the debug and release binaries, overriding CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE. Not supported under MSBuild."
+)
+
+find_package(Python3 COMPONENTS Interpreter)
+set(PYTHON3 ${Python3_EXECUTABLE})
+# See also CMake built-in; CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX is applied by the install command.
+set(CMAKE_INSTALL_DATADIR .)
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
+include(CheckStructHasMember)
+include(ExternalProject)
+include(FindThreads)
+
+if(NOT WIN32)
+    message(WARNING "CMake support on Linux/OSX is experimental.")
+endif()
+
+if(WIN32)
+    if(DEFINED ENV{WIN_FLEX_BISON})
+        set(WIN_FLEX_BISON "$ENV{WIN_FLEX_BISON}")
+    endif()
+    if(EXISTS ${WIN_FLEX_BISON})
+        list(APPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH ${WIN_FLEX_BISON})
+    endif()
+    if(NOT WIN_FLEX_BISON)
+        message(
+            FATAL_ERROR
+            "Please install https://github.com/lexxmark/winflexbison and set WIN_FLEX_BISON environment variable. Please use install cmake target after a successful build."
+        )
+    endif()
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+endif()
+
+set(OBJCACHE "" CACHE STRING "Path for ccache, auto-detected if empty")
+option(OBJCACHE_ENABLED "Compile Verilator with ccache" ON)
+
+if(OBJCACHE_ENABLED)
+    if(OBJCACHE STREQUAL "")
+        find_program(OBJCACHE_PATH ccache)
+        if(OBJCACHE_PATH STREQUAL "OBJCACHE_PATH-NOTFOUND")
+            set(OBJCACHE_PATH "")
+        endif()
+    else()
+        set(OBJCACHE_PATH "${OBJCACHE}")
+    endif()
+    if(NOT OBJCACHE_PATH STREQUAL "")
+        execute_process(
+            COMMAND "${OBJCACHE_PATH}" --version
+            OUTPUT_VARIABLE objcache_version
+        )
+        string(REGEX MATCH "[^\n\r]+" objcache_version "${objcache_version}")
+        message(
+            STATUS
+            "Found ccache: ${OBJCACHE_PATH} (\"${objcache_version}\")"
+        )
+        set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER "${OBJCACHE_PATH}")
+    endif()
+endif()
+
+find_package(BISON)
+find_package(FLEX)
+
+# Build
+#set_property(GLOBAL PROPERTY JOB_POOLS one_job=1)
+
+if(DEBUG_AND_RELEASE_AND_COVERAGE)
+    if(CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "^Visual Studio ")
+        error("%Error: The DEBUG_AND_RELEASE_AND_COVERAGE option is not supported in MSBuild-based builds.")
+    endif()
+    set(saved_build_type ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE})
+    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
+    add_subdirectory(src build-Debug)
+    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release)
+    add_subdirectory(src build-Release)
+    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Coverage)
+    add_subdirectory(src build-Coverage)
+    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE ${saved_build_type})
+else()
+    add_subdirectory(src)
+endif()
+
+# Configuration and Installation
+
+set(PACKAGE_NAME ${PROJECT_NAME})
+set(PACKAGE_VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION})
+set(CXX ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER})
+set(AR ${CMAKE_AR})
+
+configure_file(include/verilated_config.h.in include/verilated_config.h @ONLY)
+configure_file(include/verilated.mk.in include/verilated.mk @ONLY)
+
+install(
+    FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/verilated_config.h
+    DESTINATION include
+)
+install(
+    FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/verilated.mk
+    DESTINATION include
+)
+
+configure_package_config_file(
+    verilator-config.cmake.in
+    verilator-config.cmake
+    INSTALL_DESTINATION .
+)
+
+install(
+    FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/verilator-config.cmake
+    DESTINATION .
+)
+
+configure_package_config_file(
+    verilator-config-version.cmake.in
+    verilator-config-version.cmake
+    INSTALL_DESTINATION .
+)
+
+install(
+    FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/verilator-config-version.cmake
+    DESTINATION .
+)
+
+foreach(
+    program
+    verilator
+    verilator_gantt
+    verilator_ccache_report
+    verilator_difftree
+    verilator_profcfunc
+    verilator_includer
+)
+    install(PROGRAMS bin/${program} TYPE BIN)
+endforeach()
+
+install(
+    DIRECTORY examples
+    TYPE DATA
+    FILES_MATCHING
+    PATTERN "examples/*/*.[chv]*"
+    PATTERN "examples/*/Makefile*"
+    PATTERN "examples/*/CMakeLists.txt"
+)
+
+install(
+    DIRECTORY include
+    TYPE DATA
+    FILES_MATCHING
+    PATTERN "include/verilated_config.h"
+    PATTERN "include/*.[chv]"
+    PATTERN "include/*.cpp"
+    PATTERN "include/*.vlt"
+    PATTERN "include/*.sv"
+    PATTERN "include/gtkwave/*.[chv]*"
+    PATTERN "include/vltstd/*.[chv]*"
+)

CPPLINT.cfg

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+set noparent
+linelength=100
+filter=-build/c++11
+filter=-build/header_guard
+filter=-build/include_order
+filter=-build/include_subdir
+filter=-readability/inheritance
+filter=-readability/nolint
+filter=-readability/todo
+filter=-runtime/references
+filter=-whitespace/blank_line
+filter=-whitespace/empty_if_body
+filter=-whitespace/indent
+filter=-whitespace/newline
+filter=-whitespace/braces
+filter=-whitespace/parens
+filter=-whitespace/todo

Makefile.in

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
 #
 #****************************************************************************/
 #
-# make all	to compile and build Verilator.
-# make install	to install it.
-# make TAGS	to update tags tables.
+# make all      to compile and build Verilator.
+# make install  to install it.
+# make TAGS     to update tags tables.
 #
 # make clean  or  make mostlyclean
 #      Delete all files from the current directory that are normally
-#      created by building the program.	 Don't delete the files that
+#      created by building the program.  Don't delete the files that
 #      record the configuration.  Also preserve files that could be made
 #      by building, but normally aren't because the distribution comes
 #      with them.
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@
 INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@
 MAKEINFO = makeinfo
 POD2TEXT = pod2text
+PYTHON3 = @PYTHON3@
 MKINSTALLDIRS = $(SHELL) $(srcdir)/src/mkinstalldirs
-PERL = @PERL@
 
 # Version (for docs/guide/conf.py)
 PACKAGE_VERSION_NUMBER = @PACKAGE_VERSION_NUMBER@
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ datadir = @datadir@
 # Directory in which to install documentation info files.
 infodir = @infodir@
 
-# Directory in which to install package specific files
+# Directory in which to install package-specific files
 # Generally ${prefix}/share/verilator
 pkgdatadir = @pkgdatadir@
 
@@ -92,10 +92,12 @@ datarootdir = @datarootdir@
 CFG_WITH_CCWARN = @CFG_WITH_CCWARN@
 CFG_WITH_DEFENV = @CFG_WITH_DEFENV@
 CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS = @CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS@
+CFG_WITH_SOLVER = @CFG_WITH_SOLVER@
 PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
 
 #### End of system configuration section. ####
 ######################################################################
+# Main build targets
 
 .SUFFIXES:
 
@@ -107,12 +109,13 @@ SUBDIRS = docs src test_regress \
 	examples/cmake_tracing_c \
 	examples/cmake_tracing_sc \
 	examples/cmake_protect_lib \
+	examples/make_hello_binary \
 	examples/make_hello_c \
 	examples/make_hello_sc \
 	examples/make_tracing_c \
 	examples/make_tracing_sc \
 	examples/make_protect_lib \
-	examples/xml_py \
+	examples/json_py \
 
 INFOS = verilator.html verilator.pdf
 
@@ -125,7 +128,12 @@ EXAMPLES_FIRST = \
 EXAMPLES = $(EXAMPLES_FIRST) $(filter-out $(EXAMPLES_FIRST), $(sort $(wildcard examples/*)))
 
 # See uninstall also - don't put wildcards in this variable, it might uninstall other stuff
-VL_INST_MAN_FILES = verilator.1 verilator_coverage.1
+# No verilator_ccache_report.1, verilator_difftree.1 as those are not bin/ installed
+VL_INST_MAN_FILES = \
+	verilator.1 \
+	verilator_coverage.1 \
+	verilator_gantt.1 \
+	verilator_profcfunc.1 \
 
 default: all
 all: all_nomsg msg_test
@@ -140,6 +148,9 @@ verilator_exe verilator_bin$(EXEEXT) verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) verilator_covera
 	@echo "making verilator in src"
 	$(MAKE) -C src $(OBJCACHE_JOBS)
 
+######################################################################
+# Tests
+
 .PHONY:msg_test
 msg_test: all_nomsg
 	@echo "Build complete!"
@@ -148,9 +159,9 @@ msg_test: all_nomsg
 	@echo
 
 .PHONY: test
-ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
+ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS),yes)  # Local... Else don't burden users
 test: smoke-test test_regress
-# examples is part of test_regress's test_regress/t/t_a2_examples.pl
+# examples is part of test_regress's test_regress/t/t_a2_examples.py
 # (because that allows it to run in parallel with other test_regress's)
 else
 test: smoke-test examples
@@ -162,24 +173,36 @@ endif
 	@echo
 
 smoke-test: all_nomsg
-	test_regress/t/t_a1_first_cc.pl
-	test_regress/t/t_a2_first_sc.pl
+	test_regress/t/t_a1_first_cc.py
+	test_regress/t/t_a2_first_sc.py
 
 test_regress: all_nomsg
 	$(MAKE) -C test_regress
 
+.PHONY: test-snap test-diff
+test-snap test-diff:
+	$(MAKE) -C test_regress $@
+
 examples: all_nomsg
 	for p in $(EXAMPLES) ; do \
 	  $(MAKE) -C $$p VERILATOR_ROOT=`pwd` || exit 10; \
 	done
 
+######################################################################
+# Docs
+
 .PHONY: docs
-docs: info
+docs: info $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 
 info: $(INFOS)
 
-%.1: ${srcdir}/bin/%
+verilator.1: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator
 	pod2man $< $@
+verilator_coverage.1: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator_coverage
+	pod2man $< $@
+%.1: ${srcdir}/bin/%
+	help2man --no-info --no-discard-stderr --version-string=- \
+		-n "$(shell $< --help | head -n 3 | tail -n 1)" $< -o $@
 
 .PHONY: verilator.html
 verilator.html:
@@ -190,11 +213,35 @@ verilator.html:
 verilator.pdf: Makefile
 	$(MAKE) -C docs verilator.pdf
 
-# See uninstall also - don't put wildcards in this variable, it might uninstall other stuff
-VL_INST_BIN_FILES = verilator verilator_bin$(EXEEXT) verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) \
-	verilator_ccache_report verilator_coverage verilator_gantt verilator_includer verilator_profcfunc
-# Some scripts go into both the search path and pkgdatadir,
-# so they can be found by the user, and under $VERILATOR_ROOT.
+TAGFILES=${srcdir}/*/*.cpp ${srcdir}/*/*.h ${srcdir}/*/*.in \
+	${srcdir}/*.in ${srcdir}/*.pod
+
+TAGS: $(TAGFILES)
+	etags $(TAGFILES)
+
+.PHONY: doxygen
+
+doxygen:
+	$(MAKE) -C docs doxygen
+
+######################################################################
+# Install
+
+# Public executables intended to be invoked directly by the user
+# Don't put wildcards in these variables, it might cause an uninstall of other stuff
+VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES = verilator \
+                              verilator_coverage \
+                              verilator_gantt \
+                              verilator_profcfunc \
+
+VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES = verilator_bin$(EXEEXT) \
+                           verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) \
+                           verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) \
+
+# Private executabels intended to be invoked by internals
+# Don't put wildcards in these variables, it might cause an uninstall of other stuff
+VL_INST_PRIVATE_SCRIPT_FILES = verilator_ccache_report \
+                               verilator_includer \
 
 VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES = \
 	include/verilated_config.h \
@@ -203,6 +250,8 @@ VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES = \
 # Files under srcdir, instead of build time
 VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES = \
 	include/*.[chv]* \
+	include/*.vlt \
+	include/*.sv \
 	include/gtkwave/*.[chv]* \
 	include/vltstd/*.[chv]* \
 
@@ -212,18 +261,38 @@ VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES = \
 	examples/*/Makefile* \
 	examples/*/vl_* \
 
-installbin:
-	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)
-	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator )
-	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_coverage $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_coverage )
-	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_gantt $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_gantt )
-	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_profcfunc $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_profcfunc )
-	( cd bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_bin$(EXEEXT) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_bin$(EXEEXT) )
-	( cd bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) )
-	( cd bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) )
+mkbindirs:
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin
-	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_includer $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/verilator_includer )
-	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_ccache_report $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/verilator_ccache_report )
+	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)
+
+installbin: | mkbindirs
+	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
+	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES) ; do \
+	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
+	done
+	perl -p -i -e 'use File::Spec;' \
+	           -e' $$path = File::Spec->abs2rel("$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir))", "$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(bindir))");' \
+	           -e 's/my \$$verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath = .*/my \$$verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath = "$$path";/g' \
+	           -- "$(DESTDIR)/$(bindir)/verilator"
+	cd bin; \
+	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES) ; do \
+	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
+	done
+	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
+	for p in $(VL_INST_PRIVATE_SCRIPT_FILES) ; do \
+	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
+	done
+
+installredirect: installbin | mkbindirs
+	cp ${srcdir}/bin/redirect ${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp
+	perl -p -i -e 'use File::Spec;' \
+	           -e' $$path = File::Spec->abs2rel("$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(bindir))", "$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin)");' \
+	           -e 's/RELPATH.*/"$$path";/g' -- "${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp"
+	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
+	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES) $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES) ; do \
+	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) redirect.tmp $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
+	done
+	rm ${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp
 
 # Man files can either be part of the original kit, or built in current directory
 # So important we use $^ so VPATH is searched
@@ -243,6 +312,7 @@ installdata:
 	; for p in $(VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES) ; do \
 	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/$$p; \
 	done
+	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_hello_binary
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_hello_c
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_hello_sc
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_tracing_c
@@ -253,7 +323,7 @@ installdata:
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/cmake_tracing_c
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/cmake_tracing_sc
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/cmake_protect_lib
-	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/xml_py
+	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/json_py
 	cd $(srcdir) \
 	; for p in $(VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES) ; do \
 	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/$$p; \
@@ -265,8 +335,11 @@ installdata:
 
 # We don't trust rm -rf, so rmdir instead as it will fail if user put in other files
 uninstall:
-	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_BIN_FILES)
-	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin && rm -f $(VL_INST_BIN_FILES)
+	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES)
+	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES)
+	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin && rm -f $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES)
+	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin && rm -f $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES)
+	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin && rm -f $(VL_INST_PRIVATE_SCRIPT_FILES)
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1 && rm -f $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES)
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES)
@@ -278,6 +351,7 @@ uninstall:
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/gtkwave
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/vltstd
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_hello_binary
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_hello_c
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_hello_sc
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/make_tracing_c
@@ -288,118 +362,16 @@ uninstall:
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/cmake_tracing_c
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/cmake_tracing_sc
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/cmake_protect_lib
-	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/xml_py
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/json_py
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)
 
 install: all_nomsg install-all
-install-all: installbin installman installdata install-msg
+install-all: installbin installredirect installman installdata install-msg
 
 install-here: installman info
 
-# Use --xml flag to see the cppcheck code to use for suppression
-CPPCHECK_CPP = $(wildcard \
-	$(srcdir)/examples/*/*.cpp \
-	$(srcdir)/include/*.cpp \
-	$(srcdir)/src/*.cpp )
-CPPCHECK_H = $(wildcard \
-	$(srcdir)/include/*.h \
-	$(srcdir)/src/*.h )
-CPPCHECK_YL = $(wildcard \
-	$(srcdir)/src/*.y \
-	$(srcdir)/src/*.l )
-CPPCHECK = src/cppcheck_filtered cppcheck
-CPPCHECK_FLAGS = --enable=all --inline-suppr \
-	--suppress=unusedScopedObject --suppress=cstyleCast --suppress=useInitializationList \
-	--suppress=nullPointerRedundantCheck
-CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --xml
-CPPCHECK_DEP = $(subst .cpp,.cppcheck,$(CPPCHECK_CPP))
-CPPCHECK_INC = -I$(srcdir)/include -I$(srcdir)/src/obj_dbg -I$(srcdir)/src
-
-cppcheck: $(CPPCHECK_DEP)
-%.cppcheck: %.cpp
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 -DVL_THREADED=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $<
-
-CLANGTIDY = clang-tidy
-CLANGTIDY_FLAGS = -config='' -checks='-fuchsia-*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,-cppcoreguidelines-init-variables'
-CLANGTIDY_DEP = $(subst .h,.h.tidy,$(CPPCHECK_H)) \
-	$(subst .cpp,.cpp.tidy,$(CPPCHECK_CPP))
-CLANGTIDY_DEFS = -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_THREADED=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1
-
-clang-tidy: $(CLANGTIDY_DEP)
-%.cpp.tidy: %.cpp
-	$(CLANGTIDY) $(CLANGTIDY_FLAGS) $< -- $(CLANGTIDY_DEFS) $(CPPCHECK_INC) | 2>&1 tee $@
-%.h.tidy: %.h
-	$(CLANGTIDY) $(CLANGTIDY_FLAGS) $< -- $(CLANGTIDY_DEFS) $(CPPCHECK_INC) | 2>&1 tee $@
-
-analyzer-src:
-	-rm -rf src/obj_dbg
-	scan-build $(MAKE) -k verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT)
-
-analyzer-include:
-	-rm -rf examples/*/obj*
-	scan-build $(MAKE) -k examples
-
-format: clang-format yapf format-pl-exec
-
-CLANGFORMAT = clang-format-11
-CLANGFORMAT_FLAGS = -i
-CLANGFORMAT_FILES = $(CPPCHECK_CPP) $(CPPCHECK_H) $(CPPCHECK_YL) test_regress/t/*.c* test_regress/t/*.h
-
-clang-format:
-	@$(CLANGFORMAT) --version | egrep 11.0 > /dev/null \
-		|| echo "*** You are not using clang-format 11.0, indents may differ from master's ***"
-	$(CLANGFORMAT) $(CLANGFORMAT_FLAGS) $(CLANGFORMAT_FILES)
-
-PY_PROGRAMS = \
-	bin/verilator_ccache_report \
-	bin/verilator_difftree \
-	bin/verilator_gantt \
-	bin/verilator_profcfunc \
-	examples/xml_py/vl_file_copy \
-	examples/xml_py/vl_hier_graph \
-	docs/guide/conf.py \
-	docs/bin/vl_sphinx_extract \
-	docs/bin/vl_sphinx_fix \
-	src/astgen \
-	src/bisonpre \
-	src/config_rev \
-	src/cppcheck_filtered \
-	src/flexfix \
-	src/vlcovgen \
-	test_regress/t/*.pf \
-	nodist/code_coverage \
-	nodist/dot_importer \
-	nodist/fuzzer/actual_fail \
-	nodist/fuzzer/generate_dictionary \
-	nodist/install_test \
-
-PY_FILES = \
-	$(PY_PROGRAMS) \
-	nodist/code_coverage.dat \
-
-YAPF = yapf3
-YAPF_FLAGS = -i
-
-yapf:
-	$(YAPF) $(YAPF_FLAGS) $(PY_FILES)
-
-FLAKE8 = flake8
-FLAKE8_FLAGS = \
-	--extend-exclude=fastcov.py \
-	--ignore=E123,E129,E251,E501,W503,W504,E701
-
-PYLINT = pylint
-PYLINT_FLAGS = --disable=R0801
-
-lint-py:
-	-$(FLAKE8) $(FLAKE8_FLAGS) $(PY_PROGRAMS)
-	-$(PYLINT) $(PYLINT_FLAGS) $(PY_PROGRAMS)
-
-format-pl-exec:
-	-chmod a+x test_regress/t/*.pl
-
 install-msg:
 	@echo
 	@echo "Installed binaries to $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator"
@@ -410,10 +382,182 @@ install-msg:
 	@echo "For forums and to report bugs see https://verilator.org"
 	@echo
 
+######################################################################
+# Format/Lint
+
+# Use --xml flag to see the cppcheck code to use for suppression
+CPPCHECK1_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/include/*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK2_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/examples/*/*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK3_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/Vlc*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK4_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[A-D]*.cpp $(srcdir)/src/Verilator*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK5_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[E-I]*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK6_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[P-Z]*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK7_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[L-R]*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK8_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[S-Z]*.cpp)
+CHECK_CPP = $(CPPCHECK1_CPP) $(CPPCHECK2_CPP) $(CPPCHECK3_CPP) $(CPPCHECK4_CPP) \
+	$(CPPCHECK5_CPP) $(CPPCHECK6_CPP) $(CPPCHECK7_CPP) $(CPPCHECK8_CPP)
+CHECK_H = $(wildcard \
+	$(srcdir)/include/*.h \
+	$(srcdir)/src/*.h )
+CHECK_YL = $(wildcard \
+	$(srcdir)/src/*.y \
+	$(srcdir)/src/*.l )
+CPPCHECK = src/cppcheck_filtered cppcheck
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS = --enable=all --inline-suppr \
+	--suppress=cstyleCast --suppress=useInitializationList \
+	--suppress=nullPointer --suppress=nullPointerRedundantCheck --suppress=ctunullpointer \
+	--suppress=unusedFunction --suppress=unusedScopedObject \
+	--suppress=useStlAlgorithm
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --xml
+CPPCHECK_DEP = $(subst .cpp,.cppcheck,$(CHECK_CPP))
+CPPCHECK_INC = -I$(srcdir)/include -I$(srcdir)/include/gtkwave -I$(srcdir)/include/vltstd -I$(srcdir)/src/obj_dbg -I$(srcdir)/src
+
+cppcheck: cppcheck-1 cppcheck-2 cppcheck-3 cppcheck-4 cppcheck-5 cppcheck-6 cppcheck-7 cppcheck-8
+cppcheck-1:
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK1_CPP)
+cppcheck-2:
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK2_CPP)
+cppcheck-3:
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK3_CPP)
+cppcheck-4:
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK4_CPP)
+cppcheck-5:
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK5_CPP)
+cppcheck-6:
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK6_CPP)
+cppcheck-7:
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK7_CPP)
+cppcheck-8:
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK8_CPP)
+
+CLANGTIDY = clang-tidy
+CLANGTIDY_FLAGS = -config='' \
+	-header-filter='.*' \
+	-checks='-fuchsia-*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,-cppcoreguidelines-init-variables,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-goto,-modernize-avoid-c-arrays,-readability-magic-numbers,-readability-simplify-boolean-expr,-cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage' \
+
+CLANGTIDY_DEP = $(subst .cpp,.cpp.tidy,$(CHECK_CPP))
+CLANGTIDY_DEFS = -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1
+
+clang-tidy: $(CLANGTIDY_DEP)
+%.cpp.tidy: %.cpp
+	$(CLANGTIDY) $(CLANGTIDY_FLAGS) $< -- $(CLANGTIDY_DEFS) $(CPPCHECK_INC) | 2>&1 tee $@
+%.h.tidy: %.h
+	$(CLANGTIDY) $(CLANGTIDY_FLAGS) $< -- $(CLANGTIDY_DEFS) $(CPPCHECK_INC) -x c++-header | 2>&1 tee $@
+
+analyzer-src:
+	-rm -rf src/obj_dbg
+	scan-build $(MAKE) -k verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT)
+
+analyzer-include:
+	-rm -rf examples/*/obj*
+	scan-build $(MAKE) -k examples
+
+format:
+	$(MAKE) -j 4 format-c format-py format-exec
+
+CLANGFORMAT = clang-format-14
+CLANGFORMAT_FLAGS = -i
+CLANGFORMAT_FILES = $(CHECK_CPP) $(CHECK_H) $(CHECK_YL) test_regress/t/*.c* test_regress/t/*.h
+
+format-c clang-format:
+	@$(CLANGFORMAT) --version | egrep 14.0 > /dev/null \
+		|| echo "*** You are not using clang-format-14, indents may differ from master's ***"
+	$(CLANGFORMAT) $(CLANGFORMAT_FLAGS) $(CLANGFORMAT_FILES)
+
+YAMLFIX = YAMLFIX_WHITELINES=1 YAMLFIX_LINE_LENGTH=130 YAMLFIX_preserve_quotes=true yamlfix
+
+yamlfix:
+	$(YAMLFIX) .
+
+# CMake files
+CMAKE_FILES = \
+	CMakeLists.txt \
+	examples/*/CMakeLists.txt \
+	src/CMakeLists.txt \
+	test_regress/CMakeLists.txt \
+	*.cmake.in \
+
+# Python programs, subject to format and lint
+PY_PROGRAMS = \
+	bin/verilator_ccache_report \
+	bin/verilator_difftree \
+	bin/verilator_gantt \
+	bin/verilator_includer \
+	bin/verilator_profcfunc \
+	examples/json_py/vl_file_copy \
+	examples/json_py/vl_hier_graph \
+	docs/guide/conf.py \
+	docs/bin/vl_sphinx_extract \
+	docs/bin/vl_sphinx_fix \
+	src/astgen \
+	src/bisonpre \
+	src/config_rev \
+	src/cppcheck_filtered \
+	src/flexfix \
+	src/vlcovgen \
+	src/.gdbinit.py \
+	test_regress/*.py \
+	test_regress/t/*.pf \
+	nodist/clang_check_attributes \
+	nodist/code_coverage \
+	nodist/dot_importer \
+	nodist/fuzzer/actual_fail \
+	nodist/fuzzer/generate_dictionary \
+	nodist/install_test \
+	nodist/log_changes \
+
+# Python files, subject to format but not lint
+PY_FILES = \
+	$(PY_PROGRAMS) \
+	nodist/code_coverage.dat \
+	test_regress/t/*.py \
+
+# Python files, test_regress tests
+PY_TEST_FILES = \
+	test_regress/t/*.py \
+
+YAPF = yapf3
+YAPF_FLAGS = -i --parallel
+
+format-py yapf:
+	$(YAPF) $(YAPF_FLAGS) $(PY_FILES)
+
+GERSEMI = gersemi
+GERSEMI_FLAGS = -i
+
+format-cmake:
+	$(GERSEMI) $(GERSEMI_FLAGS) $(CMAKE_FILES)
+
+PYLINT = pylint
+PYLINT_FLAGS = --recursive=n --score=n --disable=R0801
+PYLINT_TEST_FLAGS = $(PYLINT_FLAGS) --disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0209,C0411,C0413,C0301,R0801,R0912,R0915,R0916,R1702,W0511,W0621
+
+RUFF = ruff
+RUFF_FLAGS = check --ignore=E402,E501,E701
+
+# "make -k" so can see all tool result errors
+lint-py:
+	$(MAKE) -k lint-py-pylint lint-py-pylint-tests lint-py-ruff
+
+lint-py-pylint:
+	$(PYLINT) $(PYLINT_FLAGS) $(PY_PROGRAMS)
+
+lint-py-pylint-tests:
+	$(PYLINT) $(PYLINT_TEST_FLAGS) $(PY_TEST_FILES) | $(PYTHON3) nodist/lint_py_test_filter
+
+lint-py-ruff:
+	$(RUFF) $(RUFF_FLAGS) $(PY_PROGRAMS)
+
+format-exec:
+	-chmod a+x test_regress/t/*.py
+
+######################################################################
+# Configure
+
 IN_WILD := ${srcdir}/*.in ${srcdir}/*/*.in
 
-# autoheader might not change config_build.h.in, so touch it
-${srcdir}/config_build.h: ${srcdir}/config_build.h.in configure
+# autoheader might not change config_package.h.in, so touch it
+${srcdir}/config_package.h: ${srcdir}/config_package.h.in configure
 	cd ${srcdir} && autoheader
 	touch $@
 Makefile: Makefile.in config.status $(IN_WILD)
@@ -423,12 +567,15 @@ config.status: configure
 	./config.status --recheck
 
 configure: configure.ac
-ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
+ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)  # Local... Else don't burden users
 	autoconf --warnings=all
 else
 	autoconf
 endif
 
+######################################################################
+# Clean
+
 maintainer-clean::
 	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use;"
 	@echo "rebuilding the deleted files requires autoconf."
@@ -459,17 +606,6 @@ distclean maintainer-clean::
 	rm -f bin/verilator_bin* bin/verilator_coverage_bin*
 	rm -f include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h
 
-TAGFILES=${srcdir}/*/*.cpp ${srcdir}/*/*.h ${srcdir}/*/*.in \
-	${srcdir}/*.in ${srcdir}/*.pod
-
-TAGS:	$(TAGFILES)
-	etags $(TAGFILES)
-
-.PHONY: doxygen
-
-doxygen:
-	$(MAKE) -C docs doxygen
-
 ######################################################################
 # Distributions
 

README.rst

@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 .. Github doesn't render images unless absolute URL
 .. Do not know of a conditional tag, "only: github" nor "github display" works
 
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/License-LGPL%20v3-blue.svg
-    :target: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0]
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Artistic%202.0-0298c3.svg
+|badge1| |badge2| |badge3| |badge4| |badge5| |badge6| |badge7|
+
+.. |badge1| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Website-Verilator.org-181717.svg
+    :target: https://verilator.org
+.. |badge2| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/License-LGPL%20v3-blue.svg
+    :target: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0
+.. |badge3| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Artistic%202.0-0298c3.svg
     :target: https://opensource.org/licenses/Artistic-2.0
-.. image:: https://repology.org/badge/tiny-repos/verilator.svg?header=distro%20packages
+.. |badge4| image:: https://repology.org/badge/tiny-repos/verilator.svg?header=distro%20packages
     :target: https://repology.org/project/verilator/versions
-.. image:: https://api.codacy.com/project/badge/Grade/fa78caa433c84a4ab9049c43e9debc6f
+.. |badge5| image:: https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/verilator/verilator
+    :target: https://hub.docker.com/r/verilator/verilator
+.. |badge6| image:: https://api.codacy.com/project/badge/Grade/fa78caa433c84a4ab9049c43e9debc6f
     :target: https://www.codacy.com/gh/verilator/verilator
-.. image:: https://codecov.io/gh/verilator/verilator/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
-    :target: https://codecov.io/gh/verilator/verilator
-.. image:: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/workflows/build/badge.svg
+.. |badge7| image:: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/workflows/build/badge.svg
     :target: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/actions?query=workflow%3Abuild
 
 
@@ -21,18 +25,18 @@ Welcome to Verilator
 .. list-table::
 
    * - **Welcome to Verilator, the fastest Verilog/SystemVerilog simulator.**
-        * Accepts synthesizable Verilog or SystemVerilog
+        * Accepts Verilog or SystemVerilog
         * Performs lint code-quality checks
         * Compiles into multithreaded C++, or SystemC
         * Creates XML to front-end your own tools
      - |Logo|
    * - |verilator multithreaded performance|
      - **Fast**
-        * Outperforms many commercial simulators
-        * Single- and multi-threaded output models
+        * Outperforms many closed-source commercial simulators
+        * Single- and multithreaded output models
    * - **Widely Used**
         * Wide industry and academic deployment
-        * Out-of-the-box support from Arm, and RISC-V vendor IP
+        * Out-of-the-box support from Arm and RISC-V vendor IP
      - |verilator usage|
    * - |verilator community|
      - **Community Driven & Openly Licensed**
@@ -52,41 +56,41 @@ What Verilator Does
 Verilator is invoked with parameters similar to GCC or Synopsys's VCS.  It
 "Verilates" the specified Verilog or SystemVerilog code by reading it,
 performing lint checks, and optionally inserting assertion checks and
-coverage-analysis points. It outputs single- or multi-threaded .cpp and .h
+coverage-analysis points. It outputs single- or multithreaded .cpp and .h
 files, the "Verilated" code.
 
-The user writes a little C++/SystemC wrapper file, which instantiates the
-"Verilated" model of the user's top level module. These C++/SystemC files
-are then compiled by a C++ compiler (gcc/clang/MSVC++). The resulting
+These Verilated C++/SystemC files are then compiled by a C++ compiler
+(gcc/clang/MSVC++), optionally along with a user's own C++/SystemC wrapper
+file, to instantiate the Verilated model. Executing the resulting
 executable performs the design simulation. Verilator also supports linking
-its generated libraries, optionally encrypted, into other simulators.
+Verilated generated libraries, optionally encrypted, into other simulators.
 
-Verilator may not be the best choice if you are expecting a full featured
-replacement for NC-Verilog, VCS or another commercial Verilog simulator, or
-if you are looking for a behavioral Verilog simulator e.g. for a quick
-class project (we recommend `Icarus Verilog`_ for this.) However, if you
-are looking for a path to migrate SystemVerilog to C++ or SystemC, or your
-team is comfortable writing just a touch of C++ code, Verilator is the tool
-for you.
+Verilator may not be the best choice if you are expecting a full-featured
+replacement for a closed-source Verilog simulator, need SDF annotation,
+mixed-signal simulation, or are doing a quick class project (we recommend
+`Icarus Verilog`_ for classwork).  However, if you are looking for a path
+to migrate SystemVerilog to C++/SystemC, or want high-speed simulation of
+designs, Verilator is the tool for you.
 
 
 Performance
 ===========
 
-Verilator does not simply convert Verilog HDL to C++ or SystemC. Rather,
+Verilator does not directly translate Verilog HDL to C++ or SystemC. Rather,
 Verilator compiles your code into a much faster optimized and optionally
 thread-partitioned model, which is in turn wrapped inside a C++/SystemC
 module. The results are a compiled Verilog model that executes even on a
-single-thread over 10x faster than standalone SystemC, and on a single
+single thread over 10x faster than standalone SystemC, and on a single
 thread is about 100 times faster than interpreted Verilog simulators such
 as `Icarus Verilog`_. Another 2-10x speedup might be gained from
 multithreading (yielding 200-1000x total over interpreted simulators).
 
-Verilator has typically similar or better performance versus the
-closed-source Verilog simulators (Carbon Design Systems Carbonator,
-Modelsim, Cadence Incisive/NC-Verilog, Synopsys VCS, VTOC, and Pragmatic
-CVer/CVC). But, Verilator is open-sourced, so you can spend on computes
-rather than licenses. Thus Verilator gives you the best cycles/dollar.
+Verilator has typically similar or better performance versus closed-source
+Verilog simulators (e.g., Aldec Riviera-Pro, Cadence Incisive/NC-Verilog,
+Mentor ModelSim/Questa, Synopsys VCS, VTOC, and Pragmatic CVer/CVC). But,
+Verilator is open-sourced, so you can spend on computes rather than
+licenses. Thus, Verilator gives you the best simulation cycles/dollar.
+
 
 Installation & Documentation
 ============================
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ For more information:
 - `Verilator manual (HTML) <https://verilator.org/verilator_doc.html>`_,
   or `Verilator manual (PDF) <https://verilator.org/verilator_doc.pdf>`_
 
-- `Subscribe to verilator announcements
+- `Subscribe to Verilator announcements
   <https://github.com/verilator/verilator-announce>`_
 
 - `Verilator forum <https://verilator.org/forum>`_
@@ -130,14 +134,14 @@ Related Projects
 - `GTKwave <http://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`_ - Waveform viewer for
   Verilator traces.
 
-- `Icarus Verilog`_ - Icarus is a full featured interpreted Verilog
+- `Icarus Verilog`_ - Icarus is a full-featured interpreted Verilog
   simulator. If Verilator does not support your needs, perhaps Icarus may.
 
 
 Open License
 ============
 
-Verilator is Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. (Report bugs to
+Verilator is Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. (Report bugs to
 `Verilator Issues <https://verilator.org/issues>`_.)
 
 Verilator is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the
 Perl Artistic License Version 2.0. See the documentation for more details.
 
 .. _CHIPS Alliance: https://chipsalliance.org
-.. _Icarus Verilog: http://iverilog.icarus.com
+.. _Icarus Verilog: https://steveicarus.github.io/iverilog
 .. _Linux Foundation: https://www.linuxfoundation.org
 .. |Logo| image:: https://www.veripool.org/img/verilator_256_200_min.png
 .. |verilator multithreaded performance| image:: https://www.veripool.org/img/verilator_multithreaded_performance_bg-min.png

bin/redirect

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+######################################################################
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+#
+######################################################################
+
+require 5.006_001;
+use warnings;
+use FindBin qw($RealBin $RealScript);
+use strict;
+
+my $relpath = RELPATH;  # Substituted during Verilator 'make install'
+
+unshift @ARGV, $RealScript;
+
+exec { "$RealBin/$relpath/$RealScript" } @ARGV;
+die "%Error: Exec failed,";

bin/verilator

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use Getopt::Long;
 use FindBin qw($RealBin $RealScript);
 use IO::File;
 use Pod::Usage;
+use Cwd qw(realpath);
 
 use strict;
 use vars qw($Debug @Opt_Verilator_Sw);
@@ -31,6 +32,8 @@ my $opt_gdb;
 my $opt_rr;
 my $opt_gdbbt;
 my $opt_quiet_exit;
+my $opt_unlimited_stack = 1;
+my $opt_valgrind;
 
 # No arguments can't do anything useful.  Give help
 if ($#ARGV < 0) {
@@ -49,20 +52,37 @@ foreach my $sw (@ARGV) {
 Getopt::Long::config("no_auto_abbrev", "pass_through");
 if (! GetOptions(
           # Major operating modes
-          "help"        => \&usage,
-          "debug"       => \&debug,
-          # "version!"  => \&version,   # Also passthru'ed
+          "help"             => \&usage,
+          "debug"            => \&debug,
+          # "version!"       => \&version,   # Also passthru'ed
           # Switches
-          "gdb!"        => \$opt_gdb,
-          "gdbbt!"      => \$opt_gdbbt,
-          "quiet-exit!" => \$opt_quiet_exit,
-          "rr!"         => \$opt_rr,
+          "gdb!"             => \$opt_gdb,
+          "gdbbt!"           => \$opt_gdbbt,
+          "quiet!"           => \$opt_quiet_exit,  # As -quiet implies -quiet-exit
+          "quiet-exit!"      => \$opt_quiet_exit,
+          "rr!"              => \$opt_rr,
+          "unlimited-stack!" => \$opt_unlimited_stack,
+          "valgrind!"        => \$opt_valgrind,
           # Additional parameters
-          "<>"          => sub {},      # Ignored
+          "<>"               => sub {},      # Ignored
     )) {
     pod2usage(-exitstatus => 2, -verbose => 0);
 }
 
+# WARNING: $verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath is substituted during Verilator 'make install'
+my $verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath = "..";
+my $verilator_root = realpath("$RealBin/$verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath");
+if (defined $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}) {
+    if ((!-d $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}) || $verilator_root ne realpath($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT})) {
+        warn "%Error: verilator: VERILATOR_ROOT is set to inconsistent path. Suggest leaving it unset.\n";
+        warn "%Error: VERILATOR_ROOT=$ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}\n";
+        exit 1;
+    }
+} else {
+    print "export VERILATOR_ROOT='$verilator_root'\n" if $Debug;
+    $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT} = $verilator_root;
+}
+
 if ($opt_gdbbt && !gdb_works()) {
     warn "-Info: --gdbbt ignored: gdb doesn't seem to be working\n" if $Debug;
     $opt_gdbbt = 0;
@@ -76,7 +96,8 @@ if ($opt_gdbbt && !gdb_works()) {
 my @quoted_sw = map { sh_escape($_) } @Opt_Verilator_Sw;
 if ($opt_gdb) {
     # Generic GDB interactive
-    run (aslr_off()
+    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+         . aslr_off()
          . ($ENV{VERILATOR_GDB} || "gdb")
          . " " . verilator_bin()
          # Note, uncomment to set breakpoints before running:
@@ -92,24 +113,41 @@ if ($opt_gdb) {
          . " -ex 'bt'");
 } elsif ($opt_rr) {
     # Record with rr
-    run (aslr_off()
+    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+         . aslr_off()
          . "rr record " . verilator_bin()
          . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 } elsif ($opt_gdbbt && $Debug) {
     # Run under GDB to get gdbbt
-    run (aslr_off()
+    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+         . aslr_off()
          . "gdb"
          . " " . verilator_bin()
          . " --batch --quiet --return-child-result"
          . " -ex \"run " . join(' ', @quoted_sw)."\""
          . " -ex 'set width 0'"
          . " -ex 'bt' -ex 'quit'");
+} elsif ($opt_valgrind) {
+    # Run under valgrind
+    my $valgrind_bin = ($ENV{VERILATOR_VALGRIND} || "valgrind --error-exitcode=1 --max-stackframe=2815880"
+        # Magic number sugested by valgrind, may need to be increased in future
+        # if you get warnings. See: https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core.html#opt.max-stackframe
+        );
+
+    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+         . aslr_off()
+         . $valgrind_bin
+         . " " . verilator_bin()
+         . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 } elsif ($Debug) {
     # Debug
-    run(aslr_off() . verilator_bin() . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
+    run(ulimit_stack_unlimited()
+        . aslr_off()
+        . verilator_bin()
+        . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 } else {
     # Normal, non gdb
-    run(verilator_bin() . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
+    run(ulimit_stack_unlimited() . verilator_bin() . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 }
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -129,30 +167,13 @@ sub debug {
 # Builds
 
 sub verilator_bin {
-    my $bin = "";
-    # Use VERILATOR_ROOT if defined, else assume verilator_bin is in the search path
     my $basename = ($ENV{VERILATOR_BIN}
                     || ($Debug ? "verilator_bin_dbg" : "verilator_bin"));
-    if (defined($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT})) {
-        my $dir = $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT};
-        if (-x "$dir/bin/$basename"
-            || -x "$dir/bin/$basename.exe") {  # From a "make install" into VERILATOR_ROOT
-            $bin = "$dir/bin/$basename";
-        } else {
-            $bin = "$dir/$basename";  # From pointing to kit directory
-        }
+    if (-x "$RealBin/$basename" || -x "$RealBin/$basename.exe") {
+        return "$RealBin/$basename";
     } else {
-        if (-x "$RealBin/$basename"
-            || -x "$RealBin/$basename.exe") {
-            $bin = "$RealBin/$basename";  # From path/to/verilator with verilator_bin installed
-        } else {
-            $bin = $basename;  # Find in PATH
-        }
-        # Note we don't look under bin/$basename which would be right if running
-        # in the kit dir. Running that would likely break, since
-        # VERILATOR_ROOT wouldn't be set and Verilator won't find internal files.
+        return $basename;  # Find in PATH
     }
-    return $bin;
 }
 
 #######################################################################
@@ -180,6 +201,17 @@ sub aslr_off {
     }
 }
 
+sub ulimit_stack_unlimited {
+    return "" if !$opt_unlimited_stack;
+    system("ulimit -s unlimited 2>/dev/null");
+    my $status = $?;
+    if ($status == 0) {
+        return "ulimit -s unlimited 2>/dev/null; exec ";
+    } else {
+        return "";
+    }
+}
+
 sub run {
     # Run command, check errors
     my $command = shift;
@@ -237,13 +269,13 @@ __END__
 
 =head1 NAME
 
-Verilator - Translate and simulate SystemVerilog code using C++/SystemC
-
+Verilator - Lint, compile and simulate SystemVerilog code using C++/SystemC
 
 =head1 SYNOPSIS
 
     verilator --help
     verilator --version
+    verilator --binary -j 0 [options] [source_files.v]... [opt_c_files.cpp/c/cc/a/o/so]
     verilator --cc [options] [source_files.v]... [opt_c_files.cpp/c/cc/a/o/so]
     verilator --sc [options] [source_files.v]... [opt_c_files.cpp/c/cc/a/o/so]
     verilator --lint-only -Wall [source_files.v]...
@@ -267,7 +299,7 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
 
 =for VL_SPHINX_EXTRACT "_build/gen/args_verilator.rst"
 
-    <file.v>                    Verilog package, module and top module filenames
+    <file.v>                    Verilog package, module, and top module filenames
     <file.c/cc/cpp>             Optional C++ files to compile in
     <file.a/o/so>               Optional C++ files to link in
 
@@ -278,40 +310,57 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
      +1800-2009ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2009 with file extension <ext>
      +1800-2012ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2012 with file extension <ext>
      +1800-2017ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2017 with file extension <ext>
+     +1800-2023ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2023 with file extension <ext>
     --assert                    Enable all assertions
+    --assert-case               Enable unique/unique0/priority case related checks
     --autoflush                 Flush streams after all $displays
     --bbox-sys                  Blackbox unknown $system calls
     --bbox-unsup                Blackbox unsupported language features
-    --bin <filename>            Override Verilator binary
+    --binary                    Build model binary
     --build                     Build model executable/library after Verilation
-     -CFLAGS <flags>            C++ compiler arguments for makefile
+    --build-dep-bin <filename>  Override build dependency Verilator binary
+    --build-jobs <jobs>         Parallelism for --build
     --cc                        Create C++ output
-    --cdc                       Clock domain crossing analysis
+     -CFLAGS <flags>            C++ compiler arguments for makefile
     --clk <signal-name>         Mark specified signal as clock
-    --make <build-tool>         Generate scripts for specified build tool
+    --no-clk <signal-name>      Prevent marking specified signal as clock
     --compiler <compiler-name>  Tune for specified C++ compiler
+    --compiler-include          Include additional header in the precompiled one
     --converge-limit <loops>    Tune convergence settle time
     --coverage                  Enable all coverage
+    --coverage-expr             Enable expression coverage
+    --coverage-expr-max <value>     Maximum permutations allowed for an expression
     --coverage-line             Enable line coverage
     --coverage-max-width <width>   Maximum array depth for coverage
     --coverage-toggle           Enable toggle coverage
-    --coverage-user             Enable SVL user coverage
     --coverage-underscore       Enable coverage of _signals
+    --coverage-user             Enable SVL user coverage
      -D<var>[=<value>]          Set preprocessor define
     --debug                     Enable debugging
     --debug-check               Enable debugging assertions
     --no-debug-leak             Disable leaking memory in --debug mode
     --debugi <level>            Enable debugging at a specified level
     --debugi-<srcfile> <level>  Enable debugging a source file at a level
+    --decorations <level>       Set output comment and spacing level
+    --no-decoration             Disable comments and lower spacing level
     --default-language <lang>   Default language to parse
      +define+<var>=<value>      Set preprocessor define
     --dpi-hdr-only              Only produce the DPI header file
     --dump-defines              Show preprocessor defines with -E
-    --dump-tree                 Enable dumping .tree files
-    --dump-treei <level>        Enable dumping .tree files at a level
-    --dump-treei-<srcfile> <level>  Enable dumping .tree file at a source file at a level
+    --dump-dfg                  Enable dumping DfgGraphs to .dot files
+    --dump-graph                Enable dumping V3Graphs to .dot files
+    --dump-tree                 Enable dumping Ast .tree files
     --dump-tree-addrids         Use short identifiers instead of addresses
+    --dump-tree-dot             Enable dumping Ast .tree.dot debug files
+    --dump-tree-json            Enable dumping Ast .tree.json files and .tree.meta.json file
+    --dump-<srcfile>            Enable dumping everything in source file
+    --dumpi-dfg <level>         Enable dumping DfgGraphs to .dot files at level
+    --dumpi-graph <level>       Enable dumping V3Graphs to .dot files at level
+    --dumpi-tree <level>        Enable dumping Ast .tree files at level
+    --dumpi-tree-json <level>   Enable dumping Ast .tree.json files at level
+    --dumpi-<srcfile> <level>   Enable dumping everything in source file at level
      -E                         Preprocess, but do not compile
+    --emit-accessors            Emit getter and setter methods for model top class
     --error-limit <value>       Abort after this number of errors
     --exe                       Link to create executable
     --expand-limit <value>      Set expand optimization limit
@@ -319,103 +368,138 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
      -f <file>                  Parse arguments from a file
      -FI <file>                 Force include of a file
     --flatten                   Force inlining of all modules, tasks and functions
+    --future0 <option>          Ignore an option for compatibility
+    --future1 <option>          Ignore an option with argument for compatibility
+     -fno-<optimization>        Disable internal optimization stage
      -G<name>=<value>           Overwrite top-level parameter
+    --gate-stmts <value>        Tune gate optimizer depth
     --gdb                       Run Verilator under GDB interactively
     --gdbbt                     Run Verilator under GDB for backtrace
     --generate-key              Create random key for --protect-key
+    --get-supported <feature>   Get if feature is supported
     --getenv <var>              Get environment variable with defaults
-    --help                      Display this help
+    --help                      Show this help
     --hierarchical              Enable hierarchical Verilation
+    --hierarchical-params-file <name> Internal option that specifies parameters file for hier blocks
      -I<dir>                    Directory to search for includes
-     -j <jobs>                  Parallelism for --build
-    --gate-stmts <value>        Tune gate optimizer depth
     --if-depth <value>          Tune IFDEPTH warning
      +incdir+<dir>              Directory to search for includes
     --inline-mult <value>       Tune module inlining
     --instr-count-dpi <value>   Assumed dynamic instruction count of DPI imports
-     -LDFLAGS <flags>           Linker pre-object arguments for makefile
+     -j <jobs>                  Parallelism for --build-jobs/--verilate-jobs
+    --no-json-edit-nums         Don't dump editNum in .tree.json files
+    --no-json-ids               Don't use short identifiers instead of adresses/paths in .tree.json
+    --json-only                 Create JSON parser output (.tree.json and .meta.json)
+    --json-only-output          .tree.json output filename
+    --json-only-meta-output     .tree.meta.json output filename
     --l2-name <value>           Verilog scope name of the top module
     --language <lang>           Default language standard to parse
+     -LDFLAGS <flags>           Linker pre-object arguments for makefile
+    --lib-create <name>         Create a DPI library
      +libext+<ext>+[ext]...     Extensions for finding modules
     --lint-only                 Lint, but do not make output
+    --localize-max-size <value>  Tune localize optimization variable size
+    --make <build-tool>         Generate scripts for specified build tool
      -MAKEFLAGS <flags>         Arguments to pass to make during --build
+    --main                      Generate C++ main() file
+    --main-top-name             Specify top name passed to Verilated model in generated C++ main
     --max-num-width <value>     Maximum number width (default: 64K)
-    --MMD                       Create .d dependency files
-    --MP                        Create phony dependency targets
     --Mdir <directory>          Name of output object directory
-    --no-merge-const-pool       Disable merging of different types in const pool
+    --MMD                       Create .d dependency files
     --mod-prefix <topname>      Name to prepend to lower classes
-    --no-clk <signal-name>      Prevent marking specified signal as clock
-    --no-decoration             Disable comments and symbol decorations
-    --no-pins64                 Don't use vluint64_t's for 33-64 bit sigs
-    --no-skip-identical         Disable skipping identical output
+    --MP                        Create phony dependency targets
      +notimingchecks            Ignored
      -O0                        Disable optimizations
-     -O3                        High performance optimizations
+     -O3                        High-performance optimizations
      -O<optimization-letter>    Selectable optimizations
      -o <executable>            Name of final executable
-    --no-order-clock-delay      Disable ordering clock enable assignments
-    --no-verilate               Skip verilation and just compile previously Verilated code.
+    --output-groups <numfiles>  Group .cpp files into larger ones
     --output-split <statements>          Split .cpp files into pieces
     --output-split-cfuncs <statements>   Split model functions
     --output-split-ctrace <statements>   Split tracing functions
      -P                         Disable line numbers and blanks with -E
-    --pins-bv <bits>            Specify types for top level ports
-    --pins-sc-uint              Specify types for top level ports
-    --pins-sc-biguint           Specify types for top level ports
-    --pins-uint8                Specify types for top level ports
+    --pins-bv <bits>            Specify types for top-level ports
+    --pins-inout-enables        Specify that __en and __out signals be created for inouts
+    --pins-sc-biguint           Specify types for top-level ports
+    --pins-sc-uint              Specify types for top-level ports
+    --pins-sc-uint-bool         Specify types for top-level ports
+    --pins-uint8                Specify types for top-level ports
+    --no-pins64                 Don't use uint64_t's for 33-64 bit sigs
     --pipe-filter <command>     Filter all input through a script
     --pp-comments               Show preprocessor comments with -E
-    --prefix <topname>          Name of top level class
+    --prefix <topname>          Name of top-level class
+    --preproc-resolve           Include all found modules in the output with -E
+    --preproc-token-limit       Maximum tokens on a line allowed by preprocessor
+    --private                   Debugging; see docs
     --prof-c                    Compile C++ code with profiling
     --prof-cfuncs               Name functions for profiling
-    --prof-threads              Enable generating gantt chart data for threads
-    --protect-key <key>         Key for symbol protection
+    --prof-exec                 Enable generating execution profile for gantt chart
+    --prof-pgo                  Enable generating profiling data for PGO
     --protect-ids               Hash identifier names for obscurity
+    --protect-key <key>         Key for symbol protection
     --protect-lib <name>        Create a DPI protected library
-    --private                   Debugging; see docs
-    --public                    Debugging; see docs
+    --public                    Mark signals as public; see docs
+    --public-depth <level>      Mark public to specified module depth
     --public-flat-rw            Mark all variables, etc as public_flat_rw
+    --public-ignore             Ignore all public comment markings
+    --public-params             Mark all parameters as public_flat
      -pvalue+<name>=<value>     Overwrite toplevel parameter
+    --quiet                     Minimize additional printing
     --quiet-exit                Don't print the command on failure
+    --quiet-stats               Don't print statistics
     --relative-includes         Resolve includes relative to current file
     --reloop-limit              Minimum iterations for forming loops
     --report-unoptflat          Extra diagnostics for UNOPTFLAT
     --rr                        Run Verilator and record with rr
+    --runtime-debug             Enable model runtime debugging
     --savable                   Enable model save-restore
     --sc                        Create SystemC output
+    --no-skip-identical         Disable skipping identical output
     --stats                     Create statistics file
     --stats-vars                Provide statistics on variables
+    --no-std                    Prevent loading standard files
+    --no-std-package            Prevent parsing standard package
+    --no-std-waiver             Prevent parsing standard lint waivers
+    --no-stop-fail              Do not call $stop when assertion fails
+    --structs-packed            Convert all unpacked structures to packed structures
      -sv                        Enable SystemVerilog parsing
-     +systemverilogext+<ext>    Synonym for +1800-2017ext+<ext>
+     +systemverilogext+<ext>    Synonym for +1800-2023ext+<ext>
     --threads <threads>         Enable multithreading
     --threads-dpi <mode>        Enable multithreaded DPI
     --threads-max-mtasks <mtasks>  Tune maximum mtask partitioning
+    --timing                    Enable timing support
+    --no-timing                 Disable timing support
     --timescale <timescale>     Sets default timescale
     --timescale-override <timescale>  Overrides all timescales
     --top <topname>             Alias of --top-module
-    --top-module <topname>      Name of top level input module
+    --top-module <topname>      Name of top-level input module
     --trace                     Enable waveform creation
     --trace-coverage            Enable tracing of coverage
     --trace-depth <levels>      Depth of tracing
     --trace-fst                 Enable FST waveform creation
-    --trace-max-array <depth>   Maximum bit width for tracing
-    --trace-max-width <width>   Maximum array depth for tracing
+    --trace-max-array <depth>   Maximum array depth for tracing
+    --trace-max-width <width>   Maximum bit width for tracing
     --trace-params              Enable tracing of parameters
     --trace-structs             Enable tracing structure names
-    --trace-threads <threads>   Enable waveform creation on separate threads
+    --trace-threads <threads>   Enable FST waveform creation on separate threads
+    --no-trace-top              Do not emit traces for signals in the top module generated by verilator
     --trace-underscore          Enable tracing of _signals
      -U<var>                    Undefine preprocessor define
+    --no-unlimited-stack        Don't disable stack size limit
     --unroll-count <loops>      Tune maximum loop iterations
     --unroll-stmts <stmts>      Tune maximum loop body size
     --unused-regexp <regexp>    Tune UNUSED lint signals
      -V                         Verbose version and config
      -v <filename>              Verilog library
+    --valgrind                  Run Verilator under valgrind
+    --verilate-jobs             Job threads for Verilation stage
+    --no-verilate               Skip Verilation and just compile previously Verilated code
      +verilog1995ext+<ext>      Synonym for +1364-1995ext+<ext>
      +verilog2001ext+<ext>      Synonym for +1364-2001ext+<ext>
-    --version                   Displays program version and exits
+    --version                   Show program version and exits
     --vpi                       Enable VPI compiles
-    --waiver-output <filename>  Create a waiver file based on the linter warnings
+    --waiver-multiline          Create multiline --match for waivers
+    --waiver-output <filename>  Create a waiver file based on linter warnings
      -Wall                      Enable all style warnings
      -Werror-<message>          Convert warnings to errors
      -Wfuture-<message>         Disable unknown message warnings
@@ -425,6 +509,9 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
      -Wno-lint                  Disable all lint warnings
      -Wno-style                 Disable all style warnings
      -Wpedantic                 Warn on compliance-test issues
+     -Wwarn-<message>           Enable specified warning message
+     -Wwarn-lint                Enable lint warning message
+     -Wwarn-style               Enable style warning message
     --x-assign <mode>           Assign non-initial Xs to this value
     --x-initial <mode>          Assign initial Xs to this value
     --x-initial-edge            Enable initial X->0 and X->1 edge triggers
@@ -439,26 +526,28 @@ description of these arguments.
 
 =for VL_SPHINX_EXTRACT "_build/gen/args_verilated.rst"
 
-     +verilator+debug                  Enable debugging
-     +verilator+debugi+<value>         Enable debugging at a level
-     +verilator+error+limit+<value>    Set error limit
-     +verilator+help                   Display help
-     +verilator+noassert               Disable assert checking
-     +verilator+prof+threads+file+<filename>  Set profile filename
-     +verilator+prof+threads+start+<value>    Set profile starting point
-     +verilator+prof+threads+window+<value>   Set profile duration
-     +verilator+prof+vlt+file+<filename>      Set profile guided filename
-     +verilator+rand+reset+<value>     Set random reset technique
-     +verilator+seed+<value>           Set random seed
-     +verilator+V                      Verbose version and config
-     +verilator+version                Show version and exit
+     +verilator+debug                      Enable debugging
+     +verilator+debugi+<value>             Enable debugging at a level
+     +verilator+coverage+file+<filename>   Set coverage output filename
+     +verilator+error+limit+<value>        Set error limit
+     +verilator+help                       Show help
+     +verilator+noassert                   Disable assert checking
+     +verilator+prof+exec+file+<filename>  Set execution profile filename
+     +verilator+prof+exec+start+<value>    Set execution profile starting point
+     +verilator+prof+exec+window+<value>   Set execution profile duration
+     +verilator+prof+vlt+file+<filename>   Set PGO profile filename
+     +verilator+quiet                      Minimize additional printing
+     +verilator+rand+reset+<value>         Set random reset technique
+     +verilator+seed+<value>               Set random seed
+     +verilator+V                          Show verbose version and config
+     +verilator+version                    Show version and exit
 
 
 =head1 DISTRIBUTION
 
 The latest version is available from L<https://verilator.org>.
 
-Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms of
 either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic
 License Version 2.0.

bin/verilator_ccache_report

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0123,C0301,R0902,R0913,R0914,R0912,R0915,W0621
+# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0123,C0209,C0301,R0902,R0913,R0914,R0912,R0915,W0621
 ######################################################################
 
 import argparse
@@ -12,9 +12,11 @@ from datetime import datetime
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
     allow_abbrev=False,
     formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
-    description="""Report ccache behavior of a Verilated model build.""",
-    epilog=
-    """Copyright 2002-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+    description="""Report ccache behavior of a Verilated model build.
+
+    For documentation see
+    https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_ccache_report.html""",
+    epilog="""Copyright 2002-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -64,30 +66,23 @@ else:
     wnames = max(len(_) for _ in results) + 1
     wresults = max(len(_) for _ in results.values()) + 1
     for k in sorted(results.keys()):
-        args.o.write("{:{wnames}} : {:{wresults}} : {}s\n".format(
-            k,
-            results[k],
-            elapsed[k].total_seconds(),
-            wnames=wnames,
-            wresults=wresults))
+        args.o.write("{:{wnames}} : {:{wresults}} : {}s\n".format(k,
+                                                                  results[k],
+                                                                  elapsed[k].total_seconds(),
+                                                                  wnames=wnames,
+                                                                  wresults=wresults))
 
     args.o.write("\nSummary:\n")
     counts = collections.Counter(_ for _ in results.values())
     total = sum(counts.values())
     for k in sorted(counts.keys()):
         c = counts[k]
-        args.o.write("{:{width}}| {} ({:.2%})\n".format(k,
-                                                        c,
-                                                        c / total,
-                                                        width=wresults))
+        args.o.write("{:{width}}| {} ({:.2%})\n".format(k, c, c / total, width=wresults))
 
     args.o.write("\nLongest:\n")
-    longest = sorted(list(elapsed.items()),
-                     key=lambda kv: -kv[1].total_seconds())
+    longest = sorted(list(elapsed.items()), key=lambda kv: -kv[1].total_seconds())
     for i, (k, v) in enumerate(longest):
-        args.o.write("{:{width}}| {}s\n".format(k,
-                                                v.total_seconds(),
-                                                width=wnames))
+        args.o.write("{:{width}}| {}s\n".format(k, v.total_seconds(), width=wnames))
         if i > 4:
             break
 

bin/verilator_coverage

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ verilator_coverage - Verilator coverage analyzer
 
     verilator_coverage --annotate <obj>
 
-    verilator_coverage  -write merged.dat -read <datafiles>...
+    verilator_coverage  -write merged.dat <datafiles>...
 
-    verilator_coverage  -write-info merged.info -read <datafiles>...
+    verilator_coverage  -write-info merged.info <datafiles>...
 
 Verilator_coverage processes Verilated model-generated coverage reports.
 
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ L<https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_coverage.html>.
     --annotate <output_dir>       Directory name for source annotation.
     --annotate-all                All files should be shown.
     --annotate-min <count>        Minimum occurrence count for uncovered.
+    --annotate-points             Annotates info from each coverage point.
     --help                        Displays this message and version and exits.
     --rank                        Compute relative importance of tests.
     --unlink                      With --write, unlink all inputs
@@ -176,18 +177,18 @@ L<https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_coverage.html>.
     --write <filename>            Write aggregate coverage results.
     --write-info <filename.info>  Write lcov .info.
 
-    +libext+I<ext>+I<ext>...      Extensions for Verilog files.
-    +define+I<var>+I<value>       Defines the given variable.
-    -DI<var>=I<value>             Defines the given variable.
-    +incdir+I<dir>                Add directory for finding include files.
-    -II<dir>                      Add directory for finding include files.
-    -y I<dir>                     Specifies module search directory.
+    +libext+<ext>+<ext>...        Extensions for Verilog files.
+    +define+<var>+<value>         Defines the given variable.
+    -D<var>=<value>               Defines the given variable.
+    +incdir+<dir>                 Add directory for finding include files.
+    -I<dir>                       Add directory for finding include files.
+    -y <dir>                      Specifies module search directory.
 
 =head1 DISTRIBUTION
 
 The latest version is available from L<https://verilator.org>.
 
-Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
 of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
 Artistic License Version 2.0.

bin/verilator_difftree

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116
+# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0209
 ######################################################################
 
 import argparse
@@ -38,17 +38,16 @@ def diff_dir(a, b):
 
     anyfile = False
     for base in sorted(files.keys()):
+        if ('a' not in files[base]) or ('b' not in files[base]):
+            continue
         a = files[base]['a']
         b = files[base]['b']
-        if not a or not b:
-            continue
-        print("=" * 70)
-        print("= %s <-> %s" % (a, b))
+        print("=" * 70, flush=True)
+        print("= %s <-> %s" % (a, b), flush=True)
         diff_file(a, b)
         anyfile = True
     if not anyfile:
-        sys.stderr.write(
-            "%Warning: No .tree files found that have similar base names\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("%Warning: No .tree files found that have similar base names\n")
 
 
 def diff_file(a, b):
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ def diff_file(a, b):
 
 def version_from(filename):
     # Return dump format
-    with open(filename) as fh:
+    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
         lineno = 0
         for line in fh:
             if lineno > 10:
@@ -86,8 +85,8 @@ def version_from(filename):
 
 def filterf(fn1, fn2):
     # Remove hex numbers before diffing
-    with open(fn1) as fh1:
-        with open(fn2, "w") as fh2:
+    with open(fn1, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh1:
+        with open(fn2, "w", encoding="utf8") as fh2:
             for line in fh1:
                 if re.search(r' This=', line):
                     continue
@@ -104,26 +103,19 @@ def filterf(fn1, fn2):
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
     allow_abbrev=False,
     formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
-    description="""Compare two Verilator debugging trees""",
-    epilog=
-    """Verilator_difftree is used for debugging Verilator tree output files.
+    description="""Compare two Verilator debugging trees.
+
+Verilator_difftree is used for debugging Verilator tree output files.
 It performs a diff between two files, or all files common between two
-directories, ignoring irrelevant pointer differences.
-
-For documentation see
-https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_difftree.html
-
-Copyright 2005-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+directories, ignoring irrelevant pointer differences.""",
+    epilog="""Copyright 2005-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
 
 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
 
-parser.add_argument('--debug',
-                    action='store_const',
-                    const=9,
-                    help='enable debug')
+parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('--no-lineno',
                     action='store_false',
                     help='do not show differences in line numbering')

bin/verilator_gantt

@@ -1,89 +1,105 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0301,R0914,R0912,R0915,W0511,eval-used
+# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0209,C0301,R0914,R0912,R0915,W0511,W0603,eval-used
 ######################################################################
 
 import argparse
+import bisect
 import collections
 import math
 import re
 import statistics
 # from pprint import pprint
 
-Threads = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {})
-Mtasks = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {})
-Evals = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {})
-EvalLoops = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {})
-Global = {
-    'args': {},
-    'cpuinfo': collections.defaultdict(lambda: {}),
-    'rdtsc_cycle_time': 0,
-    'stats': {}
-}
+Sections = []
+LongestVcdStrValueLength = 0
+Threads = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [])  # List of records per thread id
+Mtasks = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {'elapsed': 0, 'end': 0})
+Cpus = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {'mtask_time': 0})
+Global = {'args': {}, 'cpuinfo': collections.defaultdict(lambda: {}), 'stats': {}}
+ElapsedTime = None  # total elapsed time
+ExecGraphTime = 0  # total elapsed time excuting an exec graph
+ExecGraphIntervals = []  # list of (start, end) pairs
 
 ######################################################################
 
 
-def process(filename):
-    read_data(filename)
-    report()
-
-
 def read_data(filename):
-    with open(filename) as fh:
-        re_prof = re.compile(
-            r'^VLPROF mtask\s(\d+)\sstart\s(\d+)\selapsed\s(\d+)\spredict_start\s(\d+)\spredict_cost\s(\d+)\scpu\s(\d+)\son thread (\d+)'
-        )
-        re_eval = re.compile(r'^VLPROF eval\sstart\s(\d+)\selapsed\s(\d+)')
-        re_loop = re.compile(
-            r'^VLPROF eval_loop\sstart\s(\d+)\selapsed\s(\d+)')
+    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
+        re_thread = re.compile(r'^VLPROFTHREAD (\d+)$')
+        re_record = re.compile(r'^VLPROFEXEC (\S+) (\d+)(.*)$')
+        re_payload_mtaskBegin = re.compile(r'id (\d+) predictStart (\d+) cpu (\d+)')
+        re_payload_mtaskEnd = re.compile(r'id (\d+) predictCost (\d+)')
+
         re_arg1 = re.compile(r'VLPROF arg\s+(\S+)\+([0-9.]*)\s*')
         re_arg2 = re.compile(r'VLPROF arg\s+(\S+)\s+([0-9.]*)\s*$')
         re_stat = re.compile(r'VLPROF stat\s+(\S+)\s+([0-9.]+)')
-        re_time = re.compile(r'rdtsc time = (\d+) ticks')
         re_proc_cpu = re.compile(r'VLPROFPROC processor\s*:\s*(\d+)\s*$')
         re_proc_dat = re.compile(r'VLPROFPROC ([a-z_ ]+)\s*:\s*(.*)$')
         cpu = None
+        thread = 0
+        execGraphStart = None
+
+        global LongestVcdStrValueLength
+        global ExecGraphTime
+
+        SectionStack = []
+        mTaskThread = {}
 
         for line in fh:
-            if re_prof.match(line):
-                match = re_prof.match(line)
-                mtask = int(match.group(1))
-                start = int(match.group(2))
-                elapsed_time = int(match.group(3))
-                end = start + elapsed_time
-                predict_start = int(match.group(4))
-                predict_cost = int(match.group(5))
-                cpu = int(match.group(6))
-                thread = int(match.group(7))
-                if start not in Threads[thread]:
-                    Threads[thread][start] = {}
-                Threads[thread][start]['mtask'] = mtask
-                Threads[thread][start]['end'] = end
-                Threads[thread][start]['cpu'] = cpu
-                Threads[thread][start]['predict_start'] = predict_start
-                Threads[thread][start]['predict_cost'] = predict_cost
-
-                if 'elapsed' not in Mtasks[mtask]:
-                    Mtasks[mtask] = {'end': 0, 'elapsed': 0}
-                Mtasks[mtask]['thread'] = thread
-                Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'] += elapsed_time
-                Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] = predict_start
-                Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] = predict_cost
-                Mtasks[mtask]['end'] = max(Mtasks[mtask]['end'], end)
-            elif re_eval.match(line):
-                match = re_eval.match(line)
-                start = int(match.group(1))
-                elapsed_time = int(match.group(2))
-                Evals[start]['start'] = start
-                Evals[start]['end'] = start + elapsed_time
-            elif re_loop.match(line):
-                match = re_loop.match(line)
-                start = int(match.group(1))
-                elapsed_time = int(match.group(2))
-                EvalLoops[start]['start'] = start
-                EvalLoops[start]['end'] = start + elapsed_time
-            elif re.match(r'^VLPROFTHREAD', line):
-                None  # pylint: disable=pointless-statement
+            recordMatch = re_record.match(line)
+            if recordMatch:
+                kind, tick, payload = recordMatch.groups()
+                tick = int(tick)
+                payload = payload.strip()
+                if kind == "SECTION_PUSH":
+                    LongestVcdStrValueLength = max(LongestVcdStrValueLength, len(payload))
+                    SectionStack.append(payload)
+                    Sections[thread].append((tick, tuple(SectionStack)))
+                elif kind == "SECTION_POP":
+                    assert SectionStack, "SECTION_POP without SECTION_PUSH"
+                    SectionStack.pop()
+                    Sections[thread].append((tick, tuple(SectionStack)))
+                elif kind == "MTASK_BEGIN":
+                    mtask, predict_start, ecpu = re_payload_mtaskBegin.match(payload).groups()
+                    mtask = int(mtask)
+                    predict_start = int(predict_start)
+                    ecpu = int(ecpu)
+                    mTaskThread[mtask] = thread
+                    records = Threads[thread]
+                    assert not records or records[-1]['start'] <= records[-1]['end'] <= tick
+                    records.append({
+                        'start': tick,
+                        'mtask': mtask,
+                        'predict_start': predict_start,
+                        'cpu': ecpu
+                    })
+                    Mtasks[mtask]['begin'] = tick
+                    Mtasks[mtask]['thread'] = thread
+                    Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] = predict_start
+                elif kind == "MTASK_END":
+                    mtask, predict_cost = re_payload_mtaskEnd.match(payload).groups()
+                    mtask = int(mtask)
+                    predict_cost = int(predict_cost)
+                    begin = Mtasks[mtask]['begin']
+                    record = Threads[mTaskThread[mtask]][-1]
+                    record['end'] = tick
+                    record['predict_cost'] = predict_cost
+                    Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'] += tick - begin
+                    Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] = predict_cost
+                    Mtasks[mtask]['end'] = max(Mtasks[mtask]['end'], tick)
+                elif kind == "EXEC_GRAPH_BEGIN":
+                    execGraphStart = tick
+                elif kind == "EXEC_GRAPH_END":
+                    ExecGraphTime += tick - execGraphStart
+                    ExecGraphIntervals.append((execGraphStart, tick))
+                    execGraphStart = None
+                elif Args.debug:
+                    print("-Unknown execution trace record: %s" % line)
+            elif re_thread.match(line):
+                thread = int(re_thread.match(line).group(1))
+                Sections.append([])
+            elif re.match(r'^VLPROF(THREAD|VERSION)', line):
+                pass
             elif re_arg1.match(line):
                 match = re_arg1.match(line)
                 Global['args'][match.group(1)] = match.group(2)
@@ -96,7 +112,7 @@ def read_data(filename):
             elif re_proc_cpu.match(line):
                 match = re_proc_cpu.match(line)
                 cpu = int(match.group(1))
-            elif cpu and re_proc_dat.match(line):
+            elif cpu is not None and re_proc_dat.match(line):
                 match = re_proc_dat.match(line)
                 term = match.group(1)
                 value = match.group(2)
@@ -105,14 +121,9 @@ def read_data(filename):
                 value = re.sub(r'\s+$', '', value)
                 Global['cpuinfo'][cpu][term] = value
             elif re.match(r'^#', line):
-                None  # pylint: disable=pointless-statement
+                pass
             elif Args.debug:
                 print("-Unk: %s" % line)
-            # TODO -- this is parsing text printed by a client.
-            # Really, verilator proper should generate this
-            # if it's useful...
-            if re_time.match(line):
-                Global['rdtsc_cycle_time'] = re_time.group(1)
 
 
 def re_match_result(regexp, line, result_to):
@@ -131,32 +142,50 @@ def report():
         plus = "+" if re.match(r'^\+', arg) else " "
         print("  %s%s%s" % (arg, plus, Global['args'][arg]))
 
-    nthreads = len(Threads)
-    Global['cpus'] = {}
-    for thread in Threads:
-        # Make potentially multiple characters per column
-        for start in Threads[thread]:
-            cpu = Threads[thread][start]['cpu']
-            elapsed = Threads[thread][start]['end'] - start
-            if cpu not in Global['cpus']:
-                Global['cpus'][cpu] = {'cpu_time': 0}
-            Global['cpus'][cpu]['cpu_time'] += elapsed
+    for records in Threads.values():
+        for record in records:
+            cpu = record['cpu']
+            elapsed = record['end'] - record['start']
+            Cpus[cpu]['mtask_time'] += elapsed
 
-    measured_mt_mtask_time = 0
-    predict_mt_mtask_time = 0
-    long_mtask_time = 0
-    measured_last_end = 0
-    predict_last_end = 0
-    for mtask in Mtasks:
-        measured_mt_mtask_time += Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed']
-        predict_mt_mtask_time += Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost']
-        measured_last_end = max(measured_last_end, Mtasks[mtask]['end'])
-        predict_last_end = max(
-            predict_last_end,
-            Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] + Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'])
-        long_mtask_time = max(long_mtask_time, Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'])
-    Global['measured_last_end'] = measured_last_end
-    Global['predict_last_end'] = predict_last_end
+    global ElapsedTime
+    ElapsedTime = int(Global['stats']['ticks'])
+    nthreads = int(Global['stats']['threads'])
+    ncpus = max(len(Cpus), 1)
+
+    print("\nSummary:")
+    print("  Total elapsed time = {} rdtsc ticks".format(ElapsedTime))
+    print("  Parallelized code  = {:.2%} of elapsed time".format(ExecGraphTime / ElapsedTime))
+    print("  Total threads      = %d" % nthreads)
+    print("  Total CPUs used    = %d" % ncpus)
+    print("  Total mtasks       = %d" % len(Mtasks))
+    print("  Total yields       = %d" % int(Global['stats'].get('yields', 0)))
+
+    report_mtasks()
+    report_cpus()
+    report_sections()
+
+    if nthreads > ncpus:
+        print()
+        print("%%Warning: There were fewer CPUs (%d) than threads (%d)." % (ncpus, nthreads))
+        print("        : See docs on use of numactl.")
+    else:
+        if 'cpu_socket_cores_warning' in Global:
+            print()
+            print("%Warning: Multiple threads scheduled on same hyperthreaded core.")
+            print("        : See docs on use of numactl.")
+        if 'cpu_sockets_warning' in Global:
+            print()
+            print("%Warning: Threads scheduled on multiple sockets.")
+            print("        : See docs on use of numactl.")
+    print()
+
+
+def report_mtasks():
+    if not Mtasks:
+        return
+
+    nthreads = int(Global['stats']['threads'])
 
     # If we know cycle time in the same (rdtsc) units,
     # this will give us an actual utilization number,
@@ -166,38 +195,43 @@ def report():
     # serial mode, to estimate the overhead of data sharing,
     # which will show up in the total elapsed time. (Overhead
     # of synchronization and scheduling should not.)
-    print("\nAnalysis:")
-    print("  Total threads             = %d" % nthreads)
-    print("  Total mtasks              = %d" % len(Mtasks))
-    ncpus = len(Global['cpus'])
-    print("  Total cpus used           = %d" % ncpus)
-    print("  Total yields              = %d" % int(Global['stats']['yields']))
-    print("  Total evals               = %d" % len(Evals))
-    print("  Total eval loops          = %d" % len(EvalLoops))
-    print("  Total eval time           = %d rdtsc ticks" %
-          Global['measured_last_end'])
-    print("  Longest mtask time        = %d rdtsc ticks" % long_mtask_time)
-    print("  All-thread mtask time     = %d rdtsc ticks" %
-          measured_mt_mtask_time)
-    long_efficiency = long_mtask_time / (Global.get('measured_last_end', 1)
-                                         or 1)
-    print("  Longest-thread efficiency = %0.1f%%" % (long_efficiency * 100.0))
-    mt_efficiency = measured_mt_mtask_time / (
-        Global.get('measured_last_end', 1) * nthreads or 1)
-    print("  All-thread efficiency     = %0.1f%%" % (mt_efficiency * 100.0))
-    print("  All-thread speedup        = %0.1f" % (mt_efficiency * nthreads))
-    if Global['rdtsc_cycle_time'] > 0:
-        ut = measured_mt_mtask_time / Global['rdtsc_cycle_time']
-        print("tot_mtask_cpu=" + measured_mt_mtask_time + " cyc=" +
-              Global['rdtsc_cycle_time'] + " ut=" + ut)
+    total_mtask_time = 0
+    thread_mtask_time = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
+    long_mtask_time = 0
+    long_mtask = None
+    predict_mtask_time = 0
+    predict_elapsed = 0
+    for mtaskId in Mtasks:
+        record = Mtasks[mtaskId]
+        predict_mtask_time += record['predict_cost']
+        total_mtask_time += record['elapsed']
+        thread_mtask_time[record['thread']] += record['elapsed']
+        predict_end = record['predict_start'] + record['predict_cost']
+        predict_elapsed = max(predict_elapsed, predict_end)
+        if record['elapsed'] > long_mtask_time:
+            long_mtask_time = record['elapsed']
+            long_mtask = mtaskId
+    Global['predict_last_end'] = predict_elapsed
 
-    predict_mt_efficiency = predict_mt_mtask_time / (
-        Global.get('predict_last_end', 1) * nthreads or 1)
-    print("\nPrediction (what Verilator used for scheduling):")
-    print("  All-thread efficiency     = %0.1f%%" %
-          (predict_mt_efficiency * 100.0))
-    print("  All-thread speedup        = %0.1f" %
-          (predict_mt_efficiency * nthreads))
+    serialTime = ElapsedTime - ExecGraphTime
+
+    def subReport(elapsed, work):
+        print("  Thread utilization = {:7.2%}".format(work / (elapsed * nthreads)))
+        print("  Speedup            = {:6.3}x".format(work / elapsed))
+
+    print("\nParallelized code, measured:")
+    subReport(ExecGraphTime, total_mtask_time)
+
+    print("\nParallelized code, predicted during static scheduling:")
+    subReport(predict_elapsed, predict_mtask_time)
+
+    print("\nAll code, measured:")
+    subReport(ElapsedTime, serialTime + total_mtask_time)
+
+    print("\nAll code, measured, scaled by predicted speedup:")
+    expectedParallelSpeedup = predict_mtask_time / predict_elapsed
+    scaledElapsed = serialTime + total_mtask_time / expectedParallelSpeedup
+    subReport(scaledElapsed, serialTime + total_mtask_time)
 
     p2e_ratios = []
     min_p2e = 1000000
@@ -209,8 +243,7 @@ def report():
         if Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'] > 0:
             if Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] == 0:
                 Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] = 1  # don't log(0) below
-            p2e_ratio = math.log(Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] /
-                                 Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'])
+            p2e_ratio = math.log(Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] / Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'])
             p2e_ratios.append(p2e_ratio)
 
             if p2e_ratio > max_p2e:
@@ -220,16 +253,16 @@ def report():
                 min_p2e = p2e_ratio
                 min_mtask = mtask
 
-    print("\nStatistics:")
+    print("\nMTask statistics:")
+    print("  Longest mtask id = {}".format(long_mtask))
+    print("  Longest mtask time = {:.2%} of time elapsed in parallelized code".format(
+        long_mtask_time / ExecGraphTime))
     print("  min log(p2e) = %0.3f" % min_p2e, end="")
-    print("  from mtask %d (predict %d," %
-          (min_mtask, Mtasks[min_mtask]['predict_cost']),
-          end="")
+
+    print("  from mtask %d (predict %d," % (min_mtask, Mtasks[min_mtask]['predict_cost']), end="")
     print(" elapsed %d)" % Mtasks[min_mtask]['elapsed'])
     print("  max log(p2e) = %0.3f" % max_p2e, end="")
-    print("  from mtask %d (predict %d," %
-          (max_mtask, Mtasks[max_mtask]['predict_cost']),
-          end="")
+    print("  from mtask %d (predict %d," % (max_mtask, Mtasks[max_mtask]['predict_cost']), end="")
     print(" elapsed %d)" % Mtasks[max_mtask]['elapsed'])
 
     stddev = statistics.pstdev(p2e_ratios)
@@ -238,53 +271,34 @@ def report():
     print("  stddev = %0.3f" % stddev)
     print("  e ^ stddev = %0.3f" % math.exp(stddev))
 
-    report_cpus()
-
-    if nthreads > ncpus:
-        print()
-        print("%%Warning: There were fewer CPUs (%d) then threads (%d)." %
-              (ncpus, nthreads))
-        print("        : See docs on use of numactl.")
-    else:
-        if 'cpu_socket_cores_warning' in Global:
-            print()
-            print(
-                "%Warning: Multiple threads scheduled on same hyperthreaded core."
-            )
-            print("        : See docs on use of numactl.")
-        if 'cpu_sockets_warning' in Global:
-            print()
-            print("%Warning: Threads scheduled on multiple sockets.")
-            print("        : See docs on use of numactl.")
-    print()
-
 
 def report_cpus():
-    print("\nCPUs:")
+    print("\nCPU info:")
 
     Global['cpu_sockets'] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
     Global['cpu_socket_cores'] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
 
-    for cpu in sorted(Global['cpus'].keys()):
-        print("  cpu %d: " % cpu, end='')
-        print("cpu_time=%d" % Global['cpus'][cpu]['cpu_time'], end='')
-
-        socket = None
+    print("   Id | Time spent executing MTask | Socket | Core | Model")
+    print("      | % of elapsed ticks / ticks |        |      |")
+    print("  ====|============================|========|======|======")
+    for cpu in sorted(Cpus):
+        socket = ""
+        core = ""
+        model = ""
         if cpu in Global['cpuinfo']:
             cpuinfo = Global['cpuinfo'][cpu]
             if 'physical_id' in cpuinfo and 'core_id' in cpuinfo:
-                socket = int(cpuinfo['physical_id'])
+                socket = cpuinfo['physical_id']
                 Global['cpu_sockets'][socket] += 1
-                print(" socket=%d" % socket, end='')
-
-                core = int(cpuinfo['core_id'])
-                Global['cpu_socket_cores'][str(socket) + "__" + str(core)] += 1
-                print(" core=%d" % core, end='')
+                core = cpuinfo['core_id']
+                Global['cpu_socket_cores'][socket + "__" + core] += 1
 
             if 'model_name' in cpuinfo:
                 model = cpuinfo['model_name']
-                print("  %s" % model, end='')
-        print()
+
+        print("  {:3d} | {:7.2%} / {:16d} | {:>6s} | {:>4s} | {}".format(
+            cpu, Cpus[cpu]['mtask_time'] / ElapsedTime, Cpus[cpu]['mtask_time'], socket, core,
+            model))
 
     if len(Global['cpu_sockets']) > 1:
         Global['cpu_sockets_warning'] = True
@@ -293,25 +307,72 @@ def report_cpus():
                 Global['cpu_socket_cores_warning'] = True
 
 
+def report_sections():
+    for thread, section in enumerate(Sections):
+        if section:
+            print(f"\nSection profile for thread {thread}:")
+            report_section(section)
+
+
+def report_section(section):
+    totalTime = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
+    selfTime = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
+
+    sectionTree = [0, {}, 1]  # [selfTime, childTrees, numberOfTimesEntered]
+    prevTime = 0
+    prevStack = ()
+    for time, stack in section:
+        if len(stack) > len(prevStack):
+            scope = sectionTree
+            for item in stack:
+                scope = scope[1].setdefault(item, [0, {}, 0])
+            scope[2] += 1
+        dt = time - prevTime
+        assert dt >= 0
+        scope = sectionTree
+        for item in prevStack:
+            scope = scope[1].setdefault(item, [0, {}, 0])
+        scope[0] += dt
+
+        if prevStack:
+            for name in prevStack:
+                totalTime[name] += dt
+            selfTime[prevStack[-1]] += dt
+        prevTime = time
+        prevStack = stack
+
+    def treeSum(tree):
+        n = tree[0]
+        for subTree in tree[1].values():
+            n += treeSum(subTree)
+        return n
+
+    # Make sure the tree sums to the elapsed time
+    sectionTree[0] += ElapsedTime - treeSum(sectionTree)
+
+    def printTree(prefix, name, entries, tree):
+        print("  {:7.2%} | {:7.2%} | {:8} | {:10.2f} | {}".format(
+            treeSum(tree) / ElapsedTime, tree[0] / ElapsedTime, tree[2], tree[2] / entries,
+            prefix + name))
+        for k in sorted(tree[1], key=lambda _: -treeSum(tree[1][_])):
+            printTree(prefix + "  ", k, tree[2], tree[1][k])
+
+    print(" Total    | Self    | Total    | Relative   | Section")
+    print(" time     | time    | entries  | entries    |  name  ")
+    print("==========|=========|==========|============|========")
+    printTree("", "*TOTAL*", 1, sectionTree)
+
+
 ######################################################################
 
 
 def write_vcd(filename):
     print("Writing %s" % filename)
-    with open(filename, "w") as fh:
-        vcd = {
-            'values':
-            collections.defaultdict(lambda: {}),  # {<time>}{<code>} = value
-            'sigs': {
-                'predicted_threads': {},
-                'measured_threads': {},
-                'cpus': {},
-                'evals': {},
-                'mtasks': {},
-                'Stats': {}
-            }  # {<module>}{<sig}} = code
-        }
-        code = 0
+    with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf8") as fh:
+        # dict of dicts of hierarchy elements/signal name  -> (code, width)
+        scopeSigs = {}
+        # map from time -> code -> value
+        values = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {})
 
         parallelism = {
             'measured': collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0),
@@ -320,131 +381,137 @@ def write_vcd(filename):
         parallelism['measured'][0] = 0
         parallelism['predicted'][0] = 0
 
-        # Measured graph
-        for thread in sorted(Threads.keys()):
-            sig = "thread%d_mtask" % thread
-            if sig not in vcd['sigs']['measured_threads']:
-                vcd['sigs']['measured_threads'][sig] = code
-                code += 1
-            mcode = vcd['sigs']['measured_threads'][sig]
+        nextFreeCode = 0
 
-            for start in sorted(Threads[thread]):
-                mtask = Threads[thread][start]['mtask']
-                end = Threads[thread][start]['end']
-                cpu = Threads[thread][start]['cpu']
-                vcd['values'][start][mcode] = mtask
-                vcd['values'][end][mcode] = None
+        def getCode(width, *names):
+            nonlocal nextFreeCode
+            scope = scopeSigs
+            *path, name = names
+            for item in path:
+                scope = scope.setdefault(item, {})
+            code, oldWidth = scope.setdefault(name, (nextFreeCode, width))
+            assert oldWidth == width
+            if code == nextFreeCode:
+                nextFreeCode += 1
+            return code
+
+        def addValue(code, time, val):
+            if isinstance(val, str):
+                buf = ""
+                for c in val:
+                    buf += bin(ord(c))[2:].rjust(8, "0")
+                val = buf.ljust(LongestVcdStrValueLength * 8, "0")
+            values[time][code] = val
+
+        # Measured graph
+        for thread in sorted(Threads):
+            mcode = getCode(32, 'measured', 't%d_mtask' % thread)
+            for record in Threads[thread]:
+                start = record['start']
+                mtask = record['mtask']
+                end = record['end']
+                cpu = record['cpu']
+                addValue(mcode, start, mtask)
+                addValue(mcode, end, None)
                 parallelism['measured'][start] += 1
                 parallelism['measured'][end] -= 1
 
-                sig = "cpu%d_thread" % cpu
-                if sig not in vcd['sigs']['cpus']:
-                    vcd['sigs']['cpus'][sig] = code
-                    code += 1
-                ccode = vcd['sigs']['cpus'][sig]
-                vcd['values'][start][ccode] = thread
-                vcd['values'][end][ccode] = None
+                code = getCode(32, 'measured', 'cpu%d_thread' % cpu)
+                addValue(code, start, thread)
+                addValue(code, end, None)
 
-                sig = "mtask%d_cpu" % mtask
-                if sig not in vcd['sigs']['mtasks']:
-                    vcd['sigs']['mtasks'][sig] = code
-                    code += 1
-                ccode = vcd['sigs']['mtasks'][sig]
-                vcd['values'][start][ccode] = cpu
-                vcd['values'][end][ccode] = None
+                code = getCode(32, 'measured', 'cpu%d_mtask' % cpu)
+                addValue(code, start, mtask)
+                addValue(code, end, None)
 
-        # Eval graph
-        vcd['sigs']['evals']["eval"] = code
-        elcode = code
-        code += 1
-        n = 0
-        for eval_start in Evals:
-            eval_end = Evals[eval_start]['end']
-            n += 1
-            vcd['values'][eval_start][elcode] = n
-            vcd['values'][eval_end][elcode] = None
-
-        # Eval_loop graph
-        vcd['sigs']['evals']["eval_loop"] = code
-        elcode = code
-        code += 1
-        n = 0
-        for eval_start in EvalLoops:
-            eval_end = EvalLoops[eval_start]['end']
-            n += 1
-            vcd['values'][eval_start][elcode] = n
-            vcd['values'][eval_end][elcode] = None
+        tStart = sorted(_['start'] for records in Threads.values() for _ in records)
+        tEnd = sorted(_['end'] for records in Threads.values() for _ in records)
 
         # Predicted graph
-        for eval_start in EvalLoops:
-            eval_end = EvalLoops[eval_start]['end']
-            # Compute scale so predicted graph is of same width as eval
-            measured_scaling = (eval_end -
-                                eval_start) / Global['predict_last_end']
-            # Predict mtasks that fill the time the eval occupied
+        for start, end in ExecGraphIntervals:
+            # Find the earliest MTask start after the start point, and the
+            # latest MTask end before the end point, so we can scale to the
+            # same range
+            start = tStart[bisect.bisect_left(tStart, start)]
+            end = tEnd[bisect.bisect_right(tEnd, end) - 1]
+            # Compute scale so predicted graph is of same width as interval
+            measured_scaling = (end - start) / Global['predict_last_end']
+            # Predict mtasks that fill the time the execution occupied
             for mtask in Mtasks:
                 thread = Mtasks[mtask]['thread']
-                pred_scaled_start = eval_start + int(
-                    Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] * measured_scaling)
-                pred_scaled_end = eval_start + int(
-                    (Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] +
-                     Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost']) * measured_scaling)
+                pred_scaled_start = start + int(Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] * measured_scaling)
+                pred_scaled_end = start + int(
+                    (Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] + Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost']) *
+                    measured_scaling)
                 if pred_scaled_start == pred_scaled_end:
                     continue
 
-                sig = "predicted_thread%d_mtask" % thread
-                if sig not in vcd['sigs']['predicted_threads']:
-                    vcd['sigs']['predicted_threads'][sig] = code
-                    code += 1
-                mcode = vcd['sigs']['predicted_threads'][sig]
-
-                vcd['values'][pred_scaled_start][mcode] = mtask
-                vcd['values'][pred_scaled_end][mcode] = None
+                mcode = getCode(32, 'predicted', 't%d_mtask' % thread)
+                addValue(mcode, pred_scaled_start, mtask)
+                addValue(mcode, pred_scaled_end, None)
 
                 parallelism['predicted'][pred_scaled_start] += 1
                 parallelism['predicted'][pred_scaled_end] -= 1
 
         # Parallelism graph
         for measpred in ('measured', 'predicted'):
-            vcd['sigs']['Stats']["%s_parallelism" % measpred] = code
-            pcode = code
-            code += 1
+            pcode = getCode(32, 'stats', '%s_parallelism' % measpred)
             value = 0
             for time in sorted(parallelism[measpred].keys()):
                 value += parallelism[measpred][time]
-                vcd['values'][time][pcode] = value
+                addValue(pcode, time, value)
+
+        # Section graph
+        for thread, section in enumerate(Sections):
+            if section:
+                scode = getCode(LongestVcdStrValueLength * 8, "section", f"t{thread}_trace")
+                dcode = getCode(32, "section", f"t{thread}_depth")
+                for time, stack in section:
+                    addValue(scode, time, stack[-1] if stack else None)
+                    addValue(dcode, time, len(stack))
 
         # Create output file
         fh.write("$version Generated by verilator_gantt $end\n")
         fh.write("$timescale 1ns $end\n")
         fh.write("\n")
 
-        all_codes = {}
+        all_codes = set()
+
+        def writeScope(scope):
+            assert isinstance(scope, dict)
+            for key in sorted(scope):
+                val = scope[key]
+                if isinstance(val, dict):
+                    fh.write("  $scope module %s $end\n" % key)
+                    writeScope(val)
+                    fh.write("  $upscope $end\n")
+                else:
+                    (code, width) = val
+                    all_codes.add(code)
+                    fh.write("   $var wire %d v%x %s [%d:0] $end\n" %
+                             (width, code, key, width - 1))
+
         fh.write(" $scope module gantt $end\n")
-        for module in sorted(vcd['sigs'].keys()):
-            fh.write("  $scope module %s $end\n" % module)
-            for sig in sorted(vcd['sigs'][module].keys()):
-                code = vcd['sigs'][module][sig]
-                fh.write("   $var wire 32 v%x %s [31:0] $end\n" % (code, sig))
-                all_codes[code] = 1
-            fh.write("  $upscope $end\n")
+        writeScope(scopeSigs)
         fh.write(" $upscope $end\n")
         fh.write("$enddefinitions $end\n")
         fh.write("\n")
 
         first = True
-        for time in sorted(vcd['values']):
+        for time in sorted(values):
             if first:
                 first = False
                 # Start with Z for any signals without time zero data
-                for code in sorted(all_codes.keys()):
-                    if code not in vcd['values'][time]:
-                        vcd['values'][time][code] = None
+                for code in sorted(all_codes):
+                    if code not in values[time]:
+                        addValue(code, time, None)
             fh.write("#%d\n" % time)
-            for code in sorted(vcd['values'][time].keys()):
-                value = vcd['values'][time][code]
+            for code in sorted(values[time]):
+                value = values[time][code]
                 if value is None:
                     fh.write("bz v%x\n" % code)
+                elif isinstance(value, str):
+                    fh.write("b%s v%x\n" % (value, code))
                 else:
                     fh.write("b%s v%x\n" % (format(value, 'b'), code))
 
@@ -454,16 +521,15 @@ def write_vcd(filename):
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
     allow_abbrev=False,
     formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
-    description="""Create Gantt chart of multi-threaded execution""",
-    epilog=
-    """Verilator_gantt creates a visual representation to help analyze Verilator
+    description="""Create Gantt chart of Verilator multi-threaded execution
+
+Verilator_gantt creates a visual representation to help analyze Verilator
 #xmultithreaded simulation performance, by showing when each macro-task
 #xstarts and ends, and showing when each thread is busy or idle.
 
 For documentation see
-https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_gantt.html
-
-Copyright 2018-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_gantt.html""",
+    epilog="""Copyright 2018-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -471,19 +537,16 @@ Version 2.0.
 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
 
 parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_true', help='enable debug')
-parser.add_argument('--no-vcd',
-                    help='disable creating vcd',
-                    action='store_true')
-parser.add_argument('--vcd',
-                    help='filename for vcd outpue',
-                    default='profile_threads.vcd')
+parser.add_argument('--no-vcd', help='disable creating vcd', action='store_true')
+parser.add_argument('--vcd', help='filename for vcd outpue', default='profile_exec.vcd')
 parser.add_argument('filename',
-                    help='input profile_threads.dat filename to process',
-                    default='profile_threads.dat')
+                    help='input profile_exec.dat filename to process',
+                    default='profile_exec.dat')
 
 Args = parser.parse_args()
 
-process(Args.filename)
+read_data(Args.filename)
+report()
 if not Args.no_vcd:
     write_vcd(Args.vcd)
 

bin/verilator_includer

@@ -1,20 +1,29 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env perl
-# DESCRIPTION: Print include statements for each ARGV
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# pylint: disable=C0114,C0209
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
+# of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
+# Artistic License Version 2.0.
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 ######################################################################
 
-require 5.005;
-use warnings;
-print "// DESCR" . "IPTION: Generated by verilator_includer via makefile\n";
-foreach my $param (@ARGV) {
-    if ($param =~ /^-D([^=]+)=(.*)/) {
-        print "#define $1 $2\n";
-    } else {
-        print "#include \"$param\"\n";
-    }
-}
+import re
+import sys
+
+print("// DESCR" + "IPTION: Generated by verilator_includer via makefile")
+
+re_arg_d = re.compile(r'^-D([^=]+)=(.*)')
+
+for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
+    match_d = re_arg_d.match(arg)
+    if match_d:
+        print("#define %s %s" % (match_d.group(1), match_d.group(2)))
+    else:
+        print("#include \"%s\"" % (arg))
+
+######################################################################
+# Local Variables:
+# compile-command: "./verilator_includer -Ddef=value -Ddef2=value2 file1.h file2.h"
+# End:

bin/verilator_profcfunc

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,R0914,R0912,R0915,eval-used
+# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0209,R0914,R0912,R0915,eval-used
 ######################################################################
 
 import argparse
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import re
 def profcfunc(filename):
     funcs = {}
 
-    with open(filename) as fh:
+    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
 
         for line in fh:
             #                  %time      cumesec   selfsec     calls     {stuff}   name
@@ -34,9 +34,8 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
 
             # Older gprofs have no call column for single-call functions
             #                  %time      cumesec   selfsec      {stuff}   name
-            match = re.match(
-                r'^\s*([0-9.]+)\s+[0-9.]+\s+([0-9.]+)\s+[^a-zA-Z_]*([a-zA-Z_].*)$',
-                line)
+            match = re.match(r'^\s*([0-9.]+)\s+[0-9.]+\s+([0-9.]+)\s+[^a-zA-Z_]*([a-zA-Z_].*)$',
+                             line)
             if match:
                 pct = float(match.group(1))
                 sec = float(match.group(2))
@@ -67,16 +66,15 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
     groups['design'] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
     groups['module'] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
 
-    for func in funcs:
-        pct = funcs[func]['pct']
+    for func, func_item in funcs.items():
+        pct = func_item['pct']
         vfunc = func
 
         funcarg = re.sub(r'^.*\(', '', func)
 
         design = None
-        for vde in verilated_mods:
-            if verilated_mods[vde].match(func) or verilated_mods[vde].match(
-                    funcarg):
+        for vde, vde_item in verilated_mods.items():
+            if vde_item.match(func) or vde_item.match(funcarg):
                 design = vde
                 break
 
@@ -114,12 +112,12 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
             groups['module']['C++'] += pct
 
         if vfunc not in vfuncs:
-            vfuncs[vfunc] = funcs[func]
+            vfuncs[vfunc] = func_item
             vfuncs[vfunc]['design'] = vdesign
         else:
-            vfuncs[vfunc]['pct'] += funcs[func]['pct']
-            vfuncs[vfunc]['calls'] += funcs[func]['calls']
-            vfuncs[vfunc]['sec'] += funcs[func]['sec']
+            vfuncs[vfunc]['pct'] += func_item['pct']
+            vfuncs[vfunc]['calls'] += func_item['calls']
+            vfuncs[vfunc]['sec'] += func_item['sec']
 
     for ftype in ['type', 'design', 'module']:
         missing = 100
@@ -136,20 +134,16 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
         print()
 
     design_width = 1
-    for func in vfuncs:
-        if design_width < len(vfuncs[func]['design']):
-            design_width = len(vfuncs[func]['design'])
+    for func, func_item in vfuncs.items():
+        design_width = max(design_width, len(func_item['design']))
 
     print("Verilog code profile:")
     print("   These are split into three categories:")
     print("      C++:     Time in non-Verilated C++ code")
     print("      Prof:    Time in profile overhead")
-    print("      VBlock:  Time attributable to a block in a" +
-          " Verilog file and line")
-    print("      VCommon: Time in a Verilated module," +
-          " due to all parts of the design")
-    print("      VLib:    Time in Verilated common libraries," +
-          " called by the Verilated code")
+    print("      VBlock:  Time attributable to a block in a" + " Verilog file and line")
+    print("      VCommon: Time in a Verilated module," + " due to all parts of the design")
+    print("      VLib:    Time in Verilated common libraries," + " called by the Verilated code")
     print()
 
     print("  %   cumulative   self              ")
@@ -157,13 +151,11 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
            "s  type      filename and line number") % "design")
 
     cume = 0
-    for func in sorted(vfuncs.keys(),
-                       key=lambda f: vfuncs[f]['sec'],
-                       reverse=True):
+    for func in sorted(vfuncs.keys(), key=lambda f: vfuncs[f]['sec'], reverse=True):
         cume += vfuncs[func]['sec']
         print(("%6.2f %9.2f %8.2f %10d   %-" + str(design_width) + "s  %s") %
-              (vfuncs[func]['pct'], cume, vfuncs[func]['sec'],
-               vfuncs[func]['calls'], vfuncs[func]['design'], func))
+              (vfuncs[func]['pct'], cume, vfuncs[func]['sec'], vfuncs[func]['calls'],
+               vfuncs[func]['design'], func))
 
 
 ######################################################################
@@ -172,27 +164,23 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
     allow_abbrev=False,
     formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
-    description="""Read gprof report created with --prof-cfuncs""",
-    epilog=
-    """Verilator_profcfunc reads a profile report created by gprof.  The names of
+    description="""Read gprof report created with Verilator --prof-cfuncs
+
+Verilator_profcfunc reads a profile report created by gprof.  The names of
 the functions are then transformed, assuming the user used Verilator's
 --prof-cfuncs, and a report printed showing the percentage of time, etc,
 in each Verilog block.
 
 For documentation see
-https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_profcfunc.html
-
-Copyright 2002-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_profcfunc.html""",
+    epilog="""Copyright 2002-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
 
 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
 
-parser.add_argument('--debug',
-                    action='store_const',
-                    const=9,
-                    help='enable debug')
+parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('filename', help='input gprof output to process')
 
 Args = parser.parse_args()

ci/ci-ccache-maint.bash

@@ -26,4 +26,5 @@ if git log --format=%B -n 1 "$COMMIT" | grep -q -i '\[CI\s\+ccache\s\+clear\]';
 fi
 
 # Dump stats, then zero stats
+# 22.04: ccache -s -v -z
 ccache -s -z

ci/ci-install.bash

@@ -19,16 +19,14 @@ set -x
 
 cd $(dirname "$0")/..
 
+# Avoid occasional cpan failures "Issued certificate has expired."
+export PERL_LWP_SSL_VERIFY_HOSTNAME=0
+echo "check_certificate = off" >> ~/.wgetrc
+
 fatal() {
   echo "ERROR: $(basename "$0"): $1" >&2; exit 1;
 }
 
-if [ "$CI_M32" = "0" ]; then
-  unset CI_M32
-elif [ "$CI_M32" != "1" ]; then
-  fatal "\$CI_M32 must be '0' or '1'";
-fi
-
 if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
   MAKE=make
 elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
@@ -53,16 +51,22 @@ if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
   # build Verilator
 
   if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+    sudo apt-get update ||
     sudo apt-get update
-    sudo apt-get install libfl-dev libgoogle-perftools-dev ccache
+    sudo apt-get install ccache help2man libfl-dev ||
+    sudo apt-get install ccache help2man libfl-dev
     if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-20.04" ]; then
+      # Some conflict of libunwind verison on 22.04, can live without it for now
+      sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev ||
+      sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev
+    fi
+    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-20.04" ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-22.04" ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-24.04" ]; then
+      sudo apt-get install libsystemc libsystemc-dev ||
       sudo apt-get install libsystemc libsystemc-dev
     fi
-    if [ "$COVERAGE" = 1 ]; then
-      yes yes | sudo cpan -fi Parallel::Forker
-    fi
-    if [ "$CI_M32" = 1 ]; then
-      sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib g++-multilib
+    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-22.04" ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-24.04" ]; then
+      sudo apt-get install bear mold ||
+      sudo apt-get install bear mold
     fi
   elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
     brew update
@@ -82,31 +86,34 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
   # run the tests
 
   if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+    sudo apt-get update ||
     sudo apt-get update
     # libfl-dev needed for internal coverage's test runs
-    sudo apt-get install gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache
-    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-20.04" ]; then
-      sudo apt-get install libsystemc-dev
+    sudo apt-get install gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3 ||
+    sudo apt-get install gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3
+    # Required for test_regress/t/t_dist_attributes.py
+    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-22.04" ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-24.04" ]; then
+      sudo apt-get install python3-clang mold ||
+      sudo apt-get install python3-clang mold
     fi
-    if [ "$CI_M32" = 1 ]; then
-      sudo apt-get install lib32z1-dev gcc-multilib g++-multilib
+    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-20.04" ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-22.04" ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-24.04" ]; then
+      sudo apt-get install libsystemc-dev ||
+      sudo apt-get install libsystemc-dev
     fi
   elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
     brew update
     # brew cask install gtkwave # fst2vcd hangs at launch, so don't bother
-    brew install ccache perl
+    brew install ccache perl jq z3
   elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
     # fst2vcd fails with "Could not open '<input file>', exiting."
-    sudo pkg install -y ccache gmake perl5 python3
+    sudo pkg install -y ccache gmake perl5 python3 jq z3
   else
     fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
   fi
   # Common installs
-  if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" != "ubuntu-14.04" ]; then
-    CI_CPAN_REPO=https://cpan.org
-  fi
-  yes yes | sudo cpan -M $CI_CPAN_REPO -fi Parallel::Forker
   install-vcddiff
+  # Workaround -fsanitize=address crash
+  sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_rnd_bits=28
 else
   ##############################################################################
   # Unknown build stage

ci/ci-script.bash

@@ -21,12 +21,6 @@ fatal() {
   echo "ERROR: $(basename "$0"): $1" >&2; exit 1;
 }
 
-if [ "$CI_M32" = "0" ]; then
-  unset CI_M32
-elif [ "$CI_M32" != "1" ]; then
-  fatal "\$CI_M32 must be '0' or '1'";
-fi
-
 if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
   export MAKE=make
   NPROC=$(nproc)
@@ -39,6 +33,7 @@ elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
 else
   fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
 fi
+NPROC=$(expr $NPROC '+' 1)
 
 if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
   ##############################################################################
@@ -46,9 +41,10 @@ if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
 
   if [ "$COVERAGE" != 1 ]; then
     autoconf
-    ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn ${CI_M32:+--enable-m32}
+    ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn --prefix="$INSTALL_DIR"
     ccache -z
     "$MAKE" -j "$NPROC" -k
+    # 22.04: ccache -s -v
     ccache -s
     if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
       file bin/verilator_bin
@@ -66,10 +62,11 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
   # Run tests
 
   export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_CONTRIBUTORS=1  # Separate workflow check
+  export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_LINT_PY=1  # Separate workflow check
 
   if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
     export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GDB=1  # Pain to get GDB to work on OS X
-    # TODO below may no longer be requried as configure checks for -pg
+    # TODO below may no longer be required as configure checks for -pg
     export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GPROF=1  # Apple Clang has no -pg
     # export PATH="/Applications/gtkwave.app/Contents/Resources/bin:$PATH" # fst2vcd
     file bin/verilator_bin
@@ -85,30 +82,47 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
     "$MAKE" -j "$NPROC" -k
   elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
     export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GDB=1 # Disable for now, ideally should run
-    # TODO below may no longer be requried as configure checks for -pg
+    # TODO below may no longer be required as configure checks for -pg
     export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GPROF=1 # gprof is a bit different on FreeBSD, disable
   fi
 
-  # Run sanitize on Ubuntu 20.04 only
-  [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = 'ubuntu-20.04' ] && [ "$CI_M32" = "" ] && sanitize='--sanitize' || sanitize=''
+  # Run sanitize on Ubuntu 22.04 only
+  ( [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = 'ubuntu-22.04' ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = 'ubuntu-24.04' ] ) && sanitize='--sanitize' || sanitize=''
+
+  TEST_REGRESS=test_regress
+  if [ "$CI_RELOC" == 1 ]; then
+     # Testing that the installation is relocatable.
+     "$MAKE" install
+     mkdir -p "$RELOC_DIR"
+     mv "$INSTALL_DIR" "$RELOC_DIR/relocated-install"
+     export VERILATOR_ROOT="$RELOC_DIR/relocated-install/share/verilator"
+     TEST_REGRESS="$RELOC_DIR/test_regress"
+     mv test_regress "$TEST_REGRESS"
+     # Feeling brave?
+     find . -delete
+     ls -la .
+  fi
 
   # Run the specified test
   ccache -z
   case $TESTS in
     dist-vlt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C test_regress SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/3
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/4
       ;;
     dist-vlt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C test_regress SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/3
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/4
       ;;
     dist-vlt-2)
-      "$MAKE" -C test_regress SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/3
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/4
+      ;;
+    dist-vlt-3)
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/4
       ;;
     vltmt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C test_regress SCENARIOS=--vltmt DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/2
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS=--vltmt DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/2
       ;;
     vltmt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C test_regress SCENARIOS=--vltmt DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/2
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS=--vltmt DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/2
       ;;
     coverage-all)
       nodist/code_coverage --stages 1-
@@ -180,12 +194,12 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
       fatal "Unknown test: $TESTS"
       ;;
   esac
+
+  # To see load average (1 minute, 5 minute, 15 minute)
+  uptime
+  # 22.04: ccache -s -v
   ccache -s
 
-  # Upload coverage data
-  if [[ $TESTS == coverage-* ]]; then
-    bash <(cat ci/coverage-upload.sh) -f nodist/obj_dir/coverage/app_total.info
-  fi
 else
   ##############################################################################
   # Unknown build stage

ci/ci-win-compile.ps1

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI Windows Power Shell - Compile Verilator
+#
+# Copyright 2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+################################################################################
+
+Set-PSDebug -Trace 1
+
+if (-Not (Test-Path $PWD/../.ccache/win_bison.exe)) {
+    git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/lexxmark/winflexbison
+    cd winflexbison
+    mkdir build
+    cd build
+    cmake .. --install-prefix $PWD/../../../.ccache
+    cmake --build . --config Release -j 3
+    cmake --install . --prefix $PWD/../../../.ccache
+    cd ../..
+}
+
+mkdir build
+cd build
+cmake .. --install-prefix $PWD/../install
+cmake --build . --config Release -j 3
+cmake --install . --prefix $PWD/../install

ci/ci-win-test.ps1

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI Windows Power Shell - Verilate a test
+#
+# Copyright 2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+################################################################################
+
+
+Set-PSDebug -Trace 1
+
+cd install
+$Env:VERILATOR_ROOT=$PWD
+cd examples/cmake_tracing_c
+mkdir build
+cd build
+cmake ..
+cmake --build . --config Release -j 3
+
+# TODO put this back in, see issue# 5163
+# Release/example.exe
+
+cd ..
+Remove-Item -path build -recurse

ci/docker/buildenv/Dockerfile

@@ -6,7 +6,17 @@
 # Version 2.0.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
-FROM ubuntu:20.04
+FROM ubuntu:22.04
+
+# Create the user
+RUN groupadd verilator \
+    && useradd -g verilator -m verilator -s /bin/bash \
+    && apt-get update \
+    && apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y sudo \
+    && apt-get clean \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
+    && echo verilator ALL=\(root\) NOPASSWD:ALL > /etc/sudoers.d/verilator \
+    && chmod 0440 /etc/sudoers.d/verilator
 
 RUN apt-get update \
     && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
@@ -23,6 +33,7 @@ RUN apt-get update \
                         gdb \
                         git \
                         gtkwave \
+                        help2man \
                         libfl2 \
                         libfl-dev \
                         libgoogle-perftools-dev \
@@ -32,7 +43,7 @@ RUN apt-get update \
                         perl \
                         python3 \
                         wget \
-                        zlibc \
+                        z3 \
                         zlib1g \
                         zlib1g-dev \
     && apt-get clean \
@@ -40,8 +51,6 @@ RUN apt-get update \
 
 WORKDIR /tmp
 
-RUN cpan install -fi Parallel::Forker
-
 RUN git clone https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff.git && \
     make -C vcddiff && \
     cp -p vcddiff/vcddiff /usr/local/bin/vcddiff && \
@@ -51,6 +60,8 @@ COPY build.sh /tmp/build.sh
 
 ENV VERILATOR_AUTHOR_SITE=1
 
+USER verilator
+
 WORKDIR /work
 
 ENTRYPOINT [ "/tmp/build.sh" ]

ci/docker/buildenv/README.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+.. _Verilator Build Docker Container:
+
 Verilator Build Docker Container
 ================================
 
@@ -8,7 +13,7 @@ Verilator build. It uses the following parameters:
 
 -  Source revision (default: master)
 
--  Compiler (GCC 9.3.0, clang 10.0.0, default: 9.3.0)
+-  Compiler (GCC 10.3.0, clang 10.0.0, default: 10.3.0)
 
 The container is published as ``verilator/verilator-buildenv`` on `docker
 hub

ci/docker/run/Dockerfile

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # Version 2.0.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
-FROM ubuntu:20.04
+FROM ubuntu:22.04
 
 RUN apt-get update \
     && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
@@ -19,10 +19,16 @@ RUN apt-get update \
                         ccache \
                         flex \
                         git \
+                        help2man \
+                        libfl2 \
                         libfl-dev \
                         libgoogle-perftools-dev \
+                        numactl \
                         perl \
+                        perl-doc \
                         python3 \
+                        zlib1g \
+                        zlib1g-dev \
     && apt-get clean \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
@@ -39,7 +45,7 @@ RUN git clone "${REPO}" verilator && \
     git checkout "${SOURCE_COMMIT}" && \
     autoconf && \
     ./configure && \
-    make -j "$(nproc)" && \
+    make && \
     make install && \
     cd .. && \
     rm -r verilator

ci/docker/run/README.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
 Verilator Executable Docker Container
 =====================================
 
@@ -8,10 +11,11 @@ easily as a docker image, e.g.:
 
    docker run -ti verilator/verilator:latest --version
 
-This will install the container, run the latest Verilator and print
+This will pull the container from `docker hub
+<https://hub.docker.com/r/verilator/verilator>`_, run the latest Verilator and print
 Verilator's version.
 
-Containers are automatically built for all released versions, so you may
+Containers are automatically built and pushed to docker hub for all released versions, so you may
 easily compare results across versions, e.g.:
 
 ::
@@ -62,12 +66,11 @@ Internals
 ---------
 
 The Dockerfile builds Verilator and removes the tree when completed to
-reduce the image size. The entrypoint is set as a wrapper script
+reduce the image size. The entrypoint is a wrapper script
 (``verilator-wrap.sh``). That script 1. calls Verilator, and 2. copies the
 Verilated runtime files to the ``obj_dir`` or the ``-Mdir``
 respectively. This allows the user to have the files to they may later
 build the C++ output with the matching runtime files. The wrapper also
 patches the Verilated Makefile accordingly.
 
-There is also a hook defined that is run by docker hub via automated
-builds.
+A hook is also defined and run by Docker Hub via automated builds.

codecov.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: codecov.io config
 #
-# Copyright 2020-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2020-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -8,31 +9,28 @@
 ####################
 # Validate:
 #  curl --data-binary @codecov.yml https://codecov.io/validate
-
+#
 codecov:
-  require_ci_to_pass: no
-
+  require_ci_to_pass: false
 coverage:
   precision: 2
   round: down
-  range: "50...100"
+  range: 50...100
   ignore:
-    - "ci"
-    - "docs"
-    - "examples"
-    - "include/gtkwave"
-    - "include/vltstd"
-    - "test_regress"
-
+    - "ci"  #
+    - "docs"  #
+    - "examples"  #
+    - "include/gtkwave"  #
+    - "include/vltstd"  #
+    - "test_regress"  #
 parsers:
   gcov:
     branch_detection:
-      conditional: yes
-      loop: yes
-      method: no
-      macro: no
-
+      conditional: true
+      loop: true
+      method: false
+      macro: false
 comment:
   layout: "reach,diff,flags,tree"
   behavior: default
-  require_changes: yes
+  require_changes: true

configure.ac

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 # General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
-#AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### YYYY-MM-DD])
-#AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### devel])
-AC_INIT([Verilator],[4.214 2021-10-17],
-        [https://verilator.org],
-        [verilator],[https://verilator.org])
-# When releasing, also update header of Changes file
+# When releasing, also update header of Changes file, and CMakeLists.txt,
 # and commit using "devel release" or "Version bump" message
 # Then 'make maintainer-dist'
+#AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### YYYY-MM-DD])
+#AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### devel])
+AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.034 2025-02-24],
+        [https://verilator.org],
+        [verilator],[https://verilator.org])
 
-AC_CONFIG_HEADER(src/config_build.h)
+AC_CONFIG_HEADERS(src/config_package.h)
 AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile src/Makefile src/Makefile_obj include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h verilator.pc verilator-config.cmake verilator-config-version.cmake)
 
 # Version
@@ -22,6 +22,15 @@ AC_MSG_RESULT([configuring for $PACKAGE_STRING])
 PACKAGE_VERSION_NUMBER=`AS_ECHO("$PACKAGE_VERSION") | sed 's/ .*//g'`
 AC_SUBST(PACKAGE_VERSION_NUMBER)
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKAGE_VERSION_NUMBER_STRING],["$PACKAGE_VERSION_NUMBER"],[Package version as a number])
+VERILATOR_VERSION_INTEGER=`AS_ECHO("$PACKAGE_VERSION") | [sed 's/\([0-9]\)\.\([0-9][0-9][0-9]\) .*/\1\2000/g']`
+AC_SUBST(VERILATOR_VERSION_INTEGER)
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKAGE_VERSION_STRING_CHAR],
+        [static const char* const PACKAGE_STRING_UNUSED = "$PACKAGE_STRING";],
+        [Package version as a number])
+AC_SUBST(PACKAGE_VERSION_STRING_CHAR)
+
+######################################################################
+## Arguments/flag checking
 
 # Ignore automake flags passed by Ubuntu builds
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([dependency-tracking],
@@ -61,20 +70,6 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([tcmalloc],
               [CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC=check;])
 AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC)
 
-# Flag to enable -m32 build
-AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to use -m32)
-AC_ARG_ENABLE([m32],
-              [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-m32],
-                              [Use -m32 for all compilation and link,
-                               including Verialtor and generated models.])],
-              [case "${enableval}" in
-                yes) CFG_ENABLE_M32=yes ;;
-                no)  CFG_ENABLE_M32=no ;;
-                *)   AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value '${enableval}' for --enable-m32]) ;;
-               esac],
-               CFG_ENABLE_M32=no)
-AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_ENABLE_M32)
-
 # Flag to enable coverage build
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to build for coverage collection)
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([coverage],
@@ -110,7 +105,7 @@ AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to show and stop on compilation warnings)
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([ccwarn],
               [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-ccwarn],
                               [enable showing and stopping on compilation warnings
-                               in Verilator binrary and Verilated makefiles])],
+                               in Verilator binary and Verilated makefiles])],
               [case "${enableval}" in
                 yes) CFG_WITH_CCWARN=yes ;;
                 no)  CFG_WITH_CCWARN=no ;;
@@ -142,11 +137,38 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([longtests],
 AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS)
 AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS)
 
+AC_CHECK_PROG(HAVE_Z3,z3,yes)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(HAVE_CVC5,cvc5,yes)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(HAVE_CVC4,cvc4,yes)
+
+# Special Substitutions - CFG_WITH_SOLVER
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(for SMT solver)
+AC_ARG_WITH([solver],
+              [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-solver='z3 --in'],
+                              [set default SMT solver for constrained randomization])],
+              [CFG_WITH_SOLVER="${withval}"],
+              [CFG_WITH_SOLVER=no
+               if test "x$HAVE_Z3" = "xyes"; then
+                CFG_WITH_SOLVER="z3 --in"
+               elif test "x$HAVE_CVC5" = "xyes"; then
+                CFG_WITH_SOLVER="cvc5 --incremental"
+               elif test "x$HAVE_CVC4" = "xyes"; then
+                CFG_WITH_SOLVER="cvc4 --lang=smt2 --incremental"
+               fi]
+              )
+AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_SOLVER)
+AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_SOLVER)
+
+######################################################################
+## Compiler checks
+
+AC_MSG_RESULT([compiler CXX inbound is set to... $CXX])
+
 # Compiler flags (ensure they are not empty to avoid configure defaults)
-CFLAGS+=" "
-CPPFLAGS+=" "
-CXXFLAGS+=" "
-LDFLAGS+=" "
+CFLAGS="$CFLAGS "
+CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "
+CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS "
+LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS "
 
 # Checks for programs.
 AC_PROG_CC
@@ -154,8 +176,10 @@ AC_PROG_CXX
 AC_PROG_INSTALL
 
 AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
-cxx_version=$($CXX --version | head -1)
-AC_MSG_RESULT([compiler is $CXX --version = $cxx_version])
+CFG_CXX_VERSION=`$CXX --version | head -1`
+AC_MSG_RESULT([compiler $CXX --version = $CFG_CXX_VERSION])
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXX_VERSION)
+
 AC_MSG_CHECKING([that C++ compiler can compile simple program])
 AC_RUN_IFELSE(
    [AC_LANG_SOURCE([int main() { return 0; }])],
@@ -168,24 +192,26 @@ if test "x$AR" = "x" ; then
    AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "ar" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi
 
-AC_PATH_PROG(PERL,perl)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(PERL,perl,perl)
 if test "x$PERL" = "x" ; then
    AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "perl" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi
 
-AC_PATH_PROG(PYTHON3,python3)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(PYTHON3,python3,python3)
 if test "x$PYTHON3" = "x" ; then
    AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "python3" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi
+python3_version=$($PYTHON3 --version | head -1)
+AC_MSG_RESULT([$PYTHON3 --version = $python3_version])
 
-AC_PATH_PROG(LEX,flex)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(LEX,flex,flex)
 if test "x$LEX" = "x" ; then
    AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "flex" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi
 flex_version=$($LEX --version | head -1)
 AC_MSG_RESULT([$LEX --version = $flex_version])
 
-AC_PATH_PROG(YACC,bison)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(YACC,bison,bison)
 if test "x$YACC" = "x" ; then
    AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "bison" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi
@@ -274,6 +300,43 @@ AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT],
     _MY_CXX_CHECK_IFELSE($2, $1="$$1 $2")
    ])
 
+AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_CORO_SET],
+   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_CORO_SET(variable,option)
+    # Check if compiler supports coroutines with specific option. If it does,
+    # set variable to option, only if not previously set.
+    # Define HAVE_COROUTINES if supported.
+    if test "$$1" = ""; then
+      if test "$2" != ""; then
+        _my_msg_opt=" with $2"
+      else
+        _my_msg_opt=""
+      fi
+      AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether coroutines are supported by $CXX$_my_msg_opt])
+      ACO_SAVE_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
+      CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS $2"
+      AC_LINK_IFELSE(
+         [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([
+            #if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__cpp_impl_coroutine)
+            #define __cpp_impl_coroutine 1
+            #endif
+            #include <coroutine>
+          ],[[std::coroutine_handle<> h;]])],
+         [_my_result=yes],
+         [AC_LINK_IFELSE(
+             [AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
+                [#include <experimental/coroutine>],
+                [[std::experimental::coroutine_handle<> h;]])],
+             [_my_result=yes],
+             [_my_result=no])])
+      AC_MSG_RESULT($_my_result)
+      CXXFLAGS="$ACO_SAVE_CXXFLAGS"
+      if test "$_my_result" = "yes" ; then
+        $1="$2"
+        AC_DEFINE([HAVE_COROUTINES],[1],[Defined if coroutines are supported by $CXX])
+      fi
+    fi
+  ])
+
 AC_DEFUN([_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_FLAG],
    [# _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_FLAG(flag) -- Check if linker supports specific options
     # Set $_my_result appropriately
@@ -313,15 +376,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT],
     _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_IFELSE($2, $1="$$1 $2")
    ])
 
-# When using -m32. Check this first as later checks may fail with the -m32 flag.
-if test "$CFG_ENABLE_M32" = "yes"; then
-  _MY_CXX_CHECK_IFELSE(
-    -m32,
-    [CXX="$CXX -m32"],
-    [AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-m32 was given but compiler does not support -m32])])
-fi
-
-# Similarly, add the coverage flags early as they influence later checks.
+# Add the coverage flags early as they influence later checks.
 if test "$CFG_ENABLE_COVERAGE" = "yes"; then
   _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,--coverage)
   # Otherwise inline may not show as uncovered
@@ -346,18 +401,16 @@ AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PROFILE)
 
 # Flag to select newest language standard supported
 # Macros work such that first option that passes is the one we take
-# Currently enabled c++14 due to packaged SystemC dependency
-# c++14 is the newest that Verilator is regressed to support
-# c++11 is the oldest that Verilator supports
-# gnu is requried for Cygwin to compile verilated.h successfully
+# Currently enable c++17/c++14 due to packaged SystemC dependency
+# c++17 is the newest that Verilator is regularly tested to support
+# c++14 is the oldest that Verilator supports
+# gnu is required for Cygwin to compile verilated.h successfully
 #_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++20)
 #_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++20)
-#_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++17)
-#_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++17)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++17)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++17)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++14)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++14)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++11)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++11)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST)
 
 # Flags for compiling Verilator internals including parser, and Verilated files
@@ -368,6 +421,15 @@ _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA,-Wlogical-op)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA,-Wthread-safety)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA)
 
+# Flags for coroutine support for dynamic scheduling
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_CORO_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES, "")
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_CORO_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES,-fcoroutines-ts)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_CORO_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES,-fcoroutines)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_CORO_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES,-fcoroutines-ts -Wno-deprecated-experimental-coroutine)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_CORO_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES,-std=gnu++20)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES)
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_COROUTINES)
+
 # Flags for compiling Verilator internals including parser always
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Qunused-arguments)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-faligned-new)
@@ -410,14 +472,20 @@ m4_foreach([cflag],[
         [-mno-cet],
         [-Qunused-arguments],
         [-Wno-bool-operation],
-        [-Wno-tautological-bitwise-compare],
+        [-Wno-c++11-narrowing],
+        [-Wno-constant-logical-operand],
+        [-Wno-non-pod-varargs],
         [-Wno-parentheses-equality],
+        [-Wno-shadow],
         [-Wno-sign-compare],
+        [-Wno-subobject-linkage],
+        [-Wno-tautological-bitwise-compare],
+        [-Wno-tautological-compare],
         [-Wno-uninitialized],
+        [-Wno-unused-but-set-parameter],
         [-Wno-unused-but-set-variable],
         [-Wno-unused-parameter],
-        [-Wno-unused-variable],
-        [-Wno-shadow]],[
+        [-Wno-unused-variable]],[
     _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,cflag)
     # CMake will test what flags work itself, so pass all flags through to it
     CFG_CXX_FLAGS_CMAKE="$CFG_CXX_FLAGS_CMAKE cflag"
@@ -438,6 +506,10 @@ m4_foreach([ldflag], [
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LDLIBS_THREADS)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_THREADS_CMAKE)
 
+# If 'mold' is installed, use it to link for faster buildtimes
+_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -fuse-ld=mold)
+_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_VERILATED, -fuse-ld=mold)
+
 # When linking partially statically
 if test "$CFG_ENABLE_PARTIAL_STATIC" = "yes"; then
   _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -static-libgcc)
@@ -448,12 +520,14 @@ else
   LTCMALLOC=-ltcmalloc_minimal
 fi
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_VERILATED)
 
 # The pthread library is required by tcmalloc, so add it if it exists. If it
 # does not, the tcmalloc check below will fail anyway, and linking against
 # pthreads is harmless otherwise.
 CFG_LIBS="$LIBS $CFG_LIBS"
 _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LIBS, -lpthread)
+_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LIBS, -latomic)
 
 # Check libraries for MingW
 _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LIBS, -lbcrypt)
@@ -465,7 +539,7 @@ _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_IFELSE(
   [if test "$CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC" != "no"; then
     CFG_LIBS="$LTCMALLOC $CFG_LIBS";
     # If using tcmalloc, add some extra options to make the compiler not assume
-    # it is using it's own versions of the standard library functions
+    # it is using its own versions of the standard library functions
     _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-malloc)
     _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-calloc)
     _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-realloc)
@@ -476,14 +550,14 @@ _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_IFELSE(
    fi])
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LIBS)
 
-# Need C++11 at least
-#Alternative: AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX([11])
+# Need C++14 at least
+#Alternative: AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX([14])
 AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_CXX_VER],
-   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_CXX_VER(flag) -- Check if compiler runs C++11
+   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_CXX_VER(flag) -- Check if compiler runs C++14
     # Set $_my_result
     AC_LINK_IFELSE(
      [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <thread>
-#if (__cplusplus < 201103L)
+#if (__cplusplus < 201402L)
 # error "Too old"
 #endif
     ], [[ ]])],
@@ -496,23 +570,46 @@ AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_CXX_VER],
      [_my_result=no])
    ])
 
-AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether $CXX supports C++11)
+# Add $CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD only if can't compile correctly otherwise,
+# as adding std= when not needed can cause errors with the C++ std library.
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD=$CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether $CXX supports C++14)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_CXX_VER()
 AC_MSG_RESULT($_my_result)
 if test "$_my_result" = "no" ; then
-   CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS $CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST"
-   CFG_CXX_FLAGS_CMAKE="$CFG_CXX_FLAGS_CMAKE $CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST"
-   AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether $CXX supports C++11 with $CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST)
+   CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS $CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD"
+   CFG_CXX_FLAGS_CMAKE="$CFG_CXX_FLAGS_CMAKE $CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD"
+   AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether $CXX supports C++14 with $CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD)
    _MY_CXX_CHECK_CXX_VER()
    AC_MSG_RESULT($_my_result)
+else
+   # CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD is also propagated to include/verilated.mk.in
+   # make sure we use the same std flag while compiling verilator and verilated design
+   CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD=""
 fi
 if test "$_my_result" = "no" ; then
    AC_MSG_NOTICE([[]])
-   AC_MSG_ERROR([[the $CXX compiler appears to not support C++11.
+   AC_MSG_ERROR([[the $CXX compiler appears to not support C++14.
 
-Verilator requires a C++11 or newer compiler.]])
+Verilator requires a C++14 or newer compiler.]])
 
 fi
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD)
+
+# Compiler precompiled header options (assumes either gcc or clang++)
+AC_MSG_CHECKING([for $CXX precompile header include option])
+if $CXX --help | grep include-pch >/dev/null 2>/dev/null ; then
+   # clang
+   CFG_CXXFLAGS_PCH_I=-include-pch
+   CFG_GCH_IF_CLANG=.gch
+else
+   # GCC
+   CFG_CXXFLAGS_PCH_I=-include
+   CFG_GCH_IF_CLANG=
+fi
+AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_CXXFLAGS_PCH_I)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PCH_I)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_GCH_IF_CLANG)
 
 # Checks for library functions.
 AC_CHECK_MEMBER([struct stat.st_mtim.tv_nsec],
@@ -528,7 +625,7 @@ ACO_SAVE_LIBS="$LIBS"
 LIBS="$LIBS -lsystemc"
 AC_LINK_IFELSE(
     [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <systemc.h>
-                     extern "C" int sc_main(int argc, char* argv[]) {}
+                     extern "C" int sc_main(int argc, char* argv[]) { return 0; }
                      ]],[[sc_version()]])],
     [_my_result=yes
      AC_DEFINE([HAVE_SYSTEMC],[1],[Defined if have SystemC library])],
@@ -539,6 +636,9 @@ AC_SUBST(HAVE_SYSTEMC)
 
 # Checks for system services
 
+######################################################################
+## Output
+
 # Other install directories
 pkgdatadir=${datadir}/verilator
 AC_SUBST(pkgdatadir)

docs/.gitignore

@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@
 *.html
 *.pdf
 _build
+guide/spelling.txt

docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst

@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@ This contributing document contains some suggestions that may make
 contributions flow more efficiently.
 
 
-Did you find a bug?
--------------------
+Did you find a Verilator bug?
+-----------------------------
 
-- Please **Ensure the bug was not already reported** by searching
+- Please **ensure the bug was not already reported** by searching
   `Verilator Issues <https://verilator.org/issues>`__.
 
+- Please **download the latest development GitHub version**, build, and see
+  if the issue has been fixed.
+
 - If you're unable to find an open issue addressing the problem, `open a
   new Verilator issue <https://verilator.org/issues/new>`__.
 
@@ -20,21 +23,28 @@ Did you find a bug?
     demonstrating the bug and expected behavior that is not occurring.
 
   - The ideal example works against other simulators, and is in the
-    test_regress/t test format, as described in `docs/internals
-    <internals.rst>`__.
+    test_regress/t test format, as described in
+    `Verilator Internals Documentation
+    <https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/internals.rst>`__.
 
 
-Did you write a patch that fixes a bug?
----------------------------------------
+Did you write a patch that fixes a Verilator bug?
+-------------------------------------------------
 
-- Please `Open a new issue <https://verilator.org/issues/new>`__.
+- Please `Open a new Verilator issue <https://verilator.org/issues/new>`__
+  if there is not one already describing the bug.
 
-- You may attach a patch to the issue, or (preferred) may request a
-  GitHub pull request.
+- Please `Open a Verilator pull request
+  <https://github.com/verilator/verilator/pulls>`__.
 
-  - Verilator uses GitHub Actions to provide continuous integration.  You
-    may want to enable Actions on your GitHub branch to ensure your changes
-    keep the tests passing. See `docs/internals <internals.rst>`__.
+- See the coding conventions, and other developer information in
+  ``docs/internals.rst`` in the distribution, or as rendered at
+  `Verilator Internals Documentation
+  <https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/internals.rst>`__.
+
+- Verilator uses GitHub Actions to provide continuous integration.  You
+  may want to enable Actions on your GitHub branch to ensure your changes
+  keep the tests passing.
 
 - Your source-code contributions must be certified as open source,
   under the `Developer Certificate of
@@ -44,15 +54,10 @@ Did you write a patch that fixes a bug?
   - Have your patch include the addition of your name to `docs/CONTRIBUTORS
     <CONTRIBUTORS>`__ (preferred).
 
-  - Use "git -s" as part of your commit. This adds a "signed-of-by"
-    attribute which will certify your contribution as described in the
-    `Signed-of-By convention
-    <https://github.com/wking/signed-off-by/blob/master/Documentation/SubmittingPatches>`__.
-
   - Email, or post in an issue a statement that you certify your
     contributions.
 
-  - In any of these cases your name will be added to `docs/CONTRIBUTORS
+  - In any of these cases, your name will be added to `docs/CONTRIBUTORS
     <CONTRIBUTORS>`__ and you are agreeing all future contributions are
     also certified.
 
@@ -61,17 +66,14 @@ Did you write a patch that fixes a bug?
     contribution.
 
 - Your test contributions are generally considered released into the
-  Creative Commons Public Domain (CC0), unless you request otherwise or
+  Creative Commons Public Domain (CC0), unless you request otherwise, or
   put a GNU/Artistic license on your file.
 
-- Most important is we get your patch. If you’d like to clean up
-  indentation and related issues ahead of our feedback, that is
-  appreciated; please see the coding conventions in `docs/internals
-  <internals.rst>`__.
+- Most important is we get your patch.
 
 
-Do you have questions?
-----------------------
+Do you have questions on Verilator?
+-----------------------------------
 
 - Please see FAQ section and rest of the `Verilator
   manual <https://verilator.org/verilator_doc.html>`__, or `Verilator

docs/CONTRIBUTORS

@@ -3,105 +3,246 @@ under the Developer Certificate of Origin (https://developercertificate.org/).
 
 Please see the Verilator manual for 200+ additional contributors. Thanks to all.
 
+Adam Bagley
+Adrian Sampson
+Adrien Le Masle
 Ahmed El-Mahmoudy
+Aidan McNay
+Aleksander Kiryk
 Alex Chadwick
+Alex Solomatnikov
 Àlex Torregrosa
+Aliaksei Chapyzhenka
 Ameya Vikram Singh
+Andrea Calabrese
 Andreas Kuster
+Andrei Kostovski
+Andrew Miloradovsky
+Andrew Nolte
+Anthony Donlon
+Anthony Moore
+Arkadiusz Kozdra
+Arthur Rosa
+Aylon Chaim Porat
+Bartłomiej Chmiel
+Cameron Kirk
+Chih-Mao Chen
+Chris Bachhuber
 Chris Randall
+Christopher Taylor
+Chuxuan Wang
+Chykon
 Conor McCullough
 Dan Petrisko
 Daniel Bates
 David Horton
+David Ledger
 David Metz
+Dave Sargeant
 David Stanford
 David Turner
+Dercury
+Diego Roux
+Don Williamson
+Drew Ranck
 Drew Taussig
 Driss Hafdi
 Edgar E. Iglesias
+Eric Müller
 Eric Rippey
+Ethan Sifferman
+Eyck Jentzsch
+Furqan Nadir
+Fabian Keßler
 Fan Shupei
+february cozzocrea
+Felix Neumärker
 Felix Yan
+Frans Skarman
+Fuad Ismail
+G-A. Kamendje
 Garrett Smith
 Geza Lore
 Gianfranco Costamagna
+Gijs Burghoorn
 Glen Gibb
+Gökçe Aydos
 Graham Rushton
+Greg Davill
+Guokai Chen
+Gus Smith
+Gustav Svensk
+Han Qi
 Harald Heckmann
+Hennadii Chernyshchyk
 Howard Su
 Huang Rui
+Huanghuang Zhou
+HungMingWu
 HyungKi Jeong
+Ícaro Lima
+Ilya Barkov
 Iru Cai
 Ivan Vnučec
 Iztok Jeras
+Jake Merdich
+James Bailey
 James Hanlon
 James Hutchinson
 James Pallister
+James Shi
 Jamey Hicks
+Jamie Iles
 Jan Van Winkel
+Jiangjie Weng
 Jean Berniolles
 Jeremy Bennett
+Jesse Taube
+Jevin Sweval
+Jiacheng Qian
+Jiamin Zhu
+Jitesh Nayak
+Jinyan Xu
+Jiuyang Liu
+Joey Liu
 John Coiner
 John Demme
+John Wehle
 Jonathan Drolet
+Jonathan Schröter
+Jordan McConnon
+Jose Loyola
+Josep Sans
+Joseph Nwabueze
 Josh Redford
+Julian Daube
+Julie Schwartz
 Julien Margetts
+Justin Thiel
 Kaleb Barrett
+Kamil Rakoczy
 Kanad Kanhere
+Kefa Chen
 Keith Colbert
 Kevin Kiningham
+Kevin Nygaard
+Kritik Bhimani
 Krzysztof Bieganski
+Krzysztof Boronski
+Krzysztof Boroński
+Krzysztof Obłonczek
+Krzysztof Starecki
 Kuba Ober
+Larry Doolittle
+Liam Braun
+Luca Colagrande
 Ludwig Rogiers
 Lukasz Dalek
 Maarten De Braekeleer
 Maciej Sobkowski
+Marcel Chang
 Marco Widmer
+Mariusz Glebocki
 Markus Krause
 Marlon James
 Marshal Qiao
 Martin Schmidt
+Martin Stadler
 Matthew Ballance
+Michael Bikovitsky
 Michael Killough
+Michaël Lefebvre
+Michal Czyz
 Mike Popoloski
 Miodrag Milanović
+Mladen Slijepcevic
 Morten Borup Petersen
+Mostafa Gamal
+Moubarak Jeje
 Nandu Raj
+Natan Kreimer
+Nathan Graybeal
 Nathan Kohagen
 Nathan Myers
+Nick Brereton
+Nolan Poe
+Oleh Maksymenko
 Patrick Stewart
+Paul Bowen-Huggett
+Paul Swirhun
 Paul Wright
+Pawel Jewstafjew
+Pawel Sagan
+Pengcheng Xu
+Peter Debacker
 Peter Horvath
 Peter Monsson
+Philip Axer
 Philipp Wagner
 Pierre-Henri Horrein
 Pieter Kapsenberg
 Piotr Binkowski
 Qingyao Sun
+Quentin Corradi
 Rafal Kapuscik
+Rasfunk
+Raynard Qiao
+Ricardo Barbedo
 Richard Myers
+Risto Pejašinović
+Robert Balas
 Rupert Swarbrick
+Ryan Ziegler
+Ryszard Rozak
 Samuel Riedel
 Sean Cross
 Sebastien Van Cauwenberghe
 Sergi Granell
+Seth Pellegrino
+Srinivasan Venkataramanan
 Stefan Wallentowitz
 Stephen Henry
 Steven Hugg
+sumpster
+Szymon Gizler
+Sören Tempel
+Teng Huang
+Tom Manner
+Tim Hutt
 Tim Snyder
 Tobias Rosenkranz
 Tobias Wölfel
 Todd Strader
 Tomasz Gorochowik
+Topa Topino
+Toru Niina
+Trung Nguyen
+Tudor Timi
 Tymoteusz Blazejczyk
 Udi Finkelstein
 Unai Martinez-Corral
+Udaya Raj Subedi
+Valentin Atepalikhin
+Varun Koyyalagunta
 Vassilis Papaefstathiou
 Veripool API Bot
 Victor Besyakov
+Vito Gamberini
+William D. Jones
 Wilson Snyder
+Xi Zhang
+Yan Xu
+Yangyu Chen
+Yilou Wang
+Yinan Xu
+Yoda Lee
 Yossi Nivin
+Yu-Sheng Lin
 Yuri Victorovich
 Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA
 Yves Mathieu
 Zhanglei Wang
+Zhou Shen
+Zixi Li
+أحمد المحمودي
+404allen404

docs/Makefile

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #
 # Code available from: https://verilator.org
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -18,12 +18,16 @@
 RST2HTML = rst2html
 PYTHON3 = python3
 DOXYGEN = doxygen
-SPHINXOPTS ?= -c guide
 SPHINXBUILD ?= sphinx-build
 
 SOURCEDIR = guide
 BUILDDIR = _build
 
+SPHINXOPTS ?= -c guide -j 4
+ifneq ($(VERILATOR_ANALYTICS_ID),)
+SPHINXOPTS += -D html_theme_options.analytics_id=$(VERILATOR_ANALYTICS_ID)
+endif
+
 ######################################################################
 
 .SUFFIXES:
@@ -35,6 +39,7 @@ default:
 # Intermediate rules
 
 vl-extract: ../bin/verilator ../Changes
+	ln -sf ../spelling.txt guide/spelling.txt
 	mkdir -p _build/gen
 	$(PYTHON3) bin/vl_sphinx_extract ../bin/verilator
 	sed 's/`/\&96;/g' < ../Changes > _build/gen/Changes
@@ -77,6 +82,7 @@ clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
 	rm -f *.pg *.pgs *.toc *.tp *.tps *.vr *.vrs *.idx
 	rm -f *.ev *.evs *.ov *.ovs *.cv *.cvs *.ma *.mas
 	rm -f *.tex
+	rm -f guide/spelling.txt
 
 distclean maintainer-clean::
 	rm -f *.info* *.1 *.html *.pdf $(INFOS)

docs/README.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Verilator Documentation
+=======================
+
+This folder contains sources for Verilator documentation.
+
+For formatted documentation see:
+
+- `Verilator README <https://github.com/verilator/verilator>`_
+
+- `Verilator installation and package directory structure
+  <https://verilator.org/install>`_
+
+- `Verilator manual (HTML) <https://verilator.org/verilator_doc.html>`_,
+  or `Verilator manual (PDF) <https://verilator.org/verilator_doc.pdf>`_
+
+- `Subscribe to Verilator announcements
+  <https://github.com/verilator/verilator-announce>`_
+
+- `Verilator forum <https://verilator.org/forum>`_
+
+- `Verilator issues <https://verilator.org/issues>`_

docs/bin/vl_sphinx_extract

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# pylint: disable=C0112,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0301,R0201,R0903
+# pylint: disable=C0112,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0209,C0301,R0903
 # -*- Python -*- See copyright, etc below
 ######################################################################
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class VlSphinxExtract:
     SkipBasenames = {}
 
     def process(self, filename):
-        with open(filename) as fhr:
+        with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fhr:
             fhw = None
             for line in fhr:
                 # =for VL_SPHINX_EXTRACT "file_to_write_to"
@@ -22,10 +22,8 @@ class VlSphinxExtract:
                 if match:
                     outname = match.group(1)
                     print("Writing %s" % outname)
-                    fhw = open(outname, "w")
-                    fhw.write(
-                        ".. comment: generated by vl_sphinx_extract from " +
-                        filename + "\n")
+                    fhw = open(outname, "w", encoding="utf8")  # pylint: disable=consider-using-with
+                    fhw.write(".. comment: generated by vl_sphinx_extract from " + filename + "\n")
                     fhw.write(".. code-block::\n")
                 elif re.match(r'^[=a-zA-Z0-9_]', line):
                     fhw = None
@@ -39,18 +37,14 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
     allow_abbrev=False,
     formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
     description="""Read a file and extract documentation data.""",
-    epilog=
-    """ Copyright 2021-2021 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
+    epilog=""" Copyright 2021-2025 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
 you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
 
 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
 
-parser.add_argument('--debug',
-                    action='store_const',
-                    const=9,
-                    help='enable debug')
+parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('path', help='path to extract from')
 Args = parser.parse_args()
 

docs/bin/vl_sphinx_fix

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# pylint: disable=C0112,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0301,R0903
+# pylint: disable=C0112,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0209,C0301,R0903
 # -*- Python -*- See copyright, etc below
 ######################################################################
 
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ class VlSphinxFix:
         if os.path.isdir(path):
             for basefile in os.listdir(path):
                 file = os.path.join(path, basefile)
-                if ((basefile != ".") and (basefile != "..")
-                        and basefile not in self.SkipBasenames
+                if ((basefile != ".") and (basefile != "..") and basefile not in self.SkipBasenames
                         and not os.path.islink(file)):
                     self.process(file)
         elif re.search(r'\.(html|tex)$', path):
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ class VlSphinxFix:
 
     def _edit(self, filename):
         is_html = re.search(r'\.(html)$', filename)
-        with open(filename) as fhr:
+        with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fhr:
             origfile = fhr.read()
             wholefile = origfile
             # Option doesn't like spaces, so we use
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ class VlSphinxFix:
                 if self.debug:
                     print("Edit %s" % filename)
                 tempname = filename + ".tmp"
-                with open(tempname, "w") as fhw:
+                with open(tempname, "w", encoding="utf8") as fhw:
                     fhw.write(wholefile)
                 os.rename(tempname, filename)
 
@@ -54,18 +53,14 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
     allow_abbrev=False,
     formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
     description="""Post-process Sphinx HTML.""",
-    epilog=
-    """ Copyright 2021-2021 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
+    epilog=""" Copyright 2021-2025 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
 you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
 
 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")
 
-parser.add_argument('--debug',
-                    action='store_const',
-                    const=9,
-                    help='enable debug')
+parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('path', help='path to edit')
 Args = parser.parse_args()
 

docs/gen/ex_DIDNOTCONVERGE_msg.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_didnotconverge_bad
 .. code-block::
 
-   -V{t#,#}+    Vt_lint_didnotconverge_bad___024root___change_request
-   -V{t#,#}+    Vt_lint_didnotconverge_bad___024root___change_request_1
-   -V{t#,#}        CHANGE: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:14: a
-   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Verilated model didn't converge
+   -V{t#,#}         'stl' region trigger index 1 is active: @([hybrid] a)
+   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge.

docs/gen/ex_DIDNOTCONVERGE_nodbg_msg.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_didnotconverge_nodbg_bad
 .. code-block::
 
-   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Verilated model didn't converge
+   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge.

docs/gen/ex_PINMISSING_faulty.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_pinmissing_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 2
+
+   module t;
+      sub sub();  // <--- Warning
+   endmodule
+   module sub
+     (output port);
+   endmodule

docs/gen/ex_PINMISSING_msg.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_pinmissing_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Warning-PINMISSING: example.v:1:8 Cell has missing pin: 'port'

docs/gen/ex_PKGNODECL_faulty.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_pkgnodecl_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 2
+
+   module t;
+      initial Pkg::hello();  //<--- Warning
+   endmodule
+   package Pkg;
+      function void hello(); endfunction
+   endpackage

docs/gen/ex_PKGNODECL_msg.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_pkgnodecl_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Error-PKGNODECL: example.v:1:12 Package/class 'Pkg' not found, and needs to be predeclared (IEEE 1800-2023 26.3)

docs/gen/ex_STMTDLY_msg.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_stmtdly_bad
 .. code-block::
 
-   %Warning-STMTDLY: example.v:1:8 Unsupported: Ignoring delay on this delayed statement.
+   %Warning-STMTDLY: example.v:1:7 Ignoring delay on this statement due to --no-timing

docs/gen/ex_WIDTHEXPAND_1_faulty.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_widthexpand_docs_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 3
+
+      int array[5];
+      bit [1:0] rd_addr;
+      wire int rd_value = array[rd_addr];  //<--- Warning

docs/gen/ex_WIDTHEXPAND_1_fixed.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_widthexpand_docs_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :emphasize-lines: 1
+
+      wire int rd_value = array[{1'b0, rd_addr}];  //<--- Fixed

docs/gen/ex_WIDTHEXPAND_1_msg.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_widthexpand_docs_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Warning-WIDTHEXPAND: example.v:3:29 Bit extraction of array[4:0] requires 3 bit index, not 2 bits.

docs/gen/ex_WIDTH_1_faulty.rst

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-.. comment: generated by t_lint_width_docs_bad
-.. code-block:: sv
-   :linenos:
-   :emphasize-lines: 3
-
-      int array[5];
-      bit [1:0] rd_addr;
-      wire int rd_value = array[rd_addr];  //<--- Warning

docs/gen/ex_WIDTH_1_fixed.rst

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-.. comment: generated by t_lint_width_docs_bad
-.. code-block:: sv
-   :emphasize-lines: 1
-
-      wire int rd_value = array[{1'b0, rd_addr}];  //<--- Fixed

docs/gen/ex_WIDTH_1_msg.rst

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-.. comment: generated by t_lint_width_docs_bad
-.. code-block::
-
-   %Warning-WIDTH: example.v:3:29 Bit extraction of array[4:0] requires 3 bit index, not 2 bits.

docs/guide/changes.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 ****************
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Revision History
    "Revision History" in the sidebar.
 
 Changes are contained in the :file:`Changes` file of the distribution, and
-also summarized below.  To subscribe to new versions see `Verilator
+also summarized below.  To subscribe to new versions, see `Verilator
 Announcements <https://github.com/verilator/verilator-announce>`_.
 
 .. include:: ../_build/gen/Changes

docs/guide/conf.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0301,E0402,W0622
 #
 # Configuration file for Verilator's Sphinx documentation builder.
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 #
 # This file only contains overridden options. For a full list:
@@ -9,10 +10,10 @@
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 # -- Path setup
 
-from datetime import datetime
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('./_ext'))
 
 import sphinx_rtd_theme  # pylint: disable=wrong-import-position,
@@ -20,12 +21,19 @@ import sphinx_rtd_theme  # pylint: disable=wrong-import-position,
 
 def get_vlt_version():
     filename = "../../Makefile"
-    with open(filename) as fh:
+    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
         for line in fh:
-            match = re.search(r"PACKAGE_VERSION_NUMBER *= *([a-z0-9.]+)", line)
+            match = re.search(r"PACKAGE_VERSION *= *([a-z0-9.]+) +([-0-9]+)", line)
             if match:
-                return match.group(1)
-    return "unknown"
+                return match.group(1), match.group(2)
+            match = re.search(r"PACKAGE_VERSION *= *([a-z0-9.]+) +devel", line)
+            if match:
+                try:
+                    data = os.popen('git log -n 1 --pretty=%cs').read()
+                except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+                    data = ""  # fallback, and Sphinx will fill in today's date
+                return "Devel " + match.group(1), data
+    return "unknown", "unknown"
 
 
 def setup(app):
@@ -36,14 +44,14 @@ def setup(app):
 # -- Project information
 
 project = 'Verilator'
-copyright = '2021 by Wilson Snyder, under LGPL-3.0 or Artistic-2.0'
+copyright = '2024 by Wilson Snyder, under LGPL-3.0 or Artistic-2.0'
 author = 'Wilson Snyder'
 
 # The master toctree document.
 master_doc = "index"
 
-version = get_vlt_version()
-release = get_vlt_version()
+version, today_fmt = get_vlt_version()
+release = version
 
 rst_prolog = """
 .. role:: vlopt(option)
@@ -66,8 +74,7 @@ extensions = []
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
 # This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path.
 exclude_patterns = [
-    '_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store', 'internals.rst', 'xml.rst', 'gen/ex_*',
-    'CONTRIBUTING.rst'
+    '_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store', 'internals.rst', 'xml.rst', 'gen/ex_*', 'CONTRIBUTING.rst'
 ]
 
 # Warn about refs
@@ -87,9 +94,6 @@ source_suffix = [".rst"]
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
 templates_path = ['_templates']
 
-# Date format to ISO
-today_fmt = datetime.now().strftime("%F")
-
 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
 todo_include_todos = True
 
@@ -109,7 +113,6 @@ html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
 html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
 
 html_theme_options = {
-    'analytics_id': 'G-D27B0C9QEB',
     'logo_only': True,
     'style_nav_header_background': "#45acf8",  # Default is #2980B9
     # 'canonical_url':
@@ -225,4 +228,4 @@ spelling_ignore_contributor_names = True
 
 breathe_projects = {"verilated": "_build/doxygen/verilated/xml/"}
 breathe_default_project = "verilated"
-breathe_default_members = ('members')
+breathe_default_members = 'members'

docs/guide/connecting.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 .. _Connecting:
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ also the instance of the top level instance in the design hierarchy (what
 you would refer to with :code:`$root` in SystemVerilog).  This meant that
 all internal variables that were implemented by Verilator in the root scope
 were accessible as members of the model class itself.  Note there were often
-many such variable due to module inlining, including :code:`/* verilator
-public_flat */` items.
+many such variable due to module inlining, including
+:code:`/* verilator public_flat */` items.
 
 This means that user code that accesses internal signals in the model
 (likely including :code:`/* verilator public_flat */` signals, as they are
@@ -86,58 +86,20 @@ Connecting to C++
 In C++ output mode (:vlopt:`--cc`), the Verilator generated model class is a
 simple C++ class.  The user must write a C++ wrapper and main loop for the
 simulation, which instantiates the model class, and link with the Verilated
-model.  Here is a simple example:
+model.
 
-.. code-block:: C++
+Refer to ``examples/make_tracing_c`` in the distribution for a detailed
+commented example.
 
-         #include <verilated.h>          // Defines common routines
-         #include <iostream>             // Need std::cout
-         #include "Vtop.h"               // From Verilating "top.v"
+Top level IO signals are read and written as members of the model.  You
+call the model's :code:`eval()` method to evaluate the model.  When the
+simulation is complete call the model's :code:`final()` method to execute
+any SystemVerilog final blocks, and complete any assertions. If using
+:vlopt:`--timing`, there are two additional functions for checking if
+there are any events pending in the simulation due to delays, and for
+retrieving the simulation time of the next delayed event. See
+:ref:`Evaluation Loop`.
 
-         Vtop *top;                      // Instantiation of model
-
-         vluint64_t main_time = 0;       // Current simulation time
-         // This is a 64-bit integer to reduce wrap over issues and
-         // allow modulus.  This is in units of the timeprecision
-         // used in Verilog (or from --timescale-override)
-
-         double sc_time_stamp() {        // Called by $time in Verilog
-             return main_time;           // converts to double, to match
-                                         // what SystemC does
-         }
-
-         int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-             Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);   // Remember args
-
-             top = new Vtop;             // Create model
-
-             top->reset_l = 0;           // Set some inputs
-
-             while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
-                 if (main_time > 10) {
-                     top->reset_l = 1;   // Deassert reset
-                 }
-                 if ((main_time % 10) == 1) {
-                     top->clk = 1;       // Toggle clock
-                 }
-                 if ((main_time % 10) == 6) {
-                     top->clk = 0;
-                 }
-                 top->eval();            // Evaluate model
-                 cout << top->out << endl;       // Read a output
-                 main_time++;            // Time passes...
-             }
-
-             top->final();               // Done simulating
-             //    // (Though this example doesn't get here)
-             delete top;
-         }
-
-
-Note top level IO signals are read and written as members of the model.  You
-call the :code:`eval()` method to evaluate the model.  When the simulation is
-complete call the :code:`final()` method to execute any SystemVerilog final
-blocks, and complete any assertions. See :ref:`Evaluation Loop`.
 
 
 Connecting to SystemC
@@ -150,7 +112,7 @@ netlist as an instantiation.
 The SC_MODULE gets the same pinout as the Verilog module, with the
 following type conversions: Pins of a single bit become bool.  Pins 2-32
 bits wide become uint32_t's.  Pins 33-64 bits wide become sc_bv's or
-vluint64_t's depending on the :vlopt:`--no-pins64` option.  Wider pins
+uint64_t's depending on the :vlopt:`--no-pins64` option.  Wider pins
 become sc_bv's.  (Uints simulate the fastest so are used where possible.)
 
 Model internals, including lower level sub-modules are not pure SystemC
@@ -158,6 +120,52 @@ code.  This is a feature, as using the SystemC pin interconnect scheme
 everywhere would reduce performance by an order of magnitude.
 
 
+Verilated API
+=============
+
+The API to a Verilated model is the C++ headers in the include/ directory
+in the distribution.  These headers use Doxygen comments, `///` and `//<`,
+to indicate and document those functions that are part of the Verilated
+public API.
+
+Process-Level Clone APIs
+--------------------------
+
+Modern operating systems support process-level clone (a.k.a copying, forking)
+with system call interfaces in C/C++, e.g., :code:`fork()` in Linux.
+
+However, after cloning a parent process, some resources cannot be inherited
+in the child process. For example, in POSIX systems, when you fork a process,
+the child process inherits all the memory of the parent process. However,
+only the thread that called fork is replicated in the child process. Other
+threads are not.
+
+Therefore, to support the process-level clone mechanisms, Verilator supports
+:code:`prepareClone()` and :code:`atClone()` APIs to allow the user to manually
+re-construct the model in the child process. The two APIs handle all necessary
+resources required for releasing and re-initializing before and after cloning.
+
+The two APIs are supported in the verilated models. Here is an example of usage
+with Linux :code:`fork()` and :code:`pthread_atfork` APIs:
+
+.. code-block:: C++
+
+    // static function pointers to fit pthread_atfork
+    static auto prepareClone = [](){ topp->prepareClone(); };
+    static auto atClone = [](){ topp->atClone(); };
+
+    // in main function, register the handlers:
+    pthread_atfork(prepareClone, atClone, atClone);
+
+For better flexibility, you can also manually call the handlers before and
+after :code:`fork()`.
+
+With the process-level clone APIs, users can create process-level snapshots
+for the verilated models. While the Verilator save/restore option provides
+persistent and circuit-dependent snapshots, the process-level clone APIs
+enable in-memory, circuit-transparent, and highly efficient snapshots.
+
+
 Direct Programming Interface (DPI)
 ==================================
 
@@ -200,7 +208,7 @@ DPI System Task/Functions
 -------------------------
 
 Verilator extends the DPI format to allow using the same scheme to
-efficiently add system functions.  Simply use a dollar-sign prefixed system
+efficiently add system functions.  Use a dollar-sign prefixed system
 function name for the import, but note it must be escaped.
 
 .. code-block:: sv
@@ -257,7 +265,9 @@ with respect to that top level module, then the scope could be set with
 
      #include "svdpi.h"
      ...
-     svSetScope(svGetScopeFromName("TOP.dut"));
+     const svScope scope = svGetScopeFromName("TOP.dut");
+     assert(scope);  // Check for nullptr if scope not found
+     svSetScope(scope);
 
 (Remember that Verilator adds a "TOP" to the top of the module hierarchy.)
 
@@ -397,6 +407,16 @@ only a couple of instructions.
 For signal callbacks to work the main loop of the program must call
 :code:`VerilatedVpi::callValueCbs()`.
 
+Verilator also tracks when the model state has been modified via the VPI with
+an :code:`evalNeeded` flag.  This flag can be checked with :code:`VerilatedVpi::evalNeeded()`
+and it can be cleared with :code:`VerilatedVpi::clearEvalNeeded()`.  Used together
+it is possible to skip :code:`eval()` calls if no model state has been changed
+since the last :code:`eval()`.
+
+Any data written via :code:`vpi_put_value` with :code:`vpiInertialDelay` will
+be deferred for later.  These delayed values can be flushed to the model with
+:code:`VerilatedVpi::doInertialPuts()`.
+
 
 .. _VPI Example:
 
@@ -410,9 +430,11 @@ changed on the specified clock edge.
 .. code-block:: bash
 
      cat >our.v <<'EOF'
-       module our (input clk);
-          reg readme   /*verilator public_flat_rd*/;
-          reg writeme  /*verilator public_flat_rw @(posedge clk) */;
+       module our #(
+          parameter WIDTH /*verilator public_flat_rd*/ = 32
+       ) (input clk);
+          reg [WIDTH-1:0] readme   /*verilator public_flat_rd*/;
+          reg [WIDTH-1:0] writeme  /*verilator public_flat_rw @(posedge clk) */;
           initial $finish;
        endmodule
      EOF
@@ -422,36 +444,39 @@ accesses the above signal "readme" would be:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-     cat >sim_main.cpp <<'<<EOF'
+     cat >sim_main.cpp <<'EOF'
        #include "Vour.h"
        #include "verilated.h"
        #include "verilated_vpi.h"  // Required to get definitions
 
-       vluint64_t main_time = 0;   // See comments in first example
+       uint64_t main_time = 0;   // See comments in first example
        double sc_time_stamp() { return main_time; }
 
        void read_and_check() {
            vpiHandle vh1 = vpi_handle_by_name((PLI_BYTE8*)"TOP.our.readme", NULL);
            if (!vh1) vl_fatal(__FILE__, __LINE__, "sim_main", "No handle found");
            const char* name = vpi_get_str(vpiName, vh1);
-           printf("Module name: %s\n", name);  // Prints "readme"
+           const char* type = vpi_get_str(vpiType, vh1);
+           const int size = vpi_get(vpiSize, vh1);
+           printf("register name: %s, type: %s, size: %d\n", name, type, size);  // Prints "register name: readme, type: vpiReg, size: 32"
 
            s_vpi_value v;
            v.format = vpiIntVal;
            vpi_get_value(vh1, &v);
-           printf("Value of v: %d\n", v.value.integer);  // Prints "readme"
+           printf("Value of %s: %d\n", name, v.value.integer);  // Prints "Value of readme: 0"
        }
 
-       int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
+       int main(int argc, char** argv) {
            Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
-           Vour* top = new Vour;
-           Verilated::internalsDump();  // See scopes to help debug
-           while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
+           const std::unique_ptr<VerilatedContext> contextp{new VerilatedContext};
+           const std::unique_ptr<Vour> top{new Vour{contextp.get()}};
+
+           contextp->internalsDump();  // See scopes to help debug
+           while (!contextp->gotFinish()) {
                top->eval();
                VerilatedVpi::callValueCbs();  // For signal callbacks
                read_and_check();
            }
-           delete top;
            return 0;
        }
      EOF
@@ -478,10 +503,25 @@ there is only a single design, you would call :code:`eval_step()` then
 :code:`eval_end_step()`; in fact :code:`eval()` described above is just a
 wrapper which calls these two functions.
 
+3. If using delays and :vlopt:`--timing`, there are two additional methods
+the user should call:
+
+   * :code:`designp->eventsPending()`, which returns :code:`true` if there are
+     any delayed events pending,
+   * :code:`designp->nextTimeSlot()`, which returns the simulation time of the
+     next delayed event. This method can only be called if
+     :code:`designp->eventsPending()` returned :code:`true`.
+
+Call :code:`eventsPending()` to check if you should continue with the
+simulation, and then :code:`nextTimeSlot()` to move simulation time forward.
+:vlopt:`--main` can be used with :vlopt:`--timing` to generate a basic example
+of a timing-enabled eval loop.
+
 When :code:`eval()` (or :code:`eval_step()`) is called Verilator looks for
 changes in clock signals and evaluates related sequential always blocks,
-such as computing always_ff @ (posedge...) outputs.  Then Verilator
-evaluates combinatorial logic.
+such as computing always_ff @ (posedge...) outputs. With :vlopt:`--timing`, it
+resumes any delayed processes awaiting the current simulation time. Then
+Verilator evaluates combinational logic.
 
 Note combinatorial logic is not computed before sequential always blocks
 are computed (for speed reasons). Therefore it is best to set any non-clock
@@ -499,14 +539,15 @@ distribution.
 Verilated and VerilatedContext
 ==============================
 
-Multiple Verilated models may be part of the same simulation context, that
-is share a VPI interface, sense of time, and common settings.  This common
-simulation context information is stored in a ``VerilatedContext``
+Multiple C++ Verilated models may be part of the same simulation context,
+that is share a VPI interface, sense of time, and common settings.  This
+common simulation context information is stored in a ``VerilatedContext``
 structure.  If a ``VerilatedContext`` is not created prior to creating a
-model, a default global one is created automatically.
+model, a default global one is created automatically.  SystemC requires
+using only the single, default VerilatedContext.
 
 The ``Verilated::`` methods, including the ``Verilated::commandArgs`` call
-shown above, simply call VerilatedContext methods using the default global
+shown above, call VerilatedContext methods using the default global
 VerilatedContext.  (Technically they operate on the last one used by a
 given thread.)  If you are using multiple simulation contexts you should
 not use the Verilated:: methods, and instead always use VerilatedContext

docs/guide/contributing.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 *******************************
@@ -23,24 +23,24 @@ Next, try the :vlopt:`--debug` option.  This will enable additional
 internal assertions, and may help identify the problem.
 
 Finally, reduce your code to the smallest possible routine that exhibits
-the bug.  Even better, create a test in the :file:`test_regress/t`
-directory, as follows:
+the bug (see: :ref:`Minimizing bug-inducing code`).  Even better, create
+a test in the :file:`test_regress/t` directory, as follows:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
        cd test_regress
-       cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.pl t/t_BUG.pl
+       cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.py t/t_BUG.py
        cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.v t/t_BUG.v
 
 There are many hints on how to write a good test in the
-:file:`test_regress/driver.pl` documentation which can be seen by running:
+:file:`test_regress/driver.py` documentation which can be seen by running:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
        cd $VERILATOR_ROOT  # Need the original distribution kit
-       test_regress/driver.pl --help
+       test_regress/driver.py --help
 
-Edit :file:`t/t_BUG.pl` to suit your example; you can do anything you want
+Edit :file:`t/t_BUG.py` to suit your example; you can do anything you want
 in the Verilog code there; just make sure it retains the single clk input
 and no outputs.  Now, the following should fail:
 
@@ -48,20 +48,38 @@ and no outputs.  Now, the following should fail:
 
        cd $VERILATOR_ROOT  # Need the original distribution kit
        cd test_regress
-       t/t_BUG.pl  # Run on Verilator
-       t/t_BUG.pl --debug # Run on Verilator, passing --debug to Verilator
-       t/t_BUG.pl --vcs  # Run on VCS simulator
-       t/t_BUG.pl --nc|--iv|--ghdl  # Likewise on other simulators
+       t/t_BUG.py  # Run on Verilator
+       t/t_BUG.py --debug # Run on Verilator, passing --debug to Verilator
+       t/t_BUG.py --vcs  # Run on VCS simulator
+       t/t_BUG.py --nc|--iv|--ghdl  # Likewise on other simulators
 
 The test driver accepts a number of options, many of which mirror the main
 Verilator options. For example the previous test could have been run with
 debugging enabled.  The full set of test options can be seen by running
-:command:`driver.pl --help` as shown above.
+:command:`driver.py --help` as shown above.
 
 Finally, report the bug at `Verilator Issues
 <https://verilator.org/issues>`_.  The bug will become publicly visible; if
 this is unacceptable, mail the bug report to ``[email protected]``.
 
+.. _Minimizing bug-inducing code:
+
+Minimizing bug-inducing code
+============================
+
+In some cases, the part of the code that causes the bug is clearly visible
+and the design can be easily manually reduced. In other cases, the bug is
+caused by a complex interaction of many parts of the design, and it is not
+clear which parts are necessary to reproduce the bug. In these cases, an
+Open Source tool called `sv-bugpoint
+<https://github.com/antmicro/sv-bugpoint>_` can be used to automatically
+reduce a SystemVerilog design to the smallest possible reproducer.
+It can be used to automatically reduce a design with hundreds of thousands of
+lines to a minimal test case while preserving the bug-inducing behavior.
+
+Please refer to the `README
+<https://github.com/antmicro/sv-bugpoint/blob/main/README.md>`_ file for more
+information on how to use `sv-bugpoint`.
 
 .. Contributing
 .. ============

docs/guide/contributors.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 ************************
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Authors
 When possible, please instead report bugs at `Verilator Issues
 <https://verilator.org/issues>`_.
 
-Primary author is Wilson Snyder <[email protected]>.
+The primary author is Wilson Snyder <[email protected]>.
 
 Major concepts by Paul Wasson, Duane Galbi, John Coiner, Geza Lore, Yutetsu
 Takatsukasa, and Jie Xu.
@@ -22,122 +22,175 @@ Contributors
 
 Many people have provided ideas and other assistance with Verilator.
 
-Verilator is receiving major development support from the `CHIPS Alliance
-<https://chipsalliance.org>`_.
+Verilator is receiving significant development support from the `CHIPS
+Alliance <https://chipsalliance.org>`_, `Antmicro Ltd
+<https://antmicro.com>`_ and `Shunyao CAD <https://shunyaocad.com>`_.
 
 Previous major corporate sponsors of Verilator, by providing significant
-contributions of time or funds included include: Atmel Corporation, Cavium
-Inc., Compaq Corporation, Digital Equipment Corporation, Embecosm Ltd.,
-Hicamp Systems, Intel Corporation, Mindspeed Technologies Inc., MicroTune
-Inc., picoChip Designs Ltd., Sun Microsystems Inc., Nauticus Networks Inc.,
-and SiCortex Inc.
+contributions of time or funds include: Antmicro Ltd., Atmel Corporation,
+Compaq Corporation, Digital Equipment Corporation, Embecosm Ltd., Hicamp
+Systems, Intel Corporation, Marvell Inc., Mindspeed Technologies Inc.,
+MicroTune Inc., picoChip Designs Ltd., Sun Microsystems Inc., Nauticus
+Networks Inc., SiCortex Inc, Shunyao CAD, and Western Digital Inc.
 
-The people who have contributed major functionality are: Byron Bradley,
-Jeremy Bennett, Lane Brooks, John Coiner, Duane Galbi, Geza Lore, Todd
-Strader, Stefan Wallentowitz, Paul Wasson, Jie Xu, and Wilson Snyder.
-Major testers included Jeff Dutton, Jonathon Donaldson, Ralf Karge, David
-Hewson, Iztok Jeras, Wim Michiels, Alex Solomatnikov, Sebastien Van
-Cauwenberghe, Gene Weber, and Clifford Wolf.
+The contributors of major functionality are: Jeremy Bennett, Krzysztof
+Bieganski, Byron Bradley, Lane Brooks, John Coiner, Duane Galbi, Arkadiusz
+Kozdra, Geza Lore, Todd Strader, Yutetsu Takatsukasa, Stefan Wallentowitz,
+Paul Wasson, Jie Xu, and Wilson Snyder.
 
 Some of the people who have provided ideas, and feedback for Verilator
-include: David Addison, Nikana Anastasiadis, Vasu Arasanipalai, Jens Arm,
-Tariq B. Ahmad, Sharad Bagri, Matthew Ballance, Andrew Bardsley, Matthew
-Barr, Geoff Barrett, Kaleb Barrett, Julius Baxter, Jeremy Bennett, Michael
-Berman, Jean Berniolles, Victor Besyakov, Moinak Bhattacharyya, Krzysztof
-Bieganski, David Binderman, Piotr Binkowski, Johan Bjork, David Black,
-Tymoteusz Blazejczyk, Daniel Bone, Morten Borup Petersen, Gregg Bouchard,
-Christopher Boumenot, Nick Bowler, Byron Bradley, Bryan Brady, Charlie
-Brej, J Briquet, Lane Brooks, John Brownlee, Jeff Bush, Lawrence Butcher,
-Tony Bybell, Iru Cai, Ted Campbell, Chris Candler, Lauren Carlson, Donal
-Casey, Alex Chadwick, Terry Chen, Yi-Chung Chen, Enzo Chi, Robert A. Clark,
-Ryan Clarke, Allan Cochrane, John Coiner, Gianfranco Costamagna, Sean
-Cross, George Cuan, Joe DErrico, Lukasz Dalek, Gunter Dannoritzer, Ashutosh
-Das, Maarten De Braekeleer, Bernard Deadman, Alberto Del Rio, John Demme,
-Mike Denio, John Deroo, Philip Derrick, John Dickol, Ruben Diez, Danny
-Ding, Jacko Dirks, Ivan Djordjevic, Jonathon Donaldson, Sebastian Dressler,
-Alex Duller, Jeff Dutton, Tomas Dzetkulic, Richard E George, Edgar
-E. Iglesias, Usuario Eda, Charles Eddleston, Chandan Egbert, Jan Egil Ruud,
-Joe Eiler, Ahmed El-Mahmoudy, Trevor Elbourne, Mats Engstrom, Charles Eric
-LaForest, Robert Farrell, Eugen Fekete, Fabrizio Ferrandi, Udi Finkelstein,
-Brian Flachs, Andrea Foletto, Bob Fredieu, Duane Galbi, Benjamin Gartner,
-Christian Gelinek, Peter Gerst, Glen Gibb, Michael Gielda, Barbara Gigerl,
-Shankar Giri, Dan Gisselquist, Petr Gladkikh, Sam Gladstone, Andrew
-Goessling, Amir Gonnen, Chitlesh Goorah, Tomasz Gorochowik, Kai Gossner,
-Sergi Granell, Al Grant, Alexander Grobman, Xuan Guo, Driss Hafdi, Neil
-Hamilton, James Hanlon, Oyvind Harboe, Jannis Harder, Junji Hashimoto,
-Thomas Hawkins, Mitch Hayenga, Harald Heckmann, Robert Henry, Stephen
-Henry, David Hewson, Jamey Hicks, Joel Holdsworth, Andrew Holme, Hiroki
-Honda, Alex Hornung, Pierre-Henri Horrein, David Horton, Peter Horvath, Jae
-Hossell, Kuoping Hsu, Alan Hunter, James Hutchinson, Anderson Ignacio da
-Silva, Jamie Iles, Thomas J Whatson, Ben Jackson, Mark Jackson Pulver,
-Shareef Jalloq, Marlon James, Krzysztof Jankowski, HyungKi Jeong, Iztok
-Jeras, James Johnson, Christophe Joly, Franck Jullien, James Jung, Mike
-Kagen, Arthur Kahlich, Kaalia Kahn, Guy-Armand Kamendje, Vasu Kandadi,
-Kanad Kanhere, Patricio Kaplan, Pieter Kapsenberg, Rafal Kapuscik, Ralf
-Karge, Dan Katz, Sol Katzman, Ian Kennedy, Michael Killough, Jonathan
-Kimmitt, Olof Kindgren, Kevin Kiningham, Dan Kirkham, Sobhan Klnv, Gernot
-Koch, Jack Koenig, Soon Koh, Nathan Kohagen, Steve Kolecki, Brett Koonce,
-Will Korteland, Wojciech Koszek, Varun Koyyalagunta, Markus Krause, David
-Kravitz, Roland Kruse, Andreas Kuster, Sergey Kvachonok, Ed Lander, Steve
-Lang, Stephane Laurent, Walter Lavino, Christian Leber, Larry Lee, Igor
-Lesik, John Li, Eivind Liland, Charlie Lind, Andrew Ling, Jiuyang Liu, Paul
-Liu, Derek Lockhart, Jake Longo, Geza Lore, Arthur Low, Stefan Ludwig, Dan
-Lussier, Fred Ma, Duraid Madina, Odd Magne Reitan, Affe Mao, Julien
-Margetts, Mark Marshall, Alfonso Martinez, Unai Martinez-Corral, Yves
-Mathieu, Patrick Maupin, Conor McCullough, Jason McMullan, Elliot Mednick,
-Wim Michiels, Miodrag Milanovic, Peter Monsson, Sean Moore, Dennis
-Muhlestein, John Murphy, Matt Myers, Nathan Myers, Richard Myers, Dimitris
-Nalbantis, Peter Nelson, Bob Newgard, Paul Nitza, Yossi Nivin, Pete Nixon,
-Lisa Noack, Mark Nodine, Kuba Ober, Andreas Olofsson, Baltazar Ortiz,
-Aleksander Osman, Don Owen, James Pallister, Vassilis Papaefstathiou, Brad
-Parker, Dan Petrisko, Maciej Piechotka, David Pierce, Cody Piersall,
-Dominic Plunkett, David Poole, Mike Popoloski, Roman Popov, Rich Porter,
-Niranjan Prabhu, Usha Priyadharshini, Prateek Puri, Marshal Qiao, Nandu
-Raj, Danilo Ramos, Chris Randall, Anton Rapp, Josh Redford, Frederic
-Requin, Dustin Richmond, Samuel Riedel, Eric Rippey, Oleg Rodionov, Ludwig
-Rogiers, Paul Rolfe, Arjen Roodselaar, Tobias Rosenkranz, Huang Rui, Denis
-Rystsov, John Sanguinetti, Galen Seitz, Joseph Shaker, Salman Sheikh, Yu
-Sheng Lin, Hao Shi, Mike Shinkarovsky, Rafael Shirakawa, Jeffrey Short, Fan
-Shupei, Rodney Sinclair, Steven Slatter, Brian Small, Garrett Smith, Tim
-Snyder, Wilson Snyder, Maciej Sobkowski, Stan Sokorac, Alex Solomatnikov,
-Wei Song, Art Stamness, David Stanford, John Stevenson, Pete Stevenson,
-Patrick Stewart, Rob Stoddard, Todd Strader, John Stroebel, Sven Stucki,
-Howard Su, Emerson Suguimoto, Gene Sullivan, Wai Sum Mong, Qingyao Sun,
-Renga Sundararajan, Rupert Swarbrick, Yutetsu Takatsukasa, Thierry Tambe,
-Drew Taussig, Peter Tengstrand, Wesley Terpstra, Rui Terra, Stefan Thiede,
-Gary Thomas, Ian Thompson, Kevin Thompson, Mike Thyer, Hans Tichelaar,
-Viktor Tomov, Steve Tong, Alex Torregrosa, Michael Tresidder, David Turner,
-Neil Turton, Cong Van Nguyen, Hans Van Antwerpen, Jan Van Winkel, Sebastien
-Van Cauwenberghe, Laurens van Dam, Leendert van Doorn, Srini Vemuri, Yuri
-Victorovich, Bogdan Vukobratovic, Holger Waechtler, Philipp Wagner, Stefan
-Wallentowitz, Shawn Wang, Paul Wasson, Greg Waters, Thomas Watts, Eugene
-Weber, David Welch, Martin Whitaker, Marco Widmer, Leon Wildman, Daniel
-Wilkerson, Gerald Williams, Trevor Williams, Jeff Winston, Joshua Wise,
-Clifford Wolf, Tobias Wolfel, Johan Wouters, Paul Wright, Junyi Xi, Ding
-Xiaoliang, Jie Xu, Mandy Xu, Yinan Xu, Luke Yang, Amir Yazdanbakhsh, and
-Keyi Zhang.
+include:
+
+David Addison, Tariq B. Ahmad, Nikana Anastasiadis, John David Anglin,
+Frederic Antonin, Hans Van Antwerpen, Vasu Arasanipalai, Jens Arm, Rohan
+Arshid, Valentin Atepalikhin, Philip Axer, Gökçe Aydos, Chris Bachhuber,
+Filip Badáň, Adam Bagley, Sharad Bagri, James Bailey, Robert Balas, Marco
+Balboni, Matthew Ballance, Ricardo Barbedo, Andrew Bardsley, Ilya Barkov,
+Matthew Barr, Geoff Barrett, Kaleb Barrett, Daniel Bates, Julius Baxter,
+Michael Berman, Jean Berniolles, Victor Besyakov, Narayan Bhagavatula,
+Moinak Bhattacharyya, Kritik Bhimani, David Biancolin, Krzysztof Bieganski,
+Michael Bikovitsky, David Binderman, Piotr Binkowski, Johan Björk, David
+Black, Tymoteusz Blazejczyk, Scott Bleiweiss, David van der Bokke, Daniel
+Bone, Guy Bonneau, Krzysztof Boroński, Gregg Bouchard, Christopher
+Boumenot, Paul Bowen-Huggett, Nick Bowler, Bryan Brady, Maarten De
+Braekeleer, Liam Braun, Charlie Brej, J Briquet, John Brownlee, KC
+Buckenmaier, Gijs Burghoorn, Jeff Bush, Lawrence Butcher, Tony Bybell, Iru
+Cai, Ted Campbell, Anthony Campos, Chris Candler, Lauren Carlson, Gregory
+Carver, Donal Casey, Sebastien Van Cauwenberghe, Alex Chadwick, Greg
+Chadwick, Marcel Chang, Aliaksei Chapyzhenka, Chih-Mao Chen, Guokai Chen,
+Kefa Chen, Terry Chen, Yangyu Chen, Yi-Chung Chen, Yurii Cherkasov,
+Hennadii Chernyshchyk, Enzo Chi, Bartłomiej Chmiel, Robert A. Clark, Ryan
+Clarke, Allan Cochrane, Keith Colbert, Quentin Corradi, Nassim Corteggiani,
+Gianfranco Costamagna, February Cozzocrea, Sean Cross, George Cuan, Michal
+Czyz, Joe DErrico, Jim Dai, Lukasz Dalek, Laurens van Dam, Gunter
+Dannoritzer, Ashutosh Das, Julian Daube, Greg Davill, Bernard Deadman,
+Peter Debacker, Josse Van Delm, John Demme, Mike Denio, John Deroo, Philip
+Derrick, Aadi Desai, John Dickol, Ruben Diez, Danny Ding, Jacko Dirks, Ivan
+Djordjevic, Brad Dobbie, Paul Donahue, Jonathon Donaldson, Anthony Donlon,
+Caleb Donovick, Larry Doolittle, Leendert van Doorn, Sebastian Dressler,
+Jonathan Drolet, Justin Yao Du, Maciej Dudek, Alex Duller, Jeff Dutton,
+Tomas Dzetkulic, Usuario Eda, Charles Eddleston, Chandan Egbert, Joe Eiler,
+Ahmed El-Mahmoudy, Trevor Elbourne, Mats Engstrom, Robert Farrell, Julien
+Faucher, Olivier Faure, Eugene Feinberg, Eugen Fekete, Fabrizio Ferrandi,
+Udi Finkelstein, Brian Flachs, Bill Flynn, Andrea Foletto, Alex Forencich,
+Aurelien Francillon, Bob Fredieu, Manuel Freiberger, Mostafa Gamal, Vito
+Gamberini, Mostafa Garnal, Benjamin Gartner, Christian Gelinek, Richard E
+George, Peter Gerst, Glen Gibb, Michael Gielda, Barbara Gigerl, Nimrod
+Gileadi, Shankar Giri, Dan Gisselquist, Szymon Gizler, Petr Gladkikh, Sam
+Gladstone, Mariusz Glebocki, Embedded Go, Andrew Goessling, Amir Gonnen,
+Chitlesh Goorah, Tomasz Gorochowik, Kai Gossner, Tarik Graba, Sergi
+Granell, Al Grant, Nathan Graybeal, Alexander Grobman, Qian Gu, Xuan Guo,
+Prabhat Gupta, Deniz Güzel, Driss Hafdi, Abdul Hameed, Neil Hamilton, James
+Hanlon, Tang Haojin, Øyvind Harboe, Jannis Harder, David Harris, Junji
+Hashimoto, Thomas Hawkins, Mitch Hayenga, Harald Heckmann, Robert Henry,
+Stephen Henry, Sebastian Hesselbarth, David Hewson, Jamey Hicks, Joel
+Holdsworth, Andrew Holme, Peter Holmes, Hiroki Honda, Alex Hornung,
+Pierre-Henri Horrein, David Horton, Peter Horvath, Jae Hossell, Kuoping
+Hsu, Shou-Li Hsu, Teng Huang, Steven Hugg, Alan Hunter, James Hutchinson,
+Tim Hutt, Ehab Ibrahim, Edgar E. Iglesias, Shahid Ikram, Jamie Iles, Fuad
+Ismail, Vighnesh Iyer, Ben Jackson, Daniel Jacques, Shareef Jalloq, Marlon
+James, Krzysztof Jankowski, Eyck Jentzsch, HyungKi Jeong, Iztok Jeras,
+Pawel Jewstafjew, Alexandre Joannou, James Johnson, Christophe Joly, Justin
+Jones, William D. Jones, Abe Jordan, Larry Darryl Lee Jr., Franck Jullien,
+James Jung, Mike Kagen, Arthur Kahlich, Kaalia Kahn, Guy-Armand Kamendje,
+Vasu Kandadi, Yoshitomo Kaneda, Kanad Kanhere, Patricio Kaplan, Pieter
+Kapsenberg, Rafal Kapuscik, Ralf Karge, Per Karlsson, Dan Katz, Sol
+Katzman, Ian Kennedy, Ami Keren, Fabian Keßler, Michael Killough, Sun Kim,
+Jonathan Kimmitt, Olof Kindgren, Kevin Kiningham, Cameron Kirk, Dan
+Kirkham, Aleksander Kiryk, Sobhan Klnv, Gernot Koch, Jack Koenig, Soon Koh,
+Nathan Kohagen, Steve Kolecki, Brett Koonce, Will Korteland, Andrei
+Kostovski, Wojciech Koszek, Varun Koyyalagunta, Arkadiusz Kozdra, Markus
+Krause, David Kravitz, Adam Krolnik, Roland Kruse, Mahesh Kumashikar,
+Andreas Kuster, Sergey Kvachonok, Charles Eric LaForest, Kevin Laeufer, Ed
+Lander, Steve Lang, Pierre Laroche, Stephane Laurent, Walter Lavino,
+Christian Leber, David Ledger, Alex Lee, Larry Lee, Yoda Lee, Michaël
+Lefebvre, Dag Lem, Igor Lesik, John Li, Kay Li, Zixi Li, Davide Libenzi,
+Nandor Licker, Eivind Liland, Ícaro Lima, Kevin Lin, Yu-Sheng Lin, Charlie
+Lind, Andrew Ling, Jiuyang Liu, Joey Liu, Paul Liu, Derek Lockhart, Jake
+Longo, Geza Lore, Arthur Low, Jose Loyola, Stefan Ludwig, Dan Lussier,
+Konstantin Lübeck, Fred Ma, Liwei Ma, Duraid Madina, Oleh Maksymenko, Affe
+Mao, Julien Margetts, Chick Markley, Alexis Marquet, Mark Marshall, Alfonso
+Martinez, Unai Martinez-Corral, Adrien Le Masle, Yves Mathieu, Vladimir
+Matveyenko, Patrick Maupin, Stan Mayer, Jordan McConnon, Conor McCullough,
+Jason McMullan, Elliot Mednick, Yuan Mei, Andy Meier, Luiza de Melo,
+Rodrigo A. Melo, Benjamin Menküc, Jake Merdich, David Metz, Wim Michiels,
+Miodrag Milanović, Darryl Miles, Kevin Millis, Andrew Miloradovsky, David
+Moberg, Wai Sum Mong, Peter Monsson, Anthony Moore, Sean Moore, Stuart
+Morris, Dennis Muhlestein, John Murphy, Matt Myers, Nathan Myers, Richard
+Myers, Alex Mykyta, Eric Müller, Dimitris Nalbantis, Peter Nelson, Felix
+Neumärker, Bob Newgard, Cong Van Nguyen, Rachit Nigam, Toru Niina, Paul
+Nitza, Yossi Nivin, Pete Nixon, Lisa Noack, Mark Nodine, Michael Nolan,
+Andrew Nolte, Joseph Nwabueze, Kevin Nygaard, Kuba Ober, Krzysztof
+Obłonczek, Andreas Olofsson, Baltazar Ortiz, Aleksander Osman, Don Owen,
+Tim Paine, Deepa Palaniappan, James Pallister, Vassilis Papaefstathiou,
+Sanggyu Park, Brad Parker, Risto Pejašinović, Seth Pellegrino, Morten Borup
+Petersen, Dan Petrisko, Wesley Piard, Maciej Piechotka, David Pierce, Cody
+Piersall, T. Platz, Michael Platzer, Dominic Plunkett, Nolan Poe, David
+Poole, Michael Popoloski, Roman Popov, Aylon Chaim Porat, Oron Port, Rich
+Porter, Rick Porter, Stefan Post, Niranjan Prabhu, Damien Pretet, Harald
+Pretl, Bill Pringlemeir, Usha Priyadharshini, Mark Jackson Pulver, Prateek
+Puri, Han Qi, Jiacheng Qian, Marshal Qiao, Raynard Qiao, Yujia Qiao, Jasen
+Qin, Frank Qiu, Nandu Raj, Kamil Rakoczy, Danilo Ramos, Drew Ranck, Chris
+Randall, Anton Rapp, Josh Redford, Odd Magne Reitan, Frédéric Requin,
+Dustin Richmond, Samuel Riedel, Alberto Del Rio, Eric Rippey, Narcis Rodas,
+Oleg Rodionov, Ludwig Rogiers, Paul Rolfe, Michail Rontionov, Arjen
+Roodselaar, Arthur Rosa, Tobias Rosenkranz, Yernagula Roshit, Ryszard
+Rozak, Huang Rui, Graham Rushton, Jan Egil Ruud, Denis Rystsov, Pawel
+Sagan, Robert Sammelson, Adrian Sampson, John Sanguinetti, Josep Sans, Luca
+Sasselli, Martin Scharrer, Martin Schmidt, Jonathan Schröter, Julie
+Schwartz, Galen Seitz, Sam Shahrestani, Joseph Shaker, Mark Shaw, Salman
+Sheikh, Zhou Shen, Hao Shi, James Shi, Michael Shinkarovsky, Rafael
+Shirakawa, Jeffrey Short, S Shuba, Fan Shupei, Ethan Sifferman, Anderson
+Ignacio da Silva, Rodney Sinclair, Ameya Vikram Singh, Sanjay Singh, Frans
+Skarman, Nate Slager, Steven Slatter, Mladen Slijepcevic, Brian Small,
+Garrett Smith, Gus Smith, Tim Snyder, Maciej Sobkowski, Stan Sokorac, Alex
+Solomatnikov, Flavien Solt, Wei Song, Trefor Southwell, Martin Stadler, Art
+Stamness, David Stanford, Krzysztof Starecki, Baruch Sterin, John
+Stevenson, Pete Stevenson, Patrick Stewart, Rob Stoddard, Tood Strader,
+John Stroebel, Ray Strouble, Sven Stucki, Howard Su, Udaya Raj Subedi,
+Emerson Suguimoto, Gene Sullivan, Qingyao Sun, Renga Sundararajan, Kuba
+Sunderland-Ober, Gustav Svensk, Rupert Swarbrick, Jevin Sweval, Paul
+Swirhun, Shinya T-Y, Thierry Tambe, Jesse Taube, Drew Taussig, Christopher
+Taylor, Greg Taylor, Jose Tejada, Sören Tempel, Peter Tengstrand, Wesley
+Terpstra, Rui Terra, Stefan Thiede, Justin Thiel, Gary Thomas, Ian
+Thompson, Kevin Thompson, Mike Thyer, Hans Tichelaar, Tudor Timi, Viktor
+Tomov, Steve Tong, Topa Topino, Àlex Torregrosa, Topa Tota, Michael
+Tresidder, Lenny Truong, David Turner, Neil Turton, Hideto Ueno, Mike
+Urbach, Joel Vandergriendt, Srini Vemuri, Srinivasan Venkataramanan, Yuri
+Victorovich, Ivan Vnučec, Bogdan Vukobratovic, Holger Waechtler, Philipp
+Wagner, Stefan Wallentowitz, Johannes Walter, CY Wang, Chuxuan Wang, Shawn
+Wang, Yilou Wang, Zhanglei Wang, Greg Waters, Thomas Watts, Eugene Weber,
+John Wehle, Tianrui Wei, David Welch, Thomas J Whatson, Martin Whitaker,
+Marco Widmer, Leon Wildman, Daniel S. Wilkerson, Daniel Wilkerson, Gerald
+Williams, Trevor Williams, Don Williamson, Jan Van Winkel, Jeff Winston,
+Joshua Wise, Clifford Wolf, Johan Wouters, Paul Wright, Tobias Wölfel,
+Junyi Xi, Ding Xiaoliang, Liu Xiaoyi, Jinyan Xu, Mandy Xu, Pengcheng Xu,
+Shanshan Xu, Yan Xu, Yinan Xu, SU YANG, Felix Yan, Jiaxun Yang, Luke Yang,
+Amir Yazdanbakhsh, Chentai (Seven) Yuan, Florian Zaruba, Mat Zeno, Keyi
+Zhang, Xi Zhang, Huanghuang Zhou, Yike Zhou, Jiamin Zhu, Ryan Ziegler.
+
+Thanks to them, and all those we've missed mentioning above, and to those
+whom have wished to remain anonymous.
 
-Thanks to them, and all those we've missed including above, or wished to
-remain anonymous.
 
 Historical Origins
 ==================
 
 Verilator was conceived in 1994 by Paul Wasson at the Core Logic Group at
 Digital Equipment Corporation.  The Verilog code that was converted to C
-was then merged with a C based CPU model of the Alpha processor and
-simulated in a C based environment called CCLI.
+was then merged with a C-based CPU model of the Alpha processor and
+simulated in a C-based environment called CCLI.
 
-In 1995 Verilator started being used also for Multimedia and Network
-Processor development inside Digital.  Duane Galbi took over active
-development of Verilator, and added several performance enhancements.  CCLI
-was still being used as the shell.
+In 1995 Verilator started being used for Multimedia and Network Processor
+development inside Digital.  Duane Galbi took over the active development
+of Verilator, and added several performance enhancements, and CCLI was
+still being used as the shell.
 
 In 1998, through the efforts of existing DECies, mainly Duane Galbi,
 Digital graciously agreed to release the source code.  (Subject to the code
 not being resold, which is compatible with the GNU Public License.)
 
-In 2001, Wilson Snyder took the kit, and added a SystemC mode, and called
+In 2001, Wilson Snyder took the kit, added a SystemC mode, and called
 it Verilator2.  This was the first packaged public release.
 
 In 2002, Wilson Snyder created Verilator 3.000 by rewriting Verilator from
@@ -151,6 +204,10 @@ In 2018, Verilator 4.000 was released with multithreaded support.
 In 2019, Verilator joined the `CHIPS Alliance
 <https://chipsalliance.org>`_.
 
+In 2022, Verilator 5.000 was released with IEEE scheduling semantics,
+fork/join, delay handling, DFG performance optimizations, and other
+improvements.
+
 Currently, various language features and performance enhancements are added
-as the need arises.  Verilator is now about 3x faster than in 2002, and is
-faster than most (if not every) other simulator.
+as the need arises, focusing on completing Universal Verification
+Methodology (UVM, IEEE 1800.2-2017) support.

docs/guide/copyright.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 *********
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ Copyright
 The latest version of Verilator is available from `https://verilator.org
 <https://verilator.org>`_.
 
-Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
 of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
 Artistic License Version 2.0.
 
-All Verilog and C++/SystemC code quoted within this documentation file are
-released as Creative Commons Public Domain (CC0).  Many example files and
+All Verilog and C++/SystemC code quoted within this documentation file is
+released as Creative Commons Public Domain (CC0). Many example files and
 test files are likewise released under CC0 into effectively the Public
 Domain as described in the files themselves.

docs/guide/deprecations.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 Deprecations
@@ -6,20 +6,17 @@ Deprecations
 
 The following deprecated items are scheduled for future removal:
 
-C++11 compiler support
-  Verilator currently requires C++11 or newer compilers.  Verilator will
-  require C++14 or newer compilers for both compiling Verilator and
-  compiling Verilated models no sooner than January 2022.
+C++14 compiler support
+  Verilator currently requires a C++20 or newer compiler for timing, and a
+  C++14 or newer compiler for both compiling Verilator and compiling
+  Verilated models with --no-timing.
 
-Verilated_heavy.h
-  The legacy "verilated_heavy.h" include was replaced with just including
-  "verilated.h". Verilated_heavy.h is planned for removal no sooner than
-  July 2022.
+  Verilator will require C++20 or newer compilers for both compiling
+  Verilator and compiling all Verilated models no sooner than May 2025.
+  (Likely to be removed shortly after GitHub removes Ubuntu 20.04
+  continuous-integration action runners, which are used to test the older
+  C++ standard).
 
-Configuration File -msg
-  The :vlopt:`lint_off` "-msg" option has been replaced with the "-rule"
-  option.  "-msg" is planned for removal no sooner than January 2021.
-
-XML locations
-  The XML "fl" attribute has been replaced with the "loc" attribute.  "fl"
-  is planned for removal no sooner than January 2021.
+XML output
+  Verilator currently supports XML parser output (enabled with `--xml-only`).
+  Support for `--xml-*` options will be deprecated no sooner than January 2026.

docs/guide/environment.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 Environment
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ associated programs.
 .. option:: LD_LIBRARY_PATH
 
    A generic Linux/OS variable specifying what directories have shared
-   object (.so) files.  This path should include SystemC and any other
+   object (.so) files.  This path should include SystemC and other
    shared objects needed at simulation runtime.
 
 .. option:: MAKE
@@ -20,10 +20,16 @@ associated programs.
    this variable to launch GNU make.  If this variable is not specified,
    "make" is used.
 
+.. option:: MAKEFLAGS
+
+   Flags created by :command:`make` to pass to submakes. Verilator searches
+   this variable to determine if a jobserver is used; see
+   :vlopt:`--build-jobs`.
+
 .. option:: OBJCACHE
 
    Optionally specifies a caching or distribution program to place in front
-   of all runs of the C++ compiler.  For example, "ccache".  If using
+   of all runs of the C++ compiler.  For example, "ccache" or "sccache".  If using
    :command:`distcc` or :command:`icecc`/:command:`icecream`, they would
    generally be run under :command:`ccache`; see the documentation for
    those programs.  If OBJCACHE is not set, and at configure time ccache
@@ -54,14 +60,14 @@ associated programs.
 
 .. option:: SYSTEMC_INCLUDE
 
-   If set, specifies the directory containing the systemc.h header file. If
-   not specified, it will come from a default optionally specified at
+   If set, specifies the directory containing the systemc.h header file.
+   If not specified, it will come from a default optionally specified at
    configure time (before Verilator was compiled), or computed from
    SYSTEMC/include.
 
 .. option:: SYSTEMC_LIBDIR
 
-   If set, specifies the directory containing the libsystemc.a library. If
+   If set, specifies the directory containing the libsystemc.a library.  If
    not specified, it will come from a default optionally specified at
    configure time (before Verilator was compiled), or computed from
    SYSTEMC/lib-SYSTEMC_ARCH.
@@ -85,9 +91,83 @@ associated programs.
 
 .. option:: VERILATOR_ROOT
 
-   Specifies the directory containing the distribution kit.  This is used
-   to find the executable, Perl library, and include files.  If not
-   specified, it will come from a default optionally specified at configure
-   time (before Verilator was compiled).  It should not be specified if
-   using a pre-compiled Verilator package as the hard-coded value should be
-   correct.  See :ref:`Installation`.
+   The ``VERILATOR_ROOT`` environment variable is used in several places:
+
+   * At ``./configure`` time: If set, it is embedded into the binary, and
+     at runtime if ``VERILATOR_ROOT`` is not set, the embedded value is
+     used for the runtime default.
+
+   * When ``verilator`` is run: If ``VERILATOR_ROOT`` is set it will be
+     used to find the ``verilator_bin`` executable (this is the actual
+     Verilator binary; ``verilator`` is a Perl wrapper). If not set, the
+     ``verilator`` script uses other methods to find ``verilator_bin``
+     (looking in the same directory and falling back to ``$PATH``).
+
+   * When ``make`` is run on the Makefile generated by ``verilator``: The
+     value of ``VERILATOR_ROOT`` (falling back to the value embedded in the
+     binary if not set) is used to find the include files
+     (``include/verilated.mk``).
+
+   If you are using a pre-compiled Verilator package, you should not need
+   to set ``VERILATOR_ROOT`` - the value embedded in the binary should be
+   correct.  In fact this option *does not work* with Verilator packages
+   that have been installed with ``make install``. If a Verilator package
+   has been installed using ``./configure --prefix=/some/path && make
+   install`` and then moved to another location, you cannot use
+   ``VERILATOR_ROOT`` to point to the new version.
+
+   See :ref:`Installation` for more details.
+
+.. option:: VERILATOR_SOLVER
+
+   If set, the command to run as a constrained randomization backend, such
+   as :command:`cvc4 --lang=smt2 --incremental`.  If not specified, it will use
+   the one supplied or found during configure, or :command:`z3 --in` if empty.
+
+.. option:: VERILATOR_VALGRIND
+
+   If set, the command to run when using the :vlopt:`--valgrind` option, such as
+   "valgrind --tool=callgrind".  If not specified, it will use "valgrind".
+
+
+Make Variables
+==============
+
+This section describes the make variables used by Verilator. These may be
+set by passing them to make e.g. ``make CXX=my-gcc ...``.
+
+.. option:: AR
+
+   Optionally overrides the default :command:`ar` (archive) binary used by
+   the Verilated makefiles. If AR is not set, the version found at
+   configure time is used.
+
+.. option:: CXX
+
+   Optionally overrides the default compiler binary used by the Verilated
+   makefiles. If CXX is not set, the version found at configure time is
+   used.  Note the default flags passed to the compiler are determined at
+   configuration time, so changing the CXX compiler version using this
+   variable, as opposed to passing it at configuration time, may not give
+   desired results.
+
+.. option:: LINK
+
+   Optionally overrides the default linker binary used by the Verilated
+   makefiles. If LINK is not set, the version found at configure time is
+   used.  Note the default flags passed to the linker are determined at
+   configuration time, so changing the LINK version using this variable, as
+   opposed to passing it at configuration time, may not give desired
+   results.
+
+.. option:: PERL
+
+   Optionally overrides the default :command:`perl` binary used by the
+   Verilated makefiles. If PERL is not set, the version found at configure
+   time, and compiled into the Verilator binary, is used.
+
+.. option:: PYTHON3
+
+   Optionally overrides the default :command:`python3` binary used by the
+   Verilated makefiles. If PYTHON3 is not set, the version found at
+   configure time is used.

docs/guide/example_binary.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+.. _Example Create-Binary Execution:
+
+Example Create-Binary Execution
+===============================
+
+We'll compile this SystemVerilog example into a Verilated simulation binary.  For
+an example that discusses the next level of detail see :ref:`Example C++
+Execution`.
+
+.. include:: example_common_install.rst
+
+Now, let's create an example Verilog file:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+     mkdir test_our
+     cd test_our
+
+     cat >our.v <<'EOF'
+       module our;
+          initial begin $display("Hello World"); $finish; end
+       endmodule
+     EOF
+
+Now we run Verilator on our little example.
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+     verilator --binary -j 0 -Wall our.v
+
+Breaking this command down:
+
+#. :vlopt:`--binary` telling Verilator to do everything needed to create a
+   simulation executable.
+
+#. :vlopt:`-j` `0` to Verilate using use as many CPU threads as the machine
+   has.
+
+#. :vlopt:`-Wall` so Verilator has stronger lint warnings
+   enabled.
+
+#. An finally, :command:`our.v`, which is our SystemVerilog design file.
+
+And now we run it:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+     obj_dir/Vour
+
+And we get as output:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+     Hello World
+     - our.v:2: Verilog $finish
+
+You're better off using a Makefile to run the steps for you, so when your
+source changes, it will automatically run all of the appropriate steps.  To
+aid this, Verilator can create a makefile dependency file.  For examples
+that do this, see the :file:`examples` directory in the distribution.

docs/guide/example_cc.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 .. _Example C++ Execution:
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ of what this C++ code is doing, see
 
 .. include:: example_common_install.rst
 
-Now, let's create an example Verilog, and C++ wrapper file:
+Now, let's create an example Verilog and C++ wrapper file:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Now, let's create an example Verilog, and C++ wrapper file:
      cat >sim_main.cpp <<'EOF'
        #include "Vour.h"
        #include "verilated.h"
-       int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
+       int main(int argc, char** argv) {
            VerilatedContext* contextp = new VerilatedContext;
            contextp->commandArgs(argc, argv);
            Vour* top = new Vour{contextp};
@@ -39,19 +39,15 @@ Now, let's create an example Verilog, and C++ wrapper file:
        }
      EOF
 
-Now we run Verilator on our little example.
+Now we run Verilator on our little example;
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-     verilator -Wall --cc --exe --build sim_main.cpp our.v
+     verilator --cc --exe --build -j 0 -Wall sim_main.cpp our.v
 
 Breaking this command down:
 
-#. :vlopt:`-Wall` so Verilator has stronger lint warnings
-   enabled.
-
-#. :vlopt:`--cc` to get C++ output (versus e.g. SystemC
-   or only linting).
+#. :vlopt:`--cc` to get C++ output (versus e.g., SystemC, or only linting).
 
 #. :vlopt:`--exe`, along with our :command:`sim_main.cpp` wrapper file, so
    the build will create an executable instead of only a library.
@@ -61,7 +57,13 @@ Breaking this command down:
    own compile rules, and run make yourself as we show in :ref:`Example
    SystemC Execution`.)
 
-#. An finally, :command:`our.v` which is our SystemVerilog design file.
+#. :vlopt:`-j 0 <-j>` to Verilate using use as many CPU threads as the
+   machine has.
+
+#. :vlopt:`-Wall` so Verilator has stronger lint warnings
+   enabled.
+
+#. And finally, :command:`our.v` which is our SystemVerilog design file.
 
 Once Verilator completes we can see the generated C++ code under the
 :file:`obj_dir` directory.
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ And we get as output:
      Hello World
      - our.v:2: Verilog $finish
 
-Really, you're better off using a Makefile to run the steps for you so when
-your source changes it will automatically run all of the appropriate steps.
-To aid this Verilator can create a makefile dependency file.  For examples
-that do this see the :file:`examples` directory in the distribution.
+You're better off using a Makefile to run the steps for you, so when your
+source changes, it will automatically run all of the appropriate steps.  To
+aid this, Verilator can create a makefile dependency file.  For examples
+that do this, see the :file:`examples` directory in the distribution.

docs/guide/example_common_install.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
-First you need Verilator installed, see :ref:`Installation`. In brief, if
+First you need Verilator installed, see :ref:`Installation`.  In brief, if
 you installed Verilator using the package manager of your operating system,
 or did a :command:`make install` to place Verilator into your default path,
 you do not need anything special in your environment, and should not have

docs/guide/example_dist.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 .. _Examples in the Distribution:
@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ Examples in the Distribution
 ============================
 
 See the ``examples/`` directory that is part of the distribution, and
-is installed (in a OS-specific place, often in e.g.
+is installed (in an OS-specific place, often in e.g.
 ``/usr/local/share/verilator/examples``).  These examples include:
 
+examples/make_hello_binary
+   Example GNU-make simple Verilog->binary conversion
 examples/make_hello_c
    Example GNU-make simple Verilog->C++ conversion
 examples/make_hello_sc

docs/guide/example_sc.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 .. _Example SystemC Execution:
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ Now, let's create an example Verilog, and SystemC wrapper file:
 
      cat >sc_main.cpp <<'EOF'
        #include "Vour.h"
+       using namespace sc_core;
        int sc_main(int argc, char** argv) {
            Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
            sc_clock clk{"clk", 10, SC_NS, 0.5, 3, SC_NS, true};
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ Now we run Verilator on our little example:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-     verilator -Wall --sc --exe sc_main.cpp our.v
+     verilator --sc --exe -Wall sc_main.cpp our.v
 
 This example does not use --build, therefore we need to explicitly compile
 it:

docs/guide/examples.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 .. _Examples:
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Examples
 
 This section covers the following examples:
 
+* :ref:`Example Create-Binary Execution`
 * :ref:`Example C++ Execution`
 * :ref:`Example SystemC Execution`
 * :ref:`Examples in the Distribution`
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ This section covers the following examples:
    :maxdepth: 1
    :hidden:
 
+   example_binary.rst
    example_cc.rst
    example_sc.rst
    example_dist.rst

docs/guide/exe_sim.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 .. _Simulation Runtime Arguments:
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Simulation Runtime Arguments
 
 The following are the arguments that may be passed to a Verilated
 executable, provided that executable calls
-:code:`Verilated::commandArgs()`.
+:code:`VerilatedContext*->commandArgs(argc, argv)`.
 
 All simulation runtime arguments begin with "+verilator", so that the
 user's executable may skip over all "+verilator" arguments when parsing its
@@ -19,11 +19,20 @@ Summary:
    .. include:: ../_build/gen/args_verilated.rst
 
 
+.. option:: +verilator+coverage+file+<filename>
+
+   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--coverage`, sets the filename
+   to write coverage data into.  Defaults to :file:`coverage.dat`.
+
 .. option:: +verilator+debug
 
    Enable simulation runtime debugging.  Equivalent to
    :vlopt:`+verilator+debugi+4 <+verilator+debugi+\<value\>>`.
 
+   To be useful, the model typically must first be compiled with debug
+   capabilities by Verilating with :vlopt:`--runtime-debug` or `-CFLAGS
+   -DVL_DEBUG=1`.
+
 .. option:: +verilator+debugi+<value>
 
    Enable simulation runtime debugging at the provided level.
@@ -31,49 +40,69 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: +verilator+error+limit+<value>
 
    Set number of non-fatal errors (e.g. assertion failures) before exiting
-   simulation runtime. Also affects number of $stop calls needed before
-   exit. Defaults to 1.
+   simulation runtime. Also affects number of `$stop` calls needed before
+   exit. Does not affect `$fatal`. Defaults to 1.
 
 .. option:: +verilator+help
 
    Display help and exit.
 
-.. option:: +verilator+prof+threads+file+<filename>
+.. option:: +verilator+prof+exec+file+<filename>
 
-   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-threads`, sets the
+   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-exec`, sets the
    simulation runtime filename to dump to.  Defaults to
-   :file:`profile_threads.dat`.
+   :file:`profile_exec.dat`.
 
-.. option:: +verilator+prof+threads+start+<value>
+.. option:: +verilator+prof+exec+start+<value>
 
-   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-threads`, the simulation
+   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-exec`, the simulation
    runtime will wait until $time is at this value (expressed in units of
    the time precision), then start the profiling warmup, then
    capturing. Generally this should be set to some time that is well within
    the normal operation of the simulation, i.e. outside of reset. If 0, the
    dump is disabled. Defaults to 1.
 
-.. option:: +verilator+prof+threads+window+<value>
+.. option:: +verilator+prof+exec+window+<value>
 
-   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-threads`, after $time
-   reaches :vlopt:`+verilator+prof+threads+start+\<value\>`, Verilator will
+   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-exec`, after $time
+   reaches :vlopt:`+verilator+prof+exec+start+\<value\>`, Verilator will
    warm up the profiling for this number of eval() calls, then will capture
    the profiling of this number of eval() calls.  Defaults to 2, which
    makes sense for a single-clock-domain module where it's typical to want
    to capture one posedge eval() and one negedge eval().
 
+.. option:: +verilator+prof+threads+file+<filename>
+
+   Removed in 5.020. Was an alias for
+   :vlopt:`+verilator+prof+exec+file+\<filename\>`
+
+.. option:: +verilator+prof+threads+start+<value>
+
+   Removed in 5.020. Was an alias for
+   :vlopt:`+verilator+prof+exec+start+\<value\>`
+
+.. option:: +verilator+prof+threads+window+<value>
+
+   Removed in 5.020. Was an alias for
+   :vlopt:`+verilator+prof+exec+window+\<value\>`
+
 .. option:: +verilator+prof+vlt+file+<filename>
 
-   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-threads`, sets the
+   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-pgo`, sets the
    profile-guided optimization data runtime filename to dump to.  Defaults
    to :file:`profile.vlt`.
 
+.. option:: +verilator+quiet
+
+   Disable printing the simulation summary report, see :ref:`Simulation
+   Summary Report`.
+
 .. option:: +verilator+rand+reset+<value>
 
-   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--x-initial unique
-   <--x-initial>`, sets the simulation runtime initialization technique.  0
-   = Reset to zeros. 1 = Reset to all-ones.  2 = Randomize.  See
-   :ref:`Unknown States`.
+   When a model was Verilated using
+   :vlopt:`--x-initial unique <--x-initial>`, sets the simulation runtime
+   initialization technique.  0 = Reset to zeros. 1 = Reset to all-ones.  2
+   = Randomize.  See :ref:`Unknown States`.
 
 .. option:: +verilator+seed+<value>
 
@@ -84,7 +113,7 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: +verilator+noassert
 
    Disable assert checking per runtime argument. This is the same as
-   calling :code:`Verilated::assertOn(false)` in the model.
+   calling :code:`VerilatedContext*->assertOn(false)` in the model.
 
 .. option:: +verilator+V
 

docs/guide/exe_verilator_coverage.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 verilator_coverage
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ verilator_coverage
 
 Verilator_coverage processes Verilated model-generated coverage reports.
 
-With --annotate, it reads the specified coverage data file and generates
-annotated source code with coverage metrics annotated.  If multiple
-coverage points exist on the same source code line, additional lines will
-be inserted to report the additional points.
+With `--annotate`, it reads the specified coverage data file and generates
+annotated source code with coverage metrics annotated.  With
+`--annotate-points` the coverage points corresponding to each line are also
+shown.
 
 Additional Verilog-XL-style standard arguments specify the search paths
-necessary to find the source code that the coverage analysis was performed
-on.
+necessary to find the source code on which the coverage analysis was
+performed.
 
 To filter those items to be included in coverage, you may read
 logs/coverage.dat into an editor and do a M-x keep-lines to include only
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ statement to the appropriate statement block, or see
 :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/`.  This will remove the coverage
 points after the model is re-Verilated.
 
-For an overview of use of verilator_coverage, see :ref:`Coverage Analysis`.
+For an overview of the use of verilator_coverage, see :ref:`Coverage Analysis`.
 
 
 verilator_coverage Example Usage
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ verilator_coverage Example Usage
     verilator_coverage --help
     verilator_coverage --version
 
-    verilator_coverage --annotate <obj>
+    verilator_coverage --annotate obj_dir coverage.dat
 
-    verilator_coverage  -write merged.dat -read <datafiles>...
+    verilator_coverage --write merged.dat coverage.dat ...
 
-    verilator_coverage  -write-info merged.info -read <datafiles>...
+    verilator_coverage --write-info merged.info coverage.dat ...
 
 
 verilator_coverage Arguments
@@ -50,25 +50,77 @@ verilator_coverage Arguments
 .. option:: <filename>
 
 Specifies the input coverage data file.  Multiple filenames may be provided
-to read multiple inputs.  If no data file is specified, by default
+to read multiple inputs.  If no data file is specified, by default,
 "coverage.dat" will be read.
 
 .. option:: --annotate <output_directory>
 
-Specifies the directory name that source files with annotated coverage data
-should be written to.
+Specifies the directory name to which source files with annotated coverage
+data should be written.
+
+Points are children of each line coverage- branches, expressions or toggle points.
+When point counts are aggregated into a line, the minimum and maximum counts
+are used to determine the status of the line (complete, partial, failing)
+The count is equal to the maximum of the points.
+
+Coverage data is annotated at the beginning of the line and is formatted
+as a special character followed by the number of coverage hits. The special
+characters " ,%,~,+,-" indicate summary of the coverage, and allow use of grep
+to filter the report.
+
+* " " (whitespace) indicates that all points on the line are above the coverage min.
+* "%" indicates that all points on the line are below the coverage min.
+* "~" indicates that some points on the line are above the coverage min and some are below.
+* "+" coverage point was at or above the min. Only used with :option:`--annotate-points`.
+* "-" coverage point was below the min.  Only used with :option:`--annotate-points`.
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   100000  input logic a;      // Begins with whitespace, because
+                               // number of hits (100000) is above the min.
+  +100000  point: comment=a    // Begins with +, because
+                               // number of hits (100000) is above the min.
+  %000000  input logic b;      // Begins with %, because
+                               // number of hits (0) is below the min.
+  -000000  point: comment=b    // Begins with -, because
+                               // number of hits (0) is below the min.
+  ~000010  if (cyc!=0) begin   // Begins with ~, because
+                               // branches are below and above the min.
+  +000010  point: comment=if   // The if branch is above the min.
+  -000000  point: comment=else // The else branch is below the min.
 
 .. option:: --annotate-all
 
 Specifies all files should be shown.  By default, only those source files
-which have low coverage are written to the output directory.
+with low coverage are written to the output directory.
+
+This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.
 
 .. option:: --annotate-min <count>
 
-Specifies if the coverage point does not include the count number of
-coverage hits, then the coverage point will be considered above the
-threashold, and the coverage report will put a "%" to indicate the coverage
-is not sufficient.  Defaults to 10.
+Specifies the threshold (<count>) below which coverage point is considered
+sufficient. If the threshold is not exceeded, then the annotation will begin
+with a "%" symbol to indicate the coverage is insufficient.
+
+The <count> threshold defaults to 10.
+
+This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.
+
+
+.. option:: --annotate-points
+
+Specifies all coverage points should be shown after each line of text.  By
+default, only source lines are shown.
+
+.. code-block::
+
+  100000  input logic a, b, c;
+ +100000 point: comment=a // These lines are only shown
+ +200000 point: comment=b // with option --annotate-points
+ +300000 point: comment=c // enabled.
+
+
+This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.
 
 .. option:: --help
 
@@ -78,12 +130,12 @@ Displays a help summary, the program version, and exits.
 
 Prints an experimental report listing the relative importance of each test
 in covering all of the coverage points.  The report shows "Covered" which
-indicates the number of points that test covers; a test is considered to
+indicates the number of points the test covers; a test is considered to
 cover a point if it has a bucket count of at least 1. The "rank" column has
-a higher number t indicate the test is more important, and rank 0 means the
+a higher number t indicate the test is more critical, and rank 0 means the
 test does not need to be run to cover the points.  "RankPts" indicates the
 number of coverage points this test will contribute to overall coverage if
-all tests are run in the order of highest to lowest rank.
+all tests are run in the order of highest to the lowest rank.
 
 .. option:: --unlink
 
@@ -98,17 +150,15 @@ Displays program version and exits.
 
 Specifies the aggregate coverage results, summed across all the files,
 should be written to the given filename in verilator_coverage data format.
-This is useful for use in scripts to combine many coverage data files
-(likely generated from random test runs) into one master coverage file.
+This is useful in scripts to combine many coverage data files (likely
+generated from random test runs) into one master coverage file.
 
 .. option:: --write-info <filename.info>
 
 Specifies the aggregate coverage results, summed across all the files,
 should be written to the given filename in :command:`lcov` .info format.
 This may be used to feed into :command:`lcov` to aggregate or generate
-reports.
-
-The info format loses data compared to the Verilator coverage data format;
-the info will all forms of coverage converted to line style coverage, and
-if there are multiple coverage points on a single line, the minimum
-coverage across those points will be used to report coverage of the line.
+reports. This format lacks the comments for cover points that the
+verilator_coverage format has. It can be used with :command:`genhtml`
+to generate an HTML report. :command:`genhtml --branch-coverage` will
+also display the branch coverage, analogous to :option:`--annotate-points`

docs/guide/exe_verilator_gantt.rst

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 verilator_gantt
 ===============
 
 Verilator_gantt creates a visual representation to help analyze Verilator
-multithreaded simulation performance, by showing when each macro-task
-starts and ends, and showing when each thread is busy or idle.
+multithreaded simulation performance by showing when each macro-task
+starts, ends, and when each thread is busy or idle.
 
-For an overview of use of verilator_gantt, see :ref:`Profiling`.
+For an overview of the use of verilator_gantt, see :ref:`Profiling`.
 
 Gantt Chart VCD
 ---------------
 
-Verilated_gnatt creates a value change dump (VCD) format dump file which
-may be viewed in a waveform viewer (e.g. C<GTKWave>):
+Verilated_gantt creates a value change dump (VCD) format dump file which
+may be viewed in a waveform viewer (e.g., C<GTKWave>):
 
 .. figure:: figures/fig_gantt_min.png
 
@@ -27,22 +27,19 @@ time tick of the system's high-performance counter.
 Gantt Chart VCD Signals
 -----------------------
 
-In waveforms there are the following signals. In GTKWave, using a data
-format of "decimal" will remove the leading zeros and make the traces
-easier to read.
+In waveforms, there are the following signals. In GTKWave, use "decimal"
+data format to remove the leading zeros and make the traces easier to read.
 
-evals
-  Increments each time when eval_step was measured to be active.  This
-  allow visualization of how much time eval_step was active.
+trace/section
+  Shows the name of the current top of the execution section stack.
+  Set GTKWave data format to "ASCII".
 
-eval_loop
-  Increments each time when the evaluation loop within eval_step was
-  measured to be active.  For best performance there is only a single
-  evaluation loop within each eval_step call, that is the eval_loop
-  waveform looks identical to the evals waveform.
+trace/depth
+  Shows the depth of the execution section stack.
+  Set GTKWave data format to "Analog".
 
 measured_parallelism
-  The number of mtasks active at this time, for best performance this will
+  The number of mtasks active at this time, for best performance, this will
   match the thread count. In GTKWave, use a data format of "analog step" to
   view this signal.
 
@@ -65,6 +62,17 @@ predicted_thread#_mtask
   executing.
 
 
+verilator_gantt Example Usage
+-----------------------------
+
+..
+
+    verilator_gantt --help
+    verilator_gantt --version
+
+    verilator_gantt profile_exec.dat
+
+
 verilator_gantt Arguments
 -------------------------
 
@@ -72,7 +80,7 @@ verilator_gantt Arguments
 
 .. option:: <filename>
 
-The filename to read data from, defaults to "profile_threads.dat".
+The filename to read data from; the default is "profile_exec.dat".
 
 .. option:: --help
 
@@ -84,4 +92,4 @@ Disables creating a .vcd file.
 
 .. option:: --vcd <filename>
 
-Sets the output filename for vcd dump. Default is "verilator_gantt.vcd".
+Sets the output filename for vcd dump; the default is "verilator_gantt.vcd".

docs/guide/exe_verilator_profcfunc.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 verilator_profcfunc
@@ -6,14 +6,25 @@ verilator_profcfunc
 
 Verilator_profcfunc reads a profile report created by gprof.  The names of
 the functions are then transformed, assuming the user used Verilator's
---prof-cfuncs, and a report printed showing the percentage of time, etc, in
-each Verilog block.
+--prof-cfuncs, and a report printed showing the percentage of the time,
+etc., in each Verilog block.
 
 Due to rounding errors in gprof reports, the input report's percentages may
-not total to 100%.  In the verilator_profcfunc report this will get
+not total 100%.  In the verilator_profcfunc report this will get
 reported as a rounding error.
 
-For an overview of use of verilator_profcfunc, see :ref:`Profiling`.
+For an overview of the use of verilator_profcfunc, see :ref:`Profiling`.
+
+verilator_profcfunc Example Usage
+---------------------------------
+
+..
+
+    verilator_profcfunc --help
+    verilator_profcfunc --version
+
+    verilator_profcfunc gprof.out
+
 
 verilator_profcfunc Arguments
 -----------------------------

docs/guide/executables.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 *********************************

docs/guide/extensions.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 *******************
@@ -12,18 +12,31 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 .. option:: `__FILE__
 
    The :option:`\`__FILE__` define expands to the current filename as a
-   string, like C++'s __FILE__.  This Verilator feature added in 2006 was
-   incorporated into the IEEE 1800-2009 standard.
+   string, like C++'s __FILE__.  This Verilator feature, added in 2006, was
+   incorporated into IEEE 1800-2009.
 
 .. option:: `__LINE__
 
-   The :option:`\`__LINE__` define expands to the current filename as a
-   string, like C++'s __LINE__.  This Verilator feature added in 2006 was
-   incorporated into the IEEE 1800-2009 standard.
+   The :option:`\`__LINE__` define expands to the current line number like
+   C++'s __LINE__.  This Verilator feature added in 2006 was incorporated
+   into IEEE 1800-2009.
 
 .. option:: `error [string]
 
-   This will report an error when encountered, like C++'s #error.
+   This will report an error when the preprocessor emits it, similar to
+   C++'s #error.
+
+.. option:: `line
+
+   As a special case `\`line \`__LINE__ "filename"` allows setting the
+   filename, without changing the line number. This is used for some
+   internal tests, so that debugging can leave the line numbers correctly
+   referring to the test file's line numbers.
+
+.. option:: """ [string] """
+
+   A triple-quoted block specifies a string that may include newlines and
+   single quotes.  This extension was standardized in IEEE 1800-2023.
 
 .. option:: $c([string], ...);
 
@@ -45,16 +58,24 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
    rather than hard-coding variable names in the string
    :code:`$c("func(a)")`, instead pass the variable as an expression
    ::code:`$c("func(",a,")")`.  This will allow the call to work inside
-   Verilog functions where the variable is flattened out, and also enable
-   other optimizations.
+   Verilog functions where the variable is flattened out and enable other
+   optimizations.
+
+   Verilator does not use any text inside the quotes for
+   ordering/scheduling.  If you need the $c to be called at a specific
+   time, e.g., when a variable changes, then the $c must be under an
+   appropriate sensitivity statement, e.g.,
+   :code:`always @(posedge clk) $c("func()")` to call it on every edge, or,
+   e.g., :code:`always @* c("func(",a,")")` to call it when :code:`a`
+   changes (the latter working because :code:`a` is outside the quotes).
 
    If you will be reading or writing any Verilog variables inside the C++
    functions, the Verilog signals must be declared with
    :option:`/*verilator&32;public*/` metacomments.
 
-   You may also append an arbitrary number to $c, generally the width of
-   the output; :code:`signal_32_bits = $c32("...");`.  This allows for
-   compatibility with other simulators which require a differently named
+   You may also append a number to $c, which specifies the bit width of
+   the output, e.g., :code:`signal_32_bits = $c32("...");`.  This allows for
+   compatibility with other simulators, which require a differently named
    PLI function name for each different output width.
 
 .. option:: $display, $write, $fdisplay, $fwrite, $sformat, $swrite
@@ -62,61 +83,71 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
    Format arguments may use C fprintf sizes after the % escape.  Per the
    Verilog standard, %x prints a number with the natural width, and %0x
    prints a number with minimum width.  Verilator extends this so %5x
-   prints 5 digits per the C standard (this is unspecified in Verilog, but
-   was incorporated into the 1800-2009).
+   prints 5 digits per the C standard. This extension was standardized into
+   1800-2009.
+
+.. option:: $timeprecision
+
+   Returns the timeprecision of the model as an integer.  This extension is
+   experimental and may be removed without deprecation.
+
+.. option:: $timeunit
+
+   Returns the timeunit of the current module as an integer.  This
+   extension is experimental and may be removed without deprecation.
 
 .. option:: `coverage_block_off
 
    Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage
-   analysis.  Must be inside a code block, e.g. within a begin/end pair.
+   analysis.  Must be inside a code block, e.g., within a begin/end pair.
    Same as :option:`coverage_block_off` in :ref:`Configuration Files`.
 
 .. option:: `systemc_header
 
-   Take remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
    :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
    verbatim into the output .h file's header.  Must be placed as a module
-   item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
+   item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
    this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
 
 .. option:: `systemc_ctor
 
-   Take remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
    :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
    verbatim into the C++ class constructor.  Must be placed as a module
-   item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
+   item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
    this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
 
 .. option:: `systemc_dtor
 
-   Take remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
    :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
    verbatim into the C++ class destructor.  Must be placed as a module
-   item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
+   item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
    this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
 
 .. option:: `systemc_interface
 
-   Take remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
    :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
    verbatim into the C++ class interface.  Must be placed as a module item,
-   e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of this
+   e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of this
    macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
 
 .. option:: `systemc_imp_header
 
-   Take remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
    :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
    verbatim into the header of all files for this C++ class implementation.
-   Must be placed as a module item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule
+   Must be placed as a module item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule
    pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
 
 .. option:: `systemc_implementation
 
-   Take remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
    :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
    verbatim into a single file of the C++ class implementation.  Must be
-   placed as a module item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule
+   placed as a module item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule
    pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
 
    If you will be reading or writing any Verilog variables in the C++
@@ -126,7 +157,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 
 .. option:: `SYSTEMVERILOG
 
-   The SYSTEMVERILOG, SV_COV_START and related standard defines are set by
+   The SYSTEMVERILOG, SV_COV_START, and related standard defines are set by
    default when :vlopt:`--language <--language>` is "1800-\*".
 
 .. option:: `VERILATOR
@@ -140,9 +171,16 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 
 .. option:: `verilator_config
 
-   Take remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` mode switch and
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` mode switch and
    treat it as Verilator configuration commands.  See :ref:`Configuration Files`.
 
+.. option:: `VERILATOR_TIMING
+
+   The VERILATOR_TIMING define is set when :vlopt:`--timing` is used to
+   allow an "\`ifdef" of code dependent on this feature.  Note that this define
+   is not affected by the :option:`timing_off` configuration file option
+   nor timing metacomments.
+
 .. option:: `verilog
 
    Switch back to processing Verilog code after a
@@ -152,8 +190,12 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;clock_enable*/
 
+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.000:
+
    Used after a signal declaration to indicate the signal is used to gate a
-   clock, and the user takes responsibility for insuring there are no races
+   clock, and the user is responsible for ensuring there are no races
    related to it. (Typically by adding a latch, and running static timing
    analysis.) For example:
 
@@ -166,9 +208,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 
    The clock_enable attribute will cause the clock gate to be ignored in
    the scheduling algorithm, sometimes required for correct clock behavior,
-   and always improving performance.  It's also a good idea to enable the
-   :option:`IMPERFECTSCH` warning, to ensure all clock enables are properly
-   recognized.
+   and always improving performance.
 
    Same as :option:`clock_enable` configuration file option.
 
@@ -176,10 +216,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;no_clocker*/
 
-   Used after a signal declaration to indicate the signal is used as clock
-   or not. This information is used by Verilator to mark the signal as
-   clocker and propagate the clocker attribute automatically to derived
-   signals. See :vlopt:`--clk`.
+   Specifies whether the signal is used as clock or not. See :vlopt:`--clk`.
 
    Same as :option:`clocker` and :option:`no_clocker` in configuration
    files.
@@ -193,15 +230,29 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;coverage_off*/
 
-   Specifies that following lines of code should have coverage disabled.
+   Specifies that that following lines of code should have coverage disabled.
    Often used to ignore an entire module for coverage analysis purposes.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;coverage_on*/
 
-   Specifies that following lines of code should have coverage re-enabled
+   Specifies that that following lines of code should have coverage re-enabled
    (if appropriate :vlopt:`--coverage` flags are passed) after being
    disabled earlier with :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/`.
 
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;forceable*/
+
+   Specifies that the signal (net or variable) should be made forceable from
+   C++ code by generating public `<signame>__VforceEn` and
+   `<signame>__VforceVal` signals. The force control signals are created as
+   :option:`public_flat` signals.
+
+   To force a marked signal from C++, set the corresponding `__VforceVal`
+   variable to the desired value, and the `__VforceEn` signal to the bit-mask
+   indicating which bits of the signal to force. To force all bits of the
+   target signal, set `__VforceEn` to all ones. To release the signal (or part
+   thereof), set appropriate bits of the `__VforceEn` signal to zero.
+
+   Same as :option:`forceable` in configuration  files.
 
 .. _verilator_hier_block:
 
@@ -228,10 +279,10 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;isolate_assignments*/
 
    Used after a signal declaration to indicate the assignments to this
-   signal in any blocks should be isolated into new blocks.  When there is
-   a large combinatorial block that is resulting in an ``UNOPTFLAT``
-   warning, attaching this to the signal causing a false loop may clear up
-   the problem.
+   signal in any blocks should be isolated into new blocks.  When large
+   combinatorial block results in a :option:`UNOPTFLAT` warning, attaching
+   this to the signal that was causing a false loop may work around the
+   warning.
 
    IE, with the following:
 
@@ -285,7 +336,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;lint_save*/
 
-   Push the current state of what lint messages are turned on or turned off
+   Push the current state of what lint messages are turned on or off
    to a stack.  Later meta-comments may then lint_on or lint_off specific
    messages, then return to the earlier message state by using
    :code:`/*verilator&32;lint_restore*/`.  For example:
@@ -297,8 +348,8 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
          ...  // code needing WIDTH turned off
          // verilator lint_restore
 
-   If WIDTH was on before the lint_off, it will now be restored to on, and
-   if it was off before the lint_off it will remain off.
+   If WIDTH was on before the lint_off, it would now be restored to on, and
+   if it was off before the lint_off it would remain off.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;no_inline_module*/
 
@@ -342,13 +393,12 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 
    Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
    the signal should be declared so that C code may read or write the value
-   of the signal.  This will also declare this module public, otherwise use
+   of the signal.  This will also declare this module public; otherwise, use
    :code:`/*verilator&32;public_flat*/`.
 
-   Instead of using public variables, consider instead making a DPI or
-   public function that accesses the variable.  This is nicer as it
-   provides an obvious entry point that is also compatible across
-   simulators.
+   Instead of using public variables, consider making a DPI or public
+   function that accesses the variable.  This is nicer as it provides an
+   obvious entry point compatible across simulators.
 
    Same as :option:`public` configuration file option.
 
@@ -358,7 +408,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
    indicate the function or task should be made into a C++ function, public
    to outside callers.  Public tasks will be declared as a void C++
    function, public functions will get the appropriate non-void (bool,
-   uint32_t, etc) return type.  Any input arguments will become C++
+   uint32_t, etc.) return type.  Any input arguments will become C++
    arguments to the function.  Any output arguments will become C++
    reference arguments.  Any local registers/integers will become function
    automatic variables on the stack.
@@ -396,20 +446,47 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat_rw @(<edge_list>)*/ (on variable)
 
    Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
-   the signal should be declared public_flat_rd (see above), and also
-   writable, where writes should be considered to have the timing specified
-   by the given sensitivity edge list.  Set for all variables, ports and
-   wires using the :vlopt:`--public-flat-rw` option.
+   the signal should be declared public_flat_rd (see above), and writable,
+   where writes should be considered to have the timing specified by the
+   given sensitivity edge list. Use of this is implied when using the
+   :vlopt:`--public-flat-rw` option.
 
    Same as :option:`public_flat_rw` configuration file option.
 
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_[|flat|flat_rd|flat_rw]_on [@(<edge_list>)]*/ (as scope)
+
+   Used to wrap multiple signals and parameters with the respective public attribute.
+   See attribute above for their respective behavior. Cannot be nested. e.g:
+
+      .. code-block:: sv
+
+         /*verilator public_flat_rw_on*/
+         logic clk;
+         logic rst;
+         parameter width = 8;
+         /* verilator public_off*/
+         logic data;
+
+   Is equivalent to:
+
+      .. code-block:: sv
+
+         logic clk /*verilator public_flat_rw*/;
+         logic rst /*verilator public_flat_rw*/;
+         parameter width /*verilator public_flat_rw*/ = 8;
+         logic data;
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_off*/
+
+   Terminates the previous `/*verilator public*_on*/` directive; see above.
+
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;public_module*/
 
    Used after a module statement to indicate the module should not be
    inlined (unless specifically requested) so that C code may access the
    module.  Verilator automatically sets this attribute when the module
-   contains any public signals or \`systemc_ directives.  Also set for all
-   modules when using the :vlopt:`--public` option.
+   contains public signals or \`systemc_ directives.  Use of this is
+   implied when using the :vlopt:`--public` option.
 
    Same as :option:`public` configuration file option.
 
@@ -418,27 +495,26 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
    Deprecated and ignored.  Previously used after an input declaration to
    indicate the signal should be declared in SystemC as a sc_clock instead
    of a bool.  This was needed in SystemC 1.1 and 1.2 only; versions 2.0
-   and later do not require clock pins to be sc_clocks and this is no
+   and later do not require clock pins to be sc_clocks, and this is no
    longer needed and is ignored.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;sc_bv*/
 
    Used after a port declaration.  It sets the port to be of
-   :code:`sc_bv<{width}>` type, instead of bool, vluint32_t or vluint64_t.
+   :code:`sc_bv<{width}>` type, instead of bool, uint32_t, or uint64_t.
    This may be useful if the port width is parameterized and the
-   instantiating C++ code wants to always have a sc_bv so it can accept any
-   width.  In general you should avoid using this attribute when not
-   necessary as with increasing usage of sc_bv the performance decreases
-   significantly.
+   instantiating C++ code always wants to have a sc_bv accept any width.
+   In general, you should avoid using this attribute when unnecessary, as
+   the performance decreases significantly with increasing usage of sc_bv.
 
    Same as :option:`sc_bv` configuration file option.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;sformat*/
 
    Attached to the final argument of type "input string" of a function or
-   task to indicate the function or task should pass all remaining
+   task to indicate that the function or task should pass all remaining
    arguments through $sformatf.  This allows creation of DPI functions with
-   $display like behavior.  See the :file:`test_regress/t/t_dpi_display.v`
+   $display-like behavior.  See the :file:`test_regress/t/t_dpi_display.v`
    file for an example.
 
    Same as :option:`sformat` configuration file option.
@@ -448,7 +524,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
    Attached to a variable or a net declaration to break the variable into
    multiple pieces typically to resolve ``UNOPTFLAT`` performance issues.
    Typically the variables to attach this to are recommended by Verilator
-   itself, see :option:`UNOPTFLAT`.
+   itself; see :option:`UNOPTFLAT`.
 
    For example, Verilator will internally convert a variable with the
    metacomment such as:
@@ -465,12 +541,12 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
          logic [7:0] x__BRA__1__KET__ /*verilator split_var*/;
 
    Note that the generated packed variables retain the split_var
-   metacomment because they may be split into further smaller pieces
-   according to the access patterns.
+   metacomment because they may be split into smaller pieces according to
+   the access patterns.
 
    This only supports unpacked arrays, packed arrays, and packed structs of
-   integer types (reg, logic, bit, byte, int...); otherwise if a split was
-   requested but cannot occur a SPLITVAR warning is issued.  Splitting
+   integer types (reg, logic, bit, byte, int...); otherwise, if a split was
+   requested but cannot occur, a SPLITVAR warning is issued.  Splitting
    large arrays may slow down the Verilation speed, so use this only on
    variables that require it.
 
@@ -482,14 +558,68 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
    Verilator) text that should be passed through to the XML output as a tag,
    for use by downstream applications.
 
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;timing_off*/
+
+   Ignore all timing constructs after this metacomment. All timing controls
+   behave as if they were not there (the same way as with
+   :option:`--no-timing`), and :code:`fork`/:code:`join*` blocks are
+   converted into :code:`begin`/:code:`end` blocks.
+
+   Same as :option:`timing_off` configuration file option.
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;timing_on*/
+
+   Re-enable all timing constructs after this metacomment (only applicable
+   after :option:`timing_off`).
+
+   Same as :option:`timing_on` configuration file option.
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;trace_init_task*/
+
+   Removed.
+
+   In versions before 5.024:
+
+   Attached to a DPI import to indicate that function should be called when
+   initializing tracing. This attribute is indented only to be used
+   internally in code that Verilator generates when :vlopt:`--lib-create`
+   or :vlopt:`--hierarchical` is used along with :vlopt:`--trace`.
+
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;tracing_off*/
 
-   Disable waveform tracing for all future signals that are declared in
-   this module, or instances below this module.  Often this is placed just
-   after a primitive's module statement, so that the entire module and
-   instances below it are not traced.
+   Disable waveform tracing for all future signals declared in this module,
+   or instances below this module.  Often this is placed just after a
+   primitive's module statement, so that the entire module and instances
+   below it are not traced.
 
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;tracing_on*/
 
    Re-enable waveform tracing for all future signals or instances that are
    declared.
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;unroll_disable*/
+
+   Used in a statement position to indicate the immediately following loop
+   at the same statement level should not be unrolled by Verilator,
+   ignoring :vlopt:`--unroll-count`.  This is similar to clang's ``#pragma
+   clang loop unroll(disable)``.
+
+   This option does not currently disable the C++ compiler's unrolling (or
+   not) of any loops that make it through to the Verilated C++ code.
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;unroll_full*/
+
+   Rarely needed. Used in a statement position to indicate the immediately
+   following loop at the same statement level should always be fully
+   unrolled by Verilator, ignoring :vlopt:`--unroll-count`.  This is
+   similar to clang's ``#pragma clang loop unroll(full)``.
+
+.. option:: $stacktrace
+
+   Called as a task, print a stack trace.  Called as a function, return a
+   string with a stack trace.  This relies on the C++ system trace, which
+   may give less meaningful results if the model is not compiled with debug
+   symbols.  Also, the data represents the C++ stack; the SystemVerilog
+   functions/tasks involved may be renamed and/or inlined before becoming
+   the C++ functions that may be visible in the stack trace.  This
+   extension was standardized in IEEE 1800-2023.

docs/guide/faq.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 ******************************
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ Can I contribute?
 """""""""""""""""
 
 Please contribute!  Just submit a pull request, or raise an issue to
-discuss if looking for something to help on.  For more information see our
-contributor agreement.
+discuss if you are looking for something to help on.  For more information
+see our contributor agreement.
 
 
 How widely is Verilator used?
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ How widely is Verilator used?
 Verilator is used by many of the largest silicon design companies, large
 organizations such as CERN, and even by college student projects.
 
-Verilator is one of the "big 4" simulators, meaning one of the 4 main
+Verilator is one of the "big 4" simulators, meaning one of the four leading
 SystemVerilog simulators available, namely the closed-source products Synopsys
 VCS (tm), Mentor Questa/ModelSim (tm), Cadence
 Xcelium/Incisive/NC-Verilog/NC-Sim (tm), and the open-source Verilator.
@@ -35,15 +35,17 @@ simulators.
 Does Verilator run under Windows?
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-Yes, using Cygwin.  Verilated output also compiles under Microsoft Visual
-C++, but this is not tested every release.
+Yes, ideally, run Ubuntu under Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL2).
+Alternatively, use Cygwin, though this tends to be slower and is not
+regularly tested.  Verilated output also compiles under Microsoft Visual
+C++, but this is also not regularly tested.
 
 
 Can you provide binaries?
 """""""""""""""""""""""""
 
 You can install Verilator via the system package manager (apt, yum, etc.)
-on many Linux distributions, including Debian, Ubuntu, SuSE, RedHat, and
+on many Linux distributions, including Debian, Ubuntu, SuSE, Red Hat, and
 others.  These packages are provided by the Linux distributions and
 generally will lag the version of the mainline Verilator repository.  If no
 binary package is available for your distribution, how about you set one
@@ -56,37 +58,52 @@ How can it be faster than (name-a-big-3-closed-source-simulator)?
 Generally, the implied part of the question is "... with all of the
 manpower they can put into developing it."
 
-Most simulators have to be compliant with the complete IEEE 1364 (Verilog)
-and IEEE 1800 (SystemVerilog) standards, meaning they have to be event
-driven.  This prevents them from being able to reorder blocks and make
-netlist-style optimizations, which are where most of the gains come from.
+Most simulators must comply with the complete IEEE 1364 (Verilog) and IEEE
+1800 (SystemVerilog) standards, meaning they have to be event-driven.  This
+prevents them from being able to reorder blocks and make netlist-style
+optimizations, which are where most of the gains come from.
 
 You should not be scared by non-compliance.  Your synthesis tool isn't
 compliant with the whole standard to start with, so your simulator need not
-be either.  Verilator is closer to the synthesis interpretation, so this is
+be either.  Verilator is closer to the synthesis interpretation, which is
 a good thing for getting working silicon.
 
 
 Will Verilator output remain under my own license/copyright?
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-Yes, it's just like using GCC on your programs; this is why Verilator uses
-the "GNU **Lesser** Public License Version 3" instead of the more typical
-"GNU Public License".  See the licenses for details, but in brief, if you
-change Verilator itself or the header files Verilator includes, you must
-make the source code available under the GNU Lesser Public License.
-However, Verilator output (the Verilated code) only "include"s the licensed
-files, and so you are **not** required to open-source release any output
-from Verilator.
+Your SystemVerilog, VPI/DPI, or main() C++ code remains under your own license.
+
+It's just like how using GCC on your programs does not change the copyright
+of your program; this is why Verilator uses the "GNU **Lesser** Public
+License Version 3" instead of the more typical "GNU Public License".  See
+the licenses for details.
+
+Some examples:
+
+* Any SystemVerilog or other input fed into Verilator remains your own.
+
+* Any of your VPI/DPI C++ routines that Verilator calls remain your own.
+
+* Any of your main() C++ code that calls into Verilator remains your own.
+
+* If you change Verilator itself, for example, changing or adding a file
+  under the src/ directory in the repository, you must make the source code
+  available under the GNU Lesser Public License.
+
+* If you change a header Verilator provides, for example, under include/ in
+  the repository, you must make the source code available under the GNU
+  Lesser Public License.
 
 You also have the option of using the Perl Artistic License, which again
-does not require you to release your Verilog or generated code, and also
-allows you to modify Verilator for internal use without distributing the
-modified version.  But please contribute back to the community!
+does not require you to release your Verilog, C++, or generated code. This
+license also allows you to modify Verilator for internal use without
+distributing the modified version.  But please contribute back to the
+community!
 
-One limit is that you cannot under either license release a closed-source
-Verilog simulation product incorporating Verilator. That is you can have a
-commercial product, but must make the source code available.
+Under both licenses, you can offer a commercial product based on
+Verilator directly or embedded within.  However, under both licenses,
+any changes you make to Verilator for such a product must be open-sourced.
 
 As is standard with Open Source, contributions back to Verilator will be
 placed under the Verilator copyright and LGPL/Artistic license.  Small test
@@ -97,11 +114,11 @@ and large tests under the LGPL/Artistic, unless requested otherwise.
 Why is running Verilator (to create a model) so slow?
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-Verilator may require more memory than the resulting simulator will
-require, as Verilator internally creates all of the state of the resulting
-generated simulator in order to optimize it.  If it takes more than a few
+Verilator may require more memory than the resulting simulation,
+as Verilator internally creates all of the state of the resulting
+generated simulator to optimize it.  If it takes more than a few
 minutes or so (and you're not using :vlopt:`--debug` since debug mode is
-disk bound), see if your machine is paging; most likely you need to run it
+disk bound), see if your machine is paging; most likely, you need to run it
 on a machine with more memory. Very large designs are known to have topped
 64 GB resident set size.  Alternatively, see :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.
 
@@ -111,14 +128,17 @@ How do I generate waveforms (traces) in C++?
 
 See also the next question for tracing in SystemC mode.
 
-A. Pass the :vlopt:`--trace` option to Verilator, and in your top level C
-   code, call ``Verilated::traceEverOn(true)``.  Then you may use
-   ``$dumpfile`` and ``$dumpvars`` to enable traces, same as with any
-   Verilog simulator. See ``examples/make_tracing_c`` in the distribution.
+A. Pass the :vlopt:`--trace` option to Verilator.  Then you may use ``$dumpfile`` and
+   ``$dumpvars`` to enable traces, the same as with any Verilog simulator,
+   although Verilator ignores the arguments to ``$dumpvars``. See
+   ``examples/make_tracing_c`` in the distribution.
+
+   If writing the top-level C code, call ``Verilated::traceEverOn(true)``;
+   this is done for you if using :vlopt:`--binary`.
 
 B. Or, for finer-grained control, or C++ files with multiple Verilated
-   modules you may also create the trace purely from C++.  Create a
-   VerilatedVcdC object, and in your main loop right after ``eval()`` call
+   modules, you may also create the trace purely from C++.  Create a
+   VerilatedVcdC object, and in your main loop, right after ``eval()`` call
    ``trace_object->dump(contextp->time())`` every time step, and finally
    call ``trace_object->close()``.
 
@@ -127,12 +147,13 @@ B. Or, for finer-grained control, or C++ files with multiple Verilated
 
       #include "verilated_vcd_c.h"
       ...
-      int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
+      int main(int argc, char** argv) {
           const std::unique_ptr<VerilatedContext> contextp{new VerilatedContext};
           ...
           Verilated::traceEverOn(true);
           VerilatedVcdC* tfp = new VerilatedVcdC;
-          topp->trace(tfp, 99);  // Trace 99 levels of hierarchy
+          topp->trace(tfp, 99);  // Trace 99 levels of hierarchy (or see below)
+          // tfp->dumpvars(1, "t");  // trace 1 level under "t"
           tfp->open("obj_dir/t_trace_ena_cc/simx.vcd");
           ...
           while (contextp->time() < sim_time && !contextp->gotFinish()) {
@@ -145,8 +166,8 @@ B. Or, for finer-grained control, or C++ files with multiple Verilated
 
 You also need to compile :file:`verilated_vcd_c.cpp` and add it to your
 link, preferably by adding the dependencies in your Makefile's
-:code:`$(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS)` link rule.  This is done for you if using the
-Verilator :vlopt:`--exe` option.
+:code:`$(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS)` link rule.  This is done for you if you are using
+the Verilator :vlopt:`--binary` or :vlopt:`--exe` option.
 
 you can call :code:`trace_object->trace()` on multiple Verilated objects
 with the same trace file if you want all data to land in the same output
@@ -156,22 +177,22 @@ file.
 How do I generate waveforms (traces) in SystemC?
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-A. Pass the :vlopt:`--trace` option to Verilator, and in your top level
+A. Pass the :vlopt:`--trace` option to Verilator, and in your top-level
    :code:`sc_main()`, call :code:`Verilated::traceEverOn(true)`.  Then you
-   may use :code:`$dumpfile` and code:`$dumpvars` to enable traces, same as
-   with any Verilog simulator, see the non-SystemC example in
+   may use :code:`$dumpfile` and code:`$dumpvars` to enable traces, as
+   with any Verilog simulator; see the non-SystemC example in
    :file:`examples/make_tracing_c`. This will trace only the module
    containing the :code:`$dumpvar`.
 
 B. Or, you may create a trace purely from SystemC, which may trace all
    Verilated designs in the SystemC model. Create a VerilatedVcdSc object
-   as you would create a normal SystemC trace file.  For an example, see
+   as you would create a standard SystemC trace file.  For an example, see
    the call to ``VerilatedVcdSc`` in the
    :file:`examples/make_tracing_sc/sc_main.cpp` file of the distribution,
    and below.
 
-C. Alternatively you may use the C++ trace mechanism described in the
-   previous question, note the timescale and timeprecision will be
+C. Alternatively, you may use the C++ trace mechanism described in the
+   previous question; note that the timescale and timeprecision will be
    inherited from your SystemC settings.
 
    .. code-block:: C++
@@ -179,7 +200,7 @@ C. Alternatively you may use the C++ trace mechanism described in the
 
       #include "verilated_vcd_sc.h"
       ...
-      int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
+      int main(int argc, char** argv) {
           ...
           Verilated::traceEverOn(true);
           VerilatedVcdSc* tfp = new VerilatedVcdSc;
@@ -196,55 +217,53 @@ C. Alternatively you may use the C++ trace mechanism described in the
 You also need to compile :file:`verilated_vcd_sc.cpp` and
 :file:`verilated_vcd_c.cpp` and add them to your link, preferably by adding
 the dependencies in your Makefile's :code:`$(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS)` link rule.
-This is done for you if using the Verilator :vlopt:`--exe` option.
+This is done for you if you are using the Verilator :vlopt:`--binary` or
+:vlopt:`--exe` option.
 
 You can call :code:`->trace()` on multiple Verilated objects with the same
 trace file if you want all data to land in the same output file.
 
-When using SystemC 2.3, the SystemC library must have been built with the
-experimental simulation phase callback based tracing disabled. This is
-disabled by default when building SystemC with its configure based build
-system, but when building SystemC with CMake, you must pass
-``-DENABLE_PHASE_CALLBACKS_TRACING=OFF`` to disable this feature.
-
 
 How do I generate FST waveforms (traces) in C++ or SystemC?
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
 FST is a trace file format developed by GTKWave.  Verilator provides basic
 FST support.  To dump traces in FST format, add the :vlopt:`--trace-fst`
-option to Verilator and either A. use :code:`$dumpfile & $dumpvars` in
-Verilog as described in the VCD example above,
+option to Verilator and either:
+
+Use :code:`$dumpfile & $dumpvars` in Verilog as described in the VCD
+example above,
 
 Or, in C++ change the include described in the VCD example above:
 
-.. code-block:: C++
+  .. code-block:: C++
 
       #include "verilated_fst_c.h"
       VerilatedFstC* tfp = new VerilatedFstC;
 
 
-Or, in SystemC change the include described in the VCD example above:
+Or, in SystemC, change the include described in the VCD example above:
 
-.. code-block:: C++
+  .. code-block:: C++
 
       #include "verilated_fst_sc.h"
       VerilatedFstC* tfp = new VerilatedFstSc;
 
 
-Note that currently supporting both FST and VCD in a single simulation is
-impossible, but such requirement should be rare.  You can however ifdef
-around the trace format in your C++ main loop, and select VCD or FST at
-build time, should you require.
+Currently, supporting FST and VCD in a single simulation is not supported,
+but such usage should be unlikely.  You can however ifdef around the trace
+format in your C++ main loop, and select VCD or FST at compile time.
 
 
 How do I view waveforms (aka dumps or traces)?
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
 Verilator creates standard VCD (Value Change Dump) and FST files.  VCD
-files are viewable with the open source GTKWave (recommended) or Dinotrace
-(legacy) programs, or any of the many closed-source offerings; FST is
-supported only by GTKWave.
+files are viewable with the open-source
+`GTKWave <http://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`_,
+`Surfer <https://surfer-project.org/>`_, Dinotrace (legacy), or any of the
+many closed-source viewer offerings; FST is supported only by GTKWave and
+Surfer.
 
 
 How do I speed up writing large waveform (trace) files?
@@ -255,20 +274,20 @@ A. Instead of calling ``VerilatedVcdC->open`` or ``$dumpvars`` at the
    tracing to begin.
 
 B. Add the :option:`/*verilator&32;tracing_off*/` metacomment to any very
-   low level modules you never want to trace (such as perhaps library
+   low-level modules you never want to trace (such as perhaps library
    cells).
 
-C. Use the :vlopt:`--trace-depth` option to limit the depth of tracing, for
-   example :vlopt:`--trace-depth 1 <--trace-depth>` to see only the top
-   level signals.
+C. Use the :vlopt:`--trace-depth` option to limit the tracing depth, for
+   example :vlopt:`--trace-depth 1 <--trace-depth>` to see only the
+   top-level signals.
 
 D. You can also consider using FST tracing instead of VCD. FST dumps are a
    fraction of the size of the equivalent VCD. FST tracing can be slower
    than VCD tracing, but it might be the only option if the VCD file size
    is prohibitively large.
 
-E. Be sure you write your trace files to a local solid-state drive, instead
-   of to a network drive.  Network drives are generally far slower.
+E. Write your trace files to a machine-local solid-state drive instead of a
+   network drive.  Network drives are generally far slower.
 
 
 Where is the translate_off command?  (How do I ignore a construct?)
@@ -295,7 +314,7 @@ Why do I get "unexpected 'do'" or "unexpected 'bit'" errors?
 
 The words \ ``do``\ , \ ``bit``\ , \ ``ref``\ , \ ``return``\ , and others
 are reserved keywords in SystemVerilog.  Older Verilog code might use these
-as identifiers.  You should change your code to not use them to ensure it
+as identifiers, and you should change your code to not use them to ensure it
 works with newer tools.  Alternatively, surround them by the Verilog
 2005/SystemVerilog begin_keywords pragma to indicate Verilog 2001 code.
 
@@ -307,7 +326,7 @@ works with newer tools.  Alternatively, surround them by the Verilog
    `end_keywords
 
 
-If you want the whole design to be parsed as Verilog 2001, see the
+If you want the whole design parsed as Verilog 2001, see the
 :vlopt:`--default-language` option.
 
 
@@ -324,11 +343,11 @@ Why do I get "undefined reference to sc_time_stamp()?
 
 In Verilator 4.200 and later, using the timeInc function is recommended
 instead.  See the :ref:`Connecting to C++` examples.  Some linkers (MSVC++)
-still require :code:`sc_time_stamp()` to be defined, either define this
+still require :code:`sc_time_stamp()` to be defined; either define this
 with :code:`double sc_time_stamp() { return 0; }` or compile the Verilated
 code with :code:`-CFLAGS -DVL_TIME_CONTEXT`.
 
-Prior to Verilator 4.200, the :code:`sc_time_stamp()` function needs to be
+Before Verilator 4.200, the :code:`sc_time_stamp()` function needs to be
 defined in C++ (non SystemC) to return the current simulation time.
 
 
@@ -338,8 +357,8 @@ Why do I get "undefined reference to \`VL_RAND_RESET_I' or \`Verilated::...'"?
 You need to link your compiled Verilated code against the
 :code:`verilated.cpp` file found in the include directory of the Verilator
 kit.  This is one target in the ``$(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS)`` make variable, which
-should be part of your Makefile's link rule.  If you use :vlopt:`--exe`,
-this is done for you.
+should be part of your Makefile's link rule.  If you use :vlopt:`--exe` or
+:vlopt:`--binary`, this is done for you.
 
 
 Is the PLI supported?
@@ -351,17 +370,17 @@ also use the "import DPI" SystemVerilog feature to call C code (see the
 chapter above).  There is also limited VPI access to public signals.
 
 If you want something more complex, since Verilator emits standard C++
-code, you can simply write your own C++ routines that can access and modify
-signal values without needing any PLI interface code, and call it with
+code, you can write C++ routines that can access and modify signal
+values without needing any PLI interface code, and call it with
 $c("{any_c++_statement}").
 
 See the :ref:`Connecting` section.
 
 
-How do I make a Verilog module that contain a C++ object?
-"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+How do I make a Verilog module that contains a C++ object?
+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-You need to add the object to the structure that Verilator creates, then
+You need to add the object to the structure Verilator creates, then
 use $c to call a method inside your object.  The
 :file:`test_regress/t/t_extend_class` files in the distribution show an
 example of how to do this.
@@ -370,9 +389,9 @@ example of how to do this.
 How do I get faster build times?
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-* When running make, pass the make variable VM_PARALLEL_BUILDS=1 so that
+* When running make, pass the make variable VM_PARALLEL_BUILDS=1, so that
   builds occur in parallel. Note this is now set by default if an output
-  file was large enough to be split due to the :vlopt:`--output-split`
+  file is large enough to be split due to the :vlopt:`--output-split`
   option.
 
 * Verilator emits any infrequently executed "cold" routines into separate
@@ -383,17 +402,17 @@ How do I get faster build times?
 * Use a recent compiler.  Newer compilers tend to be faster.
 
 * Compile in parallel on many machines and use caching; see the web for the
-  ccache, distcc and icecream packages. ccache will skip GCC runs between
+  ccache, sccache, distcc, or icecream packages. ccache will skip GCC runs between
   identical source builds, even across different users.  If ccache was
-  installed when Verilator was built it is used, or see OBJCACHE
+  installed when Verilator was built, it is used, or see OBJCACHE
   environment variable to override this. Also see the
-  :vlopt:`--output-split` option and :ref: `Profiling ccache efficiency`
+  :vlopt:`--output-split` option and :ref: `Profiling ccache efficiency`.
 
-* To reduce the compile time of classes that use a Verilated module (e.g. a
+* To reduce the compile time of classes that use a Verilated module (e.g., a
   top CPP file) you may wish to add a
-  :option:`/*verilator&32;no_inline_module*/` metacomment to your top level
+  :option:`/*verilator&32;no_inline_module*/` metacomment to your top-level
   module. This will decrease the amount of code in the model's Verilated
-  class, improving compile times of any instantiating top level C++ code,
+  class, improving compile times of any instantiating top-level C++ code,
   at a relatively small cost of execution performance.
 
 * Use :ref:`hierarchical verilation`.
@@ -403,7 +422,7 @@ Why do so many files need to recompile when I add a signal?
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
 Adding a new signal requires the symbol table to be recompiled.  Verilator
-uses one large symbol table, as that results in 2-3 less assembly
+uses one large symbol table, resulting in 2-3 fewer assembly
 instructions for each signal access.  This makes the execution time 10-15%
 faster, but can result in more compilations when something changes.
 
@@ -431,8 +450,8 @@ How do I access signals in C?
 
 The best thing to do is to make a SystemVerilog "export DPI" task or
 function that accesses that signal, as described in the DPI chapter in the
-manual and DPI tutorials on the web.  This will allow Verilator to better
-optimize the model and should be portable across simulators.
+manual and DPI tutorials on the web.  This will allow Verilator to
+optimize the model better and should be portable across simulators.
 
 If you really want raw access to the signals, declare the signals you will
 be accessing with a :option:`/*verilator&32;public*/` metacomment before
@@ -441,17 +460,17 @@ the signal, as you would any other member variable.
 
 Signals are the smallest of 8-bit unsigned chars (equivalent to uint8_t),
 16-bit unsigned shorts (uint16_t), 32-bit unsigned longs (uint32_t), or
-64-bit unsigned long longs (uint64_t) that fits the width of the signal.
-Generally, you can use just uint32_t's for 1 to 32 bits, or vluint64_t for
+64-bit unsigned long longs (uint64_t) that fit the width of the signal.
+Generally, you can use just uint32_t's for 1 to 32 bits, or uint64_t for
 1 to 64 bits, and the compiler will properly up-convert smaller entities.
-Note even signed ports are declared as unsigned; you must sign extend
+Note that even signed ports are declared as unsigned; you must sign extend
 yourself to the appropriate signal width.
 
 Signals wider than 64 bits are stored as an array of 32-bit uint32_t's.
-Thus to read bits 31:0, access signal[0], and for bits 63:32, access
-signal[1].  Unused bits (for example bit numbers 65-96 of a 65-bit vector)
-will always be zero.  If you change the value you must make sure to pack
-zeros in the unused bits or core-dumps may result, because Verilator strips
+Thus, to read bits 31:0, access signal[0], and for bits 63:32, access
+signal[1].  Unused bits (for example, bit numbers 65-96 of a 65-bit vector)
+will always be zero.  If you change the value, you must pack
+zeros in the unused bits, or core-dumps may result because Verilator strips
 array bound checks where it believes them to be unnecessary to improve
 performance.
 
@@ -468,20 +487,20 @@ From the sc_main.cpp file, you'd then:
 
       #include "Vour.h"
       #include "Vour_our.h"
-      cout << "clock is " << top->our->clk << endl;
+      std::cout << "clock is " << top->our->clk << std::endl;
 
 
 In this example, clk is a bool you can read or set as any other variable.
-The value of normal signals may be set, though clocks shouldn't be changed
-by your code or you'll get strange results.
+The value of normal signals may be set, though your code shouldn't change
+clocks, or you'll get strange results.
 
 
 Should a module be in Verilog or SystemC?
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-Sometimes there is a block that just interconnects instances, and have a
-choice as to if you write it in Verilog or SystemC.  Everything else being
-equal, best performance is when Verilator sees all of the design.  So, look
+Sometimes there is a block that only interconnects instances, and you have a
+choice if you write it in Verilog or SystemC.  Everything else being
+equal, the best performance is when Verilator sees all of the design.  So, look
 at the hierarchy of your design, labeling instances as to if they are
 SystemC or Verilog.  Then:
 
@@ -492,6 +511,6 @@ SystemC or Verilog.  Then:
 
 * A module with only Verilog instances below can be either, but for best
   performance should be Verilog.  (The exception is if you have a design
-  that is instantiated many times; in this case Verilating one of the lower
+  that is instantiated many times; in this case, Verilating one of the lower
   modules and instantiating that Verilated instances multiple times into a
   SystemC module *may* be faster.)

docs/guide/files.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 *****
@@ -48,27 +48,25 @@ For --cc/--sc, it creates:
      - Make include file for compiling (from --make gmake)
    * - *{prefix}*\ _classes.mk
      - Make include file with class names (from --make gmake)
-   * - *{prefix}*\ _hier.mk
-     - Make file for hierarchy blocks (from --make gmake)
-   * - *{prefix|*\ _hierMkArgs.f
-     - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make gmake)
-   * - *{prefix}*\ _hierCMakeArgs.f
-     - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make cmake)
    * - *{prefix}*\ .h
      - Model header
    * - *{prefix}*\ .cpp
      - Model C++ file
    * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root.h
-     - Top level (SystemVerilog $root) internal header file
+     - Top-level internal header file (from SystemVerilog $root)
    * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root.cpp
-     - Top level (SystemVerilog $root) internal C++ file
-   * - *{prefix}*___024root*{__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Additional top level internal C++ files (from --output-split)
+     - Top-level internal C++ file (from SystemVerilog $root)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
+     - Additional top-level internal C++ files
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root\ *{__DepSet_hash__n}*\ .cpp
+     - Additional top-level internal C++ files (hashed to reduce build times)
    * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Slow\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
      - Infrequent cold routines
-   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace{__n}*\ .cpp
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root\ *{__DepSet_hash__n}*\ .cpp
+     - Infrequent cold routines (hashed to reduce build times)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
      - Wave file generation code (from --trace)
-   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace__Slow{__n}*\ .cpp
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace__Slow\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
      - Wave file generation code (from --trace)
    * - *{prefix}*\ __Dpi.h
      - DPI import and export declarations (from --dpi)
@@ -87,25 +85,39 @@ For --cc/--sc, it creates:
    * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}*\ .cpp
      - Lower level internal C++ files
    * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}{__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Additional lower C++ files (from --output-split)
+     - Additional lower C++ files
+   * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}{__DepSet_hash__n}*\ .cpp
+     - Additional lower C++ files (hashed to reduce build times)
 
-For --hierarchy mode, it creates:
+For --hierarchical mode, it creates:
 
 .. list-table::
 
    * - V\ *{hier_block}*\ /
-     - Directory to Verilate each hierarchy block (from --hierarchy)
+     - Directory to Verilate each hierarchical block (from --hierarchical)
    * - *{prefix}*\ __hierVer.d
-     - Make dependencies of the top module (from --hierarchy)
+     - Make dependencies of the top module (from --hierarchical)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ _hier.mk
+     - Make file for hierarchical blocks (from --make gmake)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ __hierCMakeArgs.f
+     - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make cmake)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ __hierMkArgs.f
+     - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make gmake)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ __hierParameters.v
+     - Module parameters for hierarchical blocks
    * - *{prefix}*\ __hier.dir
-     - Directory to store .dot, .vpp, .tree of top module (from --hierarchy)
+     - Directory to store .dot, .vpp, .tree of top module (from --hierarchical)
 
-In certain debug and other modes, it also creates:
+In specific debug and other modes, it also creates:
 
 .. list-table::
 
    * - *{prefix}*\ .xml
      - XML tree information (from --xml)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ .tree.json
+     - JSON tree information (from --json-only)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ .tree.meta.json
+     - JSON tree metadata (from --json-only)
    * - *{prefix}*\ __cdc.txt
      - Clock Domain Crossing checks (from --cdc)
    * - *{prefix}*\ __stats.txt
@@ -120,8 +132,10 @@ In certain debug and other modes, it also creates:
      - Debugging graph files (from --debug)
    * - *{prefix}{misc}*\ .tree
      - Debugging files (from --debug)
-   * - {mod_prefix}_{each_verilog_module}*{__n}*\ .vpp
-     - Pre-processed verilog (from --debug)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ __inputs\ .vpp
+     - Pre-processed verilog for all files (from --debug)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ _ *{each_verilog_base_filename}*\ .vpp
+     - Pre-processed verilog for each file (from --debug)
 
 After running Make, the C++ compiler may produce the following:
 
@@ -137,6 +151,10 @@ After running Make, the C++ compiler may produce the following:
      - Intermediate objects
    * - *{prefix}*\
      - Final executable (from --exe)
+   * - lib\ *{prefix}*\ .a
+     - Final archive (default lib mode)
+   * - libverilated.a
+     - Runtime for verilated model (default lib mode)
    * - *{prefix}*\ __ALL.a
      - Library of all Verilated objects
    * - *{prefix}*\ __ALL.cpp
@@ -155,13 +173,13 @@ The Verilated executable may produce the following:
    * - gmon.out
      - GCC/clang code profiler output, often fed into :command:`verilator_profcfunc`
    * - profile.vlt
-     - -profile data file for :ref:`Thread PGO`
-   * - profile_threads.dat
-     - -profile-threads data file for :command:`verilator_gnatt`
+     - --prof-pgo data file for :ref:`Thread PGO`
+   * - profile_exec.dat
+     - --prof-exec data file for :command:`verilator_gantt`
 
 Verilator_gantt may produce the following:
 
 .. list-table::
 
-   * - profile_threads.vcd
+   * - profile_exec.vcd
      - Gantt report waveform output

docs/guide/index.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 ######################
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Verilator User's Guide
    overview.rst
    examples.rst
    install.rst
+   install-cmake.rst
 
 
 .. toctree::

docs/guide/install-cmake.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+.. _CMakeInstallation:
+
+******************
+CMake Installation
+******************
+
+This section discusses how to build and install Verilator using cmake.
+Currently cmake is only officially supported for Windows builds (not Linux).
+
+.. _Tools Install:
+
+Quick Install
+=============
+
+1. Install Python for your platform from https://www.python.org/downloads/.
+2. Install CMake for your platform from https://cmake.org/download/ or build it from source.
+3. If the compiler of your choice is MSVC, then install https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/.
+   If the compiler of your choice is Clang, then install https://releases.llvm.org/download.html or build it from source.
+4. For flex and bison use https://github.com/lexxmark/winflexbison to build and install.
+5. For build on Windows using MSVC set environment variable WIN_FLEX_BISON to install directory.
+   For build on Windows/Linux/OS-X using ninja set the environment variable
+   FLEX_INCLUDE to the directory containing FlexLexer.h and ensure that flex/bison
+   is available within the PATH.
+
+To obtain verilator sources download https://github.com/verilator/verilator/archive/refs/heads/master.zip
+or clone https://github.com/verilator/verilator using git :ref:`Obtain Sources`.
+
+To build using MSVC:
+
+::
+
+   cd verilator  # directory containing source files of verilator
+   mkdir build
+   cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release --install-prefix $PWD/../install
+   cmake --build . --config Release
+   cmake --install . --prefix $PWD/../install
+
+
+To build using ninja:
+
+::
+
+    cd verilator
+    mkdir build
+    cmake -G Ninja .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release --install-prefix $PWD/../install -DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM=<path to ninja binary> -DBISON_EXECUTABLE=<path to bison> -DFLEX_EXECUTABLE=<path to flex>
+    <path to ninja binary> #execute ninja
+    cmake --install . --prefix $PWD/../install
+
+
+.. _CMake Usage:
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+To use Verilator set the environment variable ``VERILATOR_ROOT`` to the
+install directory specified in the above build.
+
+Example
+=======
+
+::
+
+    cd verilator/examples
+    cd cmake_hello_c
+    mkdir build
+    cd build
+    cmake ..  # cmake -G Ninja ..
+    cmake --build . --config Release # ninja
+    # execute the generated binary

docs/guide/install.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 .. _Installation:
@@ -16,30 +16,50 @@ Package Manager Quick Install
 
 Using a distribution's package manager is the easiest way to get
 started. (Note packages are unlikely to have the most recent version, so
-:ref:`Git Install`, might be a better alternative.) To install as a
+:ref:`Git Install` might be a better alternative.) To install as a
 package:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    apt-get install verilator   # On Ubuntu
 
-For other distributions refer to `Repology Verilator Distro Packages
+For other distributions, refer to `Repology Verilator Distro Packages
 <https://repology.org/project/verilator>`__.
 
+.. _pre-commit Quick Install:
+
+pre-commit Quick Install
+=============================
+
+You can use Verilator's `pre-commit <https://pre-commit.com/>`__ hook to
+lint your code before committing it.  It encapsulates the :ref:`Verilator
+Build Docker Container`, so you need docker on your system to use it.  The
+verilator image will be downloaded automatically.
+
+To use the hook, add the following entry to your :code:`.pre-commit-config.yaml`:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   repos:
+     - repo: https://github.com/verilator/verilator
+       rev: v5.026  # or later
+       hooks:
+         - id: verilator
+
 .. _Git Install:
 
 Git Quick Install
 =================
 
-Installing Verilator from Git provides the most flexibility. For additional
-options and details see :ref:`Detailed Build Instructions` below.
+Installing Verilator from Git provides the most flexibility; for additional
+options and details, see :ref:`Detailed Build Instructions` below.
 
 In brief, to install from git:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    # Prerequisites:
-   #sudo apt-get install git perl python3 make autoconf g++ flex bison ccache
+   #sudo apt-get install git help2man perl python3 make autoconf g++ flex bison ccache
    #sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev numactl perl-doc
    #sudo apt-get install libfl2  # Ubuntu only (ignore if gives error)
    #sudo apt-get install libfl-dev  # Ubuntu only (ignore if gives error)
@@ -68,7 +88,7 @@ In brief, to install from git:
 Detailed Build Instructions
 ===========================
 
-This section describes details of the build process, and assumes you are
+This section describes details of the build process and assumes you are
 building from Git. For using a pre-built binary for your Linux
 distribution, see instead :ref:`Package Manager Quick Install`.
 
@@ -77,50 +97,59 @@ OS Requirements
 ---------------
 
 Verilator is developed and has primary testing on Ubuntu, with additional
-testing on FreeBSD and Apple OS-X. Versions have also built on Redhat
-Linux, HPUX and Solaris. It should run with minor porting on any
-GNU/Linux-ish platform. Verilator also works on Windows under Cygwin, and
-Windows under MinGW (gcc -mno-cygwin). Verilated output (not Verilator
-itself) compiles under all the options above, plus using MSVC++.
+testing on FreeBSD and Apple OS-X. Versions have also been built on Red Hat
+Linux, other flavors of GNU/Linux-ish platforms, Windows Subsystem for
+Linux (WSL2), Windows under Cygwin, and Windows under MinGW (gcc
+-mno-cygwin). Verilated output (not Verilator itself) compiles under all
+the options above, plus using MSVC++.
 
 
 Install Prerequisites
 ---------------------
 
-To build or run Verilator you need these standard packages:
+To build or run Verilator, you need these standard packages:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
-   sudo apt-get install git perl python3 make
+   sudo apt-get install git help2man perl python3 make
    sudo apt-get install g++  # Alternatively, clang
    sudo apt-get install libgz  # Non-Ubuntu (ignore if gives error)
    sudo apt-get install libfl2  # Ubuntu only (ignore if gives error)
    sudo apt-get install libfl-dev  # Ubuntu only (ignore if gives error)
    sudo apt-get install zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev  # Ubuntu only (ignore if gives error)
 
-To build or run the following are optional but should be installed for good
-performance:
+To build or run Verilator, the following are optional but should be installed
+for good performance:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    sudo apt-get install ccache  # If present at build, needed for run
-   sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev numactl perl-doc
+   sudo apt-get install mold  # If present at build, needed for run
+   sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev numactl
+
+The following is optional but is recommended for nicely rendered command line
+help when running Verilator:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+   sudo apt-get install perl-doc
 
 To build Verilator you will need to install these packages; these do not
 need to be present to run Verilator:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    sudo apt-get install git autoconf flex bison
 
 Those developing Verilator itself may also want these (see internals.rst):
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
-   sudo apt-get install gdb graphviz cmake clang clang-format-11 gprof lcov
-   sudo pip3 install sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme breathe
+   sudo apt-get install clang clang-format-14 cmake gdb gprof graphviz lcov
+   sudo apt-get install python3-clang yapf3 bear jq
+   sudo pip3 install sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe ruff
+   sudo pip3 install git+https://github.com/antmicro/astsee.git
    cpan install Pod::Perldoc
-   cpan install Parallel::Forker
 
 
 Install SystemC
@@ -142,20 +171,33 @@ To make use of Verilator FST tracing you will want `GTKwave
 required at Verilator build time.
 
 
+Install Z3
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In order to use constrained randomization the `Z3 Theorem Prover
+<https://github.com/z3prover/z3#readme>`__ must be installed, however this is
+not required at Verilator build time. There are other compatible SMT solvers,
+like CVC5/CVC4, but they are not guaranteed to work. Since different solvers are
+faster for different scenarios, the solver to use at run-time can be specified
+by the environment variable :option:`VERILATOR_SOLVER`.
+
+
+.. _Obtain Sources:
+
 Obtain Sources
 --------------
 
-Get the sources from the git repository: (You need do this only once,
+Get the sources from the git repository: (You need to do this only once,
 ever.)
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    git clone https://github.com/verilator/verilator   # Only first time
-   ## Note the URL above is not a page you can see with a browser, it's for git only
+   ## Note the URL above is not a page you can see with a browser; it's for git only
 
 Enter the checkout and determine what version/branch to use:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    cd verilator
    git pull        # Make sure we're up-to-date
@@ -170,7 +212,7 @@ Auto Configure
 
 Create the configuration script:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    autoconf        # Create ./configure script
 
@@ -178,11 +220,12 @@ Create the configuration script:
 Eventual Installation Options
 -----------------------------
 
-Before configuring the build, you have to decide how you're going to
+Before configuring the build, you must decide how you're going to
 eventually install Verilator onto your system. Verilator will be compiling
 the current value of the environment variables :option:`VERILATOR_ROOT`,
-:option:`SYSTEMC_INCLUDE`, and :option:`SYSTEMC_LIBDIR` as defaults into
-the executable, so they must be correct before configuring.
+:option:`VERILATOR_SOLVER`, :option:`SYSTEMC_INCLUDE`, and
+:option:`SYSTEMC_LIBDIR` as defaults into the executable, so they must be
+correct before configuring.
 
 These are the installation options:
 
@@ -191,42 +234,45 @@ These are the installation options:
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 Our personal favorite is to always run Verilator in-place from its Git
-directory. This allows the easiest experimentation and upgrading, and
-allows many versions of Verilator to co-exist on a system.
+directory (don't run ``make install``). This allows the easiest
+experimentation and upgrading, and allows many versions of Verilator to
+co-exist on a system.
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    export VERILATOR_ROOT=`pwd`   # if your shell is bash
    setenv VERILATOR_ROOT `pwd`   # if your shell is csh
    ./configure
    # Running will use files from $VERILATOR_ROOT, so no install needed
 
-Note after installing (below steps), a calling program or shell must set
-the environment variable :option:`VERILATOR_ROOT` to point to this Git
-directory, then execute ``$VERILATOR_ROOT/bin/verilator``, which will find
-the path to all needed files.
+Note after installing (see `Installation`_), a calling program or shell
+must set the environment variable :option:`VERILATOR_ROOT` to point to this
+Git directory, then execute ``$VERILATOR_ROOT/bin/verilator``, which will
+find the path to all needed files.
 
 
-2. Install into a specific location
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+2. Install into a Specific Prefix
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-You may eventually be installing onto a project/company-wide "CAD" tools
-disk that may support multiple versions of every tool. Tell configure the
-eventual destination directory name.  We recommend the destination location
-include the Verilator version name:
+You may be an OS package maintainer building a Verilator package, or you
+may eventually be installing onto a project/company-wide "CAD" tools disk
+that may support multiple versions of every tool. Tell configure the
+eventual destination directory name.  We recommend that the destination
+location include the Verilator version name:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    unset VERILATOR_ROOT      # if your shell is bash
    unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT   # if your shell is csh
    # For the tarball, use the version number instead of git describe
    ./configure --prefix /CAD_DISK/verilator/`git describe | sed "s/verilator_//"`
 
-Note after installing (below steps), if you use `modulecmd
+Note after installing (see `Installation`_), you need to add the path to
+the ``bin`` directory to your ``PATH``. Or, if you use `modulecmd
 <http://modules.sourceforge.net/>`__, you'll want a module file like the
 following:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    set install_root /CAD_DISK/verilator/{version-number-used-above}
    unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT
@@ -235,36 +281,20 @@ following:
    prepend-path PKG_CONFIG_PATH $install_root/share/pkgconfig
 
 
-3. Install into a Specific Path
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-You may eventually install Verilator into a specific installation prefix,
-as most GNU tools support:
-
-::
-
-   unset VERILATOR_ROOT      # if your shell is bash
-   unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT   # if your shell is csh
-   ./configure --prefix /opt/verilator-VERSION
-
-Then after installing (below steps) you will need to add
-``/opt/verilator-VERSION/bin`` to your ``$PATH`` environment variable.
-
-
-4. Install System Globally
+3. Install System Globally
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 The final option is to eventually install Verilator globally, using
 configure's default system paths:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    unset VERILATOR_ROOT      # if your shell is bash
    unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT   # if your shell is csh
    ./configure
 
-Then after installing (below) the binaries should be in a location that is
-already in your ``$PATH`` environment variable.
+Then after installing (see `Installation`_), the binaries should be in a
+location already in your ``$PATH`` environment variable.
 
 
 Configure
@@ -274,7 +304,7 @@ The command to configure the package was described in the previous step.
 Developers should configure to have more complete developer tests.
 Additional packages may be required for these tests.
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    export VERILATOR_AUTHOR_SITE=1    # Put in your .bashrc
    ./configure --enable-longtests  ...above options...
@@ -285,7 +315,7 @@ Compile
 
 Compile Verilator:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    make -j `nproc`  # Or if error on `nproc`, the number of CPUs in system
 
@@ -295,7 +325,7 @@ Test
 
 Check the compilation by running self-tests:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    make test
 
@@ -307,7 +337,7 @@ If you used any install option other than the `1. Run-in-Place from
 VERILATOR_ROOT <#_1_run_in_place_from_verilator_root>`__ scheme, install
 the files:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
    make install
 

docs/guide/languages.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 ***************
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ union, var, void, priority case/if, and unique case/if.
 It also supports .name and .\* interconnection.
 
 Verilator partially supports concurrent assert and cover statements; see
-the enclosed coverage tests for the syntax which is allowed.
+the enclosed coverage tests for the allowed syntax.
 
 Verilator has limited support for class and related object-oriented
 constructs.
@@ -58,8 +58,18 @@ function call-like preprocessor defines, default define arguments,
 SystemVerilog 2017 (IEEE 1800-2017) Support
 -------------------------------------------
 
-Verilator supports the 2017 "for" loop constructs, and several minor
-cleanups IEEE made in 1800-2017.
+Verilator supports the 2017 "for" loop constructs and several cleanups IEEE
+made in 1800-2017.
+
+
+SystemVerilog 2023 (IEEE 1800-2023) Support
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Verilator supports some of the 2023 improvements, including triple-quoted
+string blocks that may include newlines and single quotes.
+
+Verilator implements a full IEEE 1800-2023 compliant preprocessor,
+including triple-quoted strings, and \`ifdef expressions.
 
 
 Verilog AMS Support
@@ -67,32 +77,98 @@ Verilog AMS Support
 
 Verilator implements a very small subset of Verilog AMS (Verilog Analog and
 Mixed-Signal Extensions) with the subset corresponding to those VMS
-keywords with near equivalents in the Verilog 2005 or SystemVerilog 2009
-languages.
+keywords with near-equivalents in Verilog IEEE 1364 or SystemVerilog
+IEEE 1800.
 
 AMS parsing is enabled with :vlopt:`--language VAMS <--language>` or
 :vlopt:`--language 1800+VAMS <--language>`.
 
-At present Verilator implements ceil, exp, floor, ln, log, pow, sqrt,
-string, and wreal.
+Verilator implements ceil, exp, floor, ln, log, pow, sqrt, string, and
+wreal.
 
 
 Synthesis Directive Assertion Support
 -------------------------------------
 
-With the :vlopt:`--assert` option, Verilator reads any :code:`//synopsys
-full_case` or :code:`//synopsys parallel_case` directives.  The same
-applies to any :code:`//ambit synthesis`, :code:`//cadence` or
-:code:`//pragma` directives of the same form.
+With the :vlopt:`--assert` option, Verilator reads any
+
+:code:`//synopsys full_case` or :code:`//synopsys parallel_case`
+directives.  The same applies to any :code:`//ambit synthesis`,
+:code:`//cadence` or :code:`//pragma` directives of the same form.
 
 When these synthesis directives are discovered, Verilator will either
-formally prove the directive to be true, or failing that, will insert the
+formally prove the directive to be true, or, failing that, will insert the
 appropriate code to detect failing cases at simulation runtime and print an
 "Assertion failed" error message.
 
 Verilator likewise also asserts any "unique" or "priority" SystemVerilog
-keywords on case statement, as well as "unique" on if statements.  However,
-"priority if" is currently simply ignored.
+keywords on case statements, as well as "unique" on if statements.  However,
+"priority if" is currently ignored.
+
+
+Time
+====
+
+With :vlopt:`--timing`, all timing controls are supported:
+
+* delay statements,
+* event control statements not only at the top of a process,
+* intra-assignment timing controls,
+* net delays,
+* :code:`wait` statements,
+
+as well as all flavors of :code:`fork`.
+
+Compiling a Verilated design that uses these features requires a
+compiler with C++20 coroutine support, e.g. Clang 5, GCC 10, or newer.
+
+:code:`#0` delays cause Verilator to issue the :option:`ZERODLY` warning, as
+they work differently than described in the LRM. They do not schedule process
+resumption in the Inactive region, though the process will get resumed in the
+same time slot.
+
+Rising/falling/turn-off delays are currently unsupported and cause the
+:option:`RISEFALLDLY` warning.
+
+Minimum/typical/maximum delays are currently unsupported. The typical delay is
+always the one chosen. Such expressions cause the :option:`MINTYPMAX` warning.
+
+Another consequence of using :vlopt:`--timing` is that the :vlopt:`--main`
+option generates a main file with a proper timing eval loop, eliminating the
+need for writing any driving C++ code. You can simply compile the
+simulation (perhaps using :vlopt:`--build`) and run it.
+
+With :vlopt:`--no-timing`, all timing controls cause the :option:`NOTIMING`
+error, except:
+
+* delay statements - they are ignored (as they are in synthesis), though they
+  do issue a :option:`STMTDLY` warning,
+* intra-assignment timing controls - they are ignored, though they do issue an
+  :option:`ASSIGNDLY` warning,
+* net delays - they are ignored,
+* event controls at the top of the procedure,
+
+Forks cause this error as well, except:
+
+* forks with no statements,
+* :code:`fork..join` or :code:`fork..join_any` with one statement,
+* forks with :vlopt:`--bbox-unsup`.
+
+If neither :vlopt:`--timing` nor :vlopt:`--no-timing` is specified, all
+timing controls cause the :option:`NEEDTIMINGOPT` error, except event
+controls at the top of the process. Forks cause this error as well, except:
+
+* forks with no statements,
+* :code:`fork..join` or :code:`fork..join_any` with one statement,
+* forks with :vlopt:`--bbox-unsup`.
+
+Timing controls and forks can also be ignored in specific files or parts of
+files. The :option:`/*verilator&32;timing_off*/` and
+:option:`/*verilator&32;timing_off*/` metacomments will make Verilator ignore
+the encompassed timing controls and forks, regardless of the chosen
+:vlopt:`--timing` or :vlopt:`--no-timing` option. This can also be achieved
+using the :option:`timing_off` and :option:`timing_off` options in Verilator
+configuration files.
 
 
 .. _Language Limitations:
@@ -108,15 +184,15 @@ Synthesis Subset
 
 Verilator supports the Synthesis subset with other verification constructs
 being added over time. Verilator also simulates events as Synopsys's Design
-Compiler would; namely given a block of the form:
+Compiler would, namely given a block of the form:
 
 .. code-block:: sv
 
         always @(x) y = x & z;
 
-This will recompute y when there is even a potential for change in x or a
-change in z, that is when the flops computing x or z evaluate (which is
-what Design Compiler will synthesize.)  A compliant simulator would only
+This will recompute y when there is a potential for change in x or a change
+in z; that is when the flops computing x or z evaluate (which is what
+Design Compiler will synthesize.)  A compliant simulator will only
 calculate y if x changes.  We recommend using always_comb to make the code
 run the same everywhere.  Also avoid putting $displays in combo blocks, as
 they may print multiple times when not desired, even on compliant
@@ -129,14 +205,14 @@ Signal Naming
 To avoid conflicts with C symbol naming, any character in a signal name
 that is not alphanumeric nor a single underscore will be replaced by __0hh
 where hh is the hex code of the character. To avoid conflicts with
-Verilator's internal symbols, any double underscore are replaced with
+Verilator's internal symbols, any double underscore is replaced with
 ___05F (5F is the hex code of an underscore.)
 
 
 Bind
 ----
 
-sVerilator only supports bind to a target module name, not to an
+Verilator only supports bind to a target module name, not to an
 instance path.
 
 
@@ -144,14 +220,13 @@ Class
 -----
 
 Verilator class support is limited but in active development.  Verilator
-supports members, and methods. Verilator does not support class static
-members, class extend, or class parameters.
+supports members, methods, class extend, and class parameters.
 
 
 Dotted cross-hierarchy references
 ---------------------------------
 
-Verilator supports dotted references to variables, functions and tasks in
+Verilator supports dotted references to variables, functions, and tasks in
 different modules. The portion before the dot must have a constant value;
 for example a[2].b is acceptable, while a[x].b is generally not.
 
@@ -165,7 +240,7 @@ code.
 Latches
 -------
 
-Verilator is optimized for edge sensitive (flop based) designs.  It will
+Verilator is optimized for edge-sensitive (flop-based) designs.  It will
 attempt to do the correct thing for latches, but most performance
 optimizations will be disabled around the latch.
 
@@ -173,17 +248,9 @@ optimizations will be disabled around the latch.
 Structures and Unions
 ---------------------
 
-Presently Verilator only supports packed structs and packed unions.  Rand
-and randc tags on members are simply ignored.  All structures and unions
-are represented as a single vector, which means that generating one member
-of a structure from blocking, and another from non-blocking assignments is
-unsupported.
-
-
-Time
-----
-
-All delays (#) are ignored, as they are in synthesis.
+All structures and unions are scheduled together, which means that
+generating one member of a structure from blocking, and another from
+non-blocking assignments is unsupported.
 
 
 .. _Unknown States:
@@ -191,38 +258,38 @@ All delays (#) are ignored, as they are in synthesis.
 Unknown States
 --------------
 
-Verilator is mostly a two state simulator, not a four state simulator.
-However, it has two features which uncover most initialization bugs
-(including many that a four state simulator will miss.)
+Verilator is mostly a two-state simulator, not a four-state simulator.
+However, it has two features that uncover most initialization bugs
+(including many that a four-state simulator will miss.)
 
 Identity comparisons (=== or !==) are converted to standard ==/!= when
 neither side is a constant.  This may make the expression yield a different
-result compared to a four state simulator.  An === comparison to X will
+result than a four-state simulator.  An === comparison to X will
 always be false, so that Verilog code which checks for uninitialized logic
 will not fire.
 
-Assigning X to a variable will actually assign a constant value as
-determined by the :vlopt:`--x-assign` option.  This allows runtime
-randomization, thus if the value is actually used, the random value should
-cause downstream errors.  Integers also get randomized, even though the
-Verilog 2001 specification says they initialize to zero.  Note however that
-randomization happens at initialization time and hence during a single
-simulation run, the same constant (but random) value will be used every
-time the assignment is executed.
+Assigning X to a variable will assign a constant value as determined by the
+:vlopt:`--x-assign` option.  This allows runtime randomization; thus, if
+the value is used, the random value should cause downstream errors.
+Integers also get randomized, even though the Verilog 2001 specification
+says they initialize to zero.  However, randomization happens at
+initialization time; hence, during a single simulation run, the same
+constant (but random) value will be used every time the assignment is
+executed.
 
 All variables, depending on :vlopt:`--x-initial` setting, are typically
-randomly initialized using a function.  By running several random
-simulation runs you can determine that reset is working correctly.  On the
-first run, have the function initialize variables to zero.  On the second,
-have it initialize variables to one.  On the third and following runs have
-it initialize them randomly.  If the results match, reset works.  (Note
-this is what the hardware will really do.)  In practice, just setting all
-variables to one at startup finds most problems (since typically control
-signals are active-high).
+randomly initialized using a function.  You can determine that reset is
+working correctly by running several random simulation runs.  On the first
+run, have the function initialize variables to zero.  On the second, have
+it initialize variables to one.  On the third and following runs, have it
+initialize them randomly.  If the results match, reset works.  (Note that
+this is what the hardware will do.)  In practice, setting all variables to
+one at startup finds the most problems (since control signals are typically
+active-high).
 
 :vlopt:`--x-assign` applies to variables explicitly initialized or assigned
 an X. Uninitialized clocks are initialized to zero, while all other state
-holding variables are initialized to a random value.  Event driven
+holding variables are initialized to a random value.  Event-driven
 simulators will generally trigger an edge on a transition from X to 1
 (posedge) or X to 0 (negedge). However, by default, since clocks are
 initialized to zero, Verilator will not trigger an initial negedge. Some
@@ -258,33 +325,8 @@ External logic will be needed to combine these signals with any external
 drivers.
 
 Tristate drivers are not supported inside functions and tasks; an inout
-there will be considered a two state variable that is read and written
-instead of a four state variable.
-
-
-Functions & Tasks
------------------
-
-All functions and tasks will be inlined (will not become functions in C.)
-The only support provided is for simple statements in tasks (which may
-affect global variables).
-
-Recursive functions and tasks are not supported.  All inputs and outputs
-are automatic, as if they had the Verilog 2001 "automatic" keyword
-prepended.  (If you don't know what this means, Verilator will do what you
-probably expect, what C does. The default behavior of Verilog is
-different.)
-
-
-Generated Clocks
-----------------
-
-Verilator attempts to deal with generated and gated clocks correctly,
-however some cases cause problems in the scheduling algorithm which is
-optimized for performance.  The safest option is to have all clocks as
-primary inputs to the model, or wires directly attached to primary inputs.
-For proper behavior clock enables may also need the
-:option:`/*verilator&32;clock_enable*/` metacomment.
+there will be considered a two-state variable that is read and written
+instead of a four-state variable.
 
 
 Gate Primitives
@@ -313,14 +355,14 @@ error for more information.
 Array Out of Bounds
 -------------------
 
-Writing a memory element that is outside the bounds specified for the array
-may cause a different memory element inside the array to be written
-instead.  For power-of-2 sized arrays, Verilator will give a width warning
-and the address.  For non-power-of-2-sizes arrays, index 0 will be written.
+Writing a memory element outside the bounds specified for the array may
+cause a different memory element inside the array to be written instead.
+For power-of-2 sized arrays, Verilator will give a width warning and the
+address.  For non-power-of-2-sizes arrays, index 0 will be written.
 
-Reading a memory element that is outside the bounds specified for the array
-will give a width warning and wrap around the power-of-2 size.  For
-non-power-of-2 sizes, it will return a unspecified constant of the
+Reading a memory element outside the bounds specified for the array will
+give a width warning and wrap around the power-of-2 size.  For
+non-power-of-2 sizes, it will return an unspecified constant of the
 appropriate width.
 
 
@@ -339,7 +381,7 @@ statements must be simple expressions that complete in one cycle.
 Encrypted Verilog
 -----------------
 
-Open source simulators like Verilator are unable to use encrypted RTL
+Open-source simulators like Verilator cannot use encrypted RTL
 (i.e. IEEE P1735).  Talk to your IP vendor about delivering IP blocks via
 Verilator's :vlopt:`--protect-lib` feature.
 
@@ -380,12 +422,12 @@ This section describes specific limitations for each language keyword.
   certain limited cases.
 
 '{} operator
-  Assignment patterns with order based, default, constant integer (array)
+  Assignment patterns with an order based, default, constant integer (array)
   or member identifier (struct/union) keys are supported.  Data type keys
-  and keys which are computed from a constant expression are not supported.
+  and keys computed from a constant expression are not supported.
 
 \`uselib
-  Uselib, a vendor specific library specification method, is ignored along
+  Uselib, a vendor-specific library specification method, is ignored along
   with anything following it until the end of that line.
 
 cast operator
@@ -393,8 +435,12 @@ cast operator
   unsigned, not arrays nor structs.
 
 chandle
-  Treated as a "longint"; does not yet warn about operations that are
-  specified as illegal on chandles.
+  Treated as a "longint"; does not yet warn about operations specified as
+  illegal on chandles.
+
+checker
+  Treated as a "module"; does not yet warn about many constructs illegal
+  inside a checker.
 
 disable
   Disable statements may be used only if the block being disabled is a
@@ -402,12 +448,27 @@ disable
   provide loop break and continue functionality before SystemVerilog added
   the break and continue keywords.
 
+force, release
+  Verilator supports the procedural `force` (and corresponding `release`)
+  statement. However, the behavior of the `force` statement does not
+  entirely comply with IEEE 1800. According to the standard, when a
+  procedural statement of the form `force a = b;` is executed, the
+  simulation should behave as if, from that point forwards, a continuous
+  assignment `assign a = b;` has been added to override the drivers of `a`.
+  More specifically: the value of `a` should be updated whenever the value
+  of `b` changes, until a `release a;` statement is executed.  Verilator
+  instead evaluates the current value of `b` when the `force` statement is
+  executed, and forces `a` to that value, without updating it until a new
+  `force` or `release` statement is encountered that applies to `a`. This
+  non-standard behavior is nevertheless consistent with some other
+  simulators.
+
 inside
   Inside expressions may not include unpacked array traversal or $ as an
   upper bound.  Case inside and case matches are also unsupported.
 
 interface
-  Interfaces and modports, including with generated data types are
+  Interfaces and modports, including generated data types are
   supported.  Generate blocks around modports are not supported, nor are
   virtual interfaces nor unnamed interfaces.
 
@@ -419,25 +480,25 @@ specify specparam
   All specify blocks and timing checks are ignored.
 
 uwire
-  Verilator does not perform warning checking on uwires, it treats the
+  Verilator does not perform warning checking on uwires; it treats the
   uwire keyword as if it were the normal wire keyword.
 
 $bits, $countbits, $countones, $finish, $isunknown, $onehot, $onehot0, $signed, $stime, $stop, $time, $unsigned,
   Generally supported.
 
 $dump/$dumpports and related
-  $dumpfile or $dumpports will create a VCD or FST file (which is based on
+  $dumpfile or $dumpports will create a VCD or FST file (based on
   the :vlopt:`--trace` option given when the model was Verilated). This
   will take effect starting at the next eval() call.  If you have multiple
-  Verilated designs under the same C model, then this will dump signals
+  Verilated designs under the same C model, this will dump signals
   only from the design containing the $dumpvars.
 
   $dumpvars and $dumpports module identifier is ignored; the traced
   instances will always start at the top of the design. The levels argument
-  is also ignored, use tracing_on/tracing_off pragmas instead.
+  is also ignored; use tracing_on/tracing_off pragmas instead.
 
   $dumpportson/$dumpportsoff/$dumpportsall/$dumpportslimit filename
-  argument is ignored, only a single trace file may be active at once.
+  argument is ignored; only a single trace file may be active at once.
 
   $dumpall/$dumpportsall, $dumpon/$dumpportson, $dumpoff/$dumpportsoff, and
   $dumplimit/$dumpportlimit are currently ignored.
@@ -446,7 +507,7 @@ $error, $fatal, $info, $warning.
   Generally supported.
 
 $exit, $finish, $stop
-  The rarely used optional parameter to $finish and $stop is ignored. $exit
+  The rarely used optional parameter to $finish and $stop is ignored; $exit
   is aliased to $finish.
 
 $fopen, $fclose, $fdisplay, $ferror, $feof, $fflush, $fgetc, $fgets, $fscanf, $fwrite, $fscanf, $sscanf
@@ -462,8 +523,8 @@ $random, $urandom, $urandom_range
   per object for random stability of $urandom/$urandom_range.
 
 $readmemb, $readmemh
-  Read memory commands are supported.  Note Verilator and the Verilog
-  specification does not include support for readmem to multi-dimensional
+  Read memory commands are supported.  Verilator and the Verilog
+  specification do not include support for readmem to multi-dimensional
   arrays.
 
 $test$plusargs, $value$plusargs
@@ -471,7 +532,7 @@ $test$plusargs, $value$plusargs
 
   .. code-block:: C++
 
-        Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
+        {VerilatedContext*} ->commandArgs(argc, argv);
 
   to register the command line before calling $test$plusargs or
   $value$plusargs.

docs/guide/overview.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 ********
@@ -8,30 +8,30 @@ Overview
 Welcome to Verilator!
 
 The Verilator package converts Verilog [#]_ and SystemVerilog [#]_ hardware
-description language (HDL) designs into a C++ or SystemC model that after
-compiling can be executed.  Verilator is not a traditional simulator, but a
+description language (HDL) designs into a C++ or SystemC model that, after
+compiling, can be executed.  Verilator is not a traditional simulator but a
 compiler.
 
 Verilator is typically used as follows:
 
 1. The :command:`verilator` executable is invoked with parameters similar
-to GCC, or other simulators such as Cadence Verilog-XL/NC-Verilog, or
+to GCC or other simulators such as Cadence Verilog-XL/NC-Verilog, or
 Synopsys VCS.  Verilator reads the specified SystemVerilog code, lints it,
 optionally adds coverage and waveform tracing support, and compiles the
-design into a source level multithreaded C++ or SystemC "model".  The
+design into a source-level multithreaded C++ or SystemC "model".  The
 resulting model's C++ or SystemC code is output as .cpp and .h files. This
-is referred to as "Verilating" and the process is "to Verilate"; the output
-is a "Verilated" model.
+is referred to as "Verilating", and the process is "to Verilate"; the
+output is a "Verilated" model.
 
-2. For simulation, a small user written C++ wrapper file is required, the
-"wrapper".  This wrapper defines the C++ standard function "main()" which
+2. For simulation, a small user-written C++ wrapper file is required, the
+"wrapper".  This wrapper defines the C++ standard function "main()", which
 instantiates the Verilated model as a C++/SystemC object.
 
 3. The user C++ wrapper, the files created by Verilator, a "runtime
-library" provided by Verilator, and if applicable SystemC libraries are
+library" provided by Verilator, and, if applicable, SystemC libraries are
 then compiled using a C++ compiler to create a simulation executable.
 
-4. The resulting executable will perform the actual simulation, during
+4. The resulting executable will perform the actual simulation during
 "simulation runtime".
 
 5. If appropriately enabled, the executable may also generate waveform
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ The best place to get started is to try the :ref:`Examples`.
 .. [#] Verilog is defined by the `Institute of Electrical and Electronics
        Engineers (IEEE) Standard for Verilog Hardware Description
        Language`, Std. 1364, released in 1995, 2001, and 2005.  The
-       Verilator documentation uses the shorthand e.g. "IEEE 1394-2005" to
-       refer to the e.g. 2005 version of this standard.
+       Verilator documentation uses the shorthand, e.g., "IEEE 1364-2005",
+       to refer to the, e.g., 2005 version of this standard.
 
 .. [#] SystemVerilog is defined by the `Institute of Electrical and
        Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard for SystemVerilog - Unified
        Hardware Design, Specification, and Verification Language`, Standard
-       1800, released in 2005, 2009, 2012, and 2017.  The Verilator
-       documentation uses the shorthand e.g. "IEEE 1800-2017" to refer to
-       the e.g. 2017 version of this standard.
+       1800, released in 2005, 2009, 2012, 2017, and 2023.  The Verilator
+       documentation uses the shorthand e.g., "IEEE 1800-2023", to refer to
+       the, e.g., 2023 version of this standard.

docs/guide/simulating.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 .. _Simulating:
@@ -7,9 +7,65 @@
 Simulating (Verilated-Model Runtime)
 ************************************
 
-This section describes items related to simulating, that using a Verilated
-model's executable.  For the runtime arguments to a simulated model, see
-:ref:`Simulation Runtime Arguments`.
+This section describes items related to simulating, that is, using a
+Verilated model's executable.  For the runtime arguments to a simulated
+model, see :ref:`Simulation Runtime Arguments`.
+
+
+.. _Simulation Summary Report:
+
+Simulation Summary Report
+=========================
+
+When simulation finishes, it will print a report to stdout summarizing the
+simulation. This requires the model being Verilated with :vlopt:`--main`,
+or the user's `main()` calling `VerilatedContext->statsPrintSummary()`.
+
+The report may be disabled with :vlopt:`+verilator+quiet`.
+
+For example:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   - S i m u l a t i o n   R e p o r t: Verilator ...
+   - Verilator: End at simtime 123 ns; walltime 1234.001 s; speed 123 ns/s
+   - Verilator: cpu 22.001 s on 4 threads; alloced 123 MB
+
+The information in this report is:
+
+.. describe:: "Verilator ..."
+
+   Program version.
+
+.. describe:: "End at simtime 123 ns"
+
+   Verilog $time at which the model finished or stopped.
+
+.. describe:: "walltime 1234.001 s"
+
+   Real elapsed wall time in seconds.
+
+.. describe:: "speed 123.1 ns/s"
+
+   Simulated time (if non-zero) divided by wall time. e.g. `123 ns/s` means
+   123 simulated nanoseconds took 1 second of wall time; for a model with
+   only a 1 GHz clock that would be equivalent to 123.1 cycles per
+   second. The units are automatically selected to give a number between 1
+   and 1000.  The wall time includes initialization, initial and final
+   process blocks, so indicates a slower speed than if the model had a
+   longer runtime.
+
+.. describe:: "cpu 22 s"
+
+   CPU time used total across all CPU threads in seconds.
+
+.. describe:: "4 threads"
+
+   Number of simultaneous threads used.
+
+.. describe:: "alloced 123 MB"
+
+   Total memory used during simulation in megabytes.
 
 
 .. _Benchmarking & Optimization:
@@ -18,30 +74,32 @@ Benchmarking & Optimization
 ===========================
 
 For best performance, run Verilator with the :vlopt:`-O3`
-:vlopt:`--x-assign fast <--x-assign>` :vlopt:`--x-initial fast
-<--x-initial>` :vlopt:`--noassert <--assert>` options.  The :vlopt:`-O3`
-option will require longer time to run Verilator, and :vlopt:`--x-assign
-fast <--x-assign>` :vlopt:`--x-initial fast <--x-assign>` may increase the
-risk of reset bugs in trade for performance; see the above documentation
-for these options.
+:vlopt:`--x-assign fast <--x-assign>`
+:vlopt:`--x-initial fast <--x-initial>`
+:vlopt:`--noassert <--assert>` options.  The :vlopt:`-O3`
+option will require a longer time to run Verilator, and
+:vlopt:`--x-assign fast <--x-assign>`
+:vlopt:`--x-initial fast <--x-assign>`
+may increase the risk of reset bugs in trade for performance; see the above
+documentation for these options.
 
-If using Verilated multithreaded, use ``numactl`` to ensure you are using
-non-conflicting hardware resources. See :ref:`Multithreading`. Also
-consider using profile-guided optimization, see :ref:`Thread PGO`.
+If using Verilated multithreaded, use ``numactl`` to ensure you use
+non-conflicting hardware resources. See :ref:`Multithreading`. Also,
+consider using profile-guided optimization; see :ref:`Thread PGO`.
 
 Minor Verilog code changes can also give big wins.  You should not have any
-UNOPTFLAT warnings from Verilator.  Fixing these warnings can result in
-huge improvements; one user fixed their one UNOPTFLAT warning by making a
-simple change to a clock latch used to gate clocks and gained a 60%
-performance improvement.
+:option:`UNOPTFLAT` warnings from Verilator.  Fixing these warnings can
+result in huge improvements; one user fixed their one UNOPTFLAT warning by
+making a simple change to a clocked latch used to gate clocks and gained a
+60% performance improvement.
 
-Beyond that, the performance of a Verilated model depends mostly on your
-C++ compiler and size of your CPU's caches. Experience shows that large
-models are often limited by the size of the instruction cache, and as such
-reducing code size if possible can be beneficial.
+Beyond that, the performance of a Verilated model depends primarily on your
+C++ compiler and the size of your CPU's caches. Experience shows that the
+instruction cache size often limits large models, and reducing code size,
+if possible, can be beneficial.
 
 The supplied $VERILATOR_ROOT/include/verilated.mk file uses the OPT,
-OPT_FAST, OPT_SLOW and OPT_GLOBAL variables to control optimization. You
+OPT_FAST, OPT_SLOW, and OPT_GLOBAL variables to control optimization. You
 can set these when compiling the output of Verilator with Make, for
 example:
 
@@ -49,17 +107,17 @@ example:
 
      make OPT_FAST="-Os -march=native" -f Vour.mk Vour__ALL.a
 
-OPT_FAST specifies optimization options for those parts of the model that
-are on the fast path. This is mostly code that is executed every
-cycle. OPT_SLOW applies to slow-path code, which executes rarely, often
-only once at the beginning or end of simulation. Note that OPT_SLOW is
+OPT_FAST specifies optimization options for those parts of the model
+on the fast path. This is mostly code that is executed every
+cycle. OPT_SLOW applies to slow-path code, which rarely executes, often
+only once at the beginning or end of the simulation. OPT_SLOW is
 ignored if VM_PARALLEL_BUILDS is not 1, in which case all generated code
 will be compiled in a single compilation unit using OPT_FAST. See also the
 Verilator :vlopt:`--output-split` option. The OPT_GLOBAL variable applies
 to common code in the runtime library used by Verilated models (shipped in
 $VERILATOR_ROOT/include). Additional C++ files passed on the verilator
 command line use OPT_FAST. The OPT variable applies to all compilation
-units in addition to the specific "OPT" variables described above.
+units and the specific "OPT" variables described above.
 
 You can also use the :vlopt:`-CFLAGS` and/or :vlopt:`-LDFLAGS` options on
 the verilator command line to pass arguments directly to the compiler or
@@ -68,53 +126,53 @@ linker.
 The default values of the "OPT" variables are chosen to yield good
 simulation speed with reasonable C++ compilation times. To this end,
 OPT_FAST is set to "-Os" by default. Higher optimization such as "-O2" or
-"-O3" may help (though often they provide only a very small performance
-benefit), but compile times may be excessively large even with medium sized
+"-O3" may help (though often they provide only a minimal performance
+benefit), but compile times may be excessively large even with medium-sized
 designs. Compilation times can be improved at the expense of simulation
-speed by reducing optimization, for example with OPT_FAST="-O0". Often good
-simulation speed can be achieved with OPT_FAST="-O1 -fstrict-aliasing" but
-with improved compilation times. Files controlled by OPT_SLOW have little
-effect on performance and therefore OPT_SLOW is empty by default
-(equivalent to "-O0") for improved compilation speed. In common use-cases
+speed by reducing optimization, for example, with OPT_FAST="-O0". Often
+good simulation speed can be achieved with OPT_FAST="-O1 -fstrict-aliasing"
+but with improved compilation times.  Files controlled by OPT_SLOW have
+little effect on performance, and therefore OPT_SLOW is empty by default
+(equivalent to "-O0") for improved compilation speed. In common use cases,
 there should be little benefit in changing OPT_SLOW.  OPT_GLOBAL is set to
-"-Os" by default and there should rarely be a need to change it. As the
-runtime library is small in comparison to a lot of Verilated models,
-disabling optimization on the runtime library should not have a serious
-effect on overall compilation time, but may have detrimental effect on
-simulation speed, especially with tracing. In addition to the above, for
-best results use OPT="-march=native", the latest Clang compiler (about 10%
-faster than GCC), and link statically.
+"-Os" by default, and there should rarely be a need to change it. As the
+runtime library is small compared to many Verilated models, disabling
+optimization on the runtime library should not seriously affect overall
+compilation time but may have a detrimental effect on simulation speed,
+especially with tracing. In addition to the above, for best results, use
+OPT="-march=native", the latest Clang compiler (about 10% faster than GCC),
+and link statically.
 
-Generally the answer to which optimization level gives the best user
-experience depends on the use case and some experimentation can pay
+Generally, the answer to which optimization level gives the best user
+experience depends on the use case, and some experimentation can pay
 dividends. For a speedy debug cycle during development, especially on large
 designs where C++ compilation speed can dominate, consider using lower
-optimization to get to an executable faster. For throughput oriented use
-cases, for example regressions, it is usually worth spending extra
+optimization to get to an executable faster. For throughput-oriented use
+cases, for example, regressions, it is usually worth spending extra
 compilation time to reduce total CPU time.
 
 If you will be running many simulations on a single model, you can
-investigate profile guided optimization. See :ref:`Compiler PGO`.
+investigate profile-guided optimization. See :ref:`Compiler PGO`.
 
-Modern compilers also support link-time optimization (LTO), which can help
+Modern compilers also support link-time optimization (LTO), which can help,
 especially if you link in DPI code. To enable LTO on GCC, pass "-flto" in
-both compilation and link. Note LTO may cause excessive compile times on
-large designs.
+both compilation and link. Note that LTO may cause excessive compile times
+on large designs.
 
 Unfortunately, using the optimizer with SystemC files can result in
 compilation taking several minutes. (The SystemC libraries have many little
 inlined functions that drive the compiler nuts.)
 
-If you are using your own makefiles, you may want to compile the Verilated
+If using your own makefiles, you may want to compile the Verilated
 code with ``--MAKEFLAGS -DVL_INLINE_OPT=inline``. This will inline
-functions, however this requires that all cpp files be compiled in a single
+functions; however, this requires that all cpp files be compiled in a single
 compiler run.
 
 You may uncover further tuning possibilities by profiling the Verilog code.
 See :ref:`profiling`.
 
 When done optimizing, please let the author know the results.  We like to
-keep tabs on how Verilator compares, and may be able to suggest additional
+keep tabs on how Verilator compares and may be able to suggest additional
 improvements.
 
 
@@ -141,14 +199,14 @@ Functional Coverage
 -------------------
 
 With :vlopt:`--coverage` or :vlopt:`--coverage-user`, Verilator will
-translate functional coverage points which the user has inserted manually
-into the SystemVerilog design, into the Verilated model.
+translate functional coverage points the user has inserted manually in
+SystemVerilog code through into the Verilated model.
 
 Currently, all functional coverage points are specified using SystemVerilog
-assertion syntax which must be separately enabled with :vlopt:`--assert`.
+assertion syntax, which must be separately enabled with :vlopt:`--assert`.
 
 For example, the following SystemVerilog statement will add a coverage
-point, under the coverage name "DefaultClock":
+point under the coverage name "DefaultClock":
 
 .. code-block:: sv
 
@@ -161,22 +219,15 @@ Line Coverage
 -------------
 
 With :vlopt:`--coverage` or :vlopt:`--coverage-line`, Verilator will
-automatically add coverage analysis at each code flow change point (e.g. at
-branches).  At each such branch a unique counter is incremented.  At the
-end of a test, the counters along with the filename and line number
-corresponding to each counter are written into the coverage file.
-
-Verilator automatically disables coverage of branches that have a $stop in
-them, as it is assumed $stop branches contain an error check that should
-not occur.  A :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_block_off*/` metacomment
-will perform a similar function on any code in that block or below, or
-:option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/` and
-:option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_on*/` will disable and enable coverage
-respectively around a block of code.
+automatically add coverage analysis at each code flow change point (e.g.,
+at branches).  At each such branch, a counter is incremented.  At the end
+of a test, the counters, filename, and line number corresponding to each
+counter are written into the coverage file.
 
 Verilator may over-count combinatorial (non-clocked) blocks when those
-blocks receive signals which have had the UNOPTFLAT warning disabled; for
-most accurate results do not disable this warning when using coverage.
+blocks receive signals which have had the :option:`UNOPTFLAT` warning
+disabled; for the most accurate results, do not disable this warning when
+using coverage.
 
 
 .. _Toggle Coverage:
@@ -187,8 +238,8 @@ Toggle Coverage
 With :vlopt:`--coverage` or :vlopt:`--coverage-toggle`, Verilator will
 automatically add toggle coverage analysis  into the Verilated model.
 
-Every bit of every signal in a module has a counter inserted.  The counter
-will increment on every edge change of the corresponding bit.
+Every bit of every signal in a module has a counter inserted, and the
+counter will increment on every edge change of the corresponding bit.
 
 Signals that are part of tasks or begin/end blocks are considered local
 variables and are not covered.  Signals that begin with underscores (see
@@ -196,17 +247,17 @@ variables and are not covered.  Signals that begin with underscores (see
 total storage across all dimensions, see :vlopt:`--coverage-max-width`) are
 also not covered.
 
-Hierarchy is compressed, such that if a module is instantiated multiple
-times, coverage will be summed for that bit across **all** instantiations
-of that module with the same parameter set.  A module instantiated with
-different parameter values is considered a different module, and will get
-counted separately.
+Hierarchy is compressed, so if a module is instantiated multiple times,
+coverage will be summed for that bit across **all** instantiations of that
+module with the same parameter set.  A module instantiated with different
+parameter values is considered a different module and will get counted
+separately.
 
 Verilator makes a minimally-intelligent decision about what clock domain
 the signal goes to, and only looks for edges in that clock domain.  This
-means that edges may be ignored if it is known that the edge could never be
-seen by the receiving logic.  This algorithm may improve in the future.
-The net result is coverage may be lower than what would be seen by looking
+means that edges may be ignored if it is known that the receiving logic
+could never see the edge.  This algorithm may improve in the future. The
+net result is that coverage may be lower than what would be seen by looking
 at traces, but the coverage is a more accurate representation of the
 quality of stimulus into the design.
 
@@ -219,41 +270,99 @@ A :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/`
 signals that do not need toggle analysis, such as RAMs and register files.
 
 
+.. _Expression Coverage:
+
+Expression Coverage
+-------------------
+
+With :vlopt:`--coverage` or :vlopt:`--coverage-expr`, Verilator will
+automatically add coverage analysis at each expression, indicating with a
+truth table how every Boolean truth-table possibility in the expression
+occurred.
+
+Multi-bit expressions are ignored, but sub-expressions with are entirely
+Boolean are analyzed.  Expression coverage does not fully explore the truth
+table of an expression, rather is looks at each term's contribution.  E.g.
+an AND operation will check coverage for TT, XF and FX.
+
+Some expressions may produce too many cover points.  Verilator limits the
+maximum number of cover points per expression to 32, but this may be
+controlled with :vlopt:`--coverage-expr-max`.
+
+Below is an example showing expression coverage produced from `verilator_coverage`
+as applied to the condition expression inside an if statement.  Each line
+shows the minimum number of terms and their values (e.g. `(t1==0 && t2==1)`) needed
+to reach a result for the overall expression (e.g. `=> 1`).  Each line also
+shows the number of times this combination was hit.  Note that individual lines
+are not mutually exclusive.
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   %000004         if ((~t1 && t2) || (~t3 && t4)) $write("");
+   -000002  point: comment=(t1==0 && t2==1) => 1 hier=top.t
+   -000002  point: comment=(t1==1 && t3==1) => 0 hier=top.t
+   -000004  point: comment=(t1==1 && t4==0) => 0 hier=top.t
+   -000002  point: comment=(t2==0 && t3==1) => 0 hier=top.t
+   -000003  point: comment=(t2==0 && t4==0) => 0 hier=top.t
+   -000002  point: comment=(t3==0 && t4==1) => 1 hier=top.t
+
+.. _Suppressing Coverage:
+
+Suppressing Coverage
+--------------------
+
+Using :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/` and
+:option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_on*/` around a block of code will disable
+and enable coverage respectively around that block. Or, use the
+:option:`coverage_block_off` configuration file option.
+
+Verilator automatically disables coverage of lines and branches with a
+$stop in them, as it is assumed that $stop branches contain an error check
+that should not occur.  A :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_block_off*/`
+metacomment will perform a similar function on any code in that block or
+below.
+
 .. _Coverage Collection:
 
 Coverage Collection
 -------------------
 
-When any coverage flag was used to Verilate, Verilator will add appropriate
+When any coverage flag is used to Verilate, Verilator will add appropriate
 coverage point insertions into the model and collect the coverage data.
 
-To get the coverage data from the model, in the user wrapper code,
-typically at the end once a test passes, call
-:code:`Verilated::threadContextp()->coveragep()->write` with an argument of the filename for
-the coverage data file to write coverage data to (typically
-"logs/coverage.dat").
+To get the coverage data from the model, write the coverage with either:
+
+1. Using :vlopt:`--binary` or :vlopt:`--main`, and Verilator will dump
+   coverage when the test completes to the filename specified with
+   :vlopt:`+verilator+coverage+file+\<filename\>`.
+
+2. In the user wrapper code, typically at the end once a test passes, call
+   :code:`Verilated::threadContextp()->coveragep()->write` with an argument
+   of the filename for the coverage data file to write coverage data to
+   (typically "logs/coverage.dat").
 
 Run each of your tests in different directories, potentially in parallel.
-Each test will create a :file:`logs/coverage.dat` file.
+Each test will create the file specified above,
+e.g. :file:`logs/coverage.dat`.
 
 After running all of the tests, execute the :command:`verilator_coverage`
-command, passing arguments pointing to the filenames of all of the
-individual coverage files.  :command:`verilator_coverage` will reads the
+command, passing arguments pointing to the filenames of all the
+individual coverage files.  :command:`verilator_coverage` will read the
 :file:`logs/coverage.dat` file(s), and create an annotated source code
 listing showing code coverage details.
 
-:command:`verilator_coverage` may also be used for test grading, that is
-computing which tests are important to fully cover the design.
+:command:`verilator_coverage` may also be used for test grading, computing
+which tests are important to give full verification coverage on the design.
 
 For an example, see the :file:`examples/make_tracing_c/logs` directory.
 Grep for lines starting with '%' to see what lines Verilator believes need
 more coverage.
 
-Additional options of :command:`verilator_coverage` allow for merging of
-coverage data files or other transformations.
+Additional options of :command:`verilator_coverage` allow for the merging
+of coverage data files or other transformations.
 
 Info files can be written by verilator_coverage for import to
-:command:`lcov`.  This enables use of :command:`genhtml` for HTML reports
+:command:`lcov`.  This enables using :command:`genhtml` for HTML reports
 and importing reports to sites such as `https://codecov.io
 <https://codecov.io>`_.
 
@@ -270,39 +379,41 @@ profiled C++ code functions.
 
 To use profiling:
 
-#. Use Verilator's :vlopt:`--prof-cfuncs`.
+#. Make sure the Verilog code will call `$finish` at the end of simulation
+   (otherwise the C library may not correctly create the `gmon.out` file in
+   the later steps below).
+#. Run Verilator, adding the :vlopt:`--prof-cfuncs` option.
 #. Build and run the simulation model.
-#. The model will create gmon.out.
-#. Run :command:`gprof` to see where in the C++ code the time is spent.
-#. Run the gprof output through the :command:`verilator_profcfunc` program
-   and it will tell you what Verilog line numbers on which most of the time
-   is being spent.
+#. The model will create `gmon.out`.
+#. Run :command:`gprof gmon.out > gprof.log` to see where in the C++ code
+   the time is spent.
+#. Run :command:`verilator_profcfunc gprof.log > profcfunc.log` to take the
+   gprof output and translate into output showing the Verilog line numbers
+   on which most of the time is being spent.
 
 
-.. _Thread Profiling:
+.. _Execution Profiling:
 
-Thread Profiling
-================
+Execution Profiling
+===================
 
-When using multithreaded mode (:vlopt:`--threads`), it is useful to see
-statistics and visualize how well the multiple CPUs are being utilized.
+For performance optimization, it is helpful to see statistics and visualize how
+execution time is distributed in a verilated model.
 
-With the :vlopt:`--prof-threads` option, Verilator will:
+With the :vlopt:`--prof-exec` option, Verilator will:
 
-* Add code to the Verilated model to record the start and end time of each
-  macro-task across a number of calls to eval. (What is a macro-task?  See
-  the Verilator internals document (:file:`docs/internals.rst` in the
-  distribution.)
+* Add code to the Verilated model to record execution flow.
 
 * Add code to save profiling data in non-human-friendly form to the file
-  specified with :vlopt:`+verilator+prof+threads+file+\<filename\>`.
+  specified with :vlopt:`+verilator+prof+exec+file+\<filename\>`.
 
-* Add code to save profiling data for thread profile-guided
-  optimization. See :ref:`Thread PGO`.
+* In multithreaded models, add code to record each macro-task's start and
+  end time across several calls to eval. (What is a macro-task?  See the
+  Verilator internals document (:file:`docs/internals.rst` in the
+  distribution.)
 
 The :command:`verilator_gantt` program may then be run to transform the
-saved profiling file into a nicer visual format and produce some related
-statistics.
+saved profiling file into a visual format and produce related statistics.
 
 .. figure:: figures/fig_gantt_min.png
 
@@ -310,11 +421,11 @@ statistics.
 
    The measured_parallelism shows the number of CPUs being used at a given moment.
 
-   The cpu_thread section shows which thread is executing on each of the physical CPUs.
+   The cpu_thread section shows which thread is executing on each physical CPU.
 
    The thread_mtask section shows which macro-task is running on a given thread.
 
-For more information see :command:`verilator_gantt`.
+For more information, see :command:`verilator_gantt`.
 
 
 .. _Profiling ccache efficiency:
@@ -322,12 +433,11 @@ For more information see :command:`verilator_gantt`.
 Profiling ccache efficiency
 ===========================
 
-The Verilator generated Makefile provides support for basic profiling of
-ccache behavior during the build. This can be used to track down files that
-might be unnecessarily rebuilt, though as of today even small code changes
-will usually require rebuilding a large number of files. Improving ccache
-efficiency during the edit/compile/test loop is an active area of
-development.
+The Verilator-generated Makefile supports basic profiling of ccache
+behavior during the build. This can be used to track down files that might
+be unnecessarily rebuilt, though as of today, even minor code changes will
+usually require rebuilding a large number of files. Improving ccache
+efficiency during the edit/compile/test loop is an active development area.
 
 To get a basic report of how well ccache is doing, add the `ccache-report`
 target when invoking the generated Makefile:
@@ -351,17 +461,17 @@ releases.
 Save/Restore
 ============
 
-The intermediate state of a Verilated model may be saved, so that it may
+The intermediate state of a Verilated model may be saved so that it may
 later be restored.
 
 To enable this feature, use :vlopt:`--savable`.  There are limitations in
 what language features are supported along with :vlopt:`--savable`; if you
-attempt to use an unsupported feature Verilator will throw an error.
+attempt to use an unsupported feature, Verilator will throw an error.
 
 To use save/restore, the user wrapper code must create a VerilatedSerialize
-or VerilatedDeserialze object then calling the :code:`<<` or :code:`>>`
-operators on the generated model and any other data the process needs
-saved/restored.  These functions are not thread safe, and are typically
+or VerilatedDeserialze object and then call the :code:`<<` or :code:`>>`
+operators on the generated model and any other data the process needs to be
+saved/restored.  These functions are not thread-safe and are typically
 called only by a main thread.
 
 For example:
@@ -371,7 +481,7 @@ For example:
      void save_model(const char* filenamep) {
          VerilatedSave os;
          os.open(filenamep);
-         os << main_time;  // user code must save the timestamp, etc
+         os << main_time;  // user code must save the timestamp
          os << *topp;
      }
      void restore_model(const char* filenamep) {
@@ -386,11 +496,11 @@ Profile-Guided Optimization
 ===========================
 
 Profile-guided optimization is the technique where profiling data is
-collected by running your simulation executable, then this information is
+collected by running your simulation executable; then this information is
 used to guide the next Verilation or compilation.
 
-There are two forms of profile-guided optimizations.  Unfortunately for
-best results they must each be performed from the highest level code to the
+There are two forms of profile-guided optimizations.  Unfortunately, for
+best results, they must each be performed from the highest level code to the
 lowest, which means performing them separately and in this order:
 
 * :ref:`Thread PGO`
@@ -398,7 +508,7 @@ lowest, which means performing them separately and in this order:
 
 Other forms of PGO may be supported in the future, such as clock and reset
 toggle rate PGO, branch prediction PGO, statement execution time PGO, or
-others as they prove beneficial.
+others, as they prove beneficial.
 
 
 .. _Thread PGO:
@@ -406,8 +516,8 @@ others as they prove beneficial.
 Thread Profile-Guided Optimization
 ----------------------------------
 
-Verilator supports thread profile-guided optimization (Thread PGO) to
-improve multithreaded performance.
+Verilator supports profile-guided optimization (Verilation) of multithreaded
+models (Thread PGO) to improve performance.
 
 When using multithreading, Verilator computes how long macro tasks take and
 tries to balance those across threads.  (What is a macro-task?  See the
@@ -417,30 +527,31 @@ balanced, leading to decreased performance.  Thread PGO allows collecting
 profiling data to replace the estimates and better optimize these
 decisions.
 
-To use Thread PGO, Verilate the model with the :vlopt:`--prof-threads`
-option.
+To use Thread PGO, Verilate the model with the :vlopt:`--prof-pgo` option. This
+will code to the verilated model to save profiling data for profile-guided
+optimization.
 
 Run the model executable. When the executable exits, it will create a
 profile.vlt file.
 
-Rerun Verilator, optionally omitting the :vlopt:`--prof-threads` option,
-and adding the profile.vlt generated earlier to the command line.
+Rerun Verilator, optionally omitting the :vlopt:`--prof-pgo` option and
+adding the :file:`profile.vlt` generated earlier to the command line.
 
-Note there is no Verilator equivalent to GCC's --fprofile-use. Verilator's
-profile data file (profile.vlt) can be placed on the verilator command line
-directly without any prefix.
+Note there is no Verilator equivalent to GCC's --fprofile-use.  Verilator's
+profile data file (:file:`profile.vlt`) can be placed directly on the
+verilator command line without any option prefix.
 
 If results from multiple simulations are to be used in generating the
 optimization, multiple simulation's profile.vlt may be concatenated
-externally, or each of the files may be fed as separate command line
-options into Verilator.  Verilator will simply sum the profile results, so
-a longer running test will have proportionally more weight for optimization
-than a shorter running test.
+externally, or each file may be fed as separate command line options into
+Verilator.  Verilator will sum the profile results, so a long-running test
+will have more weight for optimization proportionally than a
+shorter-running test.
 
-If you provide any profile feedback data to Verilator, and it cannot use
+If you provide any profile feedback data to Verilator and it cannot use
 it, it will issue the :option:`PROFOUTOFDATE` warning that threads were
 scheduled using estimated costs.  This usually indicates that the profile
-data was generated from different Verilog source code than Verilator is
+data was generated from a different Verilog source code than Verilator is
 currently running against. Therefore, repeat the data collection phase to
 create new profiling data, then rerun Verilator with the same input source
 files and that new profiling data.
@@ -452,12 +563,12 @@ Compiler Profile-Guided Optimization
 ------------------------------------
 
 GCC and Clang support compiler profile-guided optimization (PGO). This
-optimizes any C/C++ program including Verilated code.  Using compiler PGO
+optimizes any C/C++ program, including Verilated code.  Using compiler PGO
 typically yields improvements of 5-15% on both single-threaded and
-multi-threaded models.
+multithreaded models.
 
-To use compiler PGO with GCC or Clang, please see the appropriate compiler
-documentation.  The process in GCC 10 was as follows:
+Please see the appropriate compiler documentation to use PGO with GCC or
+Clang.  The process in GCC 10 was as follows:
 
 1. Compile the Verilated model with the compiler's "-fprofile-generate"
    flag:
@@ -467,7 +578,7 @@ documentation.  The process in GCC 10 was as follows:
       verilator [whatever_flags] --make \
           -CFLAGS -fprofile-generate -LDFLAGS -fprofile-generate
 
-   or, if calling make yourself, add -fprofile-generate appropriately to your
+   Or, if calling make yourself, add -fprofile-generate appropriately to your
    Makefile.
 
 2. Run your simulation. This will create \*.gcda file(s) in the same
@@ -494,6 +605,40 @@ documentation.  The process in GCC 10 was as follows:
    or, if calling make yourself, add these CFLAGS switches appropriately to
    your Makefile.
 
-Clang and GCC also support -fauto-profile which uses sample-based
+Clang and GCC also support -fauto-profile, which uses sample-based
 feedback-directed optimization.  See the appropriate compiler
 documentation.
+
+
+.. _Runtime Debugging:
+
+Runtime Debugging
+=================
+
+To debug a Verilated executable, Verilate with :vlopt:`--runtime-debug`.
+This will instruct the compiler to insert debugger, and enable various
+library assertions. These options slow down the executable, so do this
+only when debugging.
+
+If you are using your own Makefiles, adapt appropriately to pass the
+options documented under :vlopt:`--runtime-debug` to the compiler and
+linker.
+
+Once you have a debugging-enabled executable, run it using the the standard
+GNU debugger ``gdb`` or a similar tool, and create a backtrace; e.g.:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      gdb obj_dir/Vtop
+        run {Vtop_command_arguments}
+        {Vtop prints output, perhaps a segmentation faults}
+        bt
+
+Rarely the bug may disappear with :vlopt:`--runtime-debug`; if so, try
+instead using the sub-options that :vlopt:`--runtime-debug` documents, to
+find the maximum subset that still shows the issue.  E.g. it is likely that
+using `-CFLAGS -D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG` will not hide any bug, so may be used.
+
+Using :vlopt:`--runtime-debug` or `-CFLAGS -DVL_DEBUG=1` will only print a
+message if something goes wrong.  To enable debug print messages at
+runtime, additionally use the :vlopt:`+verilator+debug` runtime option.

docs/guide/verilating.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 **********
@@ -7,9 +7,13 @@ Verilating
 
 Verilator may be used in five major ways:
 
+* With the :vlopt:`--binary` option, Verilator will translate the design
+  into an executable, via generating C++ and compiling it.  See
+  :ref:`Binary, C++ and SystemC Generation`.
+
 * With the :vlopt:`--cc` or :vlopt:`--sc` options, Verilator will translate
-  the design into C++ or SystemC code respectively.  See :ref:`C++ and
-  SystemC Generation`.
+  the design into C++ or SystemC code, respectively.  See :ref:`Binary, C++
+  and SystemC Generation`.
 
 * With the :vlopt:`--lint-only` option, Verilator will lint the design to
   check for warnings but will not typically create any output files.
@@ -19,25 +23,27 @@ Verilator may be used in five major ways:
   :file:`docs/xml.rst` in the distribution.
 
 * With the :vlopt:`-E` option, Verilator will preprocess the code according
-  to IEEE preprocessing rules, and write the output to standard out. This
-  is useful to feed other tools, and to debug how "\`define" statements are
+  to IEEE preprocessing rules and write the output to standard out. This
+  is useful to feed other tools and to debug how "\`define" statements are
   expanded.
 
 
-.. _C++ and SystemC Generation:
+.. _Binary, C++ and SystemC Generation:
 
-C++ and SystemC Generation
-==========================
+Binary, C++ and SystemC Generation
+==================================
 
 Verilator will translate a SystemVerilog design into C++ with the
-:vlopt:`--cc` option, or into SystemC with the :vlopt:`--sc` option.
+:vlopt:`--cc` option, or into SystemC with the :vlopt:`--sc` option.  It
+will translate into C++ and compile it into an executable binary with the
+:vlopt:`--binary` option.
 
 When using these options:
 
-#. Verilator reads the input Verilog code, determines all "top modules" that
-   is modules or programs that are not used as instances under other cells.
-   If :vlopt:`--top-module` is used, then that determines the top module and
-   all other top modules are removed, otherwise a :vlopt:`MULTITOP` warning
+#. Verilator reads the input Verilog code and determines all "top modules", that
+   is, modules or programs that are not used as instances under other cells.
+   If :vlopt:`--top-module` is used, then that determines the top module, and
+   all other top modules are removed; otherwise a :vlopt:`MULTITOP` warning
    is given.
 
 #. Verilator writes the C++/SystemC code to output files into the
@@ -45,14 +51,19 @@ When using these options:
    The prefix is set with :vlopt:`--prefix`, or defaults to the name of the
    top module.
 
-#. If :vlopt:`--exe` is used, Verilator creates makefiles to generate a
-   simulation executable, otherwise it creates makefiles to generate an
-   archive (.a) containing the objects.
+#. If :vlopt:`--binary` or :vlopt:`--main` is used, Verilator creates a C++
+   top wrapper to read command line arguments, create the model, and
+   execute the model.
 
-#. If :vlopt:`--build` option was used, it calls :ref:`GNU Make` or
-   :ref:`CMake` to build the model.
+#. If :vlopt:`--binary` or :vlopt:`--exe` is used, Verilator creates
+   makefiles to generate a simulation executable, otherwise, it creates
+   makefiles to generate an archive (.a) containing the objects.
 
-Once a model is built it is then typically run, see :ref:`Simulating`.
+#. If :vlopt:`--binary` or :vlopt:`--build` is used, it calls :ref:`GNU
+   Make` or :ref:`CMake` to build the model.
+
+Once a model is built, the next step is typically for the user to run it,
+see :ref:`Simulating`.
 
 
 .. _Hierarchical Verilation:
@@ -60,35 +71,34 @@ Once a model is built it is then typically run, see :ref:`Simulating`.
 Hierarchical Verilation
 =======================
 
-Large designs may take long (e.g. 10+ minutes) and huge memory (e.g. 100+
+Large designs may take long (e.g., 10+ minutes) and huge memory (e.g., 100+
 GB) to Verilate.  In hierarchical mode, the user manually selects some
 large lower-level hierarchy blocks to separate from the larger design. For
-example a core may be the hierarchy block, and separated out of a
-multi-core SoC.
+example, a core may be the hierarchy block separated out of a multi-core
+SoC design.
 
 Verilator is run in hierarchical mode on the whole SoC.  Verilator will
-make two models, one for the CPU hierarchy block, and one for the SoC.  The
-Verialted code for the SoC will automatically call the CPU Verilated model.
+make two models, one for the CPU hierarchy block and one for the SoC.  The
+Verilated code for the SoC will automatically call the CPU Verilated model.
 
-The current hierarchical Verilation is based on protect-lib. Each hierarchy
-block is Verilated to a protect-lib. User modules of the hierarchy blocks
-will see a tiny wrapper generated by protect-lib instead of the actual
-design.
+The current hierarchical Verilation is based on :vlopt:`--lib-create`. Each
+hierarchy block is Verilated into a library. User modules of the hierarchy
+blocks will see a tiny wrapper generated by :vlopt:`--lib-create`.
 
 
 Usage
 -----
 
-Users need to mark one or more moderate size module as hierarchy block(s).
+Users need to mark one or more moderate-size modules as hierarchy block(s).
 There are two ways to mark a module:
 
 * Write :option:`/*verilator&32;hier_block*/` metacomment in HDL code.
 
-* Add a :option:`hier_block` line in a the :ref:`Configuration Files`.
+* Add a :option:`hier_block` line in the :ref:`Configuration Files`.
 
-Then pass the :vlopt:`--hierarchical` option to Verilator
+Then pass the :vlopt:`--hierarchical` option to Verilator.
 
-Compilation is the same as when not using hierarchical mode.
+The compilation is the same as when not using hierarchical mode.
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
@@ -98,21 +108,22 @@ Compilation is the same as when not using hierarchical mode.
 Limitations
 -----------
 
-Hierarchy blocks have some limitations including:
+Hierarchy blocks have some limitations, including:
 
-* The hierarchy block cannot be accessed using dot (.) from upper module(s)
-  or other hierarchy blocks.
+* The hierarchy block cannot be accessed using dot (.) from the upper
+  module(s) or other hierarchy blocks.
 
 * Signals in the block cannot be traced.
 
 * Modport cannot be used at the hierarchical block boundary.
 
-* The simulation speed is likely to not be as fast as flat Verilation, in
-  which all modules are globally scheduled.
+* The simulation speed is likely not as fast as flat Verilation, in which
+  all modules are globally scheduled.
 
-* Generated clocks may not work correctly if they are generated in the
-  hierarchical model and pass up into another hierarchical model or the top
-  module.
+* Generated clocks may not work correctly if generated in the hierarchical
+  model and passed into another hierarchical model or the top module.
+
+* Delays are not allowed in hierarchy blocks.
 
 But, the following usage is supported:
 
@@ -129,8 +140,8 @@ Overlapping Verilation and Compilation
 --------------------------------------
 
 Verilator needs to run 2 + *N* times in hierarchical Verilation, where *N*
-is the number of hierarchy blocks. One of the two is for the top module
-which refers wrappers of all other hierarchy blocks.  The second one of the
+is the number of hierarchy blocks. One of the two is for the top module,
+which refers to the wrappers of all other hierarchy blocks.  The second of the
 two is the initial run that searches modules marked with
 :option:`/*verilator&32;hier_block*/` metacomment and creates a plan and
 write in :file:`{prefix}_hier.mk`.  This initial run internally invokes
@@ -152,20 +163,20 @@ Verilator supports cross-compiling Verilated code.  This is generally used
 to run Verilator on a Linux system and produce C++ code that is then compiled
 on Windows.
 
-Cross compilation involves up to three different OSes.  The build system is
-where you configured and compiled Verilator, the host system where you run
-Verilator, and the target system where you compile the Verilated code and
-run the simulation.
+Cross-compilation involves up to three different OSes.  The build system is
+where you configure and compile Verilator, the host system is where you run
+Verilator, and the target system is where you compile the Verilated code
+and run the simulation.
 
-Currently, Verilator requires the build and host system type to be the
+Verilator requires the build and host system types to be the
 same, though the target system type may be different.  To support this,
 :command:`./configure` and make Verilator on the build system.  Then, run
 Verilator on the host system.  Finally, the output of Verilator may be
 compiled on the different target system.
 
 To support this, none of the files that Verilator produces will reference
-any configure generated build-system specific files, such as
-:file:`config.h` (which is renamed in Verilator to :file:`config_build.h`
+any configure-generated build-system-specific files, such as
+:file:`config.h` (which is renamed in Verilator to :file:`config_package.h`
 to reduce confusion.)  The disadvantage of this approach is that
 :file:`include/verilatedos.h` must self-detect the requirements of the
 target system, rather than using configure.
@@ -182,109 +193,101 @@ Multithreading
 
 Verilator supports multithreaded simulation models.
 
-With :vlopt:`--no-threads`, the default, the model is not thread safe, and
-any use of more than one thread calling into one or even different
-Verilated models may result in unpredictable behavior. This gives the
-highest single thread performance.
-
-With :vlopt:`--threads 1 <--threads>`, the generated model is single
-threaded, however the support libraries are multithread safe. This allows
-different instantiations of model(s) to potentially each be run under a
-different thread. All threading is the responsibility of the user's C++
-testbench.
+With :vlopt:`--threads 1 <--threads>`, the generated model is
+single-threaded; however, the support libraries are multithread safe. This
+allows different instantiations of the model(s) to potentially each be run
+under a different thread. All threading is the responsibility of the user's
+C++ testbench.
 
 With :vlopt:`--threads {N} <--threads>`, where N is at least 2, the
 generated model will be designed to run in parallel on N threads. The
 thread calling eval() provides one of those threads, and the generated
 model will create and manage the other N-1 threads. It's the client's
 responsibility not to oversubscribe the available CPU cores. Under CPU
-oversubscription, the Verilated model should not livelock nor deadlock,
+oversubscription, the Verilated model should not livelock nor deadlock;
 however, you can expect performance to be far worse than it would be with
-proper ratio of threads and CPU cores.
-
-The remainder of this section describe behavior with :vlopt:`--threads 1
-<--threads>` or :vlopt:`--threads {N} <--threads>` (not
-:vlopt:`--no-threads`).
-
-:code:`VL_THREADED` is defined in the C++ code when compiling a threaded
-Verilated module, causing the Verilated support classes become threadsafe.
+the proper ratio of threads and CPU cores.
 
 The thread used for constructing a model must be the same thread that calls
-:code:`eval()` into the model, this is called the "eval thread". The thread
-used to perform certain global operations such as saving and tracing must
-be done by a "main thread". In most cases the eval thread and main thread
+:code:`eval()` into the model; this is called the "eval thread". The thread
+used to perform certain global operations, such as saving and tracing, must
+be done by a "main thread". In most cases, the eval thread and main thread
 are the same thread (i.e. the user's top C++ testbench runs on a single
 thread), but this is not required.
 
-When making frequent use of DPI imported functions in a multi-threaded
+When making frequent use of DPI imported functions in a multithreaded
 model, it may be beneficial to performance to adjust the
 :vlopt:`--instr-count-dpi` option based on some experimentation. This
 influences the partitioning of the model by adjusting the assumed execution
 time of DPI imports.
 
-The :vlopt:`--trace-threads` options can be used to produce trace dumps
-using multiple threads. If :vlopt:`--trace-threads` is set without
-:vlopt:`--threads`, then :vlopt:`--trace-threads` will imply
-:vlopt:`--threads 1 <--threads>`, i.e.: the support libraries will be
+When using :vlopt:`--trace` to perform VCD tracing, the VCD trace
+construction is parallelized using the same number of threads as specified
+with :vlopt:`--threads`, and is executed on the same thread pool as the model.
+
+The :vlopt:`--trace-threads` options can be used with :vlopt:`--trace-fst`
+to offload FST tracing using multiple threads. If :vlopt:`--trace-threads` is
+given without :vlopt:`--threads`, then :vlopt:`--trace-threads` will imply
+:vlopt:`--threads 1 <--threads>`, i.e., the support libraries will be
 thread safe.
 
 With :vlopt:`--trace-threads 0 <--trace-threads>`, trace dumps are produced
-on the main thread. This again gives the highest single thread performance.
+on the main thread. This again gives the highest single-thread performance.
 
 With :vlopt:`--trace-threads {N} <--trace-threads>`, where N is at least 1,
-N additional threads will be created and managed by the trace files (e.g.:
-VerilatedVcdC or VerilatedFstC), to generate the trace dump. The main
-thread will be released to proceed with execution as soon as possible,
-though some blocking of the main thread is still necessary while capturing
-the trace. Different trace formats can utilize a various number of
-threads. See the :vlopt:`--trace-threads` option.
+up to N additional threads will be created and managed by the trace files
+(e.g., VerilatedFstC), to offload construction of the trace dump. The main
+thread will be released to proceed with execution as soon as possible, though
+some main thread blocking is still necessary while capturing the
+trace. FST tracing can utilize up to 2 offload threads, so there is no use
+of setting :vlopt:`--trace-threads` higher than 2 at the moment.
 
 When running a multithreaded model, the default Linux task scheduler often
-works against the model, by assuming threads are short lived, and thus
-often schedules threads using multiple hyperthreads within the same
-physical core. For best performance use the :command:`numactl` program to
+works against the model by assuming short-lived threads and thus
+it often schedules threads using multiple hyperthreads within the same
+physical core. For best performance, use the :command:`numactl` program to
 (when the threading count fits) select unique physical cores on the same
 socket. The same applies for :vlopt:`--trace-threads` as well.
 
-As an example, if a model was Verilated with :vlopt:`--threads 4
-<--threads>`, we consult:
+As an example, if a model was Verilated with
+:vlopt:`--threads 4 <--threads>`, we consult:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
     egrep 'processor|physical id|core id' /proc/cpuinfo
 
 To select cores 0, 1, 2, and 3 that are all located on the same socket (0)
-but different physical cores.  (Also useful is :command:`numactl
---hardware`, or :command:`lscpu` but those doesn't show Hyperthreading
-cores.) Then we execute:
+but have different physical cores.  (Also useful is
+:command:`numactl --hardware`, or :command:`lscpu`, but those don't show
+hyperthreading cores.)  Then we execute:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
     numactl -m 0 -C 0,1,2,3 -- verilated_executable_name
 
 This will limit memory to socket 0, and threads to cores 0, 1, 2, 3,
-(presumably on socket 0) optimizing performance.  Of course this must be
-adjusted if you want another simulator using e.g. socket 1, or if you
+(presumably on socket 0), optimizing performance.  Of course, this must be
+adjusted if you want another simulator to use, e.g., socket 1, or if you
 Verilated with a different number of threads.  To see what CPUs are
-actually used, use :vlopt:`--prof-threads`.
+actually used, use :vlopt:`--prof-exec`.
 
 
 Multithreaded Verilog and Library Support
 -----------------------------------------
 
-$display/$stop/$finish are delayed until the end of an eval() call in order
+$display/$stop/$finish are delayed until the end of an eval() call
 to maintain ordering between threads. This may result in additional tasks
 completing after the $stop or $finish.
 
-If using :vlopt:`--coverage`, the coverage routines are fully thread safe.
+If using :vlopt:`--coverage`, the coverage routines are fully thread-safe.
 
-If using the DPI, Verilator assumes pure DPI imports are thread safe,
+If using the DPI, Verilator assumes pure DPI imports are thread-safe,
 balancing performance versus safety. See :vlopt:`--threads-dpi`.
 
 If using :vlopt:`--savable`, the save/restore classes are not multithreaded
 and must be called only by the eval thread.
 
-If using :vlopt:`--sc`, the SystemC kernel is not thread safe, therefore
+If using :vlopt:`--sc`, the SystemC kernel is not thread-safe; therefore,
 the eval thread and main thread must be the same.
 
 If using :vlopt:`--trace`, the tracing classes must be constructed and
@@ -301,11 +304,11 @@ GNU Make
 ========
 
 Verilator defaults to creating GNU Make makefiles for the model.  Verilator
-will call make automatically when the :vlopt:'--build' option is used.
+will call make automatically when the :vlopt:`--build` option is used.
 
-If calling Verilator from a makefile, the :vlopt:'-MMD' option will create
-a dependency file which will allow Make to only run Verilator if input
-Verilog files change.
+If calling Verilator from a makefile, the :vlopt:`--MMD` option will create
+a dependency file, allowing Make to only run Verilator if input Verilog
+files change.
 
 .. _CMake:
 
@@ -314,8 +317,8 @@ CMake
 
 Verilator can be run using CMake, which takes care of both running
 Verilator and compiling the output. There is a CMake example in the
-examples/ directory. The following is a minimal CMakeLists.txt that would
-build the code listed in :ref:`Example C++ Execution`
+:file:`examples/` directory. The following is a minimal CMakeLists.txt that
+would build the code listed in :ref:`Example C++ Execution`
 
 .. code-block:: CMake
 
@@ -327,8 +330,8 @@ build the code listed in :ref:`Example C++ Execution`
 :code:`find_package` will automatically find an installed copy of
 Verilator, or use a local build if VERILATOR_ROOT is set.
 
-It is recommended to use CMake >= 3.12 and the Ninja generator, though
-other combinations should work. To build with CMake, change to the folder
+Using CMake >= 3.12 and the Ninja generator is recommended, though other
+combinations should work. To build with CMake, change to the folder
 containing CMakeLists.txt and run:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
@@ -347,14 +350,14 @@ Or to build with your system default generator:
      cmake ..
      cmake --build .
 
-If you're building the example you should have an executable to run:
+If you're building the example, you should have an executable to run:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
      ./Vour
 
-The package sets the CMake variables verilator_FOUND, VERILATOR_ROOT and
-VERILATOR_BIN to the appropriate values, and also creates a verilate()
+The package sets the CMake variables verilator_FOUND, VERILATOR_ROOT,
+and VERILATOR_BIN to the appropriate values and creates a verilate()
 function. verilate() will automatically create custom commands to run
 Verilator and add the generated C++ sources to the target specified.
 
@@ -369,14 +372,14 @@ Verilate in CMake
               [OPT_GLOBAL ..] [DIRECTORY dir] [THREADS num]
               [TRACE_THREADS num] [VERILATOR_ARGS ...])
 
-Lowercase and ... should be replaced with arguments, the uppercase parts
-delimit the arguments and can be passed in any order, or left out entirely
+Lowercase and ... should be replaced with arguments; the uppercase parts
+delimit the arguments and can be passed in any order or left out entirely
 if optional.
 
 verilate(target ...) can be called multiple times to add other Verilog
 modules to an executable or library target.
 
-When generating Verilated SystemC sources, you should also include the
+When generating Verilated SystemC sources, you should list the
 SystemC include directories and link to the SystemC libraries.
 
 .. describe:: target
@@ -386,7 +389,7 @@ SystemC include directories and link to the SystemC libraries.
 .. describe:: COVERAGE
 
    Optional. Enables coverage if present, equivalent to "VERILATOR_ARGS
-   --coverage"
+   --coverage".
 
 .. describe:: DIRECTORY
 
@@ -414,22 +417,22 @@ SystemC include directories and link to the SystemC libraries.
 .. describe:: PREFIX
 
    Optional. Sets the Verilator output prefix. Defaults to the name of the
-   first source file with a "V" prepended. Must be unique in each call to
-   verilate(), so this is necessary if you build a module multiple times
-   with different parameters. Must be a valid C++ identifier, i.e. contains
-   no white space and only characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9 or _.
+   first source file with a "V" prepended. It must be unique in each call
+   to verilate(), so this is necessary if you build a module multiple times
+   with different parameters. It must be a valid C++ identifier, i.e., it
+   contains no white space and only characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9 or _.
 
 .. describe:: SOURCES
 
-   List of Verilog files to Verilate. Must have at least one file.
+   List of Verilog files to Verilate. You must provide at least one file.
 
 .. describe:: SYSTEMC
 
    Optional. Enables SystemC mode, defaults to C++ if not specified.
 
    When using Accellera's SystemC with CMake support, a CMake target is
-   available that simplifies the SystemC steps. This will only work if the
-   SystemC installation can be found by CMake. This can be configured by
+   available that simplifies the SystemC steps. This will only work if
+   CMake can find the SystemC installation, and this can be configured by
    setting the CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH variable during CMake configuration.
 
    Don't forget to set the same C++ standard for the Verilated sources as
@@ -438,12 +441,11 @@ SystemC include directories and link to the SystemC libraries.
 
 .. describe:: THREADS
 
-   Optional. Generated a multi-threaded model, same as "--threads".
+   Optional. Enable a multithreaded model; see :vlopt:`--threads`.
 
 .. describe:: TRACE_THREADS
 
-   Optional. Generated multi-threaded trace dumping, same as
-   "--trace-threads".
+   Optional. Enable multithreaded FST trace; see :vlopt:`--trace-threads`.
 
 .. describe:: TOP_MODULE
 
@@ -463,7 +465,7 @@ SystemC include directories and link to the SystemC libraries.
 .. describe:: VERILATOR_ARGS
 
    Optional. Extra arguments to Verilator. Do not specify :vlopt:`--Mdir`
-   or :vlopt:`--prefix` here, use DIRECTORY or PREFIX.
+   or :vlopt:`--prefix` here; use DIRECTORY or PREFIX.
 
 
 SystemC Link in CMake
@@ -496,3 +498,78 @@ The search paths can be configured by setting some variables:
 
    Sets the installation prefix of an installed SystemC library. (Same as
    SYSTEMC_ROOT).
+
+
+.. _Verilation Summary Report:
+
+Verilation Summary Report
+=========================
+
+When Verilator generates code, unless :vlopt:`--quiet-stats` is used, it
+will print a report to stdout summarizing the build. For example:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    - V e r i l a t i o n   R e p o r t: Verilator ....
+    - Verilator: Built from 354 MB sources in 247 modules,
+        into 74 MB in 89 C++ files needing 0.192 MB
+    - Verilator: Walltime 26.580 s (elab=2.096, cvt=18.268,
+        bld=2.100); cpu 26.548 s on 1 threads; alloced 2894.672 MB
+
+The information in this report is:
+
+.. describe:: "Verilator ..."
+
+   Program version.
+
+.. describe:: "234 MB sources"
+
+   Characters of post-preprocessed text in all input
+   Verilog and Verilator Control files in megabytes.
+
+.. describe:: "247 modules"
+
+   Number of interfaces/modules/classes/packages in design before
+   elaboration.
+
+.. describe:: "into 74 MB"
+
+   Characters of output C++ code, including comments in megabytes.
+
+.. describe:: "89 C++ files"
+
+   Number of .cpp files created.
+
+.. describe:: "needing 192MB"
+
+   Verilation-time minimum-bound estimate of memory needed to run model in
+   megabytes. (Expect to need significantly more.)
+
+.. describe:: "Walltime 26.580 s"
+
+   Real elapsed wall time for Verilation and build.
+
+.. describe:: "elab=2.096"
+
+   Wall time to read in files and complete elaboration.
+
+.. describe:: "cvt=18.268"
+
+   Wall time for Verilator to process and write output.
+
+.. describe:: "bld=2.1"
+
+   Wall time to compile gcc/clang (if using :vlopt:`--build`).
+
+.. describe:: "cpu 22.548 s"
+
+   CPU time used, total across all CPU threads.
+
+.. describe:: "4 threads"
+
+   Number of simultaneous threads used.
+
+.. describe:: "alloced 123 MB"
+
+   Total memory used during build by Verilator executable (excludes
+   :vlopt:`--build` compiler's usage) in megabytes.

docs/spelling.txt

@@ -1,57 +1,84 @@
 ABCp
+Aadi
 Accellera
 Affe
 Aleksander
+Alexandre
 Ami
 Amir
 Anastasiadis
+Anglin
+Anikin
+Antmicro
 Antonin
 Antwerpen
 Arasanipalai
 Arjen
+Arshid
 Asciidoc
 Ashutosh
+Ast
 Atmel
 Aurelien
+Badáň
 Bagri
+Balboni
 Baltazar
 Bardsley
 Benchmarking
 Berman
 Bhagavatula
 Bhattacharyya
+Biancolin
 Binderman
+Björk
 Bleiweiss
 Bogdan
+Bonneau
 Bouchard
 Boumenot
 Brej
 Briquet
 Brownlee
 Buckenmaier
+Burghoorn
 Bybell
+CLang
 CMake
 Cai
 Cavium
 Cfuncs
 Chandan
+Chentai
+Cherkasov
+Chih
 Chitlesh
 Christophe
 Cochrane
+Conda
+Corteggiani
+Cozzocrea
 Cuan
 Cygwin
 DErrico
+DFG
 Da
+Dai
 Danilo
 Dannoritzer
 Das
+Davide
 Dcache
 Deadman
 Debacker
+Deepa
 Defparams
+Delm
 Denio
+Deniz
 Deprecations
 Deroo
+Desai
 Dickol
 Diez
 Dimitris
@@ -60,9 +87,11 @@ Djordjevic
 Dobbie
 Dockerfile
 Donal
+Donovick
 Doorn
 Doxygen
 Dressler
+Dudek
 Duraid
 Dutton
 Dzetkulic
@@ -70,25 +99,37 @@ Eda
 Eddleston
 Egbert
 Egil
+Ehab
 Eiler
 Eivind
 El
 Elbourne
+Elzeftawi
 Embecosm
 Engstrom
 Enzo
 Eugen
 Fabrizio
+Faucher
+Faure
+Feinberg
 Fekete
 Ferrandi
+Filip
 Flachs
+Flavien
+Florian
 Foletto
+Forencich
 Forker
 Francillon
 Fredieu
+Freiberger
+Frédéric
 GTKWave
 Galbi
 Gantt
+Garnal
 Gartner
 Gelinek
 Geoff
@@ -96,6 +137,7 @@ Gernot
 Gerst
 Gielda
 Gigerl
+Gijs
 Gileadi
 Giri
 Gisselquist
@@ -104,15 +146,25 @@ Goessling
 Gonnen
 Goorah
 Gossner
+Graba
+Graphviz
+Graybeal
 Grobman
+Grulfen
+Gu
 Gunter
 Guo
+Güzel
+Hameed
 Hao
+Haojin
 Harboe
 Hashimoto
 Hayenga
+Hesselbarth
 Hewson
 Hicamp
+Hideto
 Hiroki
 Holdsworth
 Holme
@@ -120,21 +172,30 @@ Homebrew
 Hornung
 Hossell
 Hsu
+Huggett
+Hutt
 Hyperthreading
+Ibrahim
+Ikram
 Iles
 Inlines
 Inout
 Iru
+Iyer
 Iztok
 Jacko
 Jae
 Jalloq
 Jankowski
 Jannis
+Jasen
 Jens
 Jeras
+Jiaxun
 Jiuyang
+Joannou
 Joly
+Josse
 Jullien
 Junji
 Junyi
@@ -145,10 +206,13 @@ Kahn
 Kai
 Kamendje
 Kandadi
+Kaneda
 Kaplan
 Karge
+Karlsson
 Katz
 Katzman
+Kelin
 Keren
 Keyi
 Kimmitt
@@ -158,9 +222,11 @@ Klnv
 Koenig
 Koh
 Kolecki
+Konstantin
 Koonce
 Korteland
 Koszek
+Kouping
 Kravitz
 Krolnik
 Kruse
@@ -168,16 +234,24 @@ Kumashikar
 Kuoping
 Kurachi
 Laeufer
+Laroche
 Laurens
 Lavino
 Leber
 Leendert
+Lem
 Lesik
+Libenzi
+Licker
 Liland
 Liu
+Liwei
 Lockhart
 Longo
+Luca
+Luiza
 Lussier
+Lübeck
 MMD
 MODDUP
 MTasks
@@ -187,16 +261,27 @@ Mahesh
 Mahmoudy
 Makefile
 Makefiles
+Maksymenko
+Markley
+Marquet
 Matveyenko
 Maupin
 Mdir
 Mednick
+Mei
+Melo
+Menküc
+Michail
 Michiels
 Microsystems
 Milanovic
+Millis
 MinW
 Mindspeed
+MingW
 Miodrag
+Moberg
+Mobert
 ModelSim
 Modport
 Moinak
@@ -204,73 +289,112 @@ Mong
 Muhlestein
 Multithreaded
 Multithreading
+Mykyta
 NOUNOPTFLAT
+NaN
 Nalbantis
+Nandor
 Narayan
+Narcis
+Nassim
 Nauticus
 Newgard
+Nigam
 Nikana
 Niranjan
 Nitza
 Noack
 Nodine
+Ober
 Oleg
 Olof
 Olofsson
+Oron
 Oyvind
 PLI
+Palaniappan
 Patricio
 Petr
+Piard
 Piechotka
 Piersall
+Platz
+Platzer
 Plunkett
+Popolon
 Popov
 Prabhat
 Prabhu
 Prateek
 Pre
 Preprocess
+Pretet
+Pretl
+Pringlemeir
 Priyadharshini
 Pullup
 Pulver
 Puri
+Qin
+Qiu
 Questa
+Rachit
 Ralf
 Rapp
 Redhat
 Reitan
 Renga
 Requin
+Rodas
 Rodionov
+Rohan
 Rolfe
+Rontionov
 Roodselaar
+Roshit
 Runtime
 Ruud
 Rystsov
 STandarD
 Salman
+Sammelson
+Sanggyu
 Sanguinetti
 Sanjay
+Sasselli
 Scharrer
+Schless
 Seitz
+Shahid
+Shahrestani
 Shankar
 Shanshan
 Sharad
 Shareef
+Shen
 Sheng
 Shi
 Shinkarovsky
+Shinya
 Shirakawa
+Shou
 Shuba
+Shunyao
+Slager
 Slatter
 SoC
 Sobhan
 Sokorac
 Solaris
 Solomatnikov
+Solt
+Southwell
+Spack
 Srini
+Srinivasan
 Stamness
 Stephane
+Sterin
 Stoddard
 Stroebel
 Strouble
@@ -278,6 +402,7 @@ Stucki
 Su
 Suguimoto
 Sundararajan
+Sunderland
 Suse
 Syms
 Synopsys
@@ -285,33 +410,45 @@ SystemC
 SystemVerilog
 Takatsukasa
 Tambe
+Tarik
 Tariq
+Tejada
 Tengstrand
 Terpstra
 Thiede
 Thierry
 Thyer
+Tianrui
 Tichelaar
+Timi
 Tomov
+Tood
 Topa
 Tota
+Trefor
 Tresidder
 Tri
 Tristate
+Truong
 Turton
 UNOPTFLAT
 Ubixum
+Ueno
 Uints
 Undefines
 Unsized
+Urbach
 Uselib
 Usha
 Usuario
 VERILATOR
+Vandergriendt
 Vasu
+Vdeeptemp
 Vdly
 Vemumtab
 Vemuri
+Venkataramanan
 Veriable
 Verialted
 Verilate
@@ -320,7 +457,10 @@ Verilating
 Verilation
 Verilator
 Verilog
+Vighnesh
 Viktor
+Vilp
+Vlip
 Vm
 Vukobratovic
 Wai
@@ -331,36 +471,53 @@ Wfuture
 Whatson
 Wildman
 Wim
+Wmisleading
 Wno
 Wojciech
 Wolfel
 Wouters
 Wpedantic
+Wunused
 Wwarn
 XSim
 Xcelium
 Xiaoliang
+Xiaoyi
 Xuan
 Xuanqi
+Yao
 Yazdanbakhsh
+Yernagula
 Yi
+Yike
 Yinan
+Yoshitomo
 Yosys
 Yu
+Yujia
+Yurii
+Zaruba
 Zhang
 abirkmanis
 accessor
 accessors
+adrienlemasle
 agrobman
+ahouska
 al
 ala
+alejandro
+algrobman
 andit
 ar
 architected
 args
 arrarys
 assertOn
+assertcontrol
+astgen
 async
+atClone
 ato
 atoi
 autoconf
@@ -372,11 +529,17 @@ backtrace
 backtraces
 basename
 bbox
+benchmarking
 biguint
+bindir
 biops
+bisonpre
+bitOpTree
+bitop
 bitstoreal
 blackbox
 bokke
+bool
 brancoliticus
 buf
 bufif
@@ -384,11 +547,14 @@ buildenv
 bv
 bvs
 callValueCbs
+callgrind
 casex
 casez
 casted
+castro
 cb
 ccache
+ccall
 cdc
 ceil
 celldefine
@@ -409,13 +575,19 @@ commandArgsPlusMatch
 compilable
 concat
 concats
+conf
 config
 const
+constexpr
+constpool
 coredump
+coroutine
+coroutines
 countbits
 countones
 cout
 cpp
+cppstyle
 cpu
 ctor
 ctrace
@@ -423,21 +595,29 @@ cutable
 cygwin
 dM
 da
+danbone
 dat
 datadir
 datafiles
+david
 ddd
+de
 deassign
 debugi
 defenv
 defname
 defparam
 demangling
+dep
+deparametrized
 der
+dereference
 desassign
 destructor
+desynchronization
 detections
 dev
+devcontainer
 devel
 dir
 displayb
@@ -446,9 +626,11 @@ doxygen
 dpiGetContext
 dpic
 dsvf
+dt
 dtor
 dumpall
 dumpfile
+dumpi
 dumplimit
 dumpoff
 dumpon
@@ -461,13 +643,17 @@ dumpportson
 dumpvars
 dut
 dx
+dynarray
 elab
+eliasphanna
+elike
 elsif
 endcase
 endcelldefine
 endfunction
 endgenerate
 endian
+endianness
 endif
 endmodule
 endprotect
@@ -480,15 +666,20 @@ enums
 env
 envvar
 eof
+errae
 erroring
+esynr
 et
 eval
+evals
 exe
 executables
 expr
 extern
+ezchi
 fanin
 fasttrace
+fauto
 fbranch
 fclose
 fdisplay
@@ -502,11 +693,15 @@ filesystem
 filt
 flto
 flushCall
+fno
 fopen
+forceable
 foreach
+fourstate
 fprintf
 fprofile
 fread
+freloop
 frewind
 fs
 fscanf
@@ -521,12 +716,16 @@ funcs
 fwrite
 gantt
 gcc
+gcda
 gdb
 genblk
 genvar
 genvars
 getenv
 getline
+getter
+ggdb
+glibc
 gmake
 gmon
 gotFinish
@@ -538,8 +737,10 @@ hh
 hier
 hierCMakeArgs
 hierMkArgs
+hierParameters
 hierVer
 hx
+hyperthreading
 hyperthreads
 icecream
 idmap
@@ -550,8 +751,10 @@ ifndef
 impot
 incdir
 includer
+incrementing
 inferfaces
 inhibitSim
+initarray
 initializer
 initializers
 inits
@@ -562,19 +765,26 @@ inouts
 inserted
 instantiation
 instantiations
+intra
 iostream
 ish
 isunbounded
 isunknown
+jobserver
+json
+jwoutersymatra
 killua
 lang
 lcov
 ld
+leavinel
 len
+libc
 libext
 libgoogle
 libsystemc
 libtcmalloc
+libverilated
 linkers
 linter
 linux
@@ -584,10 +794,14 @@ ln
 loc
 localparam
 localparams
+localtime
 logicals
 longint
+lossy
 lsb
+lubc
 lvalue
+lvalues
 lxt
 macromodule
 makefile
@@ -595,14 +809,17 @@ makefiles
 manpages
 metacomment
 metacomments
+miree
 mis
 misconnected
 misconversion
+misoptimized
 missized
 mk
 mno
 modport
 modports
+mpb
 msg
 msvc
 mtask
@@ -610,14 +827,19 @@ mtasks
 mulithreaded
 mult
 multidim
+multidriven
 multiinterfaces
 multiline
 multipling
+multipoint
 multithread
 multithreaded
 multithreading
+musl
 mutexes
 mux
+muzafferkal
+myftptoyman
 mysignal
 namespace
 nand
@@ -641,17 +863,27 @@ nullptr
 onehot
 ooo
 oprofile
+ortegon
 oversubscription
+parallelized
 param
+parameterization
 parameterized
+parameterized
+parameterless
 params
 parens
+pawel
 pc
 pdf
 perf
 perftools
+pgo
+phelter
 picoChip
+pinIndex
 pinout
+pkgdatadir
 plusargs
 pmos
 poping
@@ -660,13 +892,18 @@ portlists
 posedge
 posix
 postfix
+postincreemnt
+postincrement
 pragma
 pragmas
 pre
 precisions
+precompiled
 predefines
+prepareClone
 prepend
 prepended
+preproc
 preprocess
 preprocessed
 preprocessing
@@ -676,17 +913,26 @@ prev
 printf
 printtimescale
 profcfunc
+profiler
 prototyptes
 ps
+psprintf
 pthread
+pthreads
+ptr
 pulldown
 pulldowns
 pullup
 pvalue
 pwd
+py
 qrq
+qrqiuren
 radix
 randc
+randcase
+randstate
+raphmaster
 rarr
 rdtsc
 reStructuredText
@@ -696,26 +942,34 @@ readmemb
 readmemh
 realpath
 realtime
+realtobits
 recoding
 recrem
 redeclaring
 regs
 reloop
+replaceShiftOp
+reproducibility
 resetall
 respecified
+rodata
+rolloverSize
 rr
 rst
 runtime
 runtimes
 rw
 sVerilator
+sawatzke
 sc
 scalared
+sccache
 sccanf
 seg
 setuphold
 sformat
 sformatf
+shareefj
 shortint
 shortreal
 signame
@@ -724,6 +978,8 @@ specparam
 splitme
 spp
 sqrt
+srandom
+src
 srcdir
 srcfile
 sscanf
@@ -732,6 +988,7 @@ stdin
 stdout
 stime
 stmts
+str
 strcasecmp
 stringification
 stringified
@@ -741,17 +998,27 @@ structs
 subcell
 subcells
 subexpressions
+submakes
 submodule
 submodules
+substring
+superclass
+suspendable
+suspendables
 sv
 svBitVal
 svBitVecVal
 svGet
+svGetTime
+svGetTimePrecision
 svLogicVal
 svdpi
+svgGetTimeUnit
 swrite
+synthesizeable
 sys
 systemc
+tenghtt
 testbench
 threadsafe
 threashold
@@ -767,29 +1034,36 @@ toolchain
 topcell
 toplevel
 toupper
+traceCapable
 traceEverOn
 tran
 treei
 tri
+triand
+trior
 tristate
 tristates
 trunc
 txt
 typ
 typedef
+typedef'ed
 typedefed
 typedefs
 typename
 uint
 un
+unbased
 undef
 undefineall
 undriven
 ungetc
+unhandled
 uniquified
 unistd
 unlink
 unlinked
+unnamedblk
 unopt
 unoptflat
 unoptimizable
@@ -799,13 +1073,17 @@ unsup
 untyped
 urandom
 uselib
+utimes
 uwire
 uwires
+valgrind
 vc
 vcd
 vcddiff
 vcoverage
+vdhotre
 vec
+ventana
 ver
 verFiles
 verible
@@ -821,29 +1099,40 @@ vlt
 vltstd
 vluint
 vpi
+vpiConstType
+vpiDefName
+vpiInertialDelay
+vpiInstance
 vpiLeftRange
 vpiModule
 vpiSize
 vpiSuppressVal
 vpiTimeUnit
 vpiType
+vpiUndefined
 vpm
 vpp
 warmup
 waveforms
 whitespace
 widthed
+wor
 wreal
 writeb
 writeme
 writemem
 writememb
 writememh
+xiak
 xin
 xml
 xnor
 xout
 xuejiazidi
 yanx
+ypq
 yurivict
 zdave
+Øyvind
+Алексеевич
+Исаак

docs/verilated.dox

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-PROJECT_NAME           = "Verilog to Routing - ABC"
+PROJECT_NAME           = "Verilator"
 INPUT                  = ../../include
 OUTPUT_DIRECTORY       = _build/doxygen/verilated
 
@@ -37,5 +37,4 @@ PREDEFINED             = \
                          "VL_NOT_FINAL=" \
                          "VL_PURE=" \
                          "VL_REQUIRES()=" \
-                         "VL_THREAD_LOCAL=" \
                          "__restrict=" \

docs/xml.rst

@@ -46,9 +46,6 @@ The XML document consists of 4 sections within the top level
    hierarchy. Each instance is represented with the ``<cell>`` element
    with the following attributes:
 
-   -  ``fl`` (deprecated): The file id and line number where the module
-      was instanced. Use ``loc`` instead.
-
    -  ``loc``: The file id, first line number, last line number, first
       column number and last column number of the identifier where the
       module was instanced, separated by commas.
@@ -73,8 +70,10 @@ The XML document consists of 4 sections within the top level
 Distribution
 ============
 
-Copyright 2020-2021 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2020-2025 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 
+SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
 .. |Logo| image:: https://www.veripool.org/img/verilator_256_200_min.png

examples/cmake_hello_c/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -19,18 +19,24 @@
 # cmake ..
 # cmake --build .
 
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.12)
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0074 NEW)
 project(cmake_hello_c)
 
 find_package(verilator HINTS $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT} ${VERILATOR_ROOT})
-if (NOT verilator_FOUND)
-  message(FATAL_ERROR "Verilator was not found. Either install it, or set the VERILATOR_ROOT environment variable")
+if(NOT verilator_FOUND)
+    message(
+        FATAL_ERROR
+        "Verilator was not found. Either install it, or set the VERILATOR_ROOT environment variable"
+    )
 endif()
 
 # Create a new executable target that will contain all your sources
 add_executable(example ../make_hello_c/sim_main.cpp)
+target_compile_features(example PUBLIC cxx_std_14)
 
 # Add the Verilated circuit to the target
 verilate(example
   INCLUDE_DIRS "../make_hello_c"
-  SOURCES ../make_hello_c/top.v)
+  SOURCES ../make_hello_c/top.v
+)

examples/cmake_hello_c/Makefile

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(shell which cmake),)
 TARGET := nocmake
 else
-CMAKE_VERSION := $(shell cmake --version | grep -Po '(\d[\.\d]+)')
+CMAKE_VERSION := $(shell cmake --version | grep -o '[0-9][.0-9]\+')
 CMAKE_MAJOR := $(shell echo $(CMAKE_VERSION) | cut -f1 -d.)
 CMAKE_MINOR := $(shell echo $(CMAKE_VERSION) | cut -f2 -d.)
 CMAKE_GT_3_8 := $(shell [ $(CMAKE_MAJOR) -gt 3 -o \( $(CMAKE_MAJOR) -eq 3 -a $(CMAKE_MINOR) -ge 8 \) ] && echo true)