Version bump

Commentary
Tests: Redo uvm test and package to be version based and use uvm_info
2026-10-02 16:13:34 +02:00 · 2025-11-02 11:12:46 -05:00 · 2025-11-02 10:48:48 -05:00 · 2025-11-02 10:46:16 -05:00 · 2025-11-01 23:27:43 -04:00 · 2025-11-01 23:22:08 -04:00
1683 changed files with 80704 additions and 1018107 deletions
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 exclude_paths:
-  - ".github/**"
-  - "ci/build_verilator.sh"
-  - "include/vltstd/**"
-  - "nodist/fastcov.py"
+  - ".github/**"  #
+  - "ci/build_verilator.sh"  #
+  - "include/vltstd/**"  #
+  - "nodist/fastcov.py"  #
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: codecov.io config
+#
+# Copyright 2020-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+####################
+# Validate:
+#  curl --data-binary @.codecov.yml https://codecov.io/validate
+#
+coverage:
+  precision: 2
+  range: 75...100
+  round: down
+  status:
+    project: false
+    patch: false
+comment: false
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
---
-name: Bug report
-about: Use this to report that something isn't working as expected, and it isn't "Unsupported." (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
-title: ''
-labels: new
-assignees: ''
-
---
-
-Thanks for taking the time to report this.
-
-Can you attach an example that shows the issue?  (Must be openly licensed, completely self-contained and self-checking so can directly run what you provide. Ideally use test_regress format, see https://veripool.org/guide/latest/contributing.html?highlight=test_regress#reporting-bugs
-
-What 'verilator' command line do we use to run your example?
-
-What 'verilator --version' are you using?  Did you try it with the git master version?
-
-What OS and distribution are you using?
-
-May we assist you in trying to fix this in Verilator yourself?
-
-(Please avoid attaching screenshots that show text - you can convert images to text using e.g. https://ocr.space)
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
---
-name: Feature Request
-about: Use this to request something should be supported, or a new feature added. (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
-title: ''
-labels: new
-assignees: ''
-
---
-
-Thanks for taking the time to report this.
-
-What would you like added/supported?
-
-What 'verilator --version' are you using?  Did you try it with the git master version?
-
-Can you attach an example that runs on other simulators?  (Must be openly licensed, completely self-contained and self-checking so can directly run what you provide. Ideally use test_regress format, see https://veripool.org/guide/latest/contributing.html?highlight=test_regress#reporting-bugs
-
-May we assist you in trying to fix this in Verilator yourself?
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+name: Bug or feature
+about: Use this to report that something isn't working as expected, or is a desired feature. (Note our contributor agreement at https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst)
+title: ''
+labels: new
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+Thanks for taking the time to report this.
+
+Can you please attach an example that shows the issue or missing feature?  (Must be openly licensed, completely self-contained so can directly run what you provide. Ideally use test_regress format, see https://veripool.org/guide/latest/contributing.html?highlight=test_regress#reporting-bugs)
+
+What output from that test indicates it is wrong, and what is the correct or expected output?  (Or, please make test self-checking if possible.)
+
+What 'verilator' command line do we use to run your example?
+
+What 'verilator --version' are you using?  Did you try it with the git master version?  Did you try it with other simulators?
+
+What OS and distribution are you using?
+
+May we assist you in trying to fix this in Verilator yourself?
+
+(Please avoid attaching screenshots that show text - you can convert images to text using e.g. https://ocr.space)
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ assignees: ''

 How may we help - what is your question?

-(If reporting a bug or requesting a feature please use one of the other issue templates.)
+(If reporting a bug or requesting a feature please hit BACK on your browser and use a different issue templates.)
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+# See https://docs.github.com/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
 # This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

-name: build
+name: build-test

 on:
  push:
+    branches-ignore:
+      - 'dependabot/**'  # Avoid duplicates: only run the PR, not the push
  pull_request:
  workflow_dispatch:
  schedule:
@@ -17,72 +19,158 @@ permissions:

 defaults:
  run:
-    shell: bash
    working-directory: repo

 concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.actor }}-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.ref || github.run_id }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
+  # At most 1 job per branch. Auto cancel on pull requests and on all forks
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' || github.repository != 'verilator/verilator' }}

 jobs:

  build-2404-gcc:
-    name: Build
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
    with:
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      os-name: linux
      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, asan: 0}

  build-2404-clang:
-    name: Build
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
    with:
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      os-name: linux
      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, asan: 1}

  build-2204-gcc:
-    name: Build
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
    with:
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      os-name: linux
      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, asan: 0}

  build-2204-clang:
-    name: Build
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
    with:
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      os-name: linux
      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, asan: 0}
+
+  build-osx-gcc:
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      os-name: osx
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {os: macos-15, cc: gcc, asan: 0}
+
+  build-osx-clang:
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      os-name: osx
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {os: macos-15, cc: clang, asan: 0}
+
+  build-windows:
+    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {os: windows-2025, cc: msvc}
+    env:
+      CI_OS_NAME: win
+      CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
+      CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+      CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        with:
+          path: repo
+      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: msbuild-msvc-cmake
+      - name: compile
+        env:
+          WIN_FLEX_BISON: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+        run: ./ci/ci-win-compile.ps1
+      - name: test build
+        run: ./ci/ci-win-test.ps1
+      - name: Zip up repository
+        run: Compress-Archive -LiteralPath install -DestinationPath verilator.zip
+      - name: Upload zip archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/verilator.zip
+          name: verilator-win.zip

  test-2404-gcc:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
    needs: build-2404-gcc
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
    with:
+      archive: ${{ needs.build-2404-gcc.outputs.archive }}
      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
@@ -97,14 +185,16 @@ jobs:
          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}

  test-2404-clang:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
    needs: build-2404-clang
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
    with:
+      archive: ${{ needs.build-2404-clang.outputs.archive }}
      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
@@ -119,14 +209,16 @@ jobs:
          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}

  test-2204-gcc:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
    needs: build-2204-gcc
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
    with:
+      archive: ${{ needs.build-2204-gcc.outputs.archive }}
      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
@@ -141,14 +233,16 @@ jobs:
          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}

  test-2204-clang:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
    needs: build-2204-clang
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
    with:
+      archive: ${{ needs.build-2204-clang.outputs.archive }}
      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+      dev-gcov: 0
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
@@ -163,34 +257,30 @@ jobs:
          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-2}

  lint-py:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    name: Lint Python
-    env:
-      CI_OS_NAME: linux
-      CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
-      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
-      CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
-      CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-      CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-lint-py.yml
+
+  passed:
+    name: Test suite passed
+    if: always()
+    needs:
+      - build-2404-gcc
+      - build-2404-clang
+      - build-2204-gcc
+      - build-2204-clang
+      - build-osx-gcc
+      - build-osx-clang
+      - build-windows
+      - test-2404-gcc
+      - test-2404-clang
+      - test-2204-gcc
+      - test-2204-clang
+      - lint-py
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Decide whether the needed jobs succeeded or failed
+        uses: re-actors/alls-green@release/v1
        with:
-          path: repo
-
-      - name: Install packages for build
-        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
-
-    # We use specific version numbers, otherwise a Python package
-    # update may add a warning and break our build
-      - name: Install packages for lint
-        run: sudo pip3 install pylint==3.0.2 ruff==0.1.3 clang sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe ruff
-
-      - name: Configure
-        run: autoconf && ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn
-
-      - name: Lint
-        run: make -k lint-py
+          jobs: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 name: Contributor Agreement
 on:
  push:
+    branches-ignore:
+      - 'dependabot/**'  # Avoid duplicates: only run the PR, not the push
  pull_request:
  workflow_dispatch:
 permissions:
@@ -14,5 +16,5 @@ jobs:
    name: "'docs/CONTRIBUTORS' was signed"
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - run: test_regress/t/t_dist_contributors.py
@@ -2,96 +2,212 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

-name: coverage
+name: Code coverage

 on:
  workflow_dispatch:
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 0 * * 0'  # weekly
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened, labeled, unlabeled]

 permissions:
  contents: read

-env:
-  CI_OS_NAME: linux
-  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
-  COVERAGE: 1
-  VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-coverage-${{ github.sha }}.tar.gz
-
 defaults:
  run:
    shell: bash
-    working-directory: repo
+
+concurrency:
+  # At most 1 job per branch. Auto cancel all but scheduled jobs
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' }}

 jobs:

-  Build:
+  build:
+    name: Build
    # Only run scheduled jobs if explicitly enabled for that repo (e.g.: not on forks)
-    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' || vars.ENABLE_SCHEDULED_JOBS == 'true' }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    env:
-      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-24.04
-    steps:
+    # Only run pull request jobs if labelled as needing an coverage run
+    # Always run workflow dispatch jobs
+    if: |
+      (github.event_name == 'schedule'
+        && vars.ENABLE_SCHEDULED_JOBS == 'true') ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        && contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'pr: dev-coverage')) ||
+      (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      # For pull requests, build the head of the pull request branch, not the
+      # merge commit, otherwise patch coverage would include the changes
+      # between the root of the pull request and the target branch
+      sha: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
+      os: ubuntu-24.04
+      os-name: linux
+      cc: gcc
+      dev-asan: 0
+      dev-gcov: 1

-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          path: repo
-
-      - name: Install packages for build
-        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
-
-      - name: Build
-        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
-
-      - name: Tar up repository
-        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-        run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
-
-      - name: Upload tar archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-
-  Test:
-    needs: Build
+  test:
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
+    needs: build
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
+    with:
+      archive: ${{ needs.build.outputs.archive }}
+      os: ubuntu-24.04
+      cc: gcc
+      reloc: 0
+      suite: ${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
+      dev-gcov: 1
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        test: [vlt-, vltmt-]
+        test: [coverage-vlt-, coverage-vltmt-]
        num: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
        include:
-          - {test: dist, num: ''}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    name: test-${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
-    env:
-      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: test
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-24.04
-    steps:
+          - {test: coverage-dist, num: ''}

-      - name: Download tar archive
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+  publish-codecov:
+    name: Publish results to codecov.io
+    needs: test
+    if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !cancelled() }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Download code coverage data
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
        with:
-          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          pattern: code-coverage-*
+          path: obj_coverage
+          merge-multiple: true
+
+      - name: List files
+        id: list-files
+        run: |
+          ls -lsha obj_coverage
+          find obj_coverage -type f | paste -sd, | sed "s/^/files=/" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+      - name: Upload to codecov.io
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          disable_file_fixes: true
+          disable_search: true
+          fail_ci_if_error: true
+          files: ${{ steps.list-files.outputs.files }}
+          plugins: noop
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          verbose: true
+
+  prepare-report:
+    name: Prepare HTML report
+    needs: [build, test]
+    if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !cancelled() }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          echo 'set man-db/auto-update false' | sudo debconf-communicate >/dev/null
+          sudo dpkg-reconfigure man-db
+          sudo apt install lcov
+
+      - name: Download repository archive
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          name: ${{ needs.build.outputs.archive }}
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}

-      - name: Unpack tar archive
-        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-        run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-
-      - name: Install test dependencies
-        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
-
-      - name: Test
-        env:
-          TESTS: coverage-${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
-        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
-
-      - name: Upload coverage data to Codecov
-        env:
-          CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Unpack repository archive
        run: |
-          find . -name '*.gcno' -exec rm {} \;
-          ./ci/codecov -v upload-process -Z --sha ${{ github.sha }} -f nodist/obj_dir/coverage/app_total.info
+          tar -x -z -f ${{ needs.build.outputs.archive }}
+          ls -lsha
+
+      - name: Download code coverage data
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          pattern: code-coverage-*
+          path: repo/obj_coverage
+          merge-multiple: true
+
+      - name: Create report
+        working-directory: repo
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: |
+          ls -lsha obj_coverage
+          # Combine reports from test jobs
+          nodist/fastcov.py -C obj_coverage/verilator-*.info --lcov -o obj_coverage/verilator.info
+          # For a PR, report patch coverage against the merge-base between the head of the PR and the target branch
+          if [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == "pull_request" ]]; then
+            COVERAGE_BASE=$(git rev-parse --short $(git merge-base ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}))
+            make coverage-report COVERAGE_BASE=${COVERAGE_BASE} |& tee ${{ github.workspace }}/make-coverage-report.log
+          else
+            make coverage-report
+          fi
+          # Remove data files
+          rm -f obj_coverage/verilator*.info
+          # Some extra work for PRs only
+          if [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == "pull_request" ]]; then
+            # Save PR number in report
+            echo ${{ github.event.number }} > obj_coverage/pr-number.txt
+            # Generate notification comment content
+            mkdir -p notification
+            echo ${{ github.event.number }} > notification/pr-number.txt
+            NUM=$(gh run view ${{ github.run_id }} --json number --jq ".number")
+            URL=$(gh run view ${{ github.run_id }} --json url    --jq ".url")
+            echo "Patch coverage from PR workflow [#$NUM]($URL) (code coverage of lines changed relative to ${COVERAGE_BASE}):" > notification/body.txt
+            if [[ ! -f obj_coverage/empty-patch ]]; then
+              echo "<pre>" >> notification/body.txt
+              grep -E "(lines|branches)\.*:" ${{ github.workspace }}/make-coverage-report.log | sed "s/\.*:/:/" >> notification/body.txt || true
+              echo "</pre>" >> notification/body.txt
+              echo "Report: [${{ github.run_id }}](https://${{ github.repository_owner }}.github.io/verilator/coverage-reports/${{ github.run_id }}/index.html)" >> notification/body.txt
+            else
+              echo "Patch contains no code changes" >> notification/body.txt
+            fi
+            cat notification/body.txt
+          fi
+
+      - name: Upload report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+        with:
+          path: repo/obj_coverage
+          name: coverage-report
+
+      - name: Upload notification
+        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+        with:
+          path: repo/notification
+          name: coverage-pr-notification
+
+  # Create GitHub issue for failed scheduled jobs
+  # This should always be the last job (we want an issue if anything breaks)
+  create-issue:
+    name: Create issue on failure
+    needs: [publish-codecov, prepare-report]
+    if: ${{ github.event_name == 'schedule' && github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' && github.run_attempt == 1 && failure() && !cancelled() }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      # Creating issues requires elevated privilege
+      - name: Generate access token
+        id: generate-token
+        uses: actions/[email protected]
+        with:
+          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
+          owner: verilator
+          repositories: verilator
+          permission-issues: write
+      - name: Create issue
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+        run: |-
+          echo "This issue was created automatically by the GitHub Actions CI due to the failure of a scheduled Code coverage run." >> body.txt
+          echo "" >> body.txt
+          echo "Workflow status: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}" >> body.txt
+          gh issue --repo ${{ github.repository }} create \
+            --title "Code coverage run #${{ github.run_number }} Failed" \
+            --body-file body.txt \
+            --label new \
+            --assignee gezalore,wsnyder
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Extract context variables
        run: |
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Docker meta
        id: docker_meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
        with:
          images: |
            ${{ vars.DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE }}/${{ env.image_name }}
@@ -64,21 +64,21 @@ jobs:
            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ inputs.add_latest_tag == true }}

      - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        with:
          buildkitd-flags: --debug

      - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v2
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}

      - name: Build and Push to Docker
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
        with:
          context: ${{ env.build_context }}
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@
 name: format
 on:
  push:
-  pull_request_target:
-  workflow_dispatch:
+    branches-ignore:
+      - 'dependabot/**'  # Avoid duplicates: only run the PR, not the push
+
 permissions:
  contents: write
+
 jobs:
  format:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
      CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - name: Install packages for build
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
          make -j 2 format CLANGFORMAT=clang-format-18 &&
          git status
      - name: Push
-        run: |
+        run: |-
          if [ -n "$(git status --porcelain)" ]; then
            git commit . -m "Apply 'make format'" &&
            git push origin
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
---
-# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
-# This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-#
-name: msbuild
-on:
-  push:
-  pull_request:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-  schedule:
-    - cron: 0 0 * * 0  # weekly
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-env:
-  CI_OS_NAME: win
-  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
-  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
-  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
-defaults:
-  run:
-    working-directory: repo
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.actor }}-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.ref || github.run_id }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-jobs:
-  windows:
-    name: run on windows
-    runs-on: windows-2025
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          path: repo
-      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-          key: msbuild-msvc-cmake
-      - name: compile
-        env:
-          WIN_FLEX_BISON: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-        run: ./ci/ci-win-compile.ps1
-      - name: test build
-        run: ./ci/ci-win-test.ps1
-      - name: Zip up repository
-        run: Compress-Archive -LiteralPath install -DestinationPath verilator.zip
-      - name: Upload zip archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/verilator.zip
-          name: verilator-win.zip
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: Pages
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - "ci/**"
+      - ".github/workflows"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  workflow_run:
+    workflows: ["Code coverage"]
+    types: [completed]
+
+# Sets permissions of the GITHUB_TOKEN to allow deployment to GitHub Pages
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  pages: write
+  id-token: write
+
+# Allow only one concurrent deployment, skipping runs queued between the run
+# in-progress and latest queued. However, do NOT cancel in-progress runs as we
+# want to allow these deployments to complete.
+concurrency:
+  group: "pages"
+  cancel-in-progress: false
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build content
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    outputs:
+      coverage-pr-run-ids: ${{ steps.build.outputs.coverage-pr-run-ids }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Build pages
+        id: build
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: |
+          bash -x ./ci/ci-pages.bash
+          ls -lsha
+          tree -L 3 pages
+      - name: Upload pages artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: pages
+
+  deploy:
+    name: Deploy
+    needs: build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    environment:
+      name: github-pages
+      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+
+  notify:
+    name: Notify
+    needs: [build, deploy]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      # Use the Verilator CI app to post the comment
+      - name: Generate access token
+        id: generate-token
+        uses: actions/[email protected]
+        with:
+          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
+          permission-actions: write
+          permission-pull-requests: write
+      - name: Comment on PR
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+          COVERAGE_PR_RUN_IDS: ${{ needs.build.outputs.coverage-pr-run-ids }}
+        run: bash -x ./ci/ci-pages-notify.bash
@@ -7,16 +7,32 @@ name: reusable-build
 on:
  workflow_call:
    inputs:
+      sha:
+        description: "Commit SHA to build"
+        required: true
+        type: string
      os:  # e.g. ubuntu-24.04
        required: true
        type: string
-      cc:  # gcc or clang
+      cc: # 'clang' or 'gcc'
        required: true
        type: string
+      os-name: # 'linux' or 'osx'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      dev-asan:
+        required: true
+        type: number
+      dev-gcov:
+        required: true
+        type: number
+    outputs:
+      archive:
+        description: "Name of the built repository archive artifact"
+        value: ${{ jobs.build.outputs.archive }}

 env:
-  CI_OS_NAME: linux
-  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+  CI_OS_NAME: ${{ inputs.os-name }}
  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
@@ -31,22 +47,25 @@ defaults:
 jobs:

  build:
+    name: Build
    runs-on: ${{ inputs.os }}
-    name: Sub-build | ${{ inputs.os }} | ${{ inputs.cc }}
+    outputs:
+      archive: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
    env:
      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
+      CI_DEV_ASAN: ${{ inputs.dev-asan }}
+      CI_DEV_GCOV: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}
      CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ inputs.os }}
-      CC: ${{ inputs.cc }}
      CXX: ${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
      CACHE_BASE_KEY: build-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 1000M  # Per build matrix entry (* 5 = 5000M in total)
-      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}.tar.gz
    steps:
-
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          path: repo
+          ref: ${{ inputs.sha }}
+          fetch-depth: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov && '0' || '1' }}  # Coverage flow needs full history

      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
        uses: actions/cache@v4
@@ -54,7 +73,7 @@ jobs:
          CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache
        with:
          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-          key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ inputs.sha }}
          restore-keys: |
            ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-

@@ -64,12 +83,17 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build
        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash

-      - name: Tar up repository
+      - name: Create repository archive
+        id: create-archive
        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-        run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
+        run: |
+          # Name of the archive must be unique based on the build parameters
+          ARCHIVE=verilator-${{ inputs.sha }}-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.dev-asan }}-${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}.tar.gz
+          tar --posix -c -z -f $ARCHIVE repo
+          echo "archive=$ARCHIVE" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

-      - name: Upload tar archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - name: Upload repository archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
        with:
-          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
+          name: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: reusable-lint-py
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+
+env:
+  CI_OS_NAME: linux
+  CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
+  CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
+  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
+  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+    working-directory: repo
+
+jobs:
+
+  lint-py:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    name: Sub-lint | Python
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        with:
+          path: repo
+
+      - name: Install packages for build
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+
+    # We use specific version numbers, otherwise a Python package
+    # update may add a warning and break our build
+      - name: Install packages for lint
+        run: sudo pip3 install mypy==1.18.2 pylint==3.0.2 ruff==0.1.3 clang sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe ruff
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: autoconf && ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn
+
+      - name: Lint
+        run: make -k lint-py
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
+          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/doc/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/man/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
          sudo apt update
          sudo apt install ccache mold help2man libfl-dev libgoogle-perftools-dev libsystemc-dev

@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
          restore-keys: rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}

      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          path: repo
          fetch-depth: 0 # Required for 'git describe' used for 'verilator --version'
@@ -65,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
        run: tar --posix -c -z -f verilator-rtlmeter.tar.gz install

      - name: Upload Verilator installation archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
        with:
          path: verilator-rtlmeter.tar.gz
          name: verilator-rtlmeter-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
@@ -55,11 +55,14 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
+          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/doc/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/man/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
          sudo apt update
          sudo apt install ccache mold libfl-dev libgoogle-perftools-dev libsystemc-dev

      - name: Download Verilator installation archive
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
        with:
          name: verilator-rtlmeter-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}

@@ -77,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
          restore-keys: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}

      - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
          path: rtlmeter
@@ -89,15 +92,13 @@ jobs:
      - name: Compile cases
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: |
-          ./rtlmeter run --verbose --cases='${{ inputs.cases }}' --compileArgs='${{ inputs.compileArgs }}' --executeArgs='${{ inputs.executeArgs }}' --nExecute=0
-          # My YAML highlighter sucks, so I put this comment here wiht a phony closing quote mark to make it work: '
+          ./rtlmeter run --timeout 60 --verbose --cases='${{inputs.cases}}' --compileArgs='${{inputs.compileArgs}}' --executeArgs='${{inputs.executeArgs}}' --nExecute=0

      - name: Execute cases
        working-directory: rtlmeter
-        continue-on-error: true  # Do not fail on error, so we can at leat save the successful results
+        continue-on-error: true  # Do not fail on error, so we can at least save the successful results
        run: |
-          ./rtlmeter run --verbose --cases='${{ inputs.cases }}' --compileArgs='${{ inputs.compileArgs }}' --executeArgs='${{ inputs.executeArgs }}'
-          # My YAML highlighter sucks, so I put this comment here wiht a phony closing quote mark to make it work: '
+          ./rtlmeter run --timeout 60 --verbose --cases='${{inputs.cases}}' --compileArgs='${{inputs.compileArgs}}' --executeArgs='${{inputs.executeArgs}}'

      - name: Collate results
        id: results
@@ -114,15 +115,14 @@ jobs:
          ./rtlmeter report --steps '*' --metrics '*' ../results-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json

      - name: Upload results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
        with:
          path: results-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json
-          name: rtlmeter-results-${{ inputs.tag }}-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}
+          name: rtlmeter-${{ inputs.tag }}-results-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}
          overwrite: true
          retention-days: 2

      - name: Report status
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: | # This will fail the job if any of the runs failed
-          ./rtlmeter run --verbose --cases='${{ inputs.cases }}' --compileArgs='${{ inputs.compileArgs }}' --executeArgs='${{ inputs.executeArgs }}'
-          # My YAML highlighter sucks, so I put this comment here wiht a phony closing quote mark to make it work: '
+          ./rtlmeter run --verbose --cases='${{inputs.cases}}' --compileArgs='${{inputs.compileArgs}}' --executeArgs='${{inputs.executeArgs}}'
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ name: reusable-test
 on:
  workflow_call:
    inputs:
+      archive:
+        description: "Name of the repository archive artifact from reusable-build"
+        required: true
+        type: string
      os:  # e.g. ubuntu-24.04
        required: true
        type: string
@@ -19,10 +23,12 @@ on:
      suite:  # e.g. dist-vlt-0
        required: true
        type: string
+      dev-gcov:
+        required: true
+        type: number

 env:
  CI_OS_NAME: linux
-  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
@@ -38,27 +44,27 @@ jobs:

  test:
    runs-on: ${{ inputs.os }}
-    name: Sub-test | ${{ inputs.os }} | ${{ inputs.cc }} | ${{inputs.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ inputs.suite }}
+    name: Test
    env:
      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: test
      CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ inputs.os }}
      CI_RELOC: ${{inputs.reloc }}
-      CC: ${{ inputs.cc }}
      CXX: ${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
      CACHE_BASE_KEY: test-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{inputs.reloc }}-${{ inputs.suite }}
      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 100M  # Per build per suite (* 5 * 5 = 2500M in total)
-      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}.tar.gz
    steps:

-      - name: Download tar archive
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - name: Download repository archive
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
        with:
-          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          name: ${{ inputs.archive }}
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}

-      - name: Unpack tar archive
+      - name: Unpack repository archive
        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-        run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+        run: |
+          tar -x -z -f ${{ inputs.archive }}
+          ls -lsha

      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
        uses: actions/cache@v4
@@ -74,6 +80,26 @@ jobs:
        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash

      - name: Test
+        id: run-test
+        continue-on-error: true
        env:
          TESTS: ${{ inputs.suite }}
        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+
+      - name: Combine code coverage data
+        if: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}
+        run: |
+          make coverage-combine
+          mv obj_coverage/verilator.info obj_coverage/verilator-${{ inputs.suite }}.info
+          ls -lsha obj_coverage
+
+      - name: Upload code coverage data
+        if: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/obj_coverage/verilator-${{ inputs.suite }}.info
+          name: code-coverage-${{ inputs.suite }}
+
+      - name: Fail job if a test failed
+        if: ${{ steps.run-test.outcome == 'failure' && !cancelled() }}
+        run: exit 1
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: RTLMeter PR results
+
+on:
+  workflow_run:
+    workflows: [RTLMeter]
+    types: [completed]
+
+jobs:
+  publish:
+    name: Publish
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request' && github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success' }}
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+      pull-requests: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Download report
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          name: rtlmeter-pr-results
+          run-id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Download PR number
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          name: pr-number
+          run-id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      # Use the Verilator CI app to post the comment
+      - name: Generate access token
+        id: generate-token
+        uses: actions/[email protected]
+        with:
+          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
+          permission-pull-requests: write
+      - name: Comment on PR
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+        run: |-
+          ls -la
+          cat report.txt
+          gh pr --repo ${{ github.repository }} comment $(cat pr-number.txt) --body-file report.txt
@@ -10,12 +10,7 @@ on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # Daily, starting at 02:00 UTC
  pull_request:
-    types:
-      - opened
-      - synchronize
-      - reopened
-      - labeled
-      - unlabeled
+    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened, labeled, unlabeled]

 permissions:
  contents: read
@@ -25,7 +20,8 @@ defaults:
    shell: bash

 concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.ref }}
+  # At most 1 job per branch. Auto cancel all but scheduled jobs
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' }}

 jobs:
@@ -78,6 +74,9 @@ jobs:
      max-parallel: ${{ github.event == 'schedule' && 2 || 7 }}
      matrix:
        cases:
+          - "BlackParrot:1x1:*"
+          - "BlackParrot:2x2:*"
+          - "BlackParrot:4x4:*"
          - "NVDLA:*"
          - "OpenPiton:1x1:*"
          - "OpenPiton:2x2:*"
@@ -120,6 +119,9 @@ jobs:
      max-parallel: ${{ github.event == 'schedule' && 2 || 7 }}
      matrix:
        cases:
+          - "BlackParrot:1x1:*"
+          - "BlackParrot:2x2:*"
+          - "BlackParrot:4x4:*"
          - "NVDLA:*"
          - "OpenPiton:1x1:*"
          - "OpenPiton:2x2:*"
@@ -145,9 +147,37 @@ jobs:
          - "XuanTie-C906:*"
          - "XuanTie-C910:*"

+  run-gcc-hier:
+    name: Run GCC hier | ${{ matrix.cases }}
+    needs: build-gcc
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-run.yml
+    with:
+      tag: gcc-hier
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+      cc: gcc
+      cases: ${{ matrix.cases }}
+      run-name: "gcc --hierarchical"
+      compileArgs: "--hierarchical"
+      executeArgs: ""
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      max-parallel: ${{ github.event == 'schedule' && 2 || 7 }}
+      matrix:
+        cases:
+          - "BlackParrot:1x1:* !-hier"
+          - "BlackParrot:2x2:* !-hier"
+          - "BlackParrot:4x4:* !-hier"
+          - "NVDLA:* !-hier"
+          - "OpenPiton:1x1:* !-hier"
+          - "OpenPiton:2x2:* !-hier"
+          - "OpenPiton:4x4:* !-hier"
+          - "OpenPiton:8x8:* !-hier"
+          - "OpenPiton:16x16:dhry !-hier"
+          - "XuanTie-C910:* !-hier"
+
  combine-results:
    name: Combine results
-    needs: [run-gcc, run-clang]
+    needs: [run-gcc, run-clang, run-gcc-hier]
    # Run if any of the dependencies have run, even if failed.
    # That is: do not run if all skipped, or the workflow was cancelled.
    if: ${{ (contains(needs.*.result, 'success') || contains(needs.*.result, 'failure')) && !cancelled() }}
@@ -155,12 +185,10 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        tag:
-          - gcc
-          - clang
+        tag: [gcc, clang, gcc-hier]
    steps:
      - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
          path: rtlmeter
@@ -168,9 +196,9 @@ jobs:
        working-directory: rtlmeter
        run: make venv
      - name: Download all results
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
        with:
-          pattern: rtlmeter-results-${{ matrix.tag }}-*
+          pattern: rtlmeter-${{ matrix.tag }}-results-*
          path: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}
          merge-multiple: true
      - name: Combine results
@@ -178,7 +206,7 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          ./rtlmeter collate ../all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}/*.json > ../all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}.json
      - name: Upload combined results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
        with:
          path: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}.json
          name: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}
@@ -197,20 +225,20 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
      - name: Download combined results
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
        with:
          pattern: all-results-*
          path: results
          merge-multiple: true
      - name: Upload published results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
        with:
          path: results/*.json
          name: published-results
      # Pushing to verilator/verilator-rtlmeter-results requires elevated permissions
      - name: Generate access token
        id: generate-token
-        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2.0.6
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2.1.4
        with:
          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
@@ -218,7 +246,7 @@ jobs:
          repositories: verilator-rtlmeter-results
          permission-contents: write
      - name: Checkout verilator-rtlmeter-results
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          repository: "verilator/verilator-rtlmeter-results"
          token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
@@ -242,55 +270,121 @@ jobs:
          git commit -m "Verilator CI: Results of 'RTLMeter' workflow run #${{ github.run_number }}"
          git push origin

-  #publish-pr-results:
-  #  name: Publish results to Pull Request
-  #  needs: combine-results
-  #  if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' && github.run_attempt == 1 && contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !cancelled() }}
-  #  runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-  #  steps:
-  #    - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-  #      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-  #      with:
-  #        repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
-  #        path: rtlmeter
-  #    - name: Setup RTLMeter venv
-  #      working-directory: rtlmeter
-  #      run: make venv
-  #    - name: Download combined results
-  #      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
-  #      with:
-  #        pattern: all-results-*
-  #        path: all-results
-  #        merge-multiple: true
-  #    - name: Get scheduled run info
-  #      id: scheduled-info
-  #      run:
-  #        IDLATEST=$(gh run list --workflow RTLMeter --event schedule --status success --limit 1 --json databaseId --jq ".[0].databaseId")
-  #        echo "id=$IDLATEST" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-  #        URL=$(gh run view $IDLATEST --json url --jq ".url")
-  #        echo "url=$URL" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-  #        NUM=$(gh run view $IDLATEST --json number --jq ".number")
-  #        echo "num=$NUM" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-  #    # Fetching artifacts from different workflow requires elevated privilege
-  #    - name: Generate access token
-  #      id: generate-token
-  #      uses: actions/[email protected]
-  #      with:
-  #        app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
-  #        private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
-  #        owner: verilator
-  #        repositories: verilator
-  #        permission-actions: read
-  #    - name: Download scheduled run results
-  #      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
-  #      with:
-  #        name: published-results
-  #        path: nightly-results
-  #        run-id: ${{ steps.schedueld-info.outputs.id }}
-  #        github-token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
-  #    # TODO: diff and present
+  prepare-pr-results:
+    name: Prepare Pull Request results
+    needs: combine-results
+    if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' && contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !cancelled() }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout RTLMeter
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        with:
+          repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
+          path: rtlmeter
+      - name: Setup RTLMeter venv
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: make venv
+      - name: Download combined results
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          pattern: all-results-*
+          path: all-results
+          merge-multiple: true
+      - name: Get scheduled run info
+        id: scheduled-info
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          ID=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} list --workflow RTLMeter --event schedule --status success --limit 1 --json databaseId --jq ".[0].databaseId")
+          echo "id=$ID" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          URL=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view $ID --json url --jq ".url")
+          echo "url=$URL" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          NUM=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view $ID --json number --jq ".number")
+          echo "num=$NUM" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          DATE=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view $ID --json createdAt --jq ".createdAt")
+          echo "date=$DATE" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - name: Download scheduled run results
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          name: published-results
+          path: nightly-results
+          run-id: ${{ steps.scheduled-info.outputs.id }}
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Compare results
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          for tag in gcc clang gcc-hier; do
+            ADATA=../nightly-results/all-results-${tag}.json
+            BDATA=../all-results/all-results-${tag}.json
+            touch ../verilate-${tag}.txt
+            touch ../execute-${tag}.txt
+            touch ../cppbuild-${tag}.txt
+            if [[ ! -e $ADATA ]]; then
+              continue
+            fi
+            ./rtlmeter compare --cases '* !Example:* !*:hello' --steps "verilate" --metrics "elapsed memory"              $ADATA $BDATA > ../verilate-${tag}.txt
+            cat ../verilate-${tag}.txt
+            ./rtlmeter compare --cases '* !Example:* !*:hello' --steps "execute"  --metrics "speed memory elapsed"        $ADATA $BDATA > ../execute-${tag}.txt
+            cat ../execute-${tag}.txt
+            ./rtlmeter compare --cases '* !Example:* !*:hello' --steps "cppbuild" --metrics "elapsed memory cpu codeSize" $ADATA $BDATA > ../cppbuild-${tag}.txt
+            cat ../cppbuild-${tag}.txt
+          done
+      - name: Create report
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          NUM=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view ${{ github.run_id }} --json number --jq ".number")
+          URL=$(gh run --repo ${{ github.repository }} view ${{ github.run_id }} --json url    --jq ".url")
+          echo -n "Performance metrics for PR workflow [#$NUM]($URL) (B) compared to scheduled run" > report.txt
+          echo -n " [#${{ steps.scheduled-info.outputs.num }}](${{ steps.scheduled-info.outputs.url }}) (A)" >> report.txt
+          echo    " from ${{ steps.scheduled-info.outputs.date }}" >> report.txt
+          for tag in gcc clang gcc-hier; do
+            echo "" >> report.txt
+            if [[ $tag == "gcc" ]]; then
+              echo "<details open>" >> report.txt
+            else
+              echo "<details>" >> report.txt
+            fi
+            echo -n "<summary><strong><em>" >> report.txt
+            jq -rj ".[0].runName" all-results/all-results-${tag}.json >> report.txt
+            echo "</em></strong></summary>" >> report.txt
+            awk -v RS= -v tag=${tag} '{print > sprintf("frag-%02d-verilate-%s.txt",NR,tag)}' verilate-${tag}.txt
+            awk -v RS= -v tag=${tag} '{print > sprintf("frag-%02d-execute-%s.txt" ,NR,tag)}'  execute-${tag}.txt
+            awk -v RS= -v tag=${tag} '{print > sprintf("frag-$02d-cppbuild-%s.txt",NR,tag)}' cppbuild-${tag}.txt
+            for f in $(ls -1 frag-*-verilate-${tag}.txt | sort) $(ls -1 frag-*-execute-${tag}.txt | sort) $(ls -1 frag-*-cppbuild-${tag}.txt | sort); do
+              if [[ $f == frag-01-verilate-${tag}.txt || $f == frag-01-execute-${tag}.txt ]]; then
+                echo "<details open>" >> report.txt
+              else
+                echo "<details>" >> report.txt
+              fi
+              echo -n "<summary>" >> report.txt
+              head -n 1 $f | tr -d '\n' >> report.txt
+              echo "</summary>" >> report.txt
+              echo '<pre>' >> report.txt
+              tail -n +2 $f >> report.txt
+              echo '</pre>' >> report.txt
+              echo "</details>" >> report.txt
+            done
+            echo "</details>" >> report.txt
+          done
+          cat report.txt
+      - name: Upload report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+        with:
+          path: report.txt
+          name: rtlmeter-pr-results
+      - name: Save PR number
+        run: echo ${{ github.event.number }} > pr-number.txt
+      - name: Upload PR number
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+        with:
+          path: pr-number.txt
+          name: pr-number

-  # Create GitHub issue for failed schedueld jobs
+  # Create GitHub issue for failed scheduled jobs
  # This should always be the last job (we want an issue if anything breaks)
  create-issue:
    name: Create issue on failure
@@ -301,7 +395,7 @@ jobs:
      # Creating issues requires elevated privilege
      - name: Generate access token
        id: generate-token
-        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2.0.6
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2.1.4
        with:
          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
@@ -311,7 +405,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Create issue
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
-        run: |
+        run: |-
          echo "This issue was created automatically by the GitHub Actions CI due to the failure of a scheduled RTLMeter run." >> body.txt
          echo "" >> body.txt
          echo "Workflow status: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}" >> body.txt
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ verilator_coverage_bin*
 /.vscode/
 /.idea/
 /cmake-build-*/
+/obj_coverage/
 /test_regress/snapshot/
 xmverilog.*
 xrun.history
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
 cmake_policy(SET CMP0091 NEW) # Use MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY to select the runtime
 project(
    Verilator
-    VERSION 5.040
+    VERSION 5.042
    HOMEPAGE_URL https://verilator.org
    LANGUAGES CXX
 )
@@ -49,8 +49,13 @@ if(WIN32)
    if(DEFINED ENV{WIN_FLEX_BISON})
        set(WIN_FLEX_BISON "$ENV{WIN_FLEX_BISON}")
    endif()
-    if(EXISTS ${WIN_FLEX_BISON})
+    if(IS_DIRECTORY ${WIN_FLEX_BISON})
        list(APPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH ${WIN_FLEX_BISON})
+    else()
+        message(
+            FATAL_ERROR
+            "The path specified by WIN_FLEX_BISON environment variable is not an existing folder: ${WIN_FLEX_BISON}"
+        )
    endif()
    if(NOT WIN_FLEX_BISON)
        message(
@@ -8,6 +8,131 @@ The changes in each Verilator version are described below.  The
 contributors that suggested or implemented a given issue are shown in []. Thanks!


+Verilator 5.042 2025-11-02
+==========================
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Add HIERPARAM error on hierarchical parameter values (#1626) (#6456) (#6484) (#6587) (#6609) (#6621) (#6623). [Todd Strader] [Luca Rufer] [Paul Swirhun]
+* Add error on zero/negative unpacked dimensions (#1642). [Stefan Wallentowitz]
+* Add verilator_gantt profiling of DPI imports (#3084). [Geza Lore]
+* Add ASSIGNEQEXPR when use `=` inside expressions (#5567). [Ethan Sifferman]
+* Add error on non-packed struct randc (#5999). [Seth Pellegrino]
+* Add configure `--enable-dev-asan` to compile verilator_bin with the address sanitizer (#6404). [Geza Lore]
+* Add $(LDFLAGS) and $(LIBS) to when building shared libraries (#6425) (#6426). [Ahmed El-Mahmoudy]
+* Add IMPLICITSTATIC also on procedure variables.
+* Add FUNCTIMCTL error on function invoking task or time-controlling statements (#6385).
+* Add error on `virtual new` (#6486). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Add error on ranges with tristate values (#6534). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Add NORETURN warning on functions without return values (#6534). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Add `--aslr` and `--no-aslr` options.
+* Add `$cpure` (#6580). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add `--preproc-defines`.
+* Deprecate sensitivity list on public_flat_rw attributes (#6443). [Geza Lore]
+* Deprecate clocker attribute and --clk option (#6463). [Geza Lore]
+* Deprecate '--make cmake' option (#6540). [Geza Lore]
+* Change default `--expand-limit` to 256 (#3419).
+* Change developer coverage flow and add configure `--enable-dev-gcov` (#6526). [Geza Lore]
+* Change `verilator_difftree` to return exit code 1 on mismatch, 2 on error.
+* Change default thread pool sizes to respect processor affinity (#6604). [Geza Lore]
+* Change `--preproc-comments` to be new name of `--pp-comments` option.
+* Support modports referencing clocking blocks (#4555) (#6436). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support class package reference on pattern keys (#5653). [Todd Strader]
+* Support digits in `$sscanf` field width formats (#6083). [Iztok Jeras]
+* Support pure functions in sensitivity lists (#6393). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support simple alias statements (#6339) (#6501). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support simple cycle delay sequence expressions inside properties (#6508). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support impure expressions in `inside` (#6562). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support `case` impure expressions (#6563). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support dotted access to ports of a direct hier_block instance. (#6595). [Geza Lore]
+* Improve `lint_off` to allow multiple messages and comments (#2755).
+* Improve automatic selection of logic for DFG synthesis (#6370). [Geza Lore]
+* Improve `covergroup with function sample` handling  (#6387). [Jakub Wasilewski]
+* Improve DFG type system (#6390). [Geza Lore]
+* Improve DFG variable removal and temporary insertion (#6401). [Geza Lore]
+* Improve memory usage of statistics (#6513). [Geza Lore]
+* Improve conditional merging to preserve branch prediction. [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize duplicate 'if' and '?:' conditions (#3807) (#6495)
+* Optimize dead functions in more cases (#6380) (#6430). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize constant folding in wide expression expansion (#6381). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix `--trace-max-width` and increase to 4096. (#2385).
+* Fix missing BLKSEQ when connecting module port to array (#2973).
+* Fix LATCH warning with CASEINCOMPLETE (#3301).
+* Fix unused parameterized class causing internal error (#4013). [Alberto Del Rio]
+* Fix false CONSTVAR error on initializers (#4992).
+* Fix hierarchical references with parameterized modules and interfaces (#5649) (#6566). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix interface exposure with `--public-depth` or `--trace-depth` (#5758).
+* Fix cell scoping performance (#6059). [Jerry Tianchen]
+* Fix hierarchical `--prof-pgo` (#6213). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix while loop hang on timing-delayed assignment (#6343) (#6354). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix driver analysis of partially assigned variables (#6364) (#6378). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix V3Hash MacOS ambiguity (#6350). [Lan Zongwei]
+* Fix cmake APPLE variable (#6351). [Lan Zongwei]
+* Fix randomize local after parameters applied (#6371). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix package imports not found after parameters applied (#6373). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix deep shift pattern performance (#6379) (#6420). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix COVERAGEIGN-ignored `get_inst_coverage` and other covergroup methods (#6383). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix error when modport variable is unresolved (#6386). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix resolving parameters (#6388) (#6418) (#6421) (#6438) (#6429). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix wire array with initial assignment (#6391). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix import of class with default params (#6396) (#6410) (#6413). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix use after free in elaboration (#6403). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix address sanitizer issues (#6406). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix timing control under fork under function (#6407). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix memory leaks and reduce requirements (#6411) (#6417) (#6419) (#6437) (#6439) (#6517). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix parameter implicit type from string (#6414). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix parsing for sequence expressions (#6427). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix parameterized class super functions (#6431) (#6438). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix external function declarations with class typedef references (#6433).
+* Fix internal error on out-of-bounds real array access.
+* Fix pre/post increments in assertions (#6434).
+* Fix elaboration displays with `%m` and some `%p` (#6445) (#6451). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix cast in gdbinit.py (#6447). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix false unique assertions on `else ;` (#6450). [Don Owen]
+* Fix loss of clock attribute in DFG variable removal (#6453). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix data types of method calls without parenthesis (#6457). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix segfault on unsupported PLI calls (#6458). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix false assertion failure on failed DFG driver tracing (#6459). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix side effects when using select (#6460). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix timeprecision backward assignment (#6469). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix splitting hierarchically referenced variables (#6475). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix Windows compilation of Verilator with spaces in the path (#6477). [Fabian Keßler-Schulz]
+* Fix PROTOTYPEMIS error on implicit logic (#6482). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix configure misdetecting C++14 (#6488) (#6515). [Thomas O'Keeffe]
+* Fix false BLKSEQ on non-edged sensitivity list (#6492). [Oron Port]
+* Fix .vlt public_flat* and others to support long identifier names (#6516). [Szymon Gizler, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix always_ff on constants (#6519). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix fault on operations on uninitialized strings (#6520). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix find_index methods of associative arrays (#6525). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix parsing of `eventually[]` and property expression memory leaks (#6530). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix memory leak for unsupported `$past` (#6535). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix inconsistent force assignment (#6541). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix DFG circular driver tracing with partial assignments. [Geza Lore]
+* Fix passing typedef value as parameter (#6543) (#6547). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix indent error on quoted strings (#6544).
+* Fix incorrect nested interface-class error (#6549). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Fix std::process::get_randstate to not affect random stability (#6550) (#6565). [Aleksander Kiryk]
+* Fix exit code signal number reporting (#6554). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `$finish` inside fork blocks (#6555). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix single element unpacked array DPI parameters. [Geza Lore]
+* Fix DFG synthesis non-determinism (#6557) (#6568). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix side effects for improved function/task/process purity (#6559). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix excessive logic replication in DFG circular driver tracing (#6561) (#6594). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix hierarchical with parameterized instances under hier block (#6572). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix segfault on type casts (#6574). [David Moberg]
+* Fix references to interfaces containing generate blocks (#6579). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix missing net type mappings in FST traces (#6582) (#6583). [Matt Stroud]
+* Fix function call expression coverage (#6589). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix V3Life eliminating assignments across timing controls (#6593) (#6596). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix incorrectly resuming process waiting on multiple events (#6597). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix `--hierarchical` with `--binary` (#6602). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix mis-ignoring virtual interface member triggers (#5116 reopened) (#6613). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix ENUMVALUE warning when overriding parameter using `-G/-pvalue` options. [Geza Lore]
+* Fix `-G` and `-pvalue` with `--hierarchical`. [Geza Lore]
+* Fix waiving messages with empty contents (#6610). [Yoshitomo KANEDA]
+* Fix constant-arrayed instance parameters (#6614). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+
 Verilator 5.040 2025-08-30
 ==========================

@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ datarootdir = @datarootdir@
 # Compile options
 CFG_WITH_CCWARN = @CFG_WITH_CCWARN@
 CFG_WITH_DEFENV = @CFG_WITH_DEFENV@
+CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV = @CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV@
 CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS = @CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS@
 CFG_WITH_SOLVER = @CFG_WITH_SOLVER@
 PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ test-snap test-diff:

 examples: all_nomsg
 	for p in $(EXAMPLES) ; do \
-	  $(MAKE) -C $$p VERILATOR_ROOT=`pwd` || exit 10; \
+		$(MAKE) -C $$p VERILATOR_ROOT=`pwd` || exit 10; \
 	done

 ######################################################################
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ mkbindirs:
 installbin: | mkbindirs
 	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
+		$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
 	done
 	perl -p -i -e 'use File::Spec;' \
 	           -e' $$path = File::Spec->abs2rel("$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir))", "$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(bindir))");' \
@@ -283,11 +284,11 @@ installbin: | mkbindirs
 	           -- "$(DESTDIR)/$(bindir)/verilator"
 	cd bin; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
+		$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
 	done
 	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PRIVATE_SCRIPT_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
+		$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
 	done

 installredirect: installbin | mkbindirs
@@ -297,7 +298,7 @@ installredirect: installbin | mkbindirs
 	           -e 's/RELPATH.*/"$$path";/g' -- "${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp"
 	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES) $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) redirect.tmp $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
+		$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) redirect.tmp $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
 	done
 	rm ${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp

@@ -306,14 +307,14 @@ installredirect: installbin | mkbindirs
 installman: $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1
 	for p in $^ ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1/$$p; \
+		$(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1/$$p; \
 	done

 installdata:
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/gtkwave
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/vltstd
 	for p in $(VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/$$p; \
+		$(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/$$p; \
 	done
 	cd $(srcdir) \
 	; for p in $(VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES) ; do \
@@ -472,7 +473,7 @@ format-c clang-format:
 	|| echo "*** You are not using clang-format-18, indents may differ from master's ***"
 	$(CLANGFORMAT) $(CLANGFORMAT_FLAGS) $(CLANGFORMAT_FILES)

-YAMLFIX = YAMLFIX_WHITELINES=1 YAMLFIX_LINE_LENGTH=130 YAMLFIX_preserve_quotes=true yamlfix
+YAMLFIX = YAMLFIX_WHITELINES=1 YAMLFIX_LINE_LENGTH=200 YAMLFIX_preserve_quotes=true yamlfix

 yamlfix:
 	$(YAMLFIX) .
@@ -515,7 +516,6 @@ PY_PROGRAMS = \
  test_regress/*.py \
  test_regress/t/*.pf \
  nodist/clang_check_attributes \
-  nodist/code_coverage \
  nodist/dot_importer \
  nodist/fuzzer/actual_fail \
  nodist/fuzzer/generate_dictionary \
@@ -525,7 +525,6 @@ PY_PROGRAMS = \
 # Python files, subject to format but not lint
 PY_FILES = \
  $(PY_PROGRAMS) \
-  nodist/code_coverage.dat \
  test_regress/t/*.py \

 # Python files, test_regress tests
@@ -552,6 +551,9 @@ format-make:

 format-yaml: yamlfix

+MYPY = mypy
+MYPY_FLAGS = --strict --no-error-summary
+
 PYLINT = pylint
 PYLINT_FLAGS = --recursive=n --score=n --disable=R0801
 PYLINT_TEST_FLAGS = $(PYLINT_FLAGS) --disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0209,C0411,C0413,C0301,R0801,R0912,R0915,R0916,R1702,W0511,W0621
@@ -561,7 +563,16 @@ RUFF_FLAGS = check --ignore=E402,E501,E701

 # "make -k" so can see all tool result errors
 lint-py:
-	$(MAKE) -k lint-py-pylint lint-py-pylint-tests lint-py-ruff
+	$(MAKE) -k lint-py-mypy lint-py-mypy-none lint-py-pylint lint-py-pylint-tests lint-py-ruff
+
+lint-py-mypy:
+	for filename in `fgrep -l '# mypy' $(PY_PROGRAMS)`; do \
+		echo "$(MYPY) $(MYPY_FLAGS) $$filename" ; \
+		$(MYPY) $(MYPY_FLAGS) $$filename ; \
+	done
+
+lint-py-mypy-none:
+	@echo "mypy not checking: " `fgrep -L '# mypy' $(PY_PROGRAMS)`

 lint-py-pylint:
 	$(PYLINT) $(PYLINT_FLAGS) $(PY_PROGRAMS)
@@ -597,6 +608,149 @@ else
 	autoconf
 endif

+######################################################################
+# Coverage collection and reporting
+
+COVERAGE_DIR := obj_coverage
+
+ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV),yes)
+
+# Figure out base and head refs for coverage report
+COVERAGE_REF_BASE := $(if $(COVERAGE_BASE),$(shell git rev-parse --short $(COVERAGE_BASE)))
+COVERAGE_REF_HEAD := $(shell git rev-parse --short HEAD)
+override undefine COVERAGE_BASE # Use the above variabels instead
+
+# 'fastcov' setup
+FASTCOV := nodist/fastcov.py
+FASTCOV_OPT := -j $(shell nproc)
+FASTCOV_OPT += --lcov
+FASTCOV_OPT += --process-gcno
+FASTCOV_OPT += --branch-coverage
+FASTCOV_OPT += --dump-statistic
+# Files matching the following glob patterns will be excluded from coverage
+FASTCOV_OPT += --exclude-glob
+FASTCOV_OPT += '/usr/*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*examples/*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*include/gtkwave/*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_dbg/*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_opt/*.yy.cpp'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_opt/V3Ast*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_opt/V3Dfg*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_opt/V3ParseBison.c'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '*test_regress/*'
+# Lines *containing* these substrings will be excluded from *all* coverage
+FASTCOV_OPT += --custom-exclusion-marker
+FASTCOV_OPT += ASTGEN_MEMBERS
+FASTCOV_OPT += ERROR_RSVD_WORD
+FASTCOV_OPT += LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+FASTCOV_OPT += V3ERROR_NA
+FASTCOV_OPT += VL_DEFINE_DEBUG_FUNCTIONS
+FASTCOV_OPT += VL_FATAL
+FASTCOV_OPT += VL_RTTI_IMPL
+FASTCOV_OPT += VL_UNREACHABLE
+FASTCOV_OPT += v3fatalSrc
+# Lines *starting* with these substrings will be ecluded from *branch* coverage
+FASTCOV_OPT += --exclude-br-lines-starting-with
+FASTCOV_OPT += BROKEN_BASE_RTN
+FASTCOV_OPT += BROKEN_RTN
+FASTCOV_OPT += NUM_ASSERT
+FASTCOV_OPT += SELF_CHECK
+FASTCOV_OPT += UASSERT
+FASTCOV_OPT += UINFO
+FASTCOV_OPT += assert
+FASTCOV_OPT += 'if (VL_UNCOVERABLE'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '} else if (VL_UNCOVERABLE'
+
+# 'genhtml' setup
+GENHTML := genhtml
+GENHTML_OPT := -j $(shell nproc)
+GENHTML_OPT += --branch-coverage
+GENHTML_OPT += --demangle-cpp
+GENHTML_OPT += --missed
+GENHTML_OPT += --rc branch_coverage=1
+GENHTML_OPT += --rc genhtml_hi_limit=100
+GENHTML_OPT += --ignore-errors negative
+ifeq ($(COVERAGE_REF_BASE),)
+GENHTML_OPT += --header-title "Code coverage for Verilator $(shell git describe --dirty)"
+else
+GENHTML_OPT += --header-title "Patch coverage for Verilator $(COVERAGE_REF_BASE)..$(COVERAGE_REF_HEAD)$(if $(shell git status --porcelain),-dirty)"
+endif
+GENHTML_OPT += --flat
+GENHTML_OPT += --precision 2
+GENHTML_OPT += --legend
+GENHTML_OPT += --show-proportion
+GENHTML_OPT += --filter brace,blank,range
+
+# There are loads (~20k combined), but using this seems fine on modern hardware
+GCNO_FILES = $(shell find . -name '*.gcno')
+GCDA_FILES = $(shell find . -name '*.gcda')
+
+# Combine all .gcda coverage date files into lcov .info file
+$(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator.info: $(GCNO_FILES) $(GCDA_FILES)
+	@echo "####################################################################"
+	@echo "# fastcov: combining all .gcda files into lcov .info"
+	@echo "####################################################################"
+	@mkdir -p $(COVERAGE_DIR)
+	/usr/bin/time -f "That took %E" \
+	$(FASTCOV) $(FASTCOV_OPT) --output $@
+
+# Filter combined .info file for patch coverage
+$(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator-patch.info: $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator.info
+	@echo "####################################################################"
+	@echo "# fastcov: Filtering for patch coverage"
+	@echo "####################################################################"
+	rm -f $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch
+	git diff $(COVERAGE_REF_BASE) -- include src > $(COVERAGE_DIR)/filter.patch
+	[ -s $(COVERAGE_DIR)/filter.patch ]] || touch $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch
+	$(FASTCOV) -C $^ --lcov -o $@ --diff-filter $(COVERAGE_DIR)/filter.patch
+
+# Build coverage report
+$(COVERAGE_DIR)/report/index.html: $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator$(if $(COVERAGE_REF_BASE),-patch).info
+	@echo "####################################################################"
+	@echo "# genhtml: Generating coverage report"
+	@echo "####################################################################"
+	@rm -rf $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report
+	[ -f $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch ]] || /usr/bin/time -f "That took %E" \
+	$(GENHTML) $(GENHTML_OPT) --output-directory $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report $^ || true
+	@# Uncommitted changes not tracked, force rebuild on next run if patch coverage
+	@$(if $(COVERAGE_REF_BASE),mv $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator-patch.info $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator-patch-last.info)
+
+# Convenience targets
+.PHONY: coverage-combine
+coverage-combine: $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator.info
+
+# Via recursive make, so the message is always printed
+.PHONY: coverage-report
+coverage-report:
+	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report/index.html || true
+	@if [ -f $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report/index.html ]; then \
+		echo "####################################################################"; \
+		echo "# Coverage report is at: $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report/index.html"; \
+		echo "# Use 'make coverage-view' to open it in your default browser"; \
+		echo "####################################################################"; \
+	elif [ -f $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch ]; then \
+		echo "####################################################################"; \
+		echo "# Patch is empty"; \
+		echo "####################################################################"; \
+	else \
+		echo "####################################################################"; \
+		echo "# Failed to create coverage report. Maybe no data, or error?"; \
+		echo "####################################################################"; \
+		false; \
+	fi
+
+# Open covarage report in default web browser
+.PHONY: coverage-view
+coverage-view: coverage-report
+	@test -f $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report/index.html && open $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report/index.html || true
+
+# Deletes all coverage data files (.gcda)
+.PHONY: coverage-zero
+coverage-zero: # 'rm $(GCDA_FILES)' might fail with too many args
+	$(FASTCOV) --zerocounters
+
+endif
+
 ######################################################################
 # Clean

@@ -607,8 +761,8 @@ maintainer-clean::

 clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean maintainer-copy::
 	for dir in $(SUBDIRS); do \
-	  echo making $@ in $$dir ; \
-	  $(MAKE) -C $$dir $@ ; \
+		echo making $@ in $$dir ; \
+		$(MAKE) -C $$dir $@ ; \
 	done

 clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
@@ -622,7 +776,7 @@ clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
 	rm -rf src/*.tidy include/*.tidy examples/*/*.tidy
 	rm -rf .ruff_cache
 	rm -rf nodist/fuzzer/dictionary
-	rm -rf nodist/obj_dir
+	rm -rf $(COVERAGE_DIR)
 	rm -rf verilator.txt

 distclean maintainer-clean::
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ Welcome to Verilator
   * - **Widely Used**
        * Wide industry and academic deployment
        * Out-of-the-box support from Arm and RISC-V vendor IP
+        * Over 700 contributors
     - |verilator usage|
   * - |verilator community|
     - **Community Driven & Openly Licensed**
@@ -137,6 +138,9 @@ Related Projects
 - `Icarus Verilog`_ - Icarus is a highly-featured interpreted Verilog
  simulator. If Verilator does not support your needs, perhaps Icarus may.

+- `Surfer <https://surfer-project.org/>`_ - Web or offline waveform viewer
+  for Verilator traces.
+

 Open License
 ============
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ autoflush STDOUT 1;
 autoflush STDERR 1;

 $Debug = 0;
+my $opt_aslr;
 my $opt_gdb;
 my $opt_rr;
 my $opt_gdbbt;
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@ if (! GetOptions(
          "debug"            => \&debug,
          # "version!"       => \&version,   # Also passthru'ed
          # Switches
+          "aslr!"            => \$opt_aslr,
          "gdb!"             => \$opt_gdb,
          "gdbbt!"           => \$opt_gdbbt,
          "quiet!"           => \$opt_quiet_exit,  # As -quiet implies -quiet-exit
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ my @quoted_sw = map { sh_escape($_) } @Opt_Verilator_Sw;
 if ($opt_gdb) {
    # Generic GDB interactive
    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
-         . aslr_off()
+         . aslr(0)
         . ($ENV{VERILATOR_GDB} || "gdb")
         . " " . verilator_bin()
         # Note, uncomment to set breakpoints before running:
@@ -114,13 +116,13 @@ if ($opt_gdb) {
 } elsif ($opt_rr) {
    # Record with rr
    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
-         . aslr_off()
+         . aslr(0)
         . "rr record " . verilator_bin()
         . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 } elsif ($opt_gdbbt && $Debug) {
    # Run under GDB to get gdbbt
    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
-         . aslr_off()
+         . aslr(0)
         . "gdb"
         . " " . verilator_bin()
         . " --batch --quiet --return-child-result"
@@ -135,19 +137,19 @@ if ($opt_gdb) {
        );

    run (ulimit_stack_unlimited()
-         . aslr_off()
+         . aslr(0)
         . $valgrind_bin
         . " " . verilator_bin()
         . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 } elsif ($Debug) {
    # Debug
    run(ulimit_stack_unlimited()
-        . aslr_off()
+        . aslr(0)
        . verilator_bin()
        . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 } else {
    # Normal, non gdb
-    run(ulimit_stack_unlimited() . verilator_bin() . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
+    run(ulimit_stack_unlimited() . aslr(1) . verilator_bin() . " " . join(' ', @quoted_sw));
 }

 #----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -192,21 +194,37 @@ sub gdb_works {
    return $status == 0;
 }

-sub aslr_off {
-    my $ok = `setarch --addr-no-randomize echo ok 2>/dev/null` || "";
-    if ($ok =~ /ok/) {
-        return "setarch --addr-no-randomize ";
-    } else {
-        return "";
+sub aslr {
+    my $want_on = shift;
+    $want_on = $opt_aslr if defined $opt_aslr;
+    if (!$want_on) {
+        my $ok = `setarch --addr-no-randomize echo ok 2>/dev/null` || "";
+        if ($ok =~ /ok/) {
+            return "setarch --addr-no-randomize ";
+        }
    }
+    return "";
 }

 sub ulimit_stack_unlimited {
    return "" if !$opt_unlimited_stack;
-    system("ulimit -s unlimited 2>/dev/null");
+    my $limit = "unlimited";
+    # AddressSanitizer doesn't work with 'ulimit -s unlimted'
+    if (`${\(verilator_bin())} --get-supported DEV_ASAN` eq "1\n") {
+        # Use host 'physical memory / #cores / 8' instead
+        open(my $fh, "<", "/proc/meminfo") || die "Can't read host memory for asan";
+        while (<$fh>) {
+            if (m/MemTotal:\s+(\d+)\s+kB/) {
+                $limit = int(int($1)/`nproc`/8);
+                last;
+            }
+        }
+        close($fh);
+    }
+    system("ulimit -s $limit 2>/dev/null");
    my $status = $?;
    if ($status == 0) {
-        return "ulimit -s unlimited 2>/dev/null; exec ";
+        return "ulimit -s $limit 2>/dev/null; exec ";
    } else {
        return "";
    }
@@ -227,17 +245,18 @@ sub run {
            warn "%Error: export VERILATOR_ROOT=" . ($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT} || "") . "\n";
            warn "%Error: $command\n";
        }
-        if ($status & 127) {
-            if (($status & 127) == 4  # SIGILL
-                || ($status & 127) == 8  # SIGFPA
-                || ($status & 127) == 11) {  # SIGSEGV
+        my $signal = ($status & 127);
+        if ($signal) {
+            if ($signal == 4  # SIGILL
+                || $signal == 8  # SIGFPA
+                || $signal == 11) {  # SIGSEGV
                warn "%Error: Verilator internal fault, sorry. "
                    . "Suggest trying --debug --gdbbt\n" if !$Debug;
-            } elsif (($status & 127) == 6) {  # SIGABRT
+            } elsif ($signal == 6) {  # SIGABRT
                warn "%Error: Verilator aborted. "
                    . "Suggest trying --debug --gdbbt\n" if !$Debug;
            } else {
-                warn "%Error: Verilator threw signal $status. "
+                warn "%Error: Verilator threw signal $signal. "
                    . "Suggest trying --debug --gdbbt\n" if !$Debug;
            }
        }
@@ -245,8 +264,8 @@ sub run {
            warn "%Error: Command Failed $command\n";
        }
        exit $! if $!;  # errno
-        exit $? >> 8 if $? >> 8;  # child exit status
-        exit 255;  # last resort
+        exit $? >> 8 if $? >> 8;  # pass along child exit code
+        exit 128 + $signal;  # last resort
    }
 }

@@ -311,6 +330,7 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     +1800-2012ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2012 with file extension <ext>
     +1800-2017ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2017 with file extension <ext>
     +1800-2023ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2023 with file extension <ext>
+    --no-aslr                   Disable address space layout randomization
    --no-assert                 Disable all assertions
    --no-assert-case            Disable unique/unique0/priority-case assertions
    --autoflush                 Flush streams after all $displays
@@ -322,8 +342,6 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --build-jobs <jobs>         Parallelism for --build
    --cc                        Create C++ output
     -CFLAGS <flags>            C++ compiler arguments for makefile
-    --clk <signal-name>         Mark specified signal as clock
-    --no-clk <signal-name>      Prevent marking specified signal as clock
    --compiler <compiler-name>  Tune for specified C++ compiler
    --compiler-include          Include additional header in the precompiled one
    --converge-limit <loops>    Tune convergence settle time
@@ -352,6 +370,7 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --dump-defines              Show preprocessor defines with -E
    --dump-dfg                  Enable dumping DfgGraphs to .dot files
    --dump-graph                Enable dumping V3Graphs to .dot files
+    --dump-inputs               Enable dumping preprocessed input files
    --dump-tree                 Enable dumping Ast .tree files
    --dump-tree-addrids         Use short identifiers instead of addresses
    --dump-tree-dot             Enable dumping Ast .tree.dot debug files
@@ -382,7 +401,9 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --getenv <var>              Get environment variable with defaults
    --help                      Show this help
    --hierarchical              Enable hierarchical Verilation
-    --hierarchical-params-file <name> Internal option that specifies parameters file for hier blocks
+    --hierarchical-block <block>  Internal use only for --hierarchical
+    --hierarchical-child <block>  Internal use only for --hierarchical
+    --hierarchical-params-file <name>  Internal option that specifies parameters file for hier blocks
    --hierarchical-threads <threads>  Number of threads for hierarchical scheduling
     -I<dir>                    Directory to search for includes
    --if-depth <value>          Tune IFDEPTH warning
@@ -400,6 +421,7 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     -LDFLAGS <flags>           Linker pre-object arguments for makefile
    --lib-create <name>         Create a DPI library
     +libext+<ext>+[ext]...     Extensions for finding modules
+     +librescan                 Ignored for compatibility
    --lint-only                 Lint, but do not make output
    --localize-max-size <value>  Tune localize optimization variable size
    --main                      Generate C++ main() file
@@ -414,6 +436,8 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     +notimingchecks            Ignored
     -o <executable>            Name of final executable
     -O0                        Disable optimizations
+     -O1                        Default optimizations
+     -O2                        Stronger optimizations
     -O3                        High-performance optimizations
     -O<optimization-letter>    Selectable optimizations
    --output-groups <numfiles>  Group .cpp files into larger ones
@@ -429,8 +453,9 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --pins-uint8                Specify types for top-level ports
    --no-pins64                 Don't use uint64_t's for 33-64 bit sigs
    --pipe-filter <command>     Filter all input through a script
-    --pp-comments               Show preprocessor comments with -E
    --prefix <topname>          Name of top-level class
+    --preproc-comments          Include preprocessor comments in the output with -E
+    --preproc-defines           Include preprocessor defines in the output with -E
    --preproc-resolve           Include all found modules in the output with -E
    --preproc-token-limit       Maximum tokens on a line allowed by preprocessor
    --private                   Debugging; see docs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
 # pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0123,C0209,C0301,R0902,R0913,R0914,R0912,R0915,W0621
 ######################################################################

@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ results = {}
 elapsed = {}


-def toDateTime(s):
+def toDateTime(s: str) -> datetime:
    return datetime.strptime(s, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f")


@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ for logfile in args.logdir.iterdir():
            match = re.match(r'\[(\S+)\s.*Result: (.*)$', line)
            if match:
                assert obj is not None
+                assert start is not None
                elapsed[obj] = toDateTime(match.group(1)) - start
                results[obj] = match.group(2)

@@ -118,21 +118,24 @@ sub run {
            warn "%Error: export VERILATOR_ROOT=" . ($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT} || "") . "\n";
            warn "%Error: $command\n";
        }
-        if ($status & 127) {
-            if (($status & 127) == 8 || ($status & 127) == 11) {  # SIGFPA or SIGSEGV
+        my $signal = ($status & 127);
+        if ($signal) {
+            if ($signal == 4  # SIGILL
+                || $signal == 8  # SIGFPA
+                || $signal == 11) {  # SIGSEGV
                warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage internal fault, sorry.\n" if !$Debug;
-            } elsif (($status & 127) == 6) {  # SIGABRT
+            } elsif ($signal == 6) {  # SIGABRT
                warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage aborted.\n" if !$Debug;
            } else {
-                warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage threw signal $status.\n" if !$Debug;
+                warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage threw signal $signal.\n" if !$Debug;
            }
        }
        if ($status != 256 || $Debug) {  # i.e. not normal exit(1)
            warn "%Error: Command Failed $command\n";
        }
        exit $! if $!;  # errno
-        exit $? >> 8 if $? >> 8;  # child exit status
-        exit 255;  # last resort
+        exit $? >> 8 if $? >> 8;  # pass along child exit code
+        exit 128 + $signal;  # last resort
    }
 }

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0209
+# mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
+# pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0209,W0603
 ######################################################################

 import argparse
@@ -9,25 +10,29 @@ import os.path
 import re
 import sys

+exit_code = 0

-def diff(a, b):

+def diff(a: str, b: str) -> None:
    if not os.path.exists(a):
-        sys.exit("%Error: No old diff filename found: " + a)
+        sys.stderr.write("%Error: No old diff filename found: " + a + "\n")
+        sys.exit(2)
    if not os.path.exists(b):
-        sys.exit("%Error: No new diff filename found: " + b)
+        sys.stderr.write("%Error: No new diff filename found: " + b + "\n")
+        sys.exit(2)

    if os.path.isdir(a) and os.path.isdir(b):
        diff_dir(a, b)
    elif os.path.isfile(a) and os.path.isfile(b):
        diff_file(a, b)
    else:
-        sys.exit("%Error: Mix of files and dirs")
+        sys.stderr.write("%Error: Mix of files and dirs")
+        sys.exit(2)


-def diff_dir(a, b):
+def diff_dir(a: str, b: str) -> None:
    # Diff all files under two directories
-    files = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {})
+    files: dict[str, dict[str, str]] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {})

    for fn in glob.glob(a + "/*.tree"):
        base = re.sub(r'.*/', '', fn)
@@ -50,7 +55,9 @@ def diff_dir(a, b):
        sys.stderr.write("%Warning: No .tree files found that have similar base names\n")


-def diff_file(a, b):
+def diff_file(a: str, b: str) -> None:
+    global exit_code
+
    # Compare the two tree files
    short_a = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9.]+', '_', a)
    short_b = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9.]+', '_', b)
@@ -65,25 +72,18 @@ def diff_file(a, b):

    filterf(a, tmp_a)
    filterf(b, tmp_b)
-    os.system("diff -u " + tmp_a + " " + tmp_b)
+    status = os.system("diff -u " + tmp_a + " " + tmp_b)
    os.unlink(tmp_a)
    os.unlink(tmp_b)

-
-def version_from(filename):
-    # Return dump format
-    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
-        lineno = 0
-        for line in fh:
-            if lineno > 10:
-                break
-            match = re.search(r'format (0x[0-9.]+)', line)
-            if match:
-                return hex(match.group(1))
-    return 1.0
+    status_exit_code = status >> 8
+    if status_exit_code == 1:
+        exit_code = 1
+    elif status_exit_code:
+        exit_code = 2


-def filterf(fn1, fn2):
+def filterf(fn1: str, fn2: str) -> None:
    # Remove hex numbers before diffing
    with open(fn1, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh1:
        with open(fn2, "w", encoding="utf8") as fh2:
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(

 Verilator_difftree is used for debugging Verilator tree output files.
 It performs a diff between two files, or all files common between two
-directories, ignoring irrelevant pointer differences.""",
+directories, ignoring irrelevant pointer differences.
+
+Exit status is 0 if inputs are the same, 1 if different, 2 if trouble.""",
    epilog="""Copyright 2005-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
@@ -124,6 +126,7 @@ parser.add_argument('fileb', help='input file b to diff')

 Args = parser.parse_args()
 diff(Args.filea, Args.fileb)
+sys.exit(exit_code)

 ######################################################################
 # Local Variables:
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ ThreadScheduleWaitIntervals = []  # list of (start, tick, ecpu) pairs
 ######################################################################


-def read_data(filename):
+def read_data(filename: str) -> None:
    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
        re_thread = re.compile(r'^VLPROFTHREAD (\d+)$')
        re_record = re.compile(r'^VLPROFEXEC (\S+) (\d+)(.*)$')
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ def read_data(filename):
        re_proc_dat = re.compile(r'VLPROFPROC ([a-z_ ]+)\s*:\s*(.*)$')
        cpu = None
        thread = 0
+        thread_last_ecpu = None

        global LongestVcdStrValueLength
        global ExecGraphTime
@@ -109,9 +110,13 @@ def read_data(filename):
                                                             tick)
                elif kind == "THREAD_SCHEDULE_WAIT_BEGIN":
                    ecpu = int(re_payload_wait.match(payload).groups()[0])
+                    thread_last_ecpu = ecpu
                    ThreadScheduleWait[ecpu].append(tick)
                elif kind == "THREAD_SCHEDULE_WAIT_END":
-                    ecpu = int(re_payload_wait.match(payload).groups()[0])
+                    # Might have ended on different CPU then we got THREAD_SCHEDULE_WAIT_BEGIN
+                    assert thread_last_ecpu is not None, "THREAD_SCHEDULE_WAIT_END without BEGIN"
+                    ecpu = thread_last_ecpu
+                    thread_last_ecpu = None
                    start = ThreadScheduleWait[ecpu].pop()
                    WaitingTime += tick - start
                    ThreadScheduleWaitIntervals.append((start, tick, ecpu))
@@ -166,7 +171,7 @@ def re_match_result(regexp, line, result_to):
 ######################################################################


-def report():
+def report() -> None:
    print("Verilator Gantt report")

    print("\nArgument settings:")
@@ -215,12 +220,12 @@ def report():
    print()


-def report_numa():
+def report_numa() -> None:
    print("\nNUMA assignment:")
    print("  NUMA status        = %s" % Global['info']['numa'])


-def report_mtasks():
+def report_mtasks() -> None:
    if not Mtasks:
        return

@@ -337,7 +342,7 @@ def report_mtasks():
    print("  e ^ stddev = %0.3f" % math.exp(stddev))


-def report_cpus():
+def report_cpus() -> None:
    print("\nCPU info:")

    Global['cpu_sockets'] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
@@ -372,14 +377,14 @@ def report_cpus():
                Global['cpu_socket_cores_warning'] = True


-def report_sections():
+def report_sections() -> None:
    for thread, section in Sections.items():
        if section:
            print(f"\nSection profile for thread {thread}:")
            report_section(section)


-def report_section(section):
+def report_section(section) -> None:
    totalTime = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
    selfTime = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)

@@ -431,7 +436,7 @@ def report_section(section):
 ######################################################################


-def write_vcd(filename):
+def write_vcd(filename: str) -> None:
    print("Writing %s" % filename)
    with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf8") as fh:
        # dict of dicts of hierarchy elements/signal name  -> (code, width)
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
 # pylint: disable=C0114,C0209
 #
 # Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import re
 ######################################################################


-def profcfunc(filename):
+def profcfunc(filename: str) -> None:
    funcs = {}

    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
                calls = float(match.group(3))
                func = match.group(4)
                if func not in funcs:
-                    funcs[func] = {'pct': 0, 'sec': 0, 'calls': 0}
+                    funcs[func] = {'pct': 0.0, 'sec': 0.0, 'calls': 0}
                funcs[func]['pct'] += pct
                funcs[func]['sec'] += sec
                funcs[func]['calls'] += calls
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
    print((" time   seconds   seconds      calls   %-" + str(design_width) +
           "s  type      filename and line number") % "design")

-    cume = 0
+    cume = 0.0
    for func in sorted(vfuncs.keys(), key=lambda f: vfuncs[f]['sec'], reverse=True):
        cume += vfuncs[func]['sec']
        print(("%6.2f %9.2f %8.2f %10d   %-" + str(design_width) + "s  %s") %
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI ccache maintenance
-#
-# Copyright 2020 by Geza Lore. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
-################################################################################
-# This script is run in 'before_script', once ccache has been set up.
-################################################################################
-
-set -e
-set -x
-
-# Show version
-ccache --version
-
-# Flush ccache if requested in commit message
-COMMIT="${CI_PULL_REQUEST_SHA:-$CI_COMMIT}"
-if git log --format=%B -n 1 "$COMMIT" | grep -q -i '\[CI\s\+ccache\s\+clear\]'; then
-  echo "Flushing ccache due to commit message"
-  ccache -C
-fi
-
-# Dump stats, then zero stats
-# 22.04: ccache -s -v -z
-ccache -s -z
@@ -37,6 +37,13 @@ else
  fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
 fi

+if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+  # Avoid slow "processing triggers for man db"
+  echo "path-exclude /usr/share/doc/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+  echo "path-exclude /usr/share/man/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+  echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+fi
+
 install-vcddiff() {
  TMP_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
  git clone https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff "$TMP_DIR"
@@ -70,7 +77,7 @@ if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
    fi
  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
    brew update
-    brew install ccache perl gperftools
+    brew install ccache perl gperftools autoconf bison flex help2man
  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
    sudo pkg install -y autoconf bison ccache gmake perl5
  else
@@ -78,7 +85,7 @@ if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
  fi

  if [ -n "$CCACHE_DIR" ]; then
-    mkdir -p "$CCACHE_DIR" && ./ci/ci-ccache-maint.bash
+    mkdir -p "$CCACHE_DIR"
  fi
 elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
  ##############################################################################
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI script for 'pages.yml', notifies PRs
+#
+# Copyright 2025 by Geza Lore. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+# Notify PRs via comment that their coverage reports are available
+
+# Get the current repo URL - might differ on a fork
+readonly REPO_URL=$(gh repo view --json url --jq .url)
+
+# Create artifacts root directory
+ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts
+mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}
+
+for RUN_ID in ${COVERAGE_PR_RUN_IDS//,/ }; do
+  echo "@@@ Processing run ${RUN_ID}"
+
+  # Create workflow artifacts directory
+  ARTIFACTS_DIR=${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}/${RUN_ID}
+  mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
+
+  # Download artifact of this run, if exists
+  gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name coverage-pr-notification --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} || true
+  ls -lsha ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
+
+  # Move on if no notification is required
+  if [ ! -f ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt ]; then
+    echo "No notification found"
+    continue
+  fi
+  echo "Posting notification found"
+
+  cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/body.txt
+  gh pr comment $(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt) --body-file ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/body.txt
+
+  # Get the artifact ID
+  ARTIFACT_ID=$(gh api "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/runs/${RUN_ID}/artifacts" --jq '.artifacts[] | select(.name == "coverage-pr-notification") | .id')
+
+  # Delete it, so we only notify once
+  gh api --method DELETE "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/artifacts/${ARTIFACT_ID}"
+done
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI script for 'pages.yml', builds the GitHub Pages
+#
+# Copyright 2025 by Geza Lore. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+# This scipt build the content of the GitHub Pages for the repository.
+# Currently this only hosts code coverage reports, but it would be possible to
+# add any other contents to the page in parallel here.
+
+# Developer note: You should be able to run this script in your local checkout
+# if you have GitHub CLI (command 'gh') setup, authenticated ('gh auth login'),
+# and have set a default repository ('gh repo set-default').
+
+# Create pages root directory. The contents of this directory will be deployed
+# and served via GitHubPages
+readonly PAGES_ROOT=pages
+mkdir -p ${PAGES_ROOT}
+
+# Get the current repo URL - might differ on a fork
+readonly REPO_URL=$(gh repo view --json url --jq .url)
+
+# Set GITHUB_OUTPUT when run locally for testing
+if [[ -z "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" ]]; then
+  GITHUB_OUTPUT=github-output.txt
+fi
+
+# Populates ${PAGES_ROOT}/coverage-reports
+compile_coverage_reports() {
+  # We will process all runs up to and including this date. This is chosen to be
+  # slightly less than the artifact retention period for simplicity.
+  local OLDEST=$(date --date="28 days ago" --iso-8601=date)
+
+  # Gather all coverage workflow runs within the time window
+  gh run list -w coverage.yml --limit 1000 --created ">=${OLDEST}" --json "databaseId,event,status,conclusion,createdAt,number" > recentRuns.json
+  echo @@@ Recent runs:
+  jq "." recentRuns.json
+
+  # Select completd runs that were not cancelled or skipped, sort by descending run number
+  jq 'sort_by(-.number) | map(select(.status == "completed" and (.conclusion == "success" or .conclusion == "failure")))' recentRuns.json > completedRuns.json
+  echo @@@ Completed with success or failure:
+  jq "." completedRuns.json
+
+  # Create artifacts root directory
+  local ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts
+  mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}
+
+  # Create coverage reports root directory
+  local COVERAGE_ROOT=${PAGES_ROOT}/coverage-reports
+  mkdir -p ${COVERAGE_ROOT}
+
+  # Create index page contents fragment
+  local CONTENTS=contents.tmp
+  echo > ${CONTENTS}
+
+  # Run IDs of PR jobs processed
+  local PR_RUN_IDS=""
+
+  # Iterate over all unique event types that triggered the workflows
+  for EVENT in $(jq -r 'map(.event) | sort | unique | .[]' completedRuns.json); do
+    echo "@@@ Processing '${EVENT}' runs"
+
+    # Emit section header if a report exists with this event type
+    EMIT_SECTION_HEADER=1
+
+    # For each worfklow run that was triggered by this event type
+    for RUN_ID in $(jq ".[] | select(.event == \"${EVENT}\") |.databaseId" completedRuns.json); do
+      echo "@@@ Processing run ${RUN_ID}"
+
+      # Extract the info of this run
+      jq ".[] | select(.databaseId == $RUN_ID)" completedRuns.json > workflow.json
+      jq "." workflow.json
+
+      # Record run ID of PR job
+      if [[ $EVENT == "pull_request" ]]; then
+        if [[ -z "$PR_RUN_IDS" ]]; then
+          PR_RUN_IDS="$RUN_ID"
+        else
+          PR_RUN_IDS="$PR_RUN_IDS,$RUN_ID"
+        fi
+      fi
+
+      # Create workflow artifacts directory
+      local ARTIFACTS_DIR=${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}/${RUN_ID}
+      mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
+
+      # Download artifacts of this run, if exists
+      gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name coverage-report --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} || true
+      ls -lsha ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
+
+      # Move on if no coverage report is available
+      if [ ! -d ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/report ]; then
+        echo "No coverage report found"
+        continue
+      fi
+      echo "Coverage report found"
+
+      # Emit section header
+      if [[ -n $EMIT_SECTION_HEADER ]]; then
+        unset EMIT_SECTION_HEADER
+        if [[ $EVENT == "pull_request" ]]; then
+          echo "<h4>Patch coverage reports for '${EVENT}' runs:</h4>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+        else
+          echo "<h4>Code coverage reports for '${EVENT}' runs:</h4>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+        fi
+      fi
+
+      # Create pages subdirectory
+      mv ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/report ${COVERAGE_ROOT}/${RUN_ID}
+
+      # Add index page content
+      local WORKFLOW_CREATED=$(jq -r '.createdAt' workflow.json)
+      local WOFKRLOW_NUMBER=$(jq -r '.number' workflow.json)
+      cat >> ${CONTENTS} <<CONTENTS_TEMPLATE
+        Run <a href="${RUN_ID}/index.html">#${WOFKRLOW_NUMBER}</a>
+        | GitHub: <a href="${REPO_URL}/actions/runs/${RUN_ID}">${RUN_ID}</a>
+        | started at: ${WORKFLOW_CREATED}
+CONTENTS_TEMPLATE
+      if [ -e ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt ]; then
+        local PRNUMBER=$(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt)
+        echo " | Pull request: <a href=\"${REPO_URL}/pull/${PRNUMBER}\">#${PRNUMBER}</a>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+      fi
+      echo "<br>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+    done
+
+    # Section break
+    if [[ -z "$EMIT_SECTION_HEADER" ]]; then
+      echo "<hr>" >> ${CONTENTS}
+    fi
+  done
+
+  # Write coverage report index.html
+  cat > ${COVERAGE_ROOT}/index.html  <<INDEX_TEMPLATE
+  <html>
+
+  <head>
+    <title>Verilator CI coverage reports</title>
+    <style>
+    body {
+      font-family: courier, serif;
+      background-color: #f3f3f3;
+      a {
+        color: #008fd7;
+      }
+    }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+  $(cat ${CONTENTS})
+  <h4>Assembled $(date --iso-8601=minutes --utc)</h1>
+  <body>
+
+  </html>
+INDEX_TEMPLATE
+
+  # Report size
+  du -shc ${COVERAGE_ROOT}/*
+
+  # Set output
+  echo "coverage-pr-run-ids=${PR_RUN_IDS}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+}
+
+# Compilie coverage reports
+compile_coverage_reports;
+
+# You can build any other content here to be put under ${PAGES_ROOT}
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
 elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
  export MAKE=make
  NPROC=$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
+  # Disable ccache, doesn't always work in GitHub Actions
+  export OBJCACHE=
 elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
  export MAKE=gmake
  NPROC=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
@@ -39,23 +41,27 @@ if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
  ##############################################################################
  # Build verilator

-  if [ "$COVERAGE" != 1 ]; then
-    autoconf
-    ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn --prefix="$INSTALL_DIR"
-    ccache -z
-    "$MAKE" -j "$NPROC" -k
-    # 22.04: ccache -s -v
-    ccache -s
-    if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
-      file bin/verilator_bin
-      file bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-      md5 bin/verilator_bin
-      md5 bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-      stat bin/verilator_bin
-      stat bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-    fi
-  else
-    nodist/code_coverage --stages 0-2
+  autoconf
+  CONFIGURE_ARGS="--enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn"
+  if [ "$CI_DEV_ASAN" = 1 ]; then
+    CONFIGURE_ARGS="$CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-dev-asan"
+    CXX="$CXX -DVL_LEAK_CHECKS"
+  fi
+  if [ "$CI_DEV_GCOV" = 1 ]; then
+    CONFIGURE_ARGS="$CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-dev-gcov"
+  fi
+  ./configure $CONFIGURE_ARGS --prefix="$INSTALL_DIR"
+  ccache -z
+  "$MAKE" -j "$NPROC" -k
+  # 22.04: ccache -s -v
+  ccache -s
+  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+    file bin/verilator_bin
+    file bin/verilator_bin_dbg
+    md5 bin/verilator_bin
+    md5 bin/verilator_bin_dbg
+    stat bin/verilator_bin
+    stat bin/verilator_bin_dbg
  fi
 elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
  ##############################################################################
@@ -86,9 +92,6 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
    export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GPROF=1 # gprof is a bit different on FreeBSD, disable
  fi

-  # Run sanitize on Ubuntu 22.04 only
-  ( [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ 'ubuntu-22.04' ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ 'ubuntu-24.04' ]] ) && sanitize='--sanitize' || sanitize=''
-
  TEST_REGRESS=test_regress
  if [ "$CI_RELOC" == 1 ]; then
     # Testing that the installation is relocatable.
@@ -109,16 +112,16 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
  ccache -z
  case $TESTS in
    dist-vlt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/4
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/4
      ;;
    dist-vlt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/4
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/4
      ;;
    dist-vlt-2)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/4
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/4
      ;;
    dist-vlt-3)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/4
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/4
      ;;
    vltmt-0)
      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/3
@@ -129,71 +132,68 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
    vltmt-2)
      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/3
      ;;
-    coverage-all)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1-
-      ;;
    coverage-dist)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--dist
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist"
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-0)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=0/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-1)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=1/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-2)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=2/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-3)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=3/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-4)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=4/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=4/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-5)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=5/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=5/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-6)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=6/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=6/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-7)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=7/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=7/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-8)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=8/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=8/10
      ;;
    coverage-vlt-9)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vlt --hashset=9/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=9/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-0)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=0/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-1)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=1/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-2)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=2/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-3)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=3/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-4)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=4/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=4/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-5)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=5/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=5/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-6)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=6/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=6/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-7)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=7/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=7/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-8)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=8/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=8/10
      ;;
    coverage-vltmt-9)
-      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1- --scenarios=--vltmt --hashset=9/10
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=9/10
      ;;
    *)
      fatal "Unknown test: $TESTS"
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ To change the compiler use the `-e` switch to pass environment variables:

 ::

-   docker run -ti -e CC=clang-18 -e CXX=clang++-18 verilator/verilator-buildenv test
+   docker run -ti -e CXX=clang++-18 verilator/verilator-buildenv test

 The tests, that involve numactl are not working due to security restrictions.
 To run those too, add the CAP_SYS_NICE capability during the start of the container:
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@

 : "${REPO:=https://github.com/verilator/verilator}"
 : "${REV:=master}"
-: "${CC:=gcc}"
 : "${CXX:=g++}"

 SRCS=$PWD/verilator
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
---
-# DESCRIPTION: codecov.io config
-#
-# Copyright 2020-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-####################
-# Validate:
-#  curl --data-binary @codecov.yml https://codecov.io/validate
-#
-codecov:
-  require_ci_to_pass: false
-coverage:
-  precision: 2
-  round: down
-  range: 50...100
-  ignore:
-    - "ci"  #
-    - "docs"  #
-    - "examples"  #
-    - "include/gtkwave"  #
-    - "include/vltstd"  #
-    - "test_regress"  #
-parsers:
-  gcov:
-    branch_detection:
-      conditional: true
-      loop: true
-      method: false
-      macro: false
-comment:
-  layout: "reach,diff,flags,tree"
-  behavior: default
-  require_changes: true
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 # Then 'make maintainer-dist'
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### YYYY-MM-DD])
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### devel])
-AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.040 2025-08-30],
+AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.042 2025-11-02],
        [https://verilator.org],
        [verilator],[https://verilator.org])

@@ -57,6 +57,22 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([partial-static],
               CFG_ENABLE_PARTIAL_STATIC=yes)
 AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_ENABLE_PARTIAL_STATIC)

+# Flag to enable compiling with AddressSanitizer
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to use AddressSanitizer)
+AC_ARG_ENABLE([dev-asan],
+              [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-dev-asan],
+                              [Enable compiling Verilator with ASAN
+                               AddressSanitizer for memory error detection.
+                               This disables tcmalloc.  Does not affect
+                               Verilated models using ASAN.])],
+              [case "${enableval}" in
+                yes) CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN=yes ;;
+                no)  CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN=no ;;
+                *)   AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value '${enableval}' for --enable-dev-asan]) ;;
+               esac],
+               CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN=no)
+AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN)
+
 # Flag to enable linking Verilator with tcmalloc if available
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to use tcmalloc)
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([tcmalloc],
@@ -69,22 +85,27 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([tcmalloc],
                *)   AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value '${enableval}' for --enable-tcmalloc]) ;;
               esac],
              [CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC=check;])
-AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC)
-AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC)
+if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN" = "yes"; then
+  CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC=no
+  AC_MSG_RESULT("disabled by --enable-dev-asan")
+else
+  AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC)
+fi

-# Flag to enable coverage build
-AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to build for coverage collection)
-AC_ARG_ENABLE([coverage],
-              [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-coverage],
-                              [Build Verilator for code coverage collection.
+# Flag to enable code coverage build with gcov
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to build for gcov code coverage collection)
+AC_ARG_ENABLE([dev-gcov],
+              [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-dev-gcov],
+                              [Build Verilator for code coverage collection with gcov.
                               For developers only.])],
              [case "${enableval}" in
-                yes) CFG_ENABLE_COVERAGE=yes ;;
-                no)  CFG_ENABLE_COVERAGE=no ;;
-                *)   AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value '${enableval}' for --enable-coverage]) ;;
+                yes) CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV=yes ;;
+                no)  CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV=no ;;
+                *)   AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value '${enableval}' for --enable-dev-gcov]) ;;
               esac],
-               CFG_ENABLE_COVERAGE=no)
-AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_ENABLE_COVERAGE)
+               CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV=no)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV)
+AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV)

 # Special Substitutions - CFG_WITH_DEFENV
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to use hardcoded paths)
@@ -379,7 +400,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT],
   ])

 # Add the coverage flags early as they influence later checks.
-if test "$CFG_ENABLE_COVERAGE" = "yes"; then
+if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV" = "yes"; then
  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,--coverage)
  # Otherwise inline may not show as uncovered
  #  If we use this then e.g. verilated.h functions properly show up
@@ -391,11 +412,19 @@ if test "$CFG_ENABLE_COVERAGE" = "yes"; then
  #  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-fkeep-inline-functions)
  # Otherwise static may not show as uncovered
  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-fkeep-static-functions)
-  # Exceptions can pollute the branch coverage data
-  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-fno-exceptions)
-  # Define-out some impossible stuff
+  # Similarly for inline functions. - This is too slow. See Makefile_obj instead.
+  #_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-fkeep-inline-functions)
+  # Make sure profiling is thread-safe
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-fprofile-update=atomic)
+  # Ensure data files can be written from parallel runs
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-fprofile-reproducible=parallel-runs)
+  # Save source files as absolute paths in gcno files
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-fprofile-abs-path)
+  # Define so compiled code can know
  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-DVL_GCOV)
+  AC_DEFINE([HAVE_DEV_GCOV],[1],[Defined if compiled with code coverage collection for gcov])]
 fi
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_DEV_GCOV)

 # Compiler flags to enable profiling
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PROFILE,-pg)
@@ -433,6 +462,14 @@ AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES)
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_COROUTINES)

 # Flags for compiling Verilator internals including parser always
+if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN" = "yes"; then
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_IFELSE(-fsanitize=address -DVL_ASAN,
+    [CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC="$CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC -fsanitize=address -DVL_ASAN"
+     CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC="$CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC -fsanitize=address"
+     AC_DEFINE([HAVE_DEV_ASAN],[1],[Defined if built with AddresSanitizer])]
+  )
+fi
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_DEV_ASAN)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Qunused-arguments)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-shadow)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-unused-parameter)
@@ -448,16 +485,22 @@ _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-unused)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER)

 # Flags for compiling the debug version of Verilator (in addition to above CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)
-if test "$CFG_ENABLE_COVERAGE" = "no"; then # Do not optimize for the coverage build
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DEBUG,-Og)
+if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV" = "no"; then # Do not optimize for the coverage build
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-Og)
 fi
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DEBUG,-ggdb)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DEBUG,-gz)
-AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DEBUG)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-ggdb)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-gz)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG)

 # Flags for linking the debug version of Verilator (in addition to above CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC)
-_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_DEBUG,-gz)
-AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_DEBUG)
+_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_DBG,-gz)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_DBG)
+
+# Flags for compiling the optimized version of Verilator (in addition to above CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)
+if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV" = "no"; then # Do not optimize for the coverage build
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_OPT,-O3)
+fi
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_OPT)

 # Flags for Verilated makefile
 # For example, -Wno-div-by-zero isn't in 4.1.2
@@ -562,18 +605,15 @@ AC_SUBST(CFG_LIBS)
 AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_CXX_VER],
   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_CXX_VER(flag) -- Check if compiler runs C++14
    # Set $_my_result
-    AC_LINK_IFELSE(
+    AC_RUN_IFELSE(
     [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <thread>
 #if (__cplusplus < 201402L)
 # error "Too old"
 #endif
-    ], [[ ]])],
-     [_my_result=yes
-      if test -s conftest.err; then
-        if grep -e "$1" conftest.err >/dev/null; then
-          _my_result=no
-        fi
-      fi],
+    ], [[
+     ]])],
+     [_my_result=yes],
+     [_my_result=no],
     [_my_result=no])
   ])

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Please see the Verilator manual for 200+ additional contributors. Thanks to all.
 Adam Bagley
 Adrian Sampson
 Adrien Le Masle
-Ahmed El-Mahmoudy
+أحمد المحمودي (Ahmed El-Mahmoudy)
 Aidan McNay
 Aleksander Kiryk
 Alex Chadwick
@@ -32,14 +32,15 @@ Cameron Kirk
 Chih-Mao Chen
 Chris Bachhuber
 Chris Randall
+Christian Hecken
 Christopher Taylor
 Chuxuan Wang
 Chykon
 Congcong Cai
 Conor McCullough
 Dan Petrisko
-Danny Oler
 Daniel Bates
+Danny Oler
 Dave Sargeant
 David Horton
 David Ledger
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ Eric Müller
 Eric Rippey
 Ethan Sifferman
 Eyck Jentzsch
-Fabian Keßler
+Fabian Keßler-Schulz
 Fan Shupei
 Felix Neumärker
 Felix Yan
@@ -94,6 +95,7 @@ Iru Cai
 Ivan Vnučec
 Iztok Jeras
 Jake Merdich
+Jakub Wasilewski
 James Bailey
 James Hanlon
 James Hutchinson
@@ -144,6 +146,7 @@ Krzysztof Obłonczek
 Krzysztof Starecki
 Krzysztof Sychla
 Kuba Ober
+Lan Zongwei
 Larry Doolittle
 Liam Braun
 Luca Colagrande
@@ -160,6 +163,7 @@ Marshal Qiao
 Martin Schmidt
 Martin Stadler
 Mateusz Gancarz
+Matt Stroud
 Matthew Ballance
 Max Wipfli
 Michael Bedford Taylor
@@ -266,6 +270,7 @@ Zhen Yan
 Zhou Shen
 Zhouyi Shen
 Zixi Li
+dependabot[bot]
 february cozzocrea
 sumpster
 Àlex Torregrosa
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
 # pylint: disable=C0112,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0209,C0301,R0903
 # -*- Python -*- See copyright, etc below
 ######################################################################
@@ -11,9 +12,8 @@ import re

 class VlSphinxExtract:
    debug = 0
-    SkipBasenames = {}

-    def process(self, filename):
+    def process(self, filename: str) -> None:
        with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fhr:
            fhw = None
            for line in fhr:
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
 # pylint: disable=C0112,C0114,C0115,C0116,C0209,C0301,R0903
 # -*- Python -*- See copyright, etc below
 ######################################################################
@@ -12,19 +13,17 @@ import re

 class VlSphinxFix:
    debug = 0
-    SkipBasenames = {}

-    def process(self, path):
+    def process(self, path: str) -> None:
        if os.path.isdir(path):
            for basefile in os.listdir(path):
                file = os.path.join(path, basefile)
-                if ((basefile != ".") and (basefile != "..") and basefile not in self.SkipBasenames
-                        and not os.path.islink(file)):
+                if ((basefile != ".") and (basefile != "..") and not os.path.islink(file)):
                    self.process(file)
        elif re.search(r'\.(html|tex)$', path):
            self._edit(path)

-    def _edit(self, filename):
+    def _edit(self, filename: str) -> None:
        is_html = re.search(r'\.(html)$', filename)
        with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fhr:
            origfile = fhr.read()
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_assigneqexpr_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 3
+
+     assign d_o =  // Note = not == below
+         (
+         c_o = 1  // <--- Warning: ASSIGNEQEXPR
+         ) ? 1 : (
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_assigneqexpr_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Warning-ASSIGNEQEXPR: example.v:1:11 Assignment '=' inside expression
+                                                       : ... Was a '==' intended, or suggest use a separate statement
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 .. code-block:: sv
   :emphasize-lines: 1

-      // verilator lintt_off WIDTH  //<--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)
+     // verilator lintt_off WIDTH  //<--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 .. code-block::
   :emphasize-lines: 1,2

-   %Error-BADVLTPRAGMA: example.v:1:4 Unknown verilator comment: '/*verilator lintt_off WIDTH <--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)*/'
-       7 |    /*verilator lintt_off WIDTH <--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)*/
-         |    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+   %Error-BADVLTPRAGMA: example.v:1:3 Unknown verilator comment: '/*verilator lintt_off WIDTH <--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)*/'
+       7 |   /*verilator lintt_off WIDTH <--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)*/
+         |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 .. code-block:: sv
   :linenos:

-      always_comb b = ~a;
-      always_comb a = b;
+     always_comb b = ~a;
+     always_comb a = b;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_didnotconverge_bad
 .. code-block::

-   -V{t#,#}         'stl' region trigger index 1 is active: @([hybrid] b)
-   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge.
+   -V{t#,#}         'stl' region trigger index 0 is active: @([hybrid] a)
+   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge after 100 tries
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_didnotconverge_nodbg_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge.
+   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge after 100 tries
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_functimectl_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 2
+
+     function void calls_timing_ctl;
+       @e; // <--- Bad IEEE 1800-2023 13.4 time-controlling
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_functimectl_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Error-FUNCTIMECTL: example.v:1:5 Functions cannot contain time-controlling statements (IEEE 1800-2023 13.4)
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_param_hier_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 3
+
+     sub #(.X(MY_X)) u_sub ();
+
+     localparam int SUB_Y = u_sub.Y;  // <--- BAD: IEEE 1800-2023 6.20.2 no hierarchical
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_param_hier_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Error-HIERPARAM: example.v:1:32 Parameter values cannot use hierarchical values (IEEE 1800-2023 6.20.2)
+                                               : ... note: In instance 't'
+      36 |   localparam int SUB_Y = u_sub.Y;
+         |                                ^
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
   :linenos:
   :emphasize-lines: 2,5

-      always @(posedge clk) begin
-         out2[7:0] <= d0;  // <--- Warning
-      end
-      always @(negedge clk) begin
-         out2[15:8] <= d0;  // <--- Warning
-      end
+     always @(posedge clk) begin
+       out2[7:0] <= d0;  // <--- Warning
+     end
+     always @(negedge clk) begin
+       out2[15:8] <= d0;  // <--- Warning
+     end
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_multidriven_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-MULTIDRIVEN: example.v:1:22 Signal has multiple driving blocks with different clocking: 'out2'
-                         example.v:1:7 ... Location of first driving block
-                         example.v:1:7 ... Location of other driving block
+   %Warning-MULTIDRIVEN: example.v:1:21 Signal has multiple driving blocks with different clocking: 'out2'
+                         example.v:1:5 ... Location of first driving block
+                         example.v:1:5 ... Location of other driving block
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_noreturn_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 1
+
+     function int no_rtn();  // <--- Warning: No return
+     endfunction
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_noreturn_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Warning-NORETURN: example.v:1:16 Non-void function 'no_rtn' has no return value
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
   :linenos:
   :emphasize-lines: 1,5

-      logic flop_out = 1;  // <--- Warning
+     logic flop_out = 1;  // <--- Warning

-      always @(posedge clk, negedge reset_l) begin
-         if (enable) begin
-            flop_out <= ~in;  // <--- Use of initialized
-         end
-      end
+     always @(posedge clk, negedge reset_l) begin
+       if (enable) begin
+         flop_out <= ~in;  // <--- Use of initialized
+       end
+     end
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
   :linenos:
   :emphasize-lines: 5

-      logic flop2_out;
+     logic flop2_out;

-      always @(posedge clk, negedge reset_l) begin
-         if (!reset_l) begin
-            flop2_out <= '1;  // <--- Added reset init
-         end
-         else if (enable) begin
-            flop2_out <= ~in;
-         end
-      end
+     always @(posedge clk, negedge reset_l) begin
+       if (!reset_l) begin
+         flop2_out <= '1;  // <--- Added reset init
+       end
+       else if (enable) begin
+         flop2_out <= ~in;
+       end
+     end
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_procassinit_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-PROCASSINIT: example.v:1:21 Procedural assignment to declaration with initial value: 'flop_out'
+   %Warning-PROCASSINIT: example.v:1:20 Procedural assignment to declaration with initial value: 'flop_out'
                                                         : ... note: In instance 't'
                                                         : ... Location of variable initialization
-      26 |    logic flop_out = 1;
-         |                     ^
-                         example.v:1:10 ... Location of variable process write
-                                                         : ... Perhaps should initialize instead using a reset in this process
-      30 |          flop_out <= ~in;
-         |          ^~~~~~~~
+      26 |   logic flop_out = 1;
+         |                    ^
+                         example.v:1:7 ... Location of variable process write
+                                                        : ... Perhaps should initialize instead using a reset in this process
+      30 |       flop_out <= ~in;
+         |       ^~~~~~~~
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 .. code-block:: sv
   :emphasize-lines: 1

-         #100 $finish;  //<--- Warning
+       #100 $finish;  //<--- Warning
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_stmtdly_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-STMTDLY: example.v:1:7 Ignoring delay on this statement due to --no-timing
+   %Warning-STMTDLY: example.v:1:5 Ignoring delay on this statement due to --no-timing
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_assert_comp_bad
 .. code-block:: sv

-         $error("User elaboration-time error");
+       $error("User elaboration-time error");
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_assert_comp_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-USERERROR: example.v:1:7 User elaboration-time error
+   %Warning-USERERROR: example.v:1:5 User elaboration-time error
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_assert_comp_bad
 .. code-block:: sv

-         $fatal(0, "User elaboration-time fatal");
+       $fatal(0, "User elaboration-time fatal");
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_assert_comp_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-USERFATAL: example.v:1:7 User elaboration-time fatal
+   %Warning-USERFATAL: example.v:1:5 User elaboration-time fatal
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_assert_comp_bad
 .. code-block:: sv

-         $info("User elaboration-time info");
+       $info("User elaboration-time info");
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_assert_comp_bad
 .. code-block::

-   -Info: example.v:1:7 User elaboration-time info
+   -Info: example.v:1:5 User elaboration-time info
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_assert_comp_bad
 .. code-block:: sv

-         $warning("User elaboration-time warning");
+       $warning("User elaboration-time warning");
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_assert_comp_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-USERWARN: example.v:1:7 User elaboration-time warning
+   %Warning-USERWARN: example.v:1:5 User elaboration-time warning
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@
   :emphasize-lines: 2

   module t;
-      integer t;  //<--- Warning ('t' hidden by module 't')
+     integer t;  //<--- Warning ('t' hidden by module 't')
   endmodule
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_var_bad_hide_docs
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-VARHIDDEN: example.v:2:12 Declaration of signal hides declaration in upper scope: 't'
+   %Warning-VARHIDDEN: example.v:2:11 Declaration of signal hides declaration in upper scope: 't'
                       example.v:1:8 ... Location of original declaration
@@ -63,12 +63,19 @@ rst_prolog = """
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
 # ones.
+#
 # To install:
 #   sudo install enchant
-#   sudo pip3 install sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme breathe sphinxcontrib-spelling
-# We keep this list empty for now to avoid needing dependencies
+#   python3 -m venv --system-site-packages ~/.verilator_pyenv
+#   source ~/.verilator_pyenv/bin/activate
+#   pip3 install sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe
+#
+# We keep this extensions list empty for now to avoid needing dependencies
 extensions = []
 # extensions = ['breathe', 'sphinxcontrib.spelling']
+# For website builds, this will add sphinxcontrib.jquery
+if 'VERILATOR_SPHINX_EXTENSIONS' in os.environ:
+    extensions.extend(os.environ.get('VERILATOR_SPHINX_EXTENSIONS', '').split(':'))

 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
@@ -110,6 +117,8 @@ html_domain_indices = False
 html_logo = "../_static/verilator_192_150_min.png"

 html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
+# Despite a 'WARNING: Calling get_html_theme_path is deprecated'
+# the HTML output is different without this line
 html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]

 html_theme_options = {
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ Verilog, put in our.v:
    import "DPI-C" function int add (input int a, input int b);

    initial begin
-       $display("%x + %x = %x", 1, 2, add(1,2));
+      $display("%x + %x = %x", 1, 2, add(1,2));
    endtask

 Then after Verilating, Verilator will create a file Vour__Dpi.h with the
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ called from C++:
    export "DPI-C" task publicSetBool;

    task publicSetBool;
-       input bit in_bool;
-       var_bool = in_bool;
+      input bit in_bool;
+      var_bool = in_bool;
    endtask

 Then after Verilating, Verilator will create a file Vour__Dpi.h with the
@@ -294,11 +294,11 @@ wrapper:
     import "DPI-C" context function void dpi_that_accesses_din();

     always @(...)
-        dpi_din_args(din);
+       dpi_din_args(din);

     task dpi_din_args(input din);
-        /* verilator no_inline_task */
-        dpi_that_accesses_din();
+       // verilator no_inline_task
+       dpi_that_accesses_din();
     endtask


@@ -423,9 +423,9 @@ be deferred for later.  These delayed values can be flushed to the model with
 VPI Example
 -----------

-In the below example, we have readme marked read-only, and writeme which if
-written from outside the model will have the same semantics as if it
-changed on the specified clock edge.
+In the below example, we have readme marked read-only, and writeme marked
+read-write which if written from outside the model will have the same semantics
+as if it was a top level input.

 .. code-block:: bash

@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ changed on the specified clock edge.
          parameter WIDTH /*verilator public_flat_rd*/ = 32
       ) (input clk);
          reg [WIDTH-1:0] readme   /*verilator public_flat_rd*/;
-          reg [WIDTH-1:0] writeme  /*verilator public_flat_rw @(posedge clk) */;
+          reg [WIDTH-1:0] writeme  /*verilator public_flat_rw*/;
          initial $finish;
       endmodule
     EOF
@@ -77,9 +77,10 @@ reduce a SystemVerilog design to the smallest possible reproducer.
 It can be used to automatically reduce a design with hundreds of thousands of
 lines to a minimal test case while preserving the bug-inducing behavior.

-With :vlopt:`--debug`, Verilator will write a *{prefix}*\ __inputs\ .vpp
-file which has all of the individual input files combined and
-pre-processed, this is often useful as the input design into `sv-bugpoint`.
+With :vlopt:`--debug` or :vlopt:`--dump-inputs`, Verilator will write a
+*{prefix}*\ __inputs\ .vpp file which has all of the individual input files
+combined and pre-processed, this is often useful as the input design into
+`sv-bugpoint`.

 Please refer to `sv-bugpoint README
 <https://github.com/antmicro/sv-bugpoint/blob/main/README.md>`_ for more
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ When possible, please instead report bugs at `Verilator Issues

 The primary author is Wilson Snyder <[email protected]>.

-Major concepts by Paul Wasson, Duane Galbi, John Coiner, Geza Lore, Yutetsu
-Takatsukasa, and Jie Xu.
+Major concepts by Krzysztof Bieganski, John Coiner, Duane Galbi, Geza Lore,
+Ryszard Rozak, Yutetsu Takatsukasa, Paul Wasson, and Jie Xu.


 Contributors
@@ -20,3 +20,9 @@ C++14 compiler support
 XML output
  Verilator currently supports XML parser output (enabled with `--xml-only`).
  Support for `--xml-*` options will be deprecated no sooner than January 2026.
+
+--make cmake
+  The `--make cmake` options is deprecated and will be removed no sooner than
+  January 2026. Use `--make json` instead. Note that the CMake integration
+  shipping with Verilator (verilator-config.mk) already uses `--make json` so
+  no changes are necessary if using that.
@@ -88,12 +88,23 @@ Summary:
      grammar and other semantic extensions which might not be legal when
      set to an older standard.

+.. option:: --aslr
+
+.. option:: --no-aslr
+
+   Rarely needed - for developer use. With `--aslr`, do not change the
+   system default as to using Linux address space layout randomization
+   (ASLR).  With `--no-aslr` attempt to disable ASLR. If not specified,
+   ASLR will be disabled only when using :vlopt:`--debug` (or similar
+   debug-related options), so that pointers have more deterministic values,
+   aiding repeatability.
+
 .. option:: --no-assert

   Disable all assertions. Implies :vlopt:`--no-assert-case`.

-   In versions before 5.038, these were disabled by default, and `--assert`
-   was required to enable assertions.
+   In versions before 5.038, assertions were disabled by default, and
+   `--assert` was required to enable assertions.

 .. option:: --no-assert-case

@@ -157,10 +168,11 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --build-jobs <value>

-   Specify the level of parallelism for :vlopt:`--build`. If zero, uses the
-   number of threads in the current hardware. Otherwise, the <value> must
-   be a positive integer specifying the maximum number of parallel build
-   jobs.
+   Specify the level of parallelism for :vlopt:`--build`.  If zero, uses the
+   number of threads available to the process, which is the number of threads
+   assigned by processor affinity (e.g. using `numactl`), or the number of
+   threads in the host hardware if unspecified.  Otherwise, the <value> must be
+   a positive integer specifying the maximum number of parallel build jobs.

   If not provided, and :vlopt:`-j` is provided, the :vlopt:`-j` value is
   used.
@@ -188,6 +200,10 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --clk <signal-name>

+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.042:
+
   With :vlopt:`--clk`, the specified signal is marked as a clock signal.

   The provided signal name is specified using a RTL hierarchy path. For
@@ -208,6 +224,10 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --no-clk <signal-name>

+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.042:
+
   Prevent the specified signal from being marked as a clock. See
   :vlopt:`--clk`.

@@ -450,6 +470,11 @@ Summary:
   level 3. Before Verilator 4.228, :vlopt:`--dump-tree` used
   to include this option.

+.. option:: --dump-inputs
+
+   Rarely needed.  Enable dumping a *{prefix}*\ __inputs\ .vpp file which
+   has all of the individual input files combined and pre-processed
+
 .. option:: --dump-tree

   Rarely needed.  Enable dumping Ast .tree debug files with dumping level 3,
@@ -514,8 +539,8 @@ Summary:
   out.  Beware of enabling debugging messages, as they will also go to
   standard out. See :vlopt:`--no-std`, which is implied by this.

-   See also :vlopt:`--dump-defines`, :vlopt:`-P`, :vlopt:`--pp-comments`
-   and :vlopt:`--preproc-resolve` options.
+   See also :vlopt:`--dump-defines`, :vlopt:`-P`,
+   :vlopt:`--preproc-comments` and :vlopt:`--preproc-resolve` options.

 .. option:: --emit-accessors

@@ -604,6 +629,10 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: -fno-const-eager

+.. option:: -fno-dead-assigns
+
+.. option:: -fno-dead-cells
+
 .. option:: -fno-dedup

 .. option:: -fno-dfg
@@ -772,7 +801,8 @@ Summary:
   be useful in makefiles. See also :vlopt:`-V`, and the various
   :file:`*.mk` files.

-   Feature may be one of the following: COROUTINES, SYSTEMC.
+   Feature may be one of the following: COROUTINES, DEV_ASAN, DEV_GCOV,
+   SYSTEMC.

 .. option:: --getenv <variable>

@@ -792,6 +822,14 @@ Summary:
   :option:`/*verilator&32;hier_block*/` metacomment is ignored.  See
   :ref:`Hierarchical Verilation`.

+.. option:: --hierarchical-block <block>
+
+   Internal use only, for :vlopt:`--hierarchical`.
+
+.. option:: --hierarchical-child <block>
+
+   Internal use only, for :vlopt:`--hierarchical`.
+
 .. option:: --hierarchical-params-file <filename>

   Rarely needed - internal use. Internal flag inserted used during
@@ -849,9 +887,10 @@ Summary:
   of Verilator if :vlopt:`--verilate-jobs` isn't provided. Also sets
   :vlopt:`--output-groups` if isn't provided.

-   If zero, uses the number of threads in the current hardware. Otherwise,
-   must be a positive integer specifying the maximum number of parallel
-   build jobs.
+   If zero, uses the number of threads available to the process, which is the
+   number of threads assigned by processor affinity (e.g. using `numactl`), or
+   the number of threads in the host hardware if unspecified.  Otherwise, must
+   be a positive integer specifying the maximum number of parallel build jobs.

 .. option:: --no-json-edit-nums

@@ -944,6 +983,10 @@ Summary:
   "+libext+" is relatively standard across Verilog tools.  Defaults to
   ".v+.sv".

+.. option:: +librescan
+
+   Ignored for compatibility with other simulators.
+
 .. option:: --lint-only

   Check the files for lint violations only, do not create any other
@@ -1052,6 +1095,15 @@ Summary:

   Disables optimization of the model.

+.. option:: -O1
+
+   Enables default optimization of the model.  This is the default
+   optimization level.
+
+.. option:: -O2
+
+   Enables stronger than default optimization of the model.
+
 .. option:: -O3

   Enables slow optimizations for the code Verilator itself generates (as
@@ -1215,7 +1267,8 @@ Summary:

 .. option:: --pp-comments

-   With :vlopt:`-E`, show comments in preprocessor output.
+   Deprecated. In versions before 5.042, the name for
+   :vlopt:`--preproc-comments`.

 .. option:: --prefix <topname>

@@ -1223,6 +1276,14 @@ Summary:
   prepended to the name of the :vlopt:`--top` option, or V prepended to
   the first Verilog filename passed on the command line.

+.. option:: --preproc-comments
+
+   With :vlopt:`-E`, show comments in preprocessor output.
+
+.. option:: --preproc-defines
+
+   With :vlopt:`-E`, show defines and undefs in preprocessor output.
+
 .. option:: --preproc-resolve

   With :vlopt:`-E`, resolve referenced instance modules, to include
@@ -1348,13 +1409,12 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: --public-flat-rw

   Declares all variables, ports, and wires public as if they had
-   :code:`/*verilator public_flat_rw @ (<variable's_source_process_edge>)*/`
-   metacomments.  This will make them VPI accessible by their flat name,
-   but not turn off module inlining.  This is particularly useful in
-   combination with :vlopt:`--vpi`. This may also in some rare cases result
-   in mis-simulation of generated clocks.  Instead of this global option,
-   marking only those signals that need public_flat_rw is typically
-   significantly better performing.
+   :code:`/*verilator public_flat_rw*/` metacomments.  This will make them VPI
+   accessible by their flat name, but not turn off module inlining.  This is
+   particularly useful in combination with :vlopt:`--vpi`. This may also in
+   some rare cases result in mis-simulation of generated clocks.  Instead of
+   this global option, marking only those signals that need public_flat_rw is
+   typically significantly better performing.

 .. option:: --public-ignore

@@ -1660,14 +1720,15 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: --trace-max-array <depth>

   Rarely needed.  Specify the maximum array depth of a signal that may be
-   traced.  Defaults to 32, as tracing large arrays may greatly slow traced
-   simulations.
+   traced.  Zero allows any width. Defaults to 32, as tracing large arrays
+   may greatly slow traced simulations.

 .. option:: --trace-max-width <width>

-   Rarely needed.  Specify the maximum bit width of a signal that may be
-   traced.  Defaults to 256, as tracing large vectors may greatly slow
-   traced simulations.
+   Rarely needed.  Specify the maximum total bit width of a signal, across
+   all elements if an array, that may be traced.  Zero allows any width.
+   Defaults to 4096, as tracing large vectors may greatly slow traced
+   simulations.

 .. option:: --no-trace-params

@@ -1786,7 +1847,9 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: --verilate-jobs <value>

   Specify the level of parallelism for the internal compilation steps of
-   Verilator. If zero, uses the number of threads in the current hardware.
+   Verilator.  If zero, uses the number of threads available to the process,
+   which is the number of threads assigned by processor affinity (e.g. using
+   `numactl`), or the number of threads in the host hardware if unspecified.
   Otherwise, must be a positive integer specifying the maximum number of
   parallel build jobs.

@@ -1878,7 +1941,7 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: -Wno-lint

   Disable all lint-related warning messages, and all style warnings.  This
-   is equivalent to ``-Wno-ALWCOMBORDER`` ``-Wno-ASCRANGE``
+   is equivalent to ``-Wno-ALWCOMBORDER`` ``-Wno-ASCRANGE`` ``-Wno-ASSIGNEQEXPR``
   ``-Wno-BSSPACE`` ``-Wno-CASEINCOMPLETE`` ``-Wno-CASEOVERLAP``
   ``-Wno-CASEX`` ``-Wno-CASTCONST`` ``-Wno-CASEWITHX`` ``-Wno-CMPCONST``
   ``-Wno-COLONPLUS`` ``-Wno-IMPLICIT`` ``-Wno-IMPLICITSTATIC``
@@ -1932,14 +1995,14 @@ Summary:

   Enable all lint-related warning messages (note that by default, they are
   already enabled), but do not affect style messages.  This is equivalent
-   to ``-Wwarn-ALWCOMBORDER`` ``-Wwarn-ASCRANGE`` ``-Wwarn-BSSPACE``
-   ``-Wwarn-CASEINCOMPLETE`` ``-Wwarn-CASEOVERLAP`` ``-Wwarn-CASEWITHX``
-   ``-Wwarn-CASEX`` ``-Wwarn-CASTCONST`` ``-Wwarn-CMPCONST``
-   ``-Wwarn-COLONPLUS`` ``-Wwarn-IMPLICIT`` ``-Wwarn-IMPLICITSTATIC``
-   ``-Wwarn-LATCH`` ``-Wwarn-MISINDENT`` ``-Wwarn-NEWERSTD``
-   ``-Wwarn-PREPROCZERO`` ``-Wwarn-PINMISSING`` ``-Wwarn-REALCVT``
-   ``-Wwarn-STATICVAR`` ``-Wwarn-UNSIGNED`` ``-Wwarn-WIDTHTRUNC``
-   ``-Wwarn-WIDTHEXPAND`` ``-Wwarn-WIDTHXZEXPAND``.
+   to ``-Wwarn-ALWCOMBORDER`` ``-Wwarn-ASCRANGE`` ``-Wno-ASSIGNEQEXPR``
+   ``-Wwarn-BSSPACE`` ``-Wwarn-CASEINCOMPLETE`` ``-Wwarn-CASEOVERLAP``
+   ``-Wwarn-CASEWITHX`` ``-Wwarn-CASEX`` ``-Wwarn-CASTCONST``
+   ``-Wwarn-CMPCONST`` ``-Wwarn-COLONPLUS`` ``-Wwarn-IMPLICIT``
+   ``-Wwarn-IMPLICITSTATIC`` ``-Wwarn-LATCH`` ``-Wwarn-MISINDENT``
+   ``-Wwarn-NEWERSTD`` ``-Wwarn-PREPROCZERO`` ``-Wwarn-PINMISSING``
+   ``-Wwarn-REALCVT`` ``-Wwarn-STATICVAR`` ``-Wwarn-UNSIGNED``
+   ``-Wwarn-WIDTHTRUNC`` ``-Wwarn-WIDTHEXPAND`` ``-Wwarn-WIDTHXZEXPAND``.

 .. option:: -Wwarn-style

@@ -2031,12 +2094,12 @@ Summary:

   .. code-block:: sv

-        reg  res_n = 1'b0;
+        logic res_n = 1'b0;

        always @(negedge rst_n) begin
-           if (rst_n == 1'b0) begin
-              res_n <= 1'b1;
-           end
+          if (rst_n == 1'b0) begin
+            res_n <= 1'b1;
+          end
        end

   In Verilator, by default, uninitialized clocks are given a value of
@@ -2054,6 +2117,26 @@ Summary:
      iterations. This may be another indication of problems with the
      modeled design that should be addressed.

+   Instead of using this option, one technique is to explicitly create the
+   appropriate edge by creating a value at construction, and a value in an
+   initial block at time zero:
+
+   .. code-block:: sv
+
+        logic rst_n = 1;  // value at construction
+
+        initial begin
+          rst_n = 0;  // value at time zero
+          // ... rest
+        end
+
+        always @(negedge rst_n) begin
+          if (rst_n == 1'b0) begin
+            res_n <= 1'b1;
+          end
+        end
+
+
 .. option:: --xml-only

   Create XML output only, do not create any other output.
@@ -2151,6 +2234,10 @@ The grammar of control commands is as follows:

 .. option:: no_clocker -module "<modulename>" [-task "<taskname>"] -var "<signame>"

+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.042:
+
   Indicates whether the signal is used as clock or not. Verilator uses
   this information to mark the signal and any derived signals as clocker.
   See :vlopt:`--clk`.
@@ -2318,7 +2405,7 @@ The grammar of control commands is as follows:

 .. option:: public_flat_rd [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [-var "<signame>"]

-.. option:: public_flat_rw [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [-var "<signame>" "@(edge)"]
+.. option:: public_flat_rw [-module "<modulename>"] [-task/-function "<taskname>"] [-var "<signame>"] ["@(edge)"]

   Sets the variable to be public.  Same as
   :option:`/*verilator&32;public*/` or
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.

   .. t_dist_docs_style restart_sort

-.. option:: $c([string], ...);
+.. option:: $c([string], ...);, $cpure([string], ...);

   The string will be embedded directly in the output C++ code at the point
   where the surrounding Verilog code is compiled.  It may either be a
@@ -196,6 +196,11 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   compatibility with other simulators, which require a differently named
   PLI function name for each different output width.

+   `$cpure` is similar to `$c` except that it indicates the
+   expression is pure, versus `$c` which is assumed impure.
+   `$cpure` is for internal use only, and it might change
+   without notice in any future version or Verilator.
+
 .. option:: $display, $write, $fdisplay, $fwrite, $sformat, $swrite

   Format arguments may use C fprintf sizes after the % escape.  Per the
@@ -240,7 +245,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
         reg enable_r /*verilator clock_enable*/;
         wire gated_clk = clk & enable_r;
         always_ff @(posedge clk)
-            enable_r <= enable_early;
+           enable_r <= enable_early;

   The clock_enable attribute will cause the clock gate to be ignored in
   the scheduling algorithm, sometimes required for correct clock behavior,
@@ -255,6 +260,10 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;no_clocker*/

+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.042:
+
   Specifies whether the signal is used as clock or not. See :vlopt:`--clk`.

   Same as :option:`clocker` and :option:`no_clocker` in configuration
@@ -331,8 +340,8 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
         // Note the placement of the semicolon above
         always_comb begin
           if (....) begin
-              splitme = ....;
-              other assignments
+             splitme = ....;
+             other assignments
           end
         end

@@ -346,27 +355,32 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
         // All assignments excluding those to splitme
         always_comb begin
           if (....) begin
-              other assignments
+             other assignments
           end
         end
         // All assignments to splitme
         always_comb begin
           if (....) begin
-              splitme = ....;
+             splitme = ....;
           end
         end

   Same as :option:`isolate_assignments` control file option.

-.. option:: /*verilator&32;lint_off <msg>*/
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;lint_off <msgs>*/

-   Disable the specified warning message for any warnings following the
-   comment.
+   Disable the specified warning message(s) for any warnings following the
+   comment.  Multiple messages may be specified, separated with commas.

-.. option:: /*verilator&32;lint_on <msg>*/
+   If a one-line slash-slash-format comment is used, then the metacomment
+   ends at the newline or at an earlier next slash-slash. This allow
+   commenting the reason for the disable, e.g. :code:`// verilator lint_off
+   MSG // Because...`.

-   Re-enable the specified warning message for any warnings following the
-   comment.
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;lint_on <msgs>*/
+
+   Re-enable the specified warning message(s) for any warnings following
+   the comment.  Multiple messages may be specified, separated with commas.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;lint_restore*/

@@ -505,13 +519,16 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.

   Same as :option:`public_flat_rd` control file option.

-.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat_rw @(<edge_list>)*/ (on variable)
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat_rw [@(<edge_list>)]*/ (on variable)

-   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
-   the signal should be declared public_flat_rd (see above), and writable,
-   where writes should be considered to have the timing specified by the
-   given sensitivity edge list. Use of this is implied when using the
-   :vlopt:`--public-flat-rw` option.
+   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the
+   signal should be declared public_flat_rd (see above), and writable. Use of
+   this is implied when using the :vlopt:`--public-flat-rw` option.
+
+   The edge list is optional and has no effect (is ignored). Prior to
+   Verilator 5.024 the edge list specified the timing when writes took
+   place. This is no longer necessary and is accepted only for
+   compatibility.

   Same as :option:`public_flat_rw` control file option.

@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ For --cc/--sc, it creates:

 .. list-table::

-   * - *{prefix}*\ .cmake
-     - CMake include script for compiling (from --make cmake)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ .json
+     - JSON build definition compiling (from --make json)
   * - *{prefix}*\ .mk
     - Make include file for compiling (from --make gmake)
   * - *{prefix}*\ _classes.mk
@@ -58,12 +58,8 @@ For --cc/--sc, it creates:
     - Top-level internal C++ file (from SystemVerilog $root)
   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
     - Additional top-level internal C++ files
-   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root\ *{__DepSet_hash__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Additional top-level internal C++ files (hashed to reduce build times)
   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Slow\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
     - Infrequent cold routines
-   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root\ *{__DepSet_hash__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Infrequent cold routines (hashed to reduce build times)
   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
     - Wave file generation code (from --trace-\*)
   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace__Slow\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
@@ -86,8 +82,6 @@ For --cc/--sc, it creates:
     - Lower level internal C++ files
   * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}{__n}*\ .cpp
     - Additional lower C++ files
-   * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}{__DepSet_hash__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Additional lower C++ files (hashed to reduce build times)

 For --hierarchical mode, it creates:

@@ -99,8 +93,8 @@ For --hierarchical mode, it creates:
     - Make dependencies of the top module (from --hierarchical)
   * - *{prefix}*\ _hier.mk
     - Make file for hierarchical blocks (from --make gmake)
-   * - *{prefix}*\ __hierCMakeArgs.f
-     - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make cmake)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ __hierMkJsonArgs.f
+     - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make json)
   * - *{prefix}*\ __hierMkArgs.f
     - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make gmake)
   * - *{prefix}*\ __hierParameters.v
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ started. (Note distribution packages almost never have the most recent
 Verilator version, so we recommend following :ref:`Git Install` below,
 instead.) To install as a package:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   apt-get install verilator   # On Ubuntu

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ options and details, see :ref:`Detailed Build Instructions` below.

 In brief, to install from git:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   # Prerequisites:
   #sudo apt-get install git help2man perl python3 make autoconf g++ flex bison ccache
@@ -97,11 +97,10 @@ OS Requirements
 ---------------

 Verilator is developed and has primary testing on Ubuntu, with additional
-testing on FreeBSD and Apple OS-X. Versions have also been built on Red Hat
-Linux, other flavors of GNU/Linux-ish platforms, Windows Subsystem for
-Linux (WSL2), Windows under Cygwin, and Windows under MinGW (gcc
-mno-cygwin). Verilated output (not Verilator itself) compiles under all
-the options above, plus using MSVC++.
+testing on Apple OS-X, FreeBSD and Windows MSVC. Versions have also been
+built on Red Hat Linux, other flavors of GNU/Linux-ish platforms, Windows
+Subsystem for Linux (WSL2), Windows under Cygwin, and Windows under MinGW
+(gcc -mno-cygwin).


 Install Prerequisites
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ Install Prerequisites

 To build or run Verilator, you need these standard packages:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   sudo apt-get install git help2man perl python3 make
   sudo apt-get install g++  # Alternatively, clang
@@ -120,27 +119,27 @@ To build or run Verilator, you need these standard packages:

 For SystemC:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   sudo apt-get install libsystemc libsystemc-dev

 For constraints:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   sudo apt-get install z3  # Optional solver

 The following is optional but is recommended for nicely rendered command line
 help when running Verilator:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   sudo apt-get install perl-doc

 To build or run Verilator, the following are optional but should be installed
 for good performance:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   sudo apt-get install ccache  # If present at build, needed for run
   sudo apt-get install mold  # If present at build, needed for run
@@ -149,19 +148,25 @@ for good performance:
 To build Verilator you will need to install these packages; these do not
 need to be present to run Verilator:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   sudo apt-get install git autoconf flex bison

 Those developing Verilator itself also need these (see internals.rst):

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   sudo apt-get install clang clang-format-18 cmake gdb gprof graphviz lcov
-   sudo apt-get install python3-clang python3-distro yapf3 bear jq
-   sudo pip3 install sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe gersemi mbake ruff sarif-tools
-   sudo pip3 install git+https://github.com/antmicro/astsee.git
+   sudo apt-get install python3-clang python3-distro pipx yapf3 bear jq
+   python3 -m venv --system-site-packages ~/.verilator_pyenv
+   source ~/.verilator_pyenv/bin/activate
+   pip3 install sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe gersemi mbake mypy ruff
+   pip3 install git+https://github.com/antmicro/astsee.git
+   pipx install sarif-tools
   cpan install Pod::Perldoc
+   #
+   # Later, when building or testing Verilator, you will need
+   source ~/.verilator_pyenv/bin/activate


 Install SystemC
@@ -185,7 +190,7 @@ To make use of Verilator FST tracing you will want `GTKwave
 <https://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`__ installed, however this is not
 required at Verilator build time.

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

    sudo apt-get install gtkwave  # Optional Waveform viewer

@@ -209,14 +214,14 @@ Obtain Sources
 Get the sources from the git repository: (You need to do this only once,
 ever.)

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   git clone https://github.com/verilator/verilator   # Only first time
   ## Note the URL above is not a page you can see with a browser; it's for git only

 Enter the checkout and determine what version/branch to use:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   cd verilator
   git pull        # Make sure we're up-to-date
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@ Auto Configure

 Create the configuration script:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   autoconf        # Create ./configure script

@@ -257,7 +262,7 @@ directory (don't run ``make install``). This allows the easiest
 experimentation and upgrading, and allows many versions of Verilator to
 co-exist on a system.

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   export VERILATOR_ROOT=`pwd`   # if your shell is bash
   setenv VERILATOR_ROOT `pwd`   # if your shell is csh
@@ -279,7 +284,7 @@ that may support multiple versions of every tool. Tell configure the
 eventual destination directory name.  We recommend that the destination
 location include the Verilator version name:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   unset VERILATOR_ROOT      # if your shell is bash
   unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT   # if your shell is csh
@@ -291,7 +296,7 @@ the ``bin`` directory to your ``PATH``. Or, if you use `modulecmd
 <https://modules.sourceforge.net/>`__, you'll want a module file like the
 following:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   set install_root /CAD_DISK/verilator/{version-number-used-above}
   unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT
@@ -306,7 +311,7 @@ following:
 The final option is to eventually install Verilator globally, using
 configure's default system paths:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   unset VERILATOR_ROOT      # if your shell is bash
   unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT   # if your shell is csh
@@ -323,7 +328,7 @@ The command to configure the package was described in the previous step.
 Developers should configure to have more complete developer tests.
 Additional packages may be required for these tests.

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   export VERILATOR_AUTHOR_SITE=1    # Put in your .bashrc
   ./configure --enable-longtests  ...above options...
@@ -334,7 +339,7 @@ Compile

 Compile Verilator:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   make -j `nproc`  # Or if error on `nproc`, the number of CPUs in system

@@ -344,7 +349,7 @@ Test

 Check the compilation by running self-tests:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   make test

@@ -356,7 +361,7 @@ If you used any install option other than the `1. Run-in-Place from
 VERILATOR_ROOT <#_1_run_in_place_from_verilator_root>`__ scheme, install
 the files:

-.. code-block:: shell
+.. code-block:: bash

   make install

@@ -130,8 +130,9 @@ same time slot.
 Rising/falling/turn-off delays are currently unsupported and cause the
 :option:`RISEFALLDLY` warning.

-Minimum/typical/maximum delays are currently unsupported. The typical delay is
-always the one chosen. Such expressions cause the :option:`MINTYPMAX` warning.
+Minimum/typical/maximum delays are currently unsupported. The typical delay
+is always the one chosen. Such expressions cause the :option:`MINTYPMAXDLY`
+warning.

 Another consequence of using :vlopt:`--timing` is that the :vlopt:`--main`
 option generates a main file with a proper timing eval loop, eliminating the
@@ -166,11 +166,6 @@ Unfortunately, using the optimizer with SystemC files can result in
 compilation taking several minutes. (The SystemC libraries have many little
 inlined functions that drive the compiler nuts.)

-If using your own makefiles, you may want to compile the Verilated
-code with ``--MAKEFLAGS -DVL_INLINE_OPT=inline``. This will inline
-functions; however, this requires that all cpp files be compiled in a single
-compiler run.
-
 You may uncover further tuning possibilities by profiling the Verilog code.
 See :ref:`profiling`.

@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ Verilator may be used in five major ways:
 * With the :vlopt:`--lint-only` option, Verilator will lint the design to
  check for warnings but will not typically create any output files.

-* With the :vlopt:`--xml-only` option, Verilator will create XML output
-  that may be used to feed into other user-designed tools.  See
-  :file:`docs/xml.rst` in the distribution.
+* With the :vlopt:`--json-only` option, Verilator will create JSON output
+  that may be used to feed into other user-designed tools.

 * With the :vlopt:`-E` option, Verilator will preprocess the code according
  to IEEE preprocessing rules and write the output to standard out. This
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ When using these options:
   makefiles to generate an archive (.a) containing the objects.

 #. If :vlopt:`--binary` or :vlopt:`--build` is used, it calls :ref:`GNU
-   Make` or :ref:`CMake` to build the model.
+   Make` to build the model.

 Once a model is built, the next step is typically for the user to run it,
 see :ref:`Simulating`.
@@ -144,8 +143,11 @@ Limitations

 Hierarchy blocks have some limitations, including:

-* The hierarchy block cannot be accessed using dot (.) from the upper
-  module(s) or other hierarchy blocks.
+* Internals of the hierarchy block cannot be accessed using dot (.) from
+  the upper module(s) or other hierarchy blocks, except that ports of a
+  hierarchy block instance can be accessed from the directly enclosing
+  nested hierarchy block, or from the top level non-hierarchical portions
+  of the design if not a nested hierarchy block.

 * Modport cannot be used at the hierarchical block boundary.

@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ List Of Warnings
   .. code-block:: sv

         always_comb begin
-            a = b;
-            b = 1;
+           a = b;
+           b = 1;
         end

   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
@@ -169,6 +169,29 @@ List Of Warnings
   This warning is issued only if Verilator is run with :vlopt:`--no-timing`.


+.. option:: ASSIGNEQEXPR
+
+   Warning that an assignment with `=` appears in a complex expression.
+   The intent may have been to use `==`, or, if `=` is correct this may be
+   a readability issue.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_ASSIGNEQEXPR_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_ASSIGNEQEXPR_msg.rst
+
+   To repair, make the assignment into a separate statement.
+
+   Disabled by default as this is a code-style warning; it will simulate
+   correctly.
+
+   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
+   simulate correctly.
+
+
 .. option:: ASSIGNIN

   .. TODO better example
@@ -275,11 +298,11 @@ List Of Warnings
   .. code-block:: sv

         always @(posedge clk)
-            if (~reset_l)
-                for (i=0; i<`ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
-                    array[i] <= 0;  // Non-blocking assignment inside loop
-            else
-                array[address] <= data;
+           if (~reset_l)
+             for (i=0; i<`ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
+               array[i] <= 0;  // Non-blocking assignment inside loop
+           else
+             array[address] <= data;

   While this is supported in typical synthesizeable code (including the
   example above), some complicated cases are not supported. Namely:
@@ -485,6 +508,17 @@ List Of Warnings
   from other simulators.


+.. option:: CONSTWRITTEN
+
+   Error that a :code:`const` data typed variable is being assigned a
+   value.
+
+   IEEE 1800-2023 6.20.6 requires this error.
+
+   Suppressing this error will suppress the error message check; it will
+   simulate as if the :code:`const` as not present.
+
+
 .. option:: CONTASSREG

   .. TODO better example
@@ -577,7 +611,7 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 5

         module parameterized
-            #(parameter int MY_PARAM = 0);
+           #(parameter int MY_PARAM = 0);
         endmodule
         module upper;
           defparam p0.MY_PARAM = 1;  //<--- Warning
@@ -598,12 +632,12 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 6

         module parameterized
-            #(parameter int MY_PARAM = 0);
+           #(parameter int MY_PARAM = 0);
         endmodule
         module upper
           parameterized
-              #(.MY_PARAM(1))  //<--- Repaired
-              p0();
+             #(.MY_PARAM(1))  //<--- Repaired
+             p0();
         endmodule

   Other tools with similar warnings: Verible's forbid_defparam_rule.
@@ -683,7 +717,7 @@ List Of Warnings
   generated C++ code to add appropriate prints to see what is going on.


-.. option:: ENDCAPSULATED
+.. option:: ENCAPSULATED

   Warns that a class member is declared :code:`local` or
   :code:`protected`, but is being accessed from outside that class (if
@@ -745,7 +779,7 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 2

         typedef enum [3:0] {
-            WRONG_WIDTH = 33'h3  //<--- Warning
+           WRONG_WIDTH = 33'h3  //<--- Warning
         } enum_t;

   To repair, correct the size of the item's value directly, or use a cast,
@@ -801,6 +835,25 @@ List Of Warnings
   with a newline."


+.. option:: FUNCTIMECTL
+
+   Error that a function contains a time-controlling statement or call of a
+   task.  IEEE 1800-2023 13.4 requires this error.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_FUNCTIMECTL_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_FUNCTIMECTL_msg.rst
+
+   Suppressing this error will only suppress the IEEE-required check; in
+   most cases Verilator treats functions and tasks identically and relies
+   on analysis to determine what functions/tasks need to allow time to
+   pass.
+
+
 .. option:: GENCLK

   Historical, never issued since version 5.000.
@@ -831,8 +884,8 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 2

         generate
-            if (PARAM == 1) begin  //<--- Warning
-            end
+           if (PARAM == 1) begin  //<--- Warning
+           end

   Results in:

@@ -848,8 +901,8 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 2

         generate
-            if (PARAM == 1) begin : gen_param_1  //<--- Repaired
-            end
+           if (PARAM == 1) begin : gen_param_1  //<--- Repaired
+           end

   Other tools with similar warnings: Verible's generate-label, "All
   generate block statements must have a label."
@@ -862,6 +915,28 @@ List Of Warnings
   This setting on the top module will be ignored.


+.. option:: HIERPARAM
+
+   An error that a hierarchical value or function is being used to assign a parameter.
+   IEEE 1800-2023 6.20.2 requires this error.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_HIERPARAM_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_HIERPARAM_msg.rst
+
+   Suppressing this error may allow some hierarchical references to work (especially hierarchical
+   references into interface references), however not all cases are possible, e.g. it cannot
+   reference the parameter of a lower module in a way that affects determining the parameters
+   that elaborate that lower module.
+
+   An exception is made for IEEE 1800-2023 25.10 for interfaces/modports which appear in a module's
+   port list, since these are references to interfaces/modports declared at a higher level and are
+   already specialized. These types of accesses do not require waiving HIERPARAM.
+
 .. option:: IFDEPTH

   Warns that if/if else statements have exceeded the depth specified with
@@ -885,7 +960,7 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 5

         function int function_being_called_as_task;
-            return 1;
+           return 1;
         endfunction

         initial function_being_called_as_task();  //<--- Warning
@@ -904,7 +979,7 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 5

         function int function_being_called_as_task;
-            return 1;
+           return 1;
         endfunction

         initial void'(function_being_called_as_task());  //<--- Repaired
@@ -1074,10 +1149,10 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 3

         task foo(int local_var);
-            fork
-               #10 local_var++;
-               #20 $display("local_var = %d", local_var);
-            join_none
+           fork
+             #10 local_var++;
+             #20 $display("local_var = %d", local_var);
+           join_none
         endtask

   In the example above 'local_var' exists only within scope of 'foo', once foo
@@ -1099,19 +1174,19 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 4

         task foo(int local_var);
-            fork
-               #10 begin
-                  int forked_var = local_var;
-                  forked_var++;
-               end
-               #20 begin
-                  // Note that we are going to print the original value here,
-                  // as `forked_var`is a local copy that was initialized while
-                  // `foo` was still alive.
-                  int forked_var = local_var;
-                  $display("forked_var = %d", forked_var)
-               end
-            join_none
+           fork
+             #10 begin
+               int forked_var = local_var;
+               forked_var++;
+             end
+             #20 begin
+               // Note that we are going to print the original value here,
+               // as `forked_var`is a local copy that was initialized while
+               // `foo` was still alive.
+               int forked_var = local_var;
+               $display("forked_var = %d", forked_var)
+             end
+           join_none
         endtask

   If you need to share its state, another strategy is to ensure it's allocated
@@ -1124,10 +1199,10 @@ List Of Warnings
         int static_var;

         task foo();
-            fork
-               #10 static_var++;
-               #20 $display("static_var = %d", static_var);
-            join_none
+           fork
+             #10 static_var++;
+             #20 $display("static_var = %d", static_var);
+           join_none
         endtask

   However, if you need to be able to instantiate at runtime, the solution would be to
@@ -1139,23 +1214,23 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 2

         class Wrapper;
-            int m_var;
+           int m_var;

-            // Here we implicitly hold a reference to `this`
-            task foo();
-               fork
-                  #10 m_var++;
-                  #20 $display("this.m_var = %d", m_var);
-               join_none
-            endtask
+           // Here we implicitly hold a reference to `this`
+           task foo();
+             fork
+               #10 m_var++;
+               #20 $display("this.m_var = %d", m_var);
+             join_none
+           endtask
         endclass

         // Here we explicitly hold a handle to an object
         task bar(Wrapper wrapper);
-            fork
-               #10 wrapper.m_var++;
-               #20 $display("wrapper.m_var = %d", wrapper.m_var);
-            join_none
+           fork
+             #10 wrapper.m_var++;
+             #20 $display("wrapper.m_var = %d", wrapper.m_var);
+           join_none
         endtask

 .. option:: LITENDIAN
@@ -1166,7 +1241,7 @@ List Of Warnings
   backwards compatibility, new projects should use :option:`ASCRANGE`.


-.. option:: MINTYPMAX
+.. option:: MINTYPMAXDLY

   .. code-block:: sv

@@ -1197,8 +1272,8 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 3

         if (something)
-            statement_in_if;
-            statement_not_in_if;  //<--- Warning
+           statement_in_if;
+           statement_not_in_if;  //<--- Warning

   Results in:

@@ -1214,7 +1289,7 @@ List Of Warnings
      :emphasize-lines: 3

         if (something)
-            statement_in_if;
+           statement_in_if;
         statement_not_in_if;  //<--- Repaired

   Other tools with similar warnings: GCC -Wmisleading-indentation,
@@ -1367,6 +1442,27 @@ List Of Warnings
   simulate correctly.


+.. option:: NORETURN
+
+   Warns that a non-void function has no return statement, nor sets the
+   output result of the function.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_NORETURN_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_NORETURN_msg.rst
+
+   To fix the issue, add a :code:`return` statement, or set the output
+   variable of the function, or make the function of data type
+   :code:`void`.
+
+   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
+   simulate correctly.
+
+
 .. option:: NOTIMING

   Error when a timing-related construct that requires :vlopt:`--timing` has
@@ -1489,11 +1585,11 @@ List Of Warnings
       module a;
         localparam A=1;
         generate
-            if (A==0) begin
-               b b_inst1 (.x(1'b0));  //<--- error nonexistent port
-               b #(.PX(1'b0)) b_inst2 ();  //<--- error nonexistent parameter
-            end
-          endgenerate
+           if (A==0) begin
+             b b_inst1 (.x(1'b0));  //<--- error nonexistent port
+             b #(.PX(1'b0)) b_inst2 ();  //<--- error nonexistent parameter
+           end
+         endgenerate
       endmodule

       module b;
@@ -1766,9 +1862,9 @@ List Of Warnings

         wire vec[6:0];
         initial begin
-            index = 7;
-            ...
-            if (index < 7) out = vec[index];  // Never will use vec[7]
+          index = 7;
+          ...
+          if (index < 7) out = vec[index];  // Never will use vec[7]

   Other tools with similar warnings: Icarus Verilog's select-range,
   "warning: ... [...] is selecting before vector" or "is selecting before
@@ -1952,7 +2048,7 @@ List Of Warnings
         task foo(inout sig); ... endtask
         // ...
         always @* begin
-              foo(bus_we_select_from[2]);  // Will get TASKNSVAR error
+           foo(bus_we_select_from[2]);  // Will get TASKNSVAR error
         end

   Change this to:
@@ -1963,8 +2059,8 @@ List Of Warnings
         // ...
         reg foo_temp_out;
         always @* begin
-            foo(foo_temp_out);
-            bus_we_select_from[2] = foo_temp_out;
+           foo(foo_temp_out);
+           bus_we_select_from[2] = foo_temp_out;
         end

   Verilator doesn't do this conversion for you, as some more complicated
@@ -2209,6 +2305,14 @@ List Of Warnings
   :option:`UNUSEDSIGNAL`.


+.. option:: UNUSEDLOOP
+
+   .. TODO better example
+
+   Warns that a loop condition is always false, and so the body of the loop
+   will never be executed.
+
+
 .. option:: UNUSEDPARAM

   .. TODO better example
@@ -1656,6 +1656,54 @@ significant variance. Experience shows that a ~20% time difference can be
 reliably measured on GitHub hosted runners, and smaller differences are
 noticeable over a few days of reruns as trends emerge from the noise.

+Code coverage
+-------------
+
+Code coverage for developing Verilator itself can be collected using ``gcc``
+and ``gcov`` with the following flow. Note that configuring with
+``--enable-dev-gcov`` disables optimization for both the debug and optimized
+builds of Verilator, so running the resulting executables can be slow:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-dev-gcov
+   make -j$(nproc)        # Build verilator
+   make test              # Run the tests - this will generate .gcda files
+   make coverage-view     # Create and open HTML coverate reprot
+
+
+The ``coverage-view`` make target opens the generated coverage report. This
+depends on ``coverage-report``, which generates the HTML coverage report. That
+turn depends on ``coverage-combine``, which combines all ``.gcda`` files into
+an lcov data file. Each of these make targets can be used separately if
+desired.
+
+You can also use the ``coverage-zero`` target to remove all ``.gcda`` files,
+which in effect clears all collected coverage data. This can be useful when
+checking individual test cases while modifying them.
+
+To collect coverage only for select tests, instead of ``make test``, run the
+individual ``test_regress/t/*.py`` cases, then use ``make coverage-view`` as
+before.
+
+Note that every time binary built with coverage collection is invoked, it will
+add the coverage data collected during that invocation to the existing
+``.gcda`` files. This means that ``verilator`` can also be run on any other
+external files or projects to collect code coverage on those invocations.
+
+Be aware if changing a test, if that test no longer covers some item, the
+report will still contain the old coverage. Use ``make coverage-zero`` and
+rerun all tests if this is a concern.
+
+It is also possible to generate a 'patch coverage' report, which will only
+contain information about lines modified compared to a Git ref specified by the
+``COVERAGE_BASE`` Make variable (including uncommitted changes). For example,
+to see coverage of changes compared to upstream, use:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   make coverage-view COVERAGE_BASE=origin/master
+
 Fuzzing
 -------

@@ -2194,17 +2242,15 @@ driver.py Non-Scenario Arguments
 --rrsim
  Run Verilator generated executable and record with ``rr``.

--sanitize
-  Enable address sanitizer to compile Verilated C++ code.  This may detect
-  misuses of memory, such as out-of-bound accesses, use-after-free, and
-  memory leaks.
-
 --site
  Run site-specific tests also.

 --stop
  Stop on the first error.

+--top-filename <file>
+  Override the default Verilog file name.
+
 --trace
  Set the simulator-specific flags to request waveform tracing.

@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@ Katzman
 Kelin
 Keren
 Keyi
+Keßler
 Kimmitt
 Kindgren
 Kirkham
@@ -361,6 +362,7 @@ Rolfe
 Rontionov
 Roodselaar
 Roshit
+Rufer
 Runtime
 Ruud
 Rystsov
@@ -428,6 +430,7 @@ Terpstra
 Thiede
 Thierry
 Thyer
+Tianchen
 Tianrui
 Tichelaar
 Timi
@@ -527,6 +530,8 @@ ar
 architected
 args
 arrarys
+asan
+aslr
 assertOn
 assertcontrol
 astgen
@@ -610,6 +615,7 @@ covergroup
 cpp
 cppstyle
 cpu
+cpure
 ctor
 ctrace
 cutable
@@ -644,6 +650,7 @@ detections
 dev
 devcontainer
 devel
+difftree
 dir
 disambiguates
 displayb
@@ -745,7 +752,9 @@ fwrite
 gantt
 gcc
 gcda
+gcov
 gdb
+gdbinit
 genblk
 genvar
 genvars
@@ -763,8 +772,8 @@ hdr
 hdzhangdoc
 hh
 hier
-hierCMakeArgs
 hierMkArgs
+hierMkJsonArgs
 hierParameters
 hierVer
 html
@@ -844,6 +853,7 @@ miree
 mis
 misconnected
 misconversion
+misdetecting
 misoptimized
 missized
 mk
@@ -1098,6 +1108,7 @@ unbased
 uncomment
 undef
 undefineall
+undefs
 undriven
 ungetc
 unhandled
@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ std::string _vl_string_vprintf(const char* formatp, va_list ap) VL_MT_SAFE {
 }

 uint64_t _vl_dbg_sequence_number() VL_MT_SAFE {
-    static std::atomic<uint64_t> sequence;
-    return ++sequence;
+    static std::atomic<uint64_t> s_sequence;
+    return ++s_sequence;
 }

 uint32_t VL_THREAD_ID() VL_MT_SAFE {
@@ -294,6 +294,16 @@ void VL_PRINTF_MT(const char* formatp, ...) VL_MT_SAFE {
    }});
 }

+//===========================================================================
+// Process -- parts of std::process implementation
+
+std::string VlProcess::randstate() const VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+    return VlRNG::vl_thread_rng().get_randstate();
+}
+void VlProcess::randstate(const std::string& state) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+    VlRNG::vl_thread_rng().set_randstate(state);
+}
+
 //===========================================================================
 // Random -- Mostly called at init time, so not inline.

@@ -1322,6 +1332,19 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
                _vl_vsss_advance(fp, floc);
                break;
            }
+            case '0':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '1':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '2':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '3':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '4':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '5':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '6':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '7':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '8':  // FALLTHRU
+            case '9': {
+                inPct = true;
+                break;
+            }
            case '*':
                inPct = true;
                inIgnore = true;
@@ -1329,7 +1352,7 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
            default: {
                // Deal with all read-and-scan somethings
                // Note LSBs are preserved if there's an overflow
-                const int obits = inIgnore ? 0 : va_arg(ap, int);
+                int obits = inIgnore ? 0 : va_arg(ap, int);
                VlWide<VL_WQ_WORDS_E> qowp;
                VL_SET_WQ(qowp, 0ULL);
                WDataOutP owp = qowp;
@@ -1390,7 +1413,26 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
                    VL_SET_WQ(owp, u.ld);
                    break;
                }
-                case 't':  // FALLTHRU  // Time
+                case 't': {  // Time
+                    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp, floc, fromp, fstr);
+                    _vl_vsss_read_str(fp, floc, fromp, fstr, t_tmp, "+-.0123456789eE");
+                    if (!t_tmp[0]) goto done;
+                    union {
+                        double r;
+                        int64_t ld;
+                    } u;
+                    // Get pointer argument first, as proceeds the timeunit value
+                    if (obits != 64) goto done;
+                    QData* const realp = va_arg(ap, QData*);
+                    const int timeunit = va_arg(ap, int);
+                    const int userUnits
+                        = Verilated::threadContextp()->impp()->timeFormatUnits();  // 0..-15
+                    const int shift = -userUnits + timeunit;  // 0..-15
+                    u.r = std::strtod(t_tmp, nullptr) * vl_time_multiplier(-shift);
+                    *realp = VL_CLEAN_QQ(obits, obits, u.ld);
+                    obits = 0;  // Already loaded the value, don't read arg
+                    break;
+                }
                case '#': {  // Unsigned decimal
                    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp, floc, fromp, fstr);
                    _vl_vsss_read_str(fp, floc, fromp, fstr, t_tmp, "0123456789+-xXzZ?_");
@@ -2461,11 +2503,11 @@ void VL_WRITEMEM_N(bool hex,  // Hex format, else binary
 // Timescale conversion

 static const char* vl_time_str(int scale) VL_PURE {
-    static const char* const names[]
+    static const char* const s_names[]
        = {"100s",  "10s",  "1s",  "100ms", "10ms", "1ms", "100us", "10us", "1us",
           "100ns", "10ns", "1ns", "100ps", "10ps", "1ps", "100fs", "10fs", "1fs"};
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(scale > 2 || scale < -15)) scale = 0;
-    return names[2 - scale];
+    return s_names[2 - scale];
 }
 double vl_time_multiplier(int scale) VL_PURE {
    // Return timescale multiplier -18 to +18
@@ -2765,11 +2807,11 @@ void VerilatedContext::threads(unsigned n) {

    if (m_threads == n) return;  // To avoid unnecessary warnings
    m_threads = n;
-    const unsigned hardwareThreadsAvailable = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
-    if (m_threads > hardwareThreadsAvailable) {
-        VL_PRINTF_MT("%%Warning: System has %u hardware threads but simulation thread count set "
-                     "to %u. This will likely cause significant slowdown.\n",
-                     hardwareThreadsAvailable, m_threads);
+    const unsigned threadsAvailableToProcess = VlOs::getProcessDefaultParallelism();
+    if (m_threads > threadsAvailableToProcess) {
+        VL_PRINTF_MT("%%Warning: Process has %u hardware threads available, but simulation thread "
+                     "count set to %u. This will likely cause significant slowdown.\n",
+                     threadsAvailableToProcess, m_threads);
    }
 }

@@ -2817,11 +2859,13 @@ void VerilatedContext::addModel(const VerilatedModel* modelp) {

    // We look for time passing, as opposed to post-eval(), as embedded
    // models might get added inside initial blocks.
-    if (VL_UNLIKELY(time()))
-        VL_FATAL_MT(
-            "", 0, "",
-            "Adding model when time is non-zero. ... Suggest check time(), or for restarting"
-            " model use a new VerilatedContext");
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(time())) {
+        const std::string msg
+            = "Adding model '"s + modelp->hierName()
+              + "' when time is non-zero. ... Suggest check time(), or for restarting"
+                " model use a new VerilatedContext";
+        VL_FATAL_MT("", 0, "", msg.c_str());
+    }

    threadPoolp();  // Ensure thread pool is created, so m_threads cannot change any more
    m_threadsInModels += modelp->threads();
@@ -186,15 +186,6 @@ struct VlIsCustomStruct : public std::false_type {};
 template <typename T>
 struct VlContainsCustomStruct : VlIsCustomStruct<T> {};

-//=============================================================================
-// Utility functions
-
-template <size_t N>
-inline constexpr size_t roundUpToMultipleOf(size_t value) {
-    static_assert((N & (N - 1)) == 0, "'N' must be a power of 2");
-    return (value + N - 1) & ~(N - 1);
-}
-
 //=========================================================================
 // Mutex and threading support

@@ -451,7 +442,7 @@ protected:
    // Implementation details
    const std::unique_ptr<VerilatedContextImpData> m_impdatap;
    // Number of threads to use for simulation (size of m_threadPool + 1 for main thread)
-    unsigned m_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+    unsigned m_threads = VlOs::getProcessDefaultParallelism();
    // Number of threads in added models
    unsigned m_threadsInModels = 0;
    // The thread pool shared by all models added to this context
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ PYTHON3 = @PYTHON3@

 # Configuration time options
 CFG_WITH_CCWARN = @CFG_WITH_CCWARN@
+CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV = @CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV@
 CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS = @CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS@

 # Compiler version found during configure. This make variable is not used
@@ -144,6 +145,13 @@ OPT_FAST = -Os
 # to change this as the library is small, but can have significant speed impact.
 OPT_GLOBAL = -Os

+# Disable optimization when collecing code coverage for Verilator itself
+ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV),yes)
+  OPT_SLOW = -O0
+  OPT_FAST = -O0
+  OPT_GLOBAL = -O0
+endif
+
 #######################################################################
 ##### Profile builds

@@ -322,12 +330,11 @@ ifneq ($(findstring ccache-report,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
  $(VK_CCACHE_REPORT): $(VK_OBJS)
 	$(VERILATOR_CCACHE_REPORT) -o $@ $(VK_CCACHE_LOGDIR)

+  # ccache-report runs last
  .PHONY: ccache-report
-  ccache-report: $(VK_CCACHE_REPORT)
+  ccache-report: $(VK_CCACHE_REPORT) $(VK_OTHER_GOALS)
 	@cat $<

-# ccache-report runs last
-  ccache-report: $(VK_OTHER_GOALS)
 endif

 ######################################################################
@@ -42,10 +42,18 @@ static inline void VL_SET_W_SVBV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, const svBitVecVal* lw
    for (int i = 0; i < words - 1; ++i) owp[i] = lwp[i];
    owp[words - 1] = lwp[words - 1] & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
-static inline QData VL_SET_Q_SVBV(const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
-    return VL_SET_QII(lwp[1], lwp[0]);
+static inline void VL_SET_Q_SVBV(int obits, QData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    out = VL_MASK_Q(obits) & VL_SET_QII(lwp[1], lwp[0]);
+}
+static inline void VL_SET_I_SVBV(int obits, IData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0];
+}
+static inline void VL_SET_S_SVBV(int obits, SData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0];
+}
+static inline void VL_SET_C_SVBV(int obits, CData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0];
 }
-static inline IData VL_SET_I_SVBV(const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE { return lwp[0]; }

 // Convert Verilator internal data to svBitVecVal
 static inline void VL_SET_SVBV_W(int obits, svBitVecVal* owp, const WDataInP lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
@@ -65,10 +73,18 @@ static inline void VL_SET_W_SVLV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, const svLogicVecVal*
    for (int i = 0; i < words - 1; ++i) owp[i] = lwp[i].aval;
    owp[words - 1] = lwp[words - 1].aval & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
-static inline QData VL_SET_Q_SVLV(const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
-    return VL_SET_QII(lwp[1].aval, lwp[0].aval);
+static inline void VL_SET_Q_SVLV(int obits, QData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    out = VL_MASK_Q(obits) & VL_SET_QII(lwp[1].aval, lwp[0].aval);
+}
+static inline void VL_SET_I_SVLV(int obits, IData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0].aval;
+}
+static inline void VL_SET_S_SVLV(int obits, SData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0].aval;
+}
+static inline void VL_SET_C_SVLV(int obits, CData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0].aval;
 }
-static inline IData VL_SET_I_SVLV(const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE { return lwp[0].aval; }

 // Convert Verilator internal data to svLogicVecVal
 // Note these functions never create X/Z in svLogicVecVal
@@ -230,6 +230,9 @@ void VerilatedFst::declare(uint32_t code, const char* name, int dtypenum,
    else if (kind == VerilatedTraceSigKind::TRI) varType = FST_VT_VCD_TRI;
    else if (kind == VerilatedTraceSigKind::TRI0) varType = FST_VT_VCD_TRI0;
    else if (kind == VerilatedTraceSigKind::TRI1) varType = FST_VT_VCD_TRI1;
+    else if (kind == VerilatedTraceSigKind::TRIAND) varType = FST_VT_VCD_TRIAND;
+    else if (kind == VerilatedTraceSigKind::TRIOR) varType = FST_VT_VCD_TRIOR;
+    else if (kind == VerilatedTraceSigKind::TRIREG) varType = FST_VT_VCD_TRIREG;
    else if (kind == VerilatedTraceSigKind::WIRE) varType = FST_VT_VCD_WIRE;
    //
    else if (type == VerilatedTraceSigType::INTEGER) varType = FST_VT_VCD_INTEGER;
@@ -82,6 +82,9 @@ extern void VL_PRINTF_MT(const char* formatp, ...) VL_ATTR_PRINTF(1) VL_MT_SAFE;
 /// Print a debug message from internals with standard prefix, with printf style format
 extern void VL_DBG_MSGF(const char* formatp, ...) VL_ATTR_PRINTF(1) VL_MT_SAFE;

+/// Print a debug message from string via VL_DBG_MSGF
+inline void VL_DBG_MSGS(const std::string& str) VL_MT_SAFE { VL_DBG_MSGF("%s", str.c_str()); }
+
 // EMIT_RULE: VL_RANDOM:  oclean=dirty
 inline IData VL_RANDOM_I() VL_MT_SAFE { return vl_rand64(); }
 inline QData VL_RANDOM_Q() VL_MT_SAFE { return vl_rand64(); }
@@ -220,12 +220,24 @@ class VlPgoProfiler final {
    // Counters are stored packed, all together to reduce cache effects
    std::array<uint64_t, N_Entries> m_counters{};  // Time spent on this record
    std::vector<Record> m_records;  // Record information
+    // An original cost of a profiled hier block. During Verilation with
+    // collected profiling data, costs of hier blocks change thus hashes of
+    // original mtasks does not match those from the previous,
+    // instrumented, run. We shall not assume that a single top-level mtask
+    // will correspond to the hier block as multiple hier block DPIs can be
+    // contracted into a single mtask.  Therefore, the old cost, from
+    // previous instrumented run, is used to stabilize profiled scheduling.
+    const uint64_t m_currentHierBlockCost;

 public:
    // METHODS
-    VlPgoProfiler() = default;
+    explicit VlPgoProfiler(uint64_t currentHierBlockCost = 0)
+        : m_currentHierBlockCost{currentHierBlockCost} {}
    ~VlPgoProfiler() = default;
-    void write(const char* modelp, const std::string& filename, bool firstHierCall) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    VL_UNMOVABLE(VlPgoProfiler);
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VlPgoProfiler);
+    void writeHeader(const std::string& filename) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    void write(const char* modelp, const std::string& filename) VL_MT_SAFE;
    void addCounter(size_t counter, const std::string& name) {
        VL_DEBUG_IF(assert(counter < N_Entries););
        m_records.emplace_back(Record{name, counter});
@@ -239,8 +251,7 @@ public:
 };

 template <std::size_t N_Entries>
-void VlPgoProfiler<N_Entries>::write(const char* modelp, const std::string& filename,
-                                     bool firstHierCall) VL_MT_SAFE {
+void VlPgoProfiler<N_Entries>::writeHeader(const std::string& filename) VL_MT_SAFE {
    static VerilatedMutex s_mutex;
    const VerilatedLockGuard lock{s_mutex};

@@ -250,22 +261,38 @@ void VlPgoProfiler<N_Entries>::write(const char* modelp, const std::string& file
    // each will collect is own data correctly.  However when each is
    // destroyed we need to get all the data, not keep overwriting and only
    // get the last model's data.
-    static bool s_firstCall = firstHierCall;

-    VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF("+prof+vlt+file writing to '%s'\n", filename.c_str()););
-
-    FILE* const fp = std::fopen(filename.c_str(), s_firstCall ? "w" : "a");
+    FILE* const fp = std::fopen(filename.c_str(), "w");
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!fp)) {
        VL_FATAL_MT(filename.c_str(), 0, "", "+prof+vlt+file file not writable");
    }
-    if (s_firstCall) {
-        // TODO Perhaps merge with verilated_coverage output format, so can
-        // have a common merging and reporting tool, etc.
-        fprintf(fp, "// Verilated model profile-guided optimization data dump file\n");
-        fprintf(fp, "`verilator_config\n");
+
+    VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF("+prof+vlt+file initializing '%s'\n", filename.c_str()););
+
+    // TODO Perhaps merge with verilated_coverage output format, so can
+    // have a common merging and reporting tool, etc.
+    fprintf(fp, "// Verilated model profile-guided optimization data dump file\n");
+    fprintf(fp, "`verilator_config\n");
+
+    std::fclose(fp);
+}
+
+template <std::size_t N_Entries>
+void VlPgoProfiler<N_Entries>::write(const char* modelp, const std::string& filename) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    static VerilatedMutex s_mutex;
+    const VerilatedLockGuard lock{s_mutex};
+
+    FILE* const fp = std::fopen(filename.c_str(), "a");
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!fp)) {
+        VL_FATAL_MT(filename.c_str(), 0, "", "+prof+vlt+file file not writable");
    }

-    s_firstCall = false;
+    VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF("+prof+vlt+file writing to '%s'\n", filename.c_str()););
+
+    if (m_currentHierBlockCost) {
+        fprintf(fp, "profile_data -hier-dpi \"%s\" -cost 64'd%lu\n", modelp,
+                m_currentHierBlockCost);
+    }

    for (const Record& rec : m_records) {
        fprintf(fp, "profile_data -model \"%s\" -mtask \"%s\" -cost 64'd%" PRIu64 "\n", modelp,
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 #endif
 // clang-format on

-class Process final : private std::streambuf, public std::iostream {
+class VlRProcess final : private std::streambuf, public std::iostream {
    static constexpr int BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
    const char* const* m_cmd = nullptr;  // fork() process argv
 #ifdef _VL_SOLVER_PIPE
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ protected:
        if (pbase() == pptr()) return 0;
        size_t size = pptr() - pbase();
        ssize_t n = ::write(m_writeFd, pbase(), size);
+        // VL_PRINTF_MT("solver-write '%s'\n", std::string(pbase(), size).c_str());
        if (n == -1) perror("write");
        if (n <= 0) {
            wait_report();
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ protected:
    }

 public:
-    explicit Process(const char* const* const cmd = nullptr)
+    explicit VlRProcess(const char* const* const cmd = nullptr)
        : std::streambuf{}
        , std::iostream{this}
        , m_cmd{cmd} {
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ public:
            else if (WIFEXITED(m_pidStatus))
                msg << "exit status " << WEXITSTATUS(m_pidStatus);
            const std::string str = msg.str();
-            VL_WARN_MT("", 0, "Process", str.c_str());
+            VL_WARN_MT("", 0, "VlRProcess", str.c_str());
        }
 #endif
        m_pidExited = true;
@@ -151,11 +152,11 @@ public:
        constexpr int P_WR = 1;

        if (pipe(fd_stdin) != 0) {
-            perror("Process::open: pipe");
+            perror("VlRProcess::open: pipe");
            return false;
        }
        if (pipe(fd_stdout) != 0) {
-            perror("Process::open: pipe");
+            perror("VlRProcess::open: pipe");
            close(fd_stdin[P_RD]);
            close(fd_stdin[P_WR]);
            return false;
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ public:

        const pid_t pid = fork();
        if (pid < 0) {
-            perror("Process::open: fork");
+            perror("VlRProcess::open: fork");
            close(fd_stdin[P_RD]);
            close(fd_stdin[P_WR]);
            close(fd_stdout[P_RD]);
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ public:
            dup2(fd_stdout[P_WR], STDOUT_FILENO);
            execvp(cmd[0], const_cast<char* const*>(cmd));
            std::stringstream msg;
-            msg << "Process::open: execvp(" << cmd[0] << ")";
+            msg << "VlRProcess::open: execvp(" << cmd[0] << ")";
            const std::string str = msg.str();
            perror(str.c_str());
            _exit(127);
@@ -212,8 +213,8 @@ public:
    }
 };

-static Process& getSolver() {
-    static Process s_solver;
+static VlRProcess& getSolver() {
+    static VlRProcess s_solver;
    static bool s_done = false;
    if (s_done) return s_solver;
    s_done = true;
@@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ static Process& getSolver() {
    return s_solver;
 }

-std::string readUntilBalanced(std::istream& stream) {
+static std::string readUntilBalanced(std::istream& stream) {
    std::string result;
    std::string token;
    int parenCount = 1;
@@ -269,8 +270,8 @@ std::string readUntilBalanced(std::istream& stream) {
    return result;
 }

-std::string parseNestedSelect(const std::string& nested_select_expr,
-                              std::vector<std::string>& indices) {
+static std::string parseNestedSelect(const std::string& nested_select_expr,
+                                     std::vector<std::string>& indices) {
    std::istringstream nestedStream(nested_select_expr);
    std::string name, idx;
    nestedStream >> name;
@@ -367,47 +368,47 @@ void VlRandomizer::randomConstraint(std::ostream& os, VlRNG& rngr, int bits) {

 bool VlRandomizer::next(VlRNG& rngr) {
    if (m_vars.empty()) return true;
-    std::iostream& f = getSolver();
-    if (!f) return false;
+    std::iostream& os = getSolver();
+    if (!os) return false;

-    f << "(set-option :produce-models true)\n";
-    f << "(set-logic QF_ABV)\n";
-    f << "(define-fun __Vbv ((b Bool)) (_ BitVec 1) (ite b #b1 #b0))\n";
-    f << "(define-fun __Vbool ((v (_ BitVec 1))) Bool (= #b1 v))\n";
+    os << "(set-option :produce-models true)\n";
+    os << "(set-logic QF_ABV)\n";
+    os << "(define-fun __Vbv ((b Bool)) (_ BitVec 1) (ite b #b1 #b0))\n";
+    os << "(define-fun __Vbool ((v (_ BitVec 1))) Bool (= #b1 v))\n";
    for (const auto& var : m_vars) {
        if (var.second->dimension() > 0) {
            auto arrVarsp = std::make_shared<const ArrayInfoMap>(m_arr_vars);
            var.second->setArrayInfo(arrVarsp);
        }
-        f << "(declare-fun " << var.first << " () ";
-        var.second->emitType(f);
-        f << ")\n";
+        os << "(declare-fun " << var.first << " () ";
+        var.second->emitType(os);
+        os << ")\n";
    }
    for (const std::string& constraint : m_constraints) {
-        f << "(assert (= #b1 " << constraint << "))\n";
+        os << "(assert (= #b1 " << constraint << "))\n";
    }
-    f << "(check-sat)\n";
+    os << "(check-sat)\n";

-    bool sat = parseSolution(f);
+    bool sat = parseSolution(os);
    if (!sat) {
-        f << "(reset)\n";
+        os << "(reset)\n";
        return false;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < _VL_SOLVER_HASH_LEN_TOTAL && sat; ++i) {
-        f << "(assert ";
-        randomConstraint(f, rngr, _VL_SOLVER_HASH_LEN);
-        f << ")\n";
-        f << "\n(check-sat)\n";
-        sat = parseSolution(f);
+        os << "(assert ";
+        randomConstraint(os, rngr, _VL_SOLVER_HASH_LEN);
+        os << ")\n";
+        os << "\n(check-sat)\n";
+        sat = parseSolution(os);
    }

-    f << "(reset)\n";
+    os << "(reset)\n";
    return true;
 }

-bool VlRandomizer::parseSolution(std::iostream& f) {
+bool VlRandomizer::parseSolution(std::iostream& os) {
    std::string sat;
-    do { std::getline(f, sat); } while (sat == "");
+    do { std::getline(os, sat); } while (sat == "");

    if (sat == "unsat") return false;
    if (sat != "sat") {
@@ -418,25 +419,25 @@ bool VlRandomizer::parseSolution(std::iostream& f) {
        return false;
    }

-    f << "(get-value (";
+    os << "(get-value (";
    for (const auto& var : m_vars) {
        if (var.second->dimension() > 0) {
            auto arrVarsp = std::make_shared<const ArrayInfoMap>(m_arr_vars);
            var.second->setArrayInfo(arrVarsp);
        }
-        var.second->emitGetValue(f);
+        var.second->emitGetValue(os);
    }
-    f << "))\n";
+    os << "))\n";
    // Quasi-parse S-expression of the form ((x #xVALUE) (y #bVALUE) (z #xVALUE))
    char c;
-    f >> c;
+    os >> c;
    if (c != '(') {
        VL_WARN_MT(__FILE__, __LINE__, "randomize",
                   "Internal: Unable to parse solver's response: invalid S-expression");
        return false;
    }
    while (true) {
-        f >> c;
+        os >> c;
        if (c == ')') break;
        if (c != '(') {
            VL_WARN_MT(__FILE__, __LINE__, "randomize",
@@ -445,13 +446,13 @@ bool VlRandomizer::parseSolution(std::iostream& f) {
        }
        std::string name, idx, value;
        std::vector<std::string> indices;
-        f >> name;
+        os >> name;
        indices.clear();
        if (name == "(select") {
-            const std::string selectExpr = readUntilBalanced(f);
+            const std::string selectExpr = readUntilBalanced(os);
            name = parseNestedSelect(selectExpr, indices);
        }
-        std::getline(f, value, ')');
+        std::getline(os, value, ')');
        const auto it = m_vars.find(name);
        if (it == m_vars.end()) continue;
        const VlRandomVar& varr = *it->second;
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <sstream>

 //=============================================================================
+
 // VlRandomExpr and subclasses represent expressions for the constraint solver.
 class ArrayInfo final {
 public:
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ public:
            return it->second->m_datap;
        } else {
            VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__, __LINE__, "randomize", "indexed_name not found in m_arr_vars");
-            return nullptr;
+            return nullptr;  // LCOV_EXCL_BR_LINE
        }
    }
    void emitHexs(std::ostream& s, const std::vector<IData>& indices, const size_t bit_width,
@@ -192,8 +193,10 @@ public:
        s << ')';
    }
 };
+
 //=============================================================================
-// VlRandomizer is the object holding constraints and variable references.
+
+// Object holding constraints and variable references.
 class VlRandomizer final {
    // MEMBERS
    std::vector<std::string> m_constraints;  // Solver-dependent constraints
@@ -216,9 +219,7 @@ public:
    // Finds the next solution satisfying the constraints
    bool next(VlRNG& rngr);

-    // -----------------------------------------------
    // ---  Process the key for associative array  ---
-    // -----------------------------------------------

    // process_key: Handle integral keys (<= 32-bit)
    template <typename T_Key>
@@ -313,9 +314,7 @@ public:
                    "supported currently.");
    }

-    // -----------------------------------------
    // ---  write_var to register variables  ---
-    // -----------------------------------------

    // Register scalar variable (non-struct, basic type)
    template <typename T>
@@ -402,9 +401,8 @@ public:
              std::uint32_t randmodeIdx = std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max()) {
        if (dimension > 0) record_struct_arr(var, name, dimension, {}, {});
    }
-    // ----------------------------------------
+
    // ---  Record Arrays: flat and struct  ---
-    // ----------------------------------------

    // Record a flat (non-class) element into the array variable table
    template <typename T>
@@ -546,9 +544,8 @@ public:
            }
        }
    }
-    // --------------------------
+
    // ---  Helper functions  ---
-    // --------------------------

    // Helper: Register all members of a user-defined struct
    template <typename T, std::size_t... I>
@@ -581,8 +578,8 @@ public:
 };

 //=============================================================================
-// VlStdRandomizer provides a light wrapper for RNG used by std::randomize()
-// to support scope-level randomization.
+
+// Light wrapper for RNG used by std::randomize() to support scope-level randomization.
 class VlStdRandomizer final {
    // MEMBERS
    VlRNG m_rng;  // Random number generator
@@ -598,4 +595,5 @@ public:
        return true;
    }
 };
+
 #endif  // Guard
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More