Version bump

Tests: Fix version miscompare in t_uvm_dpi
Commentary: Changes update
2026-10-02 16:13:34 +02:00 · 2025-08-30 18:11:51 -04:00 · 2025-08-30 18:10:13 -04:00 · 2025-08-30 17:58:12 -04:00 · 2025-08-30 14:25:20 -04:00 · 2025-08-30 16:08:44 +01:00
7854 changed files with 1325633 additions and 193044 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# mbake configuration file
+
+[formatter]
+# Indentation settings
+use_tabs = true
+tab_width = 2
+
+# Spacing settings
+space_around_assignment = true
+space_before_colon = false
+space_after_colon = true
+
+# Line continuation settings
+normalize_line_continuations = true
+max_line_length = 100
+
+# PHONY settings
+group_phony_declarations = false
+phony_at_top = false
+auto_insert_phony_declarations = false
+
+# General settings
+remove_trailing_whitespace = true
+ensure_final_newline = true
+normalize_empty_lines = true
+max_consecutive_empty_lines = 2
+
+# Global settings
+debug = false
+verbose = false
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 exclude_paths:
-  - '.github/**'
-  - 'ci/build_verilator.sh'
-  - 'include/vltstd/**'
-  - 'nodist/fastcov.py'
+  - ".github/**"
+  - "ci/build_verilator.sh"
+  - "include/vltstd/**"
+  - "nodist/fastcov.py"
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
-	"name": "Verilator Build Environment",
+        "name": "Verilator Build Environment",

-	"build": {
+        "build": {
        "dockerfile": "../ci/docker/buildenv/Dockerfile"
    }

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ assignees: ''

 Thanks for taking the time to report this.

-Can you attach an example that shows the issue?  (Must be openly licensed, ideally in test_regress format.)
+Can you attach an example that shows the issue?  (Must be openly licensed, completely self-contained and self-checking so can directly run what you provide. Ideally use test_regress format, see https://veripool.org/guide/latest/contributing.html?highlight=test_regress#reporting-bugs

 What 'verilator' command line do we use to run your example?

@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ What would you like added/supported?

 What 'verilator --version' are you using?  Did you try it with the git master version?

-Can you attach an example that runs on other simulators?  (Must be openly licensed, ideally in test_regress format.)
+Can you attach an example that runs on other simulators?  (Must be openly licensed, completely self-contained and self-checking so can directly run what you provide. Ideally use test_regress format, see https://veripool.org/guide/latest/contributing.html?highlight=test_regress#reporting-bugs

 May we assist you in trying to fix this in Verilator yourself?
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
@@ -9,16 +10,10 @@ on:
  pull_request:
  workflow_dispatch:
  schedule:
-  - cron: '0 0 * * 0' # weekly
+    - cron: '0 0 * * 0'  # weekly

-env:
-  CI_OS_NAME: linux
-  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
-  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
-  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
-  INSTALL_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/install
-  RELOC_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/relloc
+permissions:
+  contents: read

 defaults:
  run:
@@ -26,156 +21,176 @@ defaults:
    working-directory: repo

 concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.ref || github.run_id }}
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.actor }}-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

 jobs:

-  build:
+  build-2404-gcc:
+    name: Build
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-22.04, ubuntu-20.04]
-        compiler:
-          - { cc: clang, cxx: clang++ }
-          - { cc: gcc,   cxx: g++     }
        include:
-          # Build GCC 10 on ubuntu-20.04
-          - os: ubuntu-20.04
-            compiler: { cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10 }
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}
-    env:
-      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      CC: ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}
-      CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler.cxx }}
-      CACHE_BASE_KEY: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}
-      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 1000M # Per build matrix entry (* 5 = 5000M in total)
-      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}.tar.gz
-    steps:
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc}

-    - name: Checkout
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      with:
-        path: repo
-
-    - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-      uses: actions/cache@v4
-      env:
-        CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-        key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
-
-    - name: Install packages for build
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
-
-    - name: Build
-      run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
-
-    - name: Tar up repository
-      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-      run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
-
-    - name: Upload tar archive
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-        name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-
-
-  test:
-    needs: build
+  build-2404-clang:
+    name: Build
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-22.04, ubuntu-20.04]
-        compiler:
-          - { cc: clang, cxx: clang++ }
-          - { cc: gcc,   cxx: g++     }
-        reloc: [0]
-        suite: [dist-vlt-0, dist-vlt-1, dist-vlt-2, dist-vlt-3, vltmt-0, vltmt-1]
        include:
-          # Test with GCC 10 on ubuntu-20.04
-          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: { cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10 }, suite: dist-vlt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: { cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10 }, suite: dist-vlt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: { cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10 }, suite: dist-vlt-2}
-          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: { cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10 }, suite: dist-vlt-3}
-          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: { cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10 }, suite: vltmt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, compiler: { cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10 }, suite: vltmt-1}
-          # Test relocated installation - on most common platform only
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, compiler: { cc: gcc, cxx: g++ }, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, compiler: { cc: gcc, cxx: g++ }, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, compiler: { cc: gcc, cxx: g++ }, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-2}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, compiler: { cc: gcc, cxx: g++ }, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-3}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, compiler: { cc: gcc, cxx: g++ }, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, compiler: { cc: gcc, cxx: g++ }, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-1}
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
-    env:
-      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: test
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      CI_RELOC: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
-      CC: ${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}
-      CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler.cxx }}
-      CACHE_BASE_KEY: test-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}-${{ matrix.reloc }}-${{ matrix.suite }}
-      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 100M # Per build per suite (* 5 * 5 = 2500M in total)
-      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler.cc }}.tar.gz
-    steps:
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang}

-    - name: Download tar archive
-      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
-      with:
-        name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+  build-2204-gcc:
+    name: Build
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc}

-    - name: Unpack tar archive
-      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-      run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+  build-2204-clang:
+    name: Build
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
+    with:
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang}

-    - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-      uses: actions/cache@v4
-      env:
-        CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache2
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-        key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
+  test-2404-gcc:
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    needs: build-2404-gcc
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
+    with:
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
+      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Ubuntu 24.04 gcc
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}

-    - name: Install test dependencies
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+  test-2404-clang:
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    needs: build-2404-clang
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
+    with:
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
+      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Ubuntu 24.04 clang
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}

-    - name: Test
-      env:
-        TESTS: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-      run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+  test-2204-gcc:
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    needs: build-2204-gcc
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
+    with:
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
+      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Ubuntu 22.04 gcc
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}
+
+  test-2204-clang:
+    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    needs: build-2204-clang
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
+    with:
+      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
+      suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Ubuntu 22.04 clang, also test relocation
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-2}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: dist-vlt-3}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-0}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-1}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, reloc: 1, suite: vltmt-2}

  lint-py:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    name: Lint Python
    env:
+      CI_OS_NAME: linux
+      CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
+      CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
+      CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+      CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
    steps:
-    - name: Checkout
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      with:
-        path: repo
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo

-    - name: Install packages for build
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+      - name: Install packages for build
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash

    # We use specific version numbers, otherwise a Python package
    # update may add a warning and break our build
-    - name: Install packages for lint
-      run: sudo pip3 install pylint==3.0.2 ruff==0.1.3 clang sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe ruff
+      - name: Install packages for lint
+        run: sudo pip3 install pylint==3.0.2 ruff==0.1.3 clang sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe ruff

-    - name: Configure
-      run: autoconf && ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn
+      - name: Configure
+        run: autoconf && ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn

-    - name: Lint
-      run: make -k lint-py
+      - name: Lint
+        run: make -k lint-py
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
+#
 name: Contributor Agreement
-
 on:
  push:
  pull_request:
  workflow_dispatch:
-
+permissions:
+  contents: read
 jobs:
  Test:
    name: "'docs/CONTRIBUTORS' was signed"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - run: test_regress/t/t_dist_contributors.pl
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - run: test_regress/t/t_dist_contributors.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

@@ -6,7 +7,10 @@ name: coverage
 on:
  workflow_dispatch:
  schedule:
-  - cron: '0 0 * * 0' # weekly
+    - cron: '0 0 * * 0'  # weekly
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read

 env:
  CI_OS_NAME: linux
@@ -21,85 +25,73 @@ defaults:

 jobs:

-
  Build:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    # Only run scheduled jobs if explicitly enabled for that repo (e.g.: not on forks)
+    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' || vars.ENABLE_SCHEDULED_JOBS == 'true' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    env:
      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:

-    - name: Checkout
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      with:
-        path: repo
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo

-    - name: Install packages for build
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+      - name: Install packages for build
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash

-    - name: Build
-      run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+      - name: Build
+        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash

-    - name: Tar up repository
-      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-      run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
-
-    - name: Upload tar archive
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-        name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+      - name: Tar up repository
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
+        run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo

+      - name: Upload tar archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}

  Test:
    needs: Build
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        test:
-        - vlt-
-        - vltmt-
-        num:
-        - 0
-        - 1
-        - 2
-        - 3
-        - 4
-        - 5
-        - 6
-        - 7
-        - 8
-        - 9
+        test: [vlt-, vltmt-]
+        num: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
        include:
-        - { test: dist, num: '' }
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+          - {test: dist, num: ''}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    name: test-${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
    env:
      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: test
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:

-    - name: Download tar archive
-      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
-      with:
-        name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+      - name: Download tar archive
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}

-    - name: Unpack tar archive
-      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
-      run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+      - name: Unpack tar archive
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
+        run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}

-    - name: Install test dependencies
-      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+      - name: Install test dependencies
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash

-    - name: Test
-      env:
-        TESTS: coverage-${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
-      run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+      - name: Test
+        env:
+          TESTS: coverage-${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
+        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash

-    - name: Upload coverage data to Codecov
-      env:
-        CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
-      run: |
-        find . -name '*.gcno' -exec rm {} \;
-        ./ci/codecov -v upload-process -Z --sha ${{ github.sha }} -f nodist/obj_dir/coverage/app_total.info
+      - name: Upload coverage data to Codecov
+        env:
+          CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          find . -name '*.gcno' -exec rm {} \;
+          ./ci/codecov -v upload-process -Z --sha ${{ github.sha }} -f nodist/obj_dir/coverage/app_total.info
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+---
 # Build and push verilator docker image when tags are pushed to the repository.
 # The following variable(s) must be configured in the github repository:
 # DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE: docker hub namespace.
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ name: Build Verilator Container

 on:
  push:
-    tags: [ 'v*' ]
+    tags: ['v*']
  workflow_dispatch:
    inputs:
      manual_tag:
@@ -21,11 +22,14 @@ on:
        type: boolean
        default: false

+permissions:
+  contents: write
+
 jobs:

  build:

-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04

    strategy:
      matrix:
@@ -34,52 +38,52 @@ jobs:
          # - "ci/docker/buildenv:verilator-buildenv"

    steps:
-    - name: Checkout
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - name: Extract context variables
-      run: |
-        echo "${{ matrix.contexts }}" | sed -r 's/(.*):.*/build_context=\1/' >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-        echo "${{ matrix.contexts }}" | sed -r 's/.*:(.*)/image_name=\1/' >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-        echo "git_tag=${GITHUB_REF#refs/*/}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      - name: Extract context variables
+        run: |
+          echo "${{ matrix.contexts }}" | sed -r 's/(.*):.*/build_context=\1/' >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "${{ matrix.contexts }}" | sed -r 's/.*:(.*)/image_name=\1/' >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "git_tag=${GITHUB_REF#refs/*/}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"

-    - name: Use manual tag
-      if: ${{ inputs.manual_tag }}
-      run: |
-        echo "git_tag=${{ inputs.manual_tag }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      - name: Use manual tag
+        if: ${{ inputs.manual_tag }}
+        run: |
+          echo "git_tag=${{ inputs.manual_tag }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"

-    - name: Docker meta
-      id: docker_meta
-      uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
-      with:
-        images: |
-          ${{ vars.DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE }}/${{ env.image_name }}
-        tags: |
-          type=match,pattern=(v.*),group=1,enable=${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
-          type=raw,value=${{ inputs.manual_tag }},enable=${{ inputs.manual_tag != '' }}
-          type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ inputs.add_latest_tag == true }}
+      - name: Docker meta
+        id: docker_meta
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
+        with:
+          images: |
+            ${{ vars.DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE }}/${{ env.image_name }}
+          tags: |
+            type=match,pattern=(v.*),group=1,enable=${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
+            type=raw,value=${{ inputs.manual_tag }},enable=${{ inputs.manual_tag != '' }}
+            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ inputs.add_latest_tag == true }}

-    - name: Set up QEMU
-      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      - name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2

-    - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-      uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
-      with:
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
          buildkitd-flags: --debug

-    - name: Login to Docker Hub
-      uses: docker/login-action@v2
-      with:
-        username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USER }}
-        password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Login to Docker Hub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v2
+        with:
+          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USER }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}

-    - name: Build and Push to Docker
-      uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
-      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
-      with:
-        context: ${{ env.build_context }}
-        build-args: SOURCE_COMMIT=${{ env.git_tag }}
-        platforms: linux/arm64,linux/amd64
-        push: ${{ !env.ACT && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
-        tags: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.tags }}
-        labels: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.labels }}
+      - name: Build and Push to Docker
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
+        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+        with:
+          context: ${{ env.build_context }}
+          build-args: SOURCE_COMMIT=${{ env.git_tag }}
+          platforms: linux/arm64,linux/amd64
+          push: ${{ !env.ACT && (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch') }}
+          tags: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.tags }}
+          labels: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.labels }}
@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
+#
 name: format
-
 on:
  push:
  pull_request_target:
  workflow_dispatch:
-
+permissions:
+  contents: write
 jobs:
  format:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    name: Ubuntu 22.04 | format
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    name: Ubuntu 24.04 | format
    env:
      CI_OS_NAME: linux
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-24.04
      CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
@@ -26,14 +27,15 @@ jobs:
          CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
        run: |
          bash ci/ci-install.bash &&
-          sudo apt-get install clang-format-14 yapf3 &&
+          sudo apt-get install clang-format-18 yapf3 &&
+          sudo pip3 install gersemi mbake &&
          git config --global user.email "[email protected]" &&
          git config --global user.name "github action"
      - name: Format code
        run: |
          autoconf &&
          ./configure &&
-          make -j 2 format CLANGFORMAT=clang-format-14 &&
+          make -j 2 format CLANGFORMAT=clang-format-18 &&
          git status
      - name: Push
        run: |
@@ -1,55 +1,52 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
 # This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
+#
 name: msbuild
-
 on:
  push:
  pull_request:
  workflow_dispatch:
  schedule:
-  - cron: '0 0 * * 0' # weekly
-
+    - cron: 0 0 * * 0  # weekly
+permissions:
+  contents: read
 env:
  CI_OS_NAME: win
  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
-
 defaults:
  run:
    working-directory: repo
-
 concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.ref || github.run_id }}
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.actor }}-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true
-
 jobs:
-
-   windows:
+  windows:
    name: run on windows
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+    runs-on: windows-2025
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      with:
-        path: repo
-    - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
-      uses: actions/cache@v4
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-        key: msbuild-msvc-cmake
-    - name: compile
-      env:
-        WIN_FLEX_BISON: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-      run: ./ci/ci-win-compile.ps1
-    - name: test build
-      run: ./ci/ci-win-test.ps1
-    - name: Zip up repository
-      run: Compress-Archive -LiteralPath install -DestinationPath verilator.zip
-    - name: Upload zip archive
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/verilator.zip
-        name: verilator-win.zip
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo
+      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: msbuild-msvc-cmake
+      - name: compile
+        env:
+          WIN_FLEX_BISON: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+        run: ./ci/ci-win-compile.ps1
+      - name: test build
+        run: ./ci/ci-win-test.ps1
+      - name: Zip up repository
+        run: Compress-Archive -LiteralPath install -DestinationPath verilator.zip
+      - name: Upload zip archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/verilator.zip
+          name: verilator-win.zip
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: reusable-build
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      os:  # e.g. ubuntu-24.04
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      cc:  # gcc or clang
+        required: true
+        type: string
+
+env:
+  CI_OS_NAME: linux
+  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
+  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
+  INSTALL_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/install
+  RELOC_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/relloc
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+    working-directory: repo
+
+jobs:
+
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{ inputs.os }}
+    name: Sub-build | ${{ inputs.os }} | ${{ inputs.cc }}
+    env:
+      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ inputs.os }}
+      CC: ${{ inputs.cc }}
+      CXX: ${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
+      CACHE_BASE_KEY: build-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
+      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 1000M  # Per build matrix entry (* 5 = 5000M in total)
+      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}.tar.gz
+    steps:
+
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo
+
+      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        env:
+          CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
+
+      - name: Install packages for build
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+
+      - name: Tar up repository
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
+        run: tar --posix -c -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }} repo
+
+      - name: Upload tar archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: reusable-rtlmeter-build
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      runs-on:
+        description: "Runner to use, e.g.: ubuntu-24.04"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+      cc:
+        description: "Compiler to use: 'gcc' or 'clang'"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+
+env:
+  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/ccache
+  CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 512M
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}
+    name: Build
+    steps:
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt update
+          sudo apt install ccache mold help2man libfl-dev libgoogle-perftools-dev libsystemc-dev
+
+      - name: Use saved ccache
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ccache
+          key: rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+          restore-keys: rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
+
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          path: repo
+          fetch-depth: 0 # Required for 'git describe' used for 'verilator --version'
+
+      - name: Configure
+        working-directory: repo
+        run: |
+          autoconf
+          ./configure --prefix=${{ github.workspace }}/install CXX=${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
+
+      - name: Make
+        working-directory: repo
+        run: make -j $(nproc)
+
+      - name: Install
+        working-directory: repo
+        run: make install
+
+      - name: Tar up installation
+        run: tar --posix -c -z -f verilator-rtlmeter.tar.gz install
+
+      - name: Upload Verilator installation archive
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: verilator-rtlmeter.tar.gz
+          name: verilator-rtlmeter-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
+          overwrite: true
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: reusable-rtlmeter-run
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      tag:
+        description: "Unique identifier for storing results"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+      runs-on:
+        description: "Runner to use, e.g.: ubuntu-24.04"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+      cc:
+        description: "Compiler to use: 'gcc' or 'clang'"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+      # Note: The combination of 'cases' and 'run-name' must be unique for all
+      # invocations of this workflow within a run of the parent workflow.
+      # These two are used together to generate a unique results file name.
+      cases:
+        description: "RTLMeter cases to run"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+      run-name:
+        description: "Run name (identifier) to add to collated results"
+        type: string
+        required: true
+      compileArgs:
+        description: "Additional Verilator command line arguments"
+        type: string
+        default: ""
+      executeArgs:
+        description: "Additional simulator command line arguments"
+        type: string
+        default: ""
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+
+env:
+  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/ccache
+  CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 512M
+  CCACHE_DISABLE: 1
+
+jobs:
+  run:
+    runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}
+    name: Run
+    steps:
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt update
+          sudo apt install ccache mold libfl-dev libgoogle-perftools-dev libsystemc-dev
+
+      - name: Download Verilator installation archive
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: verilator-rtlmeter-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
+
+      - name: Unpack Verilator installation archive
+        run: |
+          tar -x -z -f verilator-rtlmeter.tar.gz
+          echo "${{ github.workspace }}/install/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+
+      - name: Use saved ccache
+        if: ${{ env.CCACHE_DISABLE == 0 }}
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+          restore-keys: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}
+
+      - name: Checkout RTLMeter
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
+          path: rtlmeter
+
+      - name: Setup RTLMeter venv
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: make venv
+
+      - name: Compile cases
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          ./rtlmeter run --verbose --cases='${{ inputs.cases }}' --compileArgs='${{ inputs.compileArgs }}' --executeArgs='${{ inputs.executeArgs }}' --nExecute=0
+          # My YAML highlighter sucks, so I put this comment here wiht a phony closing quote mark to make it work: '
+
+      - name: Execute cases
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        continue-on-error: true  # Do not fail on error, so we can at leat save the successful results
+        run: |
+          ./rtlmeter run --verbose --cases='${{ inputs.cases }}' --compileArgs='${{ inputs.compileArgs }}' --executeArgs='${{ inputs.executeArgs }}'
+          # My YAML highlighter sucks, so I put this comment here wiht a phony closing quote mark to make it work: '
+
+      - name: Collate results
+        id: results
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          # Use 'inputs.cases' and 'inputs.run-name' to generate a unique file name
+          hash=$(md5sum <<< '${{ inputs.cases }} ${{ inputs.run-name }}' | awk '{print $1}')
+          echo "hash=${hash}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          ./rtlmeter collate --runName "${{ inputs.run-name }}"  > ../results-${hash}.json
+
+      - name: Report results
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          ./rtlmeter report --steps '*' --metrics '*' ../results-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json
+
+      - name: Upload results
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: results-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}.json
+          name: rtlmeter-results-${{ inputs.tag }}-${{ steps.results.outputs.hash }}
+          overwrite: true
+          retention-days: 2
+
+      - name: Report status
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: | # This will fail the job if any of the runs failed
+          ./rtlmeter run --verbose --cases='${{ inputs.cases }}' --compileArgs='${{ inputs.compileArgs }}' --executeArgs='${{ inputs.executeArgs }}'
+          # My YAML highlighter sucks, so I put this comment here wiht a phony closing quote mark to make it work: '
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: reusable-test
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      os:  # e.g. ubuntu-24.04
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      cc:  # gcc or clang
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      reloc:  # 0 or 1
+        required: true
+        type: number
+      suite:  # e.g. dist-vlt-0
+        required: true
+        type: string
+
+env:
+  CI_OS_NAME: linux
+  CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
+  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
+  INSTALL_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/install
+  RELOC_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/relloc
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+    working-directory: repo
+
+jobs:
+
+  test:
+    runs-on: ${{ inputs.os }}
+    name: Sub-test | ${{ inputs.os }} | ${{ inputs.cc }} | ${{inputs.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ inputs.suite }}
+    env:
+      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: test
+      CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ inputs.os }}
+      CI_RELOC: ${{inputs.reloc }}
+      CC: ${{ inputs.cc }}
+      CXX: ${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
+      CACHE_BASE_KEY: test-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{inputs.reloc }}-${{ inputs.suite }}
+      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 100M  # Per build per suite (* 5 * 5 = 2500M in total)
+      VERILATOR_ARCHIVE: verilator-${{ github.sha }}-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}.tar.gz
+    steps:
+
+      - name: Download tar archive
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+
+      - name: Unpack tar archive
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
+        run: tar -x -z -f ${{ env.VERILATOR_ARCHIVE }}
+
+      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        env:
+          CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache2
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
+
+      - name: Install test dependencies
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+
+      - name: Test
+        env:
+          TESTS: ${{ inputs.suite }}
+        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
+# This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: RTLMeter
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # Daily, starting at 02:00 UTC
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
+      - labeled
+      - unlabeled
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' }}
+
+jobs:
+  start:
+    name: Start
+    # Only run scheduled jobs if explicitly enabled for that repo (e.g.: not on forks)
+    # Only run pull request jobs if labelled as needing an RTLMeter run
+    # Always run workflow dispatch jobs
+    if: |
+      (github.event_name == 'schedule'
+        && vars.ENABLE_SCHEDULED_JOBS == 'true') ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        && contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'pr: rtlmeter')) ||
+      (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Startup
+        run: echo
+
+  build-gcc:
+    name: Build GCC
+    needs: start
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
+    with:
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+      cc: gcc
+
+  build-clang:
+    name: Build Clang
+    needs: start
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
+    with:
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+      cc: clang
+
+  run-gcc:
+    name: Run GCC | ${{ matrix.cases }}
+    needs: build-gcc
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-run.yml
+    with:
+      tag: gcc
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+      cc: gcc
+      cases: ${{ matrix.cases }}
+      run-name: "gcc"
+      compileArgs: ""
+      executeArgs: ""
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      max-parallel: ${{ github.event == 'schedule' && 2 || 7 }}
+      matrix:
+        cases:
+          - "NVDLA:*"
+          - "OpenPiton:1x1:*"
+          - "OpenPiton:2x2:*"
+          - "OpenPiton:4x4:*"
+          - "OpenTitan:*"
+          - "VeeR-EH1:asic*"
+          - "VeeR-EH1:default*"
+          - "VeeR-EH1:hiperf*"
+          - "VeeR-EH2:asic*"
+          - "VeeR-EH2:default*"
+          - "VeeR-EH2:hiperf*"
+          - "VeeR-EL2:asic*"
+          - "VeeR-EL2:default*"
+          - "VeeR-EL2:hiperf*"
+          - "Vortex:mini:*"
+          - "Vortex:sane:*"
+          - "XiangShan:default-chisel3:* !*:linux"
+          - "XiangShan:default-chisel6:* !*:linux"
+          - "XiangShan:mini-chisel3:* !*:linux"
+          - "XiangShan:mini-chisel6:* !*:linux"
+          - "XuanTie-E902:*"
+          - "XuanTie-E906:*"
+          - "XuanTie-C906:*"
+          - "XuanTie-C910:*"
+
+  run-clang:
+    name: Run Clang | ${{ matrix.cases }}
+    needs: build-clang
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-run.yml
+    with:
+      tag: clang
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+      cc: clang
+      cases: ${{ matrix.cases }}
+      run-name: "clang --threads 4"
+      compileArgs: "--threads 4"
+      executeArgs: ""
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      max-parallel: ${{ github.event == 'schedule' && 2 || 7 }}
+      matrix:
+        cases:
+          - "NVDLA:*"
+          - "OpenPiton:1x1:*"
+          - "OpenPiton:2x2:*"
+          - "OpenPiton:4x4:*"
+          - "OpenTitan:*"
+          - "VeeR-EH1:asic*"
+          - "VeeR-EH1:default*"
+          - "VeeR-EH1:hiperf*"
+          - "VeeR-EH2:asic*"
+          - "VeeR-EH2:default*"
+          - "VeeR-EH2:hiperf*"
+          - "VeeR-EL2:asic*"
+          - "VeeR-EL2:default*"
+          - "VeeR-EL2:hiperf*"
+          - "Vortex:mini:*"
+          - "Vortex:sane:*"
+          - "XiangShan:default-chisel3:* !*:linux"
+          - "XiangShan:default-chisel6:* !*:linux"
+          - "XiangShan:mini-chisel3:* !*:linux"
+          - "XiangShan:mini-chisel6:* !*:linux"
+          - "XuanTie-E902:*"
+          - "XuanTie-E906:*"
+          - "XuanTie-C906:*"
+          - "XuanTie-C910:*"
+
+  combine-results:
+    name: Combine results
+    needs: [run-gcc, run-clang]
+    # Run if any of the dependencies have run, even if failed.
+    # That is: do not run if all skipped, or the workflow was cancelled.
+    if: ${{ (contains(needs.*.result, 'success') || contains(needs.*.result, 'failure')) && !cancelled() }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        tag:
+          - gcc
+          - clang
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout RTLMeter
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
+          path: rtlmeter
+      - name: Setup RTLMeter venv
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: make venv
+      - name: Download all results
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          pattern: rtlmeter-results-${{ matrix.tag }}-*
+          path: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}
+          merge-multiple: true
+      - name: Combine results
+        working-directory: rtlmeter
+        run: |
+          ./rtlmeter collate ../all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}/*.json > ../all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}.json
+      - name: Upload combined results
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}.json
+          name: all-results-${{ matrix.tag }}
+          overwrite: true
+          retention-days: 30
+
+  publish-scheduled-results:
+    name: Publish results to verilator/verilator-rtlmeter-results
+    needs: combine-results
+    # Only run on scheduled builds on the main repository. We also restrict
+    # the publishing to run only on the first run_attempt. This is required
+    # to prevent multiple uploads the same day (if rerunning), as the
+    # dashboard UI currently assumes there is only one data point per
+    # calendar day. Results from reruns can be imported manually if needed.
+    if: ${{ github.event_name == 'schedule' && github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' && github.run_attempt == 1 && contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !cancelled() }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Download combined results
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          pattern: all-results-*
+          path: results
+          merge-multiple: true
+      - name: Upload published results
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: results/*.json
+          name: published-results
+      # Pushing to verilator/verilator-rtlmeter-results requires elevated permissions
+      - name: Generate access token
+        id: generate-token
+        uses: actions/[email protected]
+        with:
+          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
+          owner: verilator
+          repositories: verilator-rtlmeter-results
+          permission-contents: write
+      - name: Checkout verilator-rtlmeter-results
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          repository: "verilator/verilator-rtlmeter-results"
+          token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+          path: verilator-rtlmeter-results
+      - name: Import results
+        id: import-results
+        working-directory: verilator-rtlmeter-results
+        run: |
+          for f in $(find ../results -name "*.json"); do \
+            echo "Importing $f"; \
+            ./bin/add-rtlmeter-result $f; \
+          done
+          test -z "$(git status --porcelain)" || echo "valid=1" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+      - name: Push to verilator-rtlmeter-results
+        if: ${{ steps.import-results.outputs.valid }}
+        working-directory: verilator-rtlmeter-results
+        run: |
+          git config --global user.email "[email protected]"
+          git config --global user.name "github action"
+          git add .
+          git commit -m "Verilator CI: Results of 'RTLMeter' workflow run #${{ github.run_number }}"
+          git push origin
+
+  #publish-pr-results:
+  #  name: Publish results to Pull Request
+  #  needs: combine-results
+  #  if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' && github.run_attempt == 1 && contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !cancelled() }}
+  #  runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+  #  steps:
+  #    - name: Checkout RTLMeter
+  #      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+  #      with:
+  #        repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
+  #        path: rtlmeter
+  #    - name: Setup RTLMeter venv
+  #      working-directory: rtlmeter
+  #      run: make venv
+  #    - name: Download combined results
+  #      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+  #      with:
+  #        pattern: all-results-*
+  #        path: all-results
+  #        merge-multiple: true
+  #    - name: Get scheduled run info
+  #      id: scheduled-info
+  #      run:
+  #        IDLATEST=$(gh run list --workflow RTLMeter --event schedule --status success --limit 1 --json databaseId --jq ".[0].databaseId")
+  #        echo "id=$IDLATEST" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+  #        URL=$(gh run view $IDLATEST --json url --jq ".url")
+  #        echo "url=$URL" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+  #        NUM=$(gh run view $IDLATEST --json number --jq ".number")
+  #        echo "num=$NUM" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+  #    # Fetching artifacts from different workflow requires elevated privilege
+  #    - name: Generate access token
+  #      id: generate-token
+  #      uses: actions/[email protected]
+  #      with:
+  #        app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+  #        private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
+  #        owner: verilator
+  #        repositories: verilator
+  #        permission-actions: read
+  #    - name: Download scheduled run results
+  #      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+  #      with:
+  #        name: published-results
+  #        path: nightly-results
+  #        run-id: ${{ steps.schedueld-info.outputs.id }}
+  #        github-token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+  #    # TODO: diff and present
+
+  # Create GitHub issue for failed schedueld jobs
+  # This should always be the last job (we want an issue if anything breaks)
+  create-issue:
+    name: Create issue on failure
+    needs: publish-scheduled-results
+    if: ${{ github.event_name == 'schedule' && github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' && github.run_attempt == 1 && failure() && !cancelled() }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      # Creating issues requires elevated privilege
+      - name: Generate access token
+        id: generate-token
+        uses: actions/[email protected]
+        with:
+          app-id: ${{ vars.VERILATOR_CI_ID }}
+          private-key: ${{ secrets.VERILATOR_CI_KEY }}
+          owner: verilator
+          repositories: verilator
+          permission-issues: write
+      - name: Create issue
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+        run: |
+          echo "This issue was created automatically by the GitHub Actions CI due to the failure of a scheduled RTLMeter run." >> body.txt
+          echo "" >> body.txt
+          echo "Workflow status: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}" >> body.txt
+          gh issue --repo ${{ github.repository }} create \
+            --title "RTLMeter run #${{ github.run_number }} Failed" \
+            --body-file body.txt \
+            --label new \
+            --assignee gezalore,wsnyder
@@ -29,14 +29,15 @@ dddrun*
 doxygen-doc
 gdbrun*
 gmon.out
-ncverilog.history
 internals.txt
+ncverilog.history
+nohup.out
+verilator-config-version.cmake
+verilator-config.cmake
+verilator.pc
 verilator.txt
 verilator_bin*
 verilator_coverage_bin*
-verilator.pc
-verilator-config.cmake
-verilator-config-version.cmake
 **/__pycache__/*
 **/_build/*
 **/obj_dir/*
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+- id: verilator
+  name: verilator-lint
+  description: Runs verilator Docker image to lint (System) Verilog designs
+  args: [--lint-only]
+  language: docker_image
+  entry: verilator/verilator:latest
+  types_or: [verilog, system-verilog]
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[style]
+based_on_style = pep8
+column_limit = 99
+#split_before_arithmetic_operator=True
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -14,37 +14,49 @@

 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
 cmake_policy(SET CMP0091 NEW) # Use MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY to select the runtime
-project(Verilator
-    VERSION 5.028
+project(
+    Verilator
+    VERSION 5.040
    HOMEPAGE_URL https://verilator.org
    LANGUAGES CXX
 )

-option(DEBUG_AND_RELEASE_AND_COVERAGE
-    "Builds both the debug and release binaries, overriding CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE. Not supported under MSBuild.")
+# Set default build type to Release if not specified
+if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
+    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "Release" CACHE STRING "Build type" FORCE)
+endif()
+
+option(
+    DEBUG_AND_RELEASE_AND_COVERAGE
+    "Builds both the debug and release binaries, overriding CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE. Not supported under MSBuild."
+)

 find_package(Python3 COMPONENTS Interpreter)
 set(PYTHON3 ${Python3_EXECUTABLE})
-set(CMAKE_INSTALL_DATADIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX})
+# See also CMake built-in; CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX is applied by the install command.
+set(CMAKE_INSTALL_DATADIR .)
 include(GNUInstallDirs)
 include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
 include(CheckStructHasMember)
 include(ExternalProject)
 include(FindThreads)

-if (NOT WIN32)
+if(NOT WIN32)
    message(WARNING "CMake support on Linux/OSX is experimental.")
 endif()

-if (WIN32)
-    if (DEFINED ENV{WIN_FLEX_BISON})
+if(WIN32)
+    if(DEFINED ENV{WIN_FLEX_BISON})
        set(WIN_FLEX_BISON "$ENV{WIN_FLEX_BISON}")
    endif()
-    if (EXISTS ${WIN_FLEX_BISON})
+    if(EXISTS ${WIN_FLEX_BISON})
        list(APPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH ${WIN_FLEX_BISON})
    endif()
-    if (NOT WIN_FLEX_BISON)
-        message(FATAL_ERROR "Please install https://github.com/lexxmark/winflexbison and set WIN_FLEX_BISON environment variable. Please use install cmake target after a successful build.")
+    if(NOT WIN_FLEX_BISON)
+        message(
+            FATAL_ERROR
+            "Please install https://github.com/lexxmark/winflexbison and set WIN_FLEX_BISON environment variable. Please use install cmake target after a successful build."
+        )
    endif()
    set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
 endif()
@@ -52,20 +64,25 @@ endif()
 set(OBJCACHE "" CACHE STRING "Path for ccache, auto-detected if empty")
 option(OBJCACHE_ENABLED "Compile Verilator with ccache" ON)

-if (OBJCACHE_ENABLED)
-    if (OBJCACHE STREQUAL "")
+if(OBJCACHE_ENABLED)
+    if(OBJCACHE STREQUAL "")
        find_program(OBJCACHE_PATH ccache)
-        if (OBJCACHE_PATH STREQUAL "OBJCACHE_PATH-NOTFOUND")
+        if(OBJCACHE_PATH STREQUAL "OBJCACHE_PATH-NOTFOUND")
            set(OBJCACHE_PATH "")
        endif()
    else()
        set(OBJCACHE_PATH "${OBJCACHE}")
    endif()
-    if (NOT OBJCACHE_PATH STREQUAL "")
-        execute_process(COMMAND "${OBJCACHE_PATH}" --version
-                OUTPUT_VARIABLE objcache_version)
+    if(NOT OBJCACHE_PATH STREQUAL "")
+        execute_process(
+            COMMAND "${OBJCACHE_PATH}" --version
+            OUTPUT_VARIABLE objcache_version
+        )
        string(REGEX MATCH "[^\n\r]+" objcache_version "${objcache_version}")
-        message(STATUS "Found ccache: ${OBJCACHE_PATH} (\"${objcache_version}\")")
+        message(
+            STATUS
+            "Found ccache: ${OBJCACHE_PATH} (\"${objcache_version}\")"
+        )
        set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER "${OBJCACHE_PATH}")
    endif()
 endif()
@@ -76,8 +93,8 @@ find_package(FLEX)
 # Build
 #set_property(GLOBAL PROPERTY JOB_POOLS one_job=1)

-if (DEBUG_AND_RELEASE_AND_COVERAGE)
-    if (CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "^Visual Studio ")
+if(DEBUG_AND_RELEASE_AND_COVERAGE)
+    if(CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "^Visual Studio ")
        error("%Error: The DEBUG_AND_RELEASE_AND_COVERAGE option is not supported in MSBuild-based builds.")
    endif()
    set(saved_build_type ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE})
@@ -102,22 +119,36 @@ set(AR ${CMAKE_AR})
 configure_file(include/verilated_config.h.in include/verilated_config.h @ONLY)
 configure_file(include/verilated.mk.in include/verilated.mk @ONLY)

-install(FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/verilated_config.h DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include)
-install(FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/verilated.mk DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include)
-
-configure_package_config_file(verilator-config.cmake.in verilator-config.cmake
-    INSTALL_DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}
+install(
+    FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/verilated_config.h
+    DESTINATION include
+)
+install(
+    FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/verilated.mk
+    DESTINATION include
 )

-install(FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/verilator-config.cmake DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX})
-
-configure_package_config_file(verilator-config-version.cmake.in verilator-config-version.cmake
-    INSTALL_DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}
+configure_package_config_file(
+    verilator-config.cmake.in
+    verilator-config.cmake
+    INSTALL_DESTINATION .
 )

-install(FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/verilator-config-version.cmake DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX})
+install(FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/verilator-config.cmake DESTINATION .)

-foreach (program
+configure_package_config_file(
+    verilator-config-version.cmake.in
+    verilator-config-version.cmake
+    INSTALL_DESTINATION .
+)
+
+install(
+    FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/verilator-config-version.cmake
+    DESTINATION .
+)
+
+foreach(
+    program
    verilator
    verilator_gantt
    verilator_ccache_report
@@ -128,16 +159,23 @@ foreach (program
    install(PROGRAMS bin/${program} TYPE BIN)
 endforeach()

-install(DIRECTORY examples TYPE DATA FILES_MATCHING
+install(
+    DIRECTORY examples
+    TYPE DATA
+    FILES_MATCHING
    PATTERN "examples/*/*.[chv]*"
    PATTERN "examples/*/Makefile*"
    PATTERN "examples/*/CMakeLists.txt"
 )

-install(DIRECTORY include TYPE DATA FILES_MATCHING
+install(
+    DIRECTORY include
+    TYPE DATA
+    FILES_MATCHING
    PATTERN "include/verilated_config.h"
    PATTERN "include/*.[chv]"
    PATTERN "include/*.cpp"
+    PATTERN "include/*.vlt"
    PATTERN "include/*.sv"
    PATTERN "include/gtkwave/*.[chv]*"
    PATTERN "include/vltstd/*.[chv]*"
@@ -5,7 +5,501 @@ Revision History and Change Log
 ===============================

 The changes in each Verilator version are described below.  The
-contributors that suggested a given feature are shown in []. Thanks!
+contributors that suggested or implemented a given issue are shown in []. Thanks!
+
+
+Verilator 5.040 2025-08-30
+==========================
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Add ENUMITEMWIDTH error, and apply to X-extended and ranged values.
+* Add NOEFFECT warning, replacing previous `foreach` error.
+* Add SPECIFYIGN warning for specify constructs that were previously silently ignored.
+* Add PARAMNODEFAULT error, for parameters without defaults.
+* Add enum base data type, wire data type, and I/O versus data declaration checking per IEEE.
+* Add PROTOTYPEMIS error on missing and mismatching prototypes (#6206) (#6207). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Add error when trying to assign class object to variable of non-class types (#6237). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add ALWNEVER warning, for `always @*` that never execute (#6291).
+* Add separate coverage counters for toggles 0->1 and 1->0 (#6086). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add error on class 'function static'.
+* Add error on force/release non-constant selects.
+* Add `-DVERILATOR=1` definition to compiler flags when using verilated.mk.
+* Support member-level triggers for virtual interfaces (#5166) (#6148). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support unassigned virtual interfaces (#5265) (#6245). [Szymon Gizler, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support randomization of scope variables with 'std::randomize()' (#5438) (#6185). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support disabling a fork in additional contexts (#5432 partial) (#6174) (#6183). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support bit queue streaming (#5830) (#6103). [Paul Swirhun]
+* Support `$fread` with missing start (#6125). [Iztok Jeras]
+* Support unpacked array `with` methods (#6134).
+* Support Verilog real ports as SystemC double ports (#6136) (#6158). [George Polack]
+* Support `$countones` in constraints (#6144 partial) (#6235). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support disable dotted references (#6154). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support randomize() on class member selects (#6161) (#6195). [Igor Zaworski, Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support multiple variables on RHS of a `force` assignment (#6163). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support covergroup extends, etc., as unsupported (#6160). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support parameter resolution of 1D unpacked array slices (#6257) (#6268). [Michael Bedford Taylor]
+* Support generic interfaces (#6272). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support disabling a fork from within that fork (#6314). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support future sampled value functions.
+* Support simple disable within task (#6334). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support recursive constant functions.
+* Change control file `public_flat_*` and other signal attributes to support __ in names (#6140).
+* Change runtime to exit() instead of abort(), unless under +verilated+debug.
+* Change `$display("%p")` to remove space after `}`.
+* Improve `--skip-identical` to skip on identical input file contents (#6109).
+* Improve testing on FreeBSD (#6328). [Aleksander Kiryk]
+* Optimize to return memory when using -build (#6192) (#6226). [Michael B. Taylor]
+* Optimize 2 ** X to 1 << X if base is signed (#6203). [Max Wipfli]
+* Optimize more complex combinational logic in DFG (#6205) (#6209) (#6298). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize combinational cycles through arrays in DFG (#6210). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize variable removal in scoped DFG (#6260). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize acyclic DFG components into the original acyclic sub-graph. (#6261). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize multiplexers in DFG synthesis (#6331). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize interfaces in DFG (#6332). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize logic in non-virtual interfaces with DFG (#6347). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix loop initialization visibility outside loop (#4237).
+* Fix constructor parameters in inheritance hierarchies (#6036) (#6070). [Petr Nohavica]
+* Fix replicate of negative giving 'REPLICATE has no expected width' internal error (#6048) (#6229).
+* Fix cmake `-Wno` compiler flag testing (#6145). [Martin Stadler]
+* Fix class extends dotted error (#6162). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix genvar error with `-O0` (#6165). [Max Wipfli]
+* Fix uninitialized thread PGO counters (#6167). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix additional UNOPTFLAT combinational cycles automatically in DFG (#6168) (#6173) (#6176). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix omitting error when assigning to an input (#6169). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix parameter-dependent type linking (#6170). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix param-dependent class typedef linking (#6171). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix virtual interface member propagation (#6175) (#6184). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix `--coverage-expr` null pointer dereference (#6181). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix conflicting function/class name linking error (#6182). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix negate of wide structure selections (#6186).
+* Fix VPI signal range order (#6189) (#6200). [Ibrahim Burak Yorulmaz]
+* Fix structure select causing 'Wide Op' error (#6191). [Danny Oler]
+* Fix automatic task variables in unrolled loops with forks (#6194) (#6201). [Danny Oler]
+* Fix 'driver same component' assertion (#6211) (#6215). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix `--stats` overridden by skipping identical build (#6220). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix MODDUP with duplicate packages to take first package (#6222).
+* Fix replicate with unsigned count but MSB set (#6231) (#6233). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix randomize on function-local variable (#6234).
+* Fix queue typedef with unbounded slice (#6236).
+* Fix error when force assignment is used with ref function args (#6244). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix write of 0 in '%c' (#6248) (#6249). [Rodrigo Batista de Moraes]
+* Fix coverage of variables of complex types (#6250). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix broken support of unassigned virtual interfaces (#6253) (#6338). [Szymon Gizler, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix partial DFG conversion of concat assignments (#6255). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix dynamic cast purity (#6267). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix same variable on the RHS forced to two different LHSs. (#6269). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix spurious VPI value change callbacks (#6274). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix stray ']' in Verilog code output for non-constant select (#6277). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix hierarchical NBAs (#6286) (#6300). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix variables hiding package imports (#6289). [Johan Wouters]
+* Fix DFG circular driver tracing. [Geza Lore]
+* Fix no matching function calls for randomized `VlWide` in unpacked and dynamic arrays (#6290). [Mateusz Gancarz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix PowerPC support (#6292). [Sergey Fedorov]
+* Fix referencing module variables above classes (#6304). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix direct NBA to dynamically-sized variable (#6310). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix static vars under member select (#6313). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix expression type comparison (#6316). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix of inline constraints with member selects  (#6321). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix corner case bugs in module and variable inlining (#6322). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix queue extend to check bounds (#6324). [Aleksander Kiryk]
+* Fix gathering sensitivities from virtual interface members (#6325). [Aleksander Kiryk]
+* Fix FreeBSD missing headers (#6326). [Aleksander Kiryk]
+* Fix to select UDPs when they are the only candidate for a top module.
+* Fix splitting of assignments to SC variables (#6329) (#6336). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix to localize for super constructors with function calls as arguments (#6330). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix wide select expansion and substitution (#6341) (#6345). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix upcasting class type parameters (#6344). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix undefined weak link for Apple GCC etc (#6348). [Congcong Cai]
+
+
+Verilator 5.038 2025-07-08
+==========================
+
+**Important:**
+
+* Change `--assert` to be the default; use `--no-assert` for legacy behavior and faster runtimes.
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Support redeclaring type as non-type; major parsing change (#2412) (#6020) (#6042) (#6044).
+* Support scoped `new` (#4199).
+* Support elaboration-time printing of unpacked array with `%p` (#4732).
+* Support constrained random for associative arrays (#5985) (#5986). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support assignments to concatenations with impure RHS (#6002). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support SARIF JSON diagnostic output with `--diagnostics-sarif`. (#6017)
+* Support 1-bit params with -G and -pvalue (#6051) (#6082). [Paul Swirhun]
+* Support `specparam` (#5767) (#6142).
+* Support `$timeformat` with missing arguments (#6113). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Support non-overlapping blocking/non-blocking assignments (#6137). [Geza Lore]
+* Support parameter forward types.
+* Support constant functions with left-hand-side concatenates.
+* Add PROCINITASSIGN on initial assignments to process variables (#2481). [Niraj Menon]
+* Add BADVLTPRAGMA on unknown Verilator pragmas (#5945). [Shou-Li Hsu]
+* Add ternary operator into branch coverage (#5880). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add aggregate type error checks (#5570) (#5950). [Shou-Li Hsu]
+* Add `--work` library-selection option (#5891 partial).
+* Add `--filter-type` to verilator_coverage (#6030). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add `--hierarchical-threads` (#6037). [Bartłomiej Chmiel]
+* Add `MODMISSING` error, in place of unnamed error (#6054). [Paul Swirhun]
+* Add DFG binToOneHot pass to generate one-hot decoders (#6096). [Geza Lore]
+* Add hint of the signed right-hand-side in oversized replication error (#6098). [Peter Birch]
+* Improve hierarchical scheduling visualization in V3ExecGraph (#6009). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Improve DPI temporary 'for' loop performance (#6079). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Improve memory usage for SenTrees in V3OrderProcessDomains (#6112). [Geza Lore]
+* Improve docker image size (#6139). [Tobias Rosenkranz, bitaggregat GmbH]
+* Update docker base image to Ubuntu 24.04 (#6147). [Tobias Rosenkranz, bitaggregat GmbH]
+* Optimize DFG De Morgan patterns (#6090). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize DFG variable elimination (#6091). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize DFG PUSH_SEL_THROUGH_CONCAT pattern (#6092). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize DFG before V3Gate (#6141). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize DFG peephole patterns (#6149). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize constification within Expand and Subst stages (#6111). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix --x-initial and --x-assign random stability (#2662) (#5958) (#6018) (#6025) (#6075). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix trace hierarchical-name runtime errors (#5668) (#6076). [Paul Swirhun]
+* Fix streaming operator packing order (#5903) (#6077). [Paul Swirhun]
+* Fix filename backslash escapes in C code (#5947).
+* Fix C++ widths in V3Expand (#5953) (#5975). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix dependencies from different hierarchical schedules (#5954). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix constant propagation of post-expand stages (#5955) (#5963) (#5969) (#5972) (#5983).
+* Fix sign extension of signed compared with unsigned case items (#5968).
+* Fix always processes ignoring $finish (#5971). [Hennadii Chernyshchyk]
+* Fix method calls and new to access interface arrays (#5973). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix streaming to/from packed arrays (#5976). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix segfault writing timestamp to VCD after buffer flush (#5978) (#5980). [Dominick Grochowina]
+* Fix inconsistent assignment error with split-var (#5984) (#5988). [Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA]
+* Fix AstAssignW conversion (#5991) (#5992). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix const-bit-op-tree with single-bit masks (#5993) (#5998). [Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA]
+* Fix arithmetic right-shift by constants over 32 bits (#5994). [Zhen Yan]
+* Fix array bounds checking with class member selects (#5996) (#5997). [Krzysztof Starecki]
+* Fix checking for too-wide divide and modulus (#6003) (#6006). [Zhen Yan]
+* Fix folding of LteS in DfgPeephole (#6000) (#6004). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix slicing of AstExprStmt nodes (#6005). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix skipped generate blocks in toggle coverage (#6010). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix arithmetic left-shift by constants over 32 bits (#6007) (#6015). [Zhen Yan]
+* Fix concatenation and type casting (#6012) (#6013). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix wrong optimization result of shifted out variable (#6016) (#6019). [Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA]
+* Fix missing FreeBSD include (#6027) (#6028). [Joel Bodenmann]
+* Fix associative arrays with enum keys (#6034) (#6035). [Petr Nohavica]
+* Fix GCC 10 read-only linker error (#6040). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix WIDTHCONCAT on packed pattern assignment (#6045). [Dan Petrisko]
+* Fix type operator for interface signals (#6049) (#6050). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix V3OrderParallel scoring contraction hang (#6052). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix virtual interface array typedef expressions (#6057).
+* Fix DFG peephole select conditionals (#6064) (#6071). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix `--skip-identical` skipping on some errors (#6066). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix class typedef elaboration (#6080). [Kamil Rakoczy, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix unpacked to packed parameter assignment (#6081) (#6088). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix casting reals to large integrals (#6085). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix nested hier blocks workers error (#6087). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `--lib-create` with double-underscore (#6099).
+* Fix DFG binToOneHot table index missing driver (#6100). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix decoding octal string escapes with 1-2 digits (#6108).
+* Fix colon-divide operator without space (#6121). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix variables declared in fork after taskify (#6126). [Kamil Rakoczy, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix method calls without parenthesis (#6127). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix `pre_randomize`/`post_randomize` when no randomize (#6128). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Fix wide non-blocking assignment mis-optimization (#6150) (#6152) (#6155). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix interface array connections with non-zero low declaration index.
+* Fix developer build error on MacOS/Flex2.6.4 (#6153). [Paul Swirhun]
+* Fix crash with --dumpi-V3LinkDot without --debug (#6159). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix dereferencing stale iterator in DfgVertex::scopep() (#6225) (#6227). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix component numbers of new Vertices in V3DfgBreakCycles (#6225) (#6228). [Geza Lore]
+
+
+Verilator 5.036 2025-04-27
+==========================
+
+**Important:**
+
+* Change `--output-groups` to default to value of `--build-jobs` (#5751).
+  Those using build farms may need to now use `--output-groups 0` or otherwise.
+* Support user-defined primitives (UDPs) (#468) (#5807) (#5936). [Zhou Shen, Krzysztof Sychla, et al]
+* Add `--trace-saif` for SAIF power traces (#5812) (#5914). [Mateusz Gancarz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Change `--trace` to `--trace-vcd`.
+* Support simple `checker` blocks (#4066). [Srinivasan Venkataramanan]
+* Support force/release with a variable reference (#5721) (#5810). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support constraint random for StructArray (#5805) (#5937). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support command-line overriding `define (#5900) (#5908). [Brian Li]
+* Support soft unions (#5912) (#5932). [Robin Heinemann]
+* Support `$setuphold` (#5884). [Krzysztof Sychla]
+* Support assigning unpacked arrays to queues (#5924) (#5928). [Brian Li]
+* Support `systemc_interface and related inside `class`.
+* Support class extends with arguments.
+* Add multi-thread hierarchical simulation (#2583) (#5871). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add check for `let` misused in statement context (#5733).
+* Add used language to `--preproc-resolve` output (#5795). [Kamil Rakoczy, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add `--make json` to enable integration with non-make/cmake build systems (#5799). [Andrew Voznytsa]
+* Add numactl-like automatic assignment of processor affinity (#5911).
+* Add ccache support for generated cmake files (#5926) (#5930). [Andrew Voznytsa]
+* Add visualization of multi-threaded waiting time with verilator_gantt (#5929). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add suggesting isolate_assignments to UNOPTFLAT (#5942). [John Khoo]
+* Add profiling of hierarchical mtasks with verilator_gantt (#5956). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add empty veriuser.h for legacy compatibility.
+* Add DEPRECATED warning on `--xml-only` and `--xml-output`.
+* Remove unused gtkwave/wavealloca.h. [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize automatic splitting of some packed variables (#5843). [Geza Lore]
+* Optimize trigger vector in whole words (#5857). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix parameters referencing interface fields (#1593) (#5910). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix interface array assignments (#5270) (#5633) (#5869). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix change detection at time 0 (#5499) (#5864). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix foreach of associative array inside a constraint block (#5727) (#5841). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix reset of automatic function variables (#5747). [Augustin Fabre]
+* Fix invalid code motion over branches (#5811) (#5814). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix sorting of wide SenItems (#5816). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix tcmalloc static link and non-22.04 builds (#5817) (#5818). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix error on out-of-range lvalue part select (#5820).
+* Fix UNOPTFLAT warnings with `--coverage-trace` and always_comb (#5821).
+* Fix function locals in SenExprBuilder (#5822). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix type_id package scope resolution (#5826). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `rand_mode` method with cast (#5831).
+* Fix invalidating variable caches in SenExprBulider (#5834) (#5835). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix assignment pattern as function argument (#5839).
+* Fix checking built-in method arguments (#5839).
+* Fix splitting of packed ports with non-zero based ranges (#5842). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix delays inside interface functions, and classes inside interfaces (#5846).
+* Fix NBA shared flag reuse (#5848). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix multiple expression coverage issues (#5849 partial) (#5867) (#5870). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix unresolved typedefs as parameters (#5850). [Eugene Feinberg, Brian Li]
+* Fix removal of callbacks no longer in current list (#5851) (#5852). [Gilberto Abram]
+* Fix segmentation fault on member compare (#5853).
+* Fix recursive error on virtual interfaces (#5854). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix streaming of unpacked arrays concatenations (#5856). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix Windows paths in Perl (#5858) (#5860). [Tobias Jensen]
+* Fix algorithm header portability in V3Os.cpp (for std::replace) (#5861). [William D. Jones]
+* Fix `$fscanf` not returning -1 on EOF (#5881).
+* Fix PGO profiling for multi-threaded hierarchical scenarios (#5888). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix V3Gate assertion on eliminated circular logic (#5889) (#5898). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix process comparisons (#5896).
+* Fix ccache with clang (#5899). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix delayed assignment malformed LHS assertion (#5904).
+* Fix segfault in fork synchronization (#5906). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `new this` (#5909).
+* Fix assignments with stream expressions and unpacked arrays (#5915). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix LATCH warning for automatic variables (#5918). [Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA]
+* Fix %% on elaboration severity tasks (#5922). [Ethan Sifferman]
+* Fix port default values with `--coverage-line` creating `0=0` (#5920). [Drew Ranck]
+* Fix vlSelf error on fork repeats (#5927). [Drew Ranck]
+* Fix missing C++ regeneration when Verilog files are updated (#5934). [Zhouyi Shen]
+* Fix stream expressions (#5938). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix packed selection using over 32-bit index (#5957).
+
+
+Verilator 5.034 2025-02-24
+==========================
+
+**Important:**
+
+* This is likely the last version to support Ubuntu 20.04, which is at end-of-life.
+* Add expression coverage (#4677) (#5719). [Todd Strader]
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Add `COVERIGN` warning, as a more specific UNSUPPORTED error.
+* Add `--public-ignore` to ignore public metacomments (#5716). [Andrew Nolte]
+* Add `--preproc-token-limit` (#5768). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add lint error on importing package within a class (#5634) (#5679). [Nick Brereton]
+* Add `--preproc-resolve` for modules in preprocessor output (#5789). [Kamil Rakoczy, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support multidimensional array access via VPI (#2812) (#5573). [Krzysztof Starecki]
+* Support nested classes (#4178) (#5778). [Kamil Rakoczy, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support VPI array accessors (#5612). [Moubarak Jeje]
+* Support unpacked structure constrained randomization (#5657) (#5759). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support generated classes (#5665). [Shou-Li Hsu]
+* Support constraints on associative array user-defined keys (#5671) (#5729). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `+incdir` with multiple directories.
+* Support integer atom type ports in `--hierarchical` (#5748). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support constrained random for arrays in structs (#5765) (#5802). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support selects on arbitrary string expressions (#5773). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support side effects of form 'variable[index_function()]++'.
+* Improve hierarchical DPI wrapper scheduling performance (#2583) (#5734). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Improve VPI write errors (#5712). [Andrew Nolte]
+* Improve `resetall support (#5728) (#5730). [Ethan Sifferman]
+* Optimize labels as final `if` block statements (#5744).
+* Optimize empty function definition bodies (#5750).
+* Optimize splitting trigger computation and dump (#5798). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix error message when call task as a function (#3089). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Fix force VPI public signal visibility (#5225). [Frédéric Requin]
+* Fix VPI iteration over hierarchy (#5314) (#5731). [Natan Kreimer]
+* Fix constrained random for > 64-bit associative arrays (#5670) (#5682). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix mis-optimizing away `$urandom` (#5703). [Parker Schless]
+* Fix packages with `--public-depth 1` (#5708). [Andrew Nolte]
+* Fix V3Simulate constant reuse (#5709). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix man pages what-is section (#5710). [Ahmed El-Mahmoudy]
+* Fix pattern assignment to real inside struct (#5713).
+* Fix %p format output for real inside struct (#5713).
+* Fix segfault when only enum value referenced in package (#5714). [Dan Katz]
+* Fix `BLKSEQ` on suspendable processes (#5722). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix vpiDefName issues with non-inlined scopes and dpi conflicts (#5732). [Andrew Nolte]
+* Fix inlined expression with assignment under LHS of NBA (#5736) (#5740). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix duplicate-named class variable equivalence (#5737).
+* Fix `-j` ignored after `-f` (#5749). [Luca Colagrande]
+* Fix handling forced assigns in V3Life (#5757). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix VFileContent reference count (#5769) (#5771). [Dave Sargeant]
+* Fix ignoring joins in stringify in preprocessor (#5777). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix unpacked split_var (#5782) (#5785). [Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA]
+* Fix time import error on time parameters (#5786). [Luca Colagrande]
+* Fix dpi context functions (#5788). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `$monitor` with dotted references (#5794). [Ahmed Elzeftawi]
+* Fix parsing input wire with default and range (#5800). [RJ Cunningham]
+* Fix matching language extension options including dots.
+
+
+Verilator 5.032 2025-01-01
+==========================
+
+**Minor:**
+
+* Support queue's assignment `push_back/push_front('{})` (#5585) (#5586). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support basic constrained random for multi-dimensional dynamic array and queue (#5591). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support vpiDefName (#3906) (#5572). [Krzysztof Starecki]
+* Support parameter names in pattern initialization (#5593) (#5596). [Greg Davill]
+* Support randomize size constraints with restrictions (#5582 partial) (#5611). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support associative array basic constrained randomization (#5658) (#5670). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `default disable iff` and `$inferred_disable` (#4016). [Srinivasan Venkataramanan]
+* Support `extern constraint` and `pure constraint`.
+* Add `--no-std-waiver` and default reading of standard lint waivers file (#5607).
+* Add `--no-std-package` as subset-alias of `--no-std` (#5607).
+* Add `lint_off --contents` in configuration files (#5606).
+* Add `--waiver-multiline` for context-sensitive `--waiver-output` (#5608).
+* Add `--fno-inline-funcs` to disable function inlining.
+* Add `--fno-slice` to disable array assignment slicing (#5644).
+* Add error on illegal enum base type (#3010). [Iztok Jeras]
+* Add error on `wait` with missing `.triggered` (#4457).
+* Add error when improperly storing to parameter (#5147). [Gökçe Aydos]
+* Add error on illegal `--prefix` etc. values (#5507). [Fabian Keßler]
+* Add error on `--savable --timing` (#5690). [Narcis Rodas]
+* Add coverage point hierarchy to coverage reports (#5575) (#5576). [Andrew Nolte]
+* Add warning on global constraints (#5625). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add default CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE (#5691) (#5692). [Anthony Moore]
+* Add error on `solve before` or soft constraints of `randc` variable.
+* Improve concatenation performance (#5598) (#5599) (#5602). [Geza Lore]
+* Improve optimization of duplicate wide expressions (#5637). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix dotted reference in delay value (#2410).
+* Fix `function fork...join_none` regression with unknown type (#4449).
+* Fix public_module requiring a wire to become public (#4916). [Andrew Nolte]
+* Fix --hierarchical on projects with dot-f dependency lists (#5199) (#5669). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix can't locate scope error in interface task delayed assignment (#5462) (#5568). [Zhou Shen]
+* Fix BLKANDNBLK for for VARXREFs (#5569). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix VPI error instead of fatal for vpi_get_value() on large signals (#5571). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix --output-groups leftover files issue (#5574). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix slow unsized number parsing (#5577). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix negative assignment pattern keys (#5580). [Iztok Jeras]
+* Fix duplicate scope identifiers decoding (#5584). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `rand` dynamic arrays with null handles (#5594). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix NBAs to unpacked arrays of unpacked structs (#5603). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix array of struct member overwrites on member update (#5605) (#5618) (#5628). [sumpster]
+* Fix interface and struct pattern collision (#5639) (#5640). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix mis-aliasing of instances with mailbox parameter types (#5632 partial).
+* Fix error on duplicated declaration of gen block (#5663). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix wildcard equality and inside operators for non-fourstate expressions (#5673). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `randomize..with` of parameterized classes (#5676). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix interface bracketed array parameter access (#5677) (#5678). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix width extension of operands of `inside` operator (#5685). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix VPI + SYMRSVDWORD intersection (#5686). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix verilator_gantt for hierarchically Verilated models (#5700). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+
+
+Verilator 5.030 2024-10-27
+==========================
+
+**Major:**
+
+* Add `-output-groups` to build with concatenated .cpp files (#5257). [Mariusz Glebocki]
+* Self-tests have been converted to Python, run `{test_name}.py` instead of `{test_name}.pl`.
+
+**Minor:**
+
+* Change .vlt config files to be read before .v files (#5185). [David Moberg]
+* Change to use maximum for cover point aggregation (#5402). [Andrew Nolte]
+* Change `--main` and `--binary` to use a TOP hierarchy name of "" (#5482).
+* Change install of public executables into bindir instead of pkgdatadir (#5140) (#5544). [Geza Lore]
+* Support IEEE-compliant intra-assign delays (#3711) (#5441). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support `wor`, `trior`, `wand`, `triand` (#5386) (#5496). [Zhou Shen]
+* Support unconstrained randomization for unions (#5395) (#5396). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support basic constrained queue randomization (#5413). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support packed/unpacked and dynamic array unconstrained randomization (#5414) (#5415). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support appending to queue via `[]` (#5421). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support named event locals (#5422). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support basic `dist` constraints (#5431). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support unpacked array constrained randomization (#5437) (#5489). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support inside array constraints (#5448). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support DPI imports and exports with double underscores (#5481).
+* Support ccache when compiling Verilated files with cmake.
+* Support `local` and `protected` on `typedef` (#5460).
+* Support unconstrained randomization for associative array and queue (#5515). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `rand` dynamic arrays of objects (#5557) (#5564). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add error on misused genvar (#408). [Alex Solomatnikov]
+* Add error on instances without parenthesis.
+* Add Docker pre-commit hook (#5238) (#5452). [Chris Bachhuber]
+* Add partial coverage symbol and branch data in lcov info files (#5388). [Andrew Nolte]
+* Add method to check if there are VPI callbacks of the given type (#5399). [Kaleb Barrett]
+* Remove warning on unsized numbers exceeding 32-bits.
+* Improve Verilation thread pool (#5161). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Improve performance of V3VariableOrder with parallelism (#5406). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Improve parser error handling (#5493). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Improve process trigger performance (#5483). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix suppression of WIDTH* warnings when immediately under a size cast (#3417).
+* Fix `$fatal` to not be affected by `+verilator+error+limit` (#5135). [Gökçe Aydos]
+* Fix equivalence checking when replacing type parameters (#5213) (#5255). [Han Qi]
+* Fix display with multiple string formats (#5311). [Luiza de Melo]
+* Fix performance of V3Trace when many activity blocks (#5372). [Deniz Güzel]
+* Fix REALCVT warning on integral timescale conversions (#5378). [Liam Braun]
+* Fix multidimensional function return value selects (#5382). [Gökçe Aydos]
+* Fix internal error in out-of-range select (#5393) (#5443). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix dot fallback finding wrong symbols (#5394). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix infinite recursion due to recursive functions/tasks (#5398). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix V3Randomize compile error on old GCC (#5403) (#5417). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix extra events in traces (#5405).
+* Fix empty `foreach` in `if` in constraints (#5408). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix queue `[$-i]` select as reference argument (#5411). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `pre`/`post_randomize` on `randomize() with` (#5412). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix capturing params in `randomize() with` (#5416) (#5418). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `sformatf` internal error on initial automatics (#5423). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix clearing trigger of events with no sensitivity trees (#5426). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix driving clocking block in reactive region (#5430). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix associative array next/prev/first/last mis-propagating constants (#5435). [Ethan Sifferman]
+* Fix randomize treated as std::randomize in classes (#5436). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `foreach` colliding index names (#5444). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix fault on defparam with UNSUPPORTED ignored (#5450). [Luiza de Melo]
+* Fix class reference with pin that is a class reference (#5454).
+* Fix not reporting class reference with extra parameters (#5467).
+* Fix user-type parameter overlap (#5469). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix tracing when name() is empty (#5470). [Sam Shahrestani]
+* Fix timing mode not exiting on empty events (#5472).
+* Fix coverage counts missing due to table optimization (#5473) (#5474). [Vito Gamberini]
+* Fix `--binary` with .cpp PLI filenames under relative directory paths.
+* Fix extra dot in coverage point hierarchy when using name()=''.
+* Fix short-circuiting with associative array access (#5484). [Ethan Sifferman]
+* Fix short-circuiting on method calls (#5486). [Ethan Sifferman]
+* Fix exponential concatenate performance (#5488). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix V3Table trying to generate 'x' bits in the lookup table (#5491). [Geza Lore]
+* Fix randomize with foreach constraints (#5492). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix explicit CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX usages (#5500). [Fabian Keßler]
+* Fix configure inserting absolute paths for Python and Perl (#5504) (#5505). [Nathan Graybeal]
+* Fix pattern initialization with typedef key (#5512). [Eugene Feinberg]
+* Fix `-j` option without argument in hierarchical Verilation (#5514). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix `foreach` with 2-D queues and dynamic arrays (#5525) (#5529). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix struct array assignment (#5455) (#5537). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix copy constructor of classes that use std::process (#5528). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix foreach on associative array (#5530). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix multi-range indices assignment (#5534) (#5547). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix static function wrappers (#5536). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix assignments of concatenation to queues and dynamic arrays (#5540). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix container reduction methods (#5542). [Krzysztof Boroński]
+* Fix complex user type problem with `--x-assign` (#5543). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix long module names crashing string handling (#5546). [Filip Badáň]
+* Fix array trace splitting (#5549). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix queue element access (#5551). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix struct literal on pattern assignment (#5552) (#5559). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix build on gcc when using the Spack wrapper (#5555). [Eric Müller]
+* Fix enum name method (#5563). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix `$countbits` in assert with non-tristates (#5566). [Shou-Li Hsu]
+* Fix missing VlProcess handle in coroutines with splits (#5623) (#5650). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix imported array assignment literals (#5642) (#5648). [Todd Strader]
+* Fix foreach mixed array (#5655) (#5656). [Yilou Wang]


 Verilator 5.028 2024-08-21
@@ -39,7 +533,7 @@ Verilator 5.028 2024-08-21
 * Add parsing but otherwise ignore std::randomize (#5354). [Arkadiusz Kozdra, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Add Verilated cc define when `--timing` used (#5383). [Kaleb Barrett]
 * Improve emitted code to use a reference for VlSelf (#5254). [Yangyu Chen]
-* Fix monitor block sensitivity items (#4400) (#5294). [Udaya Raj Subedi]
+* Fix monitor block sensitivity items (#4040) (#4400) (#5294). [Udaya Raj Subedi]
 * Fix fusing macro arguments to not ignore whitespace (#5061). [Tudor Timi]
 * Fix optimized-out sensitivity trees with `--timing` (#5080) (#5349). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Fix classes/modules of case-similar names (#5109). [Arkadiusz Kozdra]
@@ -66,7 +560,7 @@ Verilator 5.028 2024-08-21
 * Fix static variable initializers in procedures (#5296). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Fix randomizing current object with `rand` class instance member (#5292). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Fix handling of rand fields not referenced in constraints (#5305). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
-* Fix Python3 path discovery in make flows to avoid mixing system and user python interpreters (#5307) [Markus Krause]
+* Fix Python3 path discovery in make flows to avoid mixing system and user python interpreters (#5307). [Markus Krause]
 * Fix make flows to pass PYTHON3 (like PERL) (#5307) (#5308). [Markus Krause]
 * Fix assert on wide expression (#5319) (#5324). [Varun Koyyalagunta]
 * Fix output clock variable overwriting signal (#5320)  (#5347). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
@@ -208,9 +702,10 @@ Verilator 5.024 2024-04-05
 * Fix preprocessor to respect strings in joins (#5007).
 * Fix tracing class parameters (#5014).
 * Fix memory leaks (#5016). [Geza Lore]
-* Fix $readmem with missing newline (#5019). [Josse Van Delm]
+* Fix `$readmem` with missing newline (#5019). [Josse Van Delm]
 * Fix internal error on missing pattern key (#5023).
 * Fix tracing replicated hierarchical models (#5027).
+* Fix false LIFETIME warning on `repeat` in `fork-join` (#5456).


 Verilator 5.022 2024-02-24
@@ -244,7 +739,7 @@ Verilator 5.022 2024-02-24
 * Fix `vpi_get()` and `vpi_get64()` to return vpiUndefined on errors (#4795). [Marlon James]
 * Fix VPI parameter iteration (#4798). [Marlon James]
 * Fix delays using wrong timeunit when modules inlined (#4806). [Paul Wright]
-* Fix warnings in verilated_sc_trace.h for Clang. (#4807) (#4827). [Anthony Donlon]
+* Fix warnings in verilated_sc_trace.h for Clang (#4807) (#4827). [Anthony Donlon]
 * Fix null pointer dereference (#4810) (#4825). [Adrian Sampson]
 * Fix compilation error on multi-inherited interface class usage (#4819).
 * Fix maybe-uninitialized compiler warning (#4820) (#4822). [Larry Doolittle]
@@ -322,7 +817,7 @@ Verilator 5.020 2024-01-01
 * Fix conflicted namespace for coroutines (#4701) (#4707). [Jinyan Xu]
 * Fix compilers seeing empty input due to file system races (#4708). [Flavien Solt]
 * Fix shift of > 32-bit number (#4719). [Flavien Solt]
-* Fix Windows include gates in filesystem Flush implementation. (#4720). [William D. Jones]
+* Fix Windows include gates in filesystem Flush implementation (#4720). [William D. Jones]
 * Fix power operator with wide numbers and constants (#4721) (#4763). [Flavien Solt]
 * Fix parameter passing to ports (#4723). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Fix block names of nested do..while loops (#4728). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd.]
@@ -331,7 +826,7 @@ Verilator 5.020 2024-01-01
 * Fix $finish twice to no longer exit (#4757). [Tim Hutt]
 * Fix dynamic NBA conditions (#4773). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
 * Fix `V3Fork` stage to run only if `--timing` is set (#4778). [Krzysztof Bieganski, Antmicro Ltd.]
-* Fix max multiply width and add runtime assertions if too small. (#4781)
+* Fix max multiply width and add runtime assertions if too small (#4781).
 * Fix select value too wide (#5148) (#5153). [Dercury]


@@ -448,7 +943,7 @@ Verilator 5.016 2023-09-16
 * Fix nested assignments on the LHS (#4435). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd]
 * Fix false MULTITOP on bound interfaces (#4438). [Alex Solomatnikov]
 * Fix internal error on real conversion (#4447). [vdhotre-ventana]
-* Fix lifetime unknown error on enum.name (#4448). [jwoutersymatra]
+* Fix lifetime unknown error on enum.name (#4448). [Johan Wouters]
 * Fix unstable output of VHashSha256 (#4453). [Anthony Donlon]
 * Fix static cast from a stream type (#4469) (#4485). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd]
 * Fix error on enum with VARHIDDEN of cell (#4482). [Michail Rontionov]
@@ -549,7 +1044,7 @@ Verilator 5.012 2023-06-13
 * Fix wide structure VL_TOSTRING_W generation (#4188) (#4189). [Aylon Chaim Porat]
 * Fix references to members of parameterized base classes (#4196). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd]
 * Fix tracing undefined alignment (#4201) (#4288) [John Wehle]
-* Fix class specific same methods for AstVarScope, AstVar, and AstScope (#4203) (#4250). [John Wehle]
+* Fix class-specific same methods for AstVarScope, AstVar, and AstScope (#4203) (#4250). [John Wehle]
 * Fix dotted references in parameterized classes (#4206). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd]
 * Fix bit selections under parameterized classes (#4210). [Ryszard Rozak, Antmicro Ltd]
 * Fix duplicate std:: declaration with -I (#4215). [Harald Pretl]
@@ -996,7 +1491,7 @@ Verilator 4.218 2022-01-17

 * Support class static members (#2233).
 * Support force/release (#2431) (#2593). [Shunyao CAD]
-* Add 'forceable' attribute to allow forcing from C++. (#3272). [Geza Lore, Shunyao CAD]
+* Add 'forceable' attribute to allow forcing from C++ (#3272). [Geza Lore, Shunyao CAD]
 * Support lower dimension looping in foreach loops (#3172). [Ehab Ibrahim]
 * Support up to 64 bit enums for .next/.prev/.name (#3244). [Alexander Grobman]
 * Reduce .rodata footprint of trace initialization (#3250). [Geza Lore, Shunyao CAD]
@@ -1220,7 +1715,7 @@ Verilator 4.200 2021-03-12
 **Major:**

 * Add simulation context (VerilatedContext) to allow multiple fully independent
-  models to be in the same process. Please see the updated examples. (#2660)
+  models to be in the same process. Please see the updated examples (#2660).
 * Add context->time() and context->timeInc() API calls, to set simulation time.
  These now are recommended in place of the legacy sc_time_stamp().

@@ -1231,7 +1726,7 @@ Verilator 4.200 2021-03-12
 * Fix slice-assign overflow (#2803) (#2811). [David Turner]
 * Fix interface array connection ordering broken in v4.110 (#2827). [Don Owen]
 * Fix or-reduction on different scopes broken in 4.110 (#2828). [Yinan Xu]
-* Fix MSVC++ compile error. (#2831) (#2833) [Drew Taussig]
+* Fix MSVC++ compile error (#2831) (#2833). [Drew Taussig]


 Verilator 4.110 2021-02-25
@@ -1286,7 +1781,7 @@ Verilator 4.108 2021-01-10
 * Fix vpiLeftRange on little-endian memories (#2696). [Marlon James]
 * Fix VPI module tree (#2704). [Todd Strader]
 * Fix vpi_release_handle to be called implicitly per IEEE (#2706).
-* Fix to allow inheriting 'VerilatedVcdFile' class. (#2720) [HyungKi Jeong]
+* Fix to allow inheriting 'VerilatedVcdFile' class (#2720). [HyungKi Jeong]
 * Fix $urandom_range maximum value (#2723). [Nandu Raj]
 * Fix tracing empty sc module (#2729).
 * Fix generate for unrolling to be signed (#2730). [yanx21]
@@ -1392,11 +1887,11 @@ Verilator 4.040 2020-08-15
 **Minor:**

 * Fix arrayed interfaces, broke in 4.038 (#2468). [Josh Redford]
-* Support $stable, $rose and $fell.  (#2148) (#2501) [Peter Monsson]
+* Support $stable, $rose and $fell (#2148) (#2501). [Peter Monsson]
 * Support simple function localparams (#2461). [James Hanlon]
 * Miscellaneous parsing error changes towards UVM support.
 * Fix arrayed interfaces (#2469).  [Josh Redford]
-* Fix protect lib VCS warning. (#2479) [Julien Margetts]
+* Fix protect lib VCS warning (#2479). [Julien Margetts]
 * Fix combining different-width parameters (#2484). [abirkmanis]
 * Fix protect-lib without sequential logic (#2492). [Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA]
 * Fix V3Unknown from running with flat XML output (#2494). [James Hanlon]
@@ -1452,16 +1947,16 @@ Verilator 4.036 2020-06-06
  waivers to the warnings emitted during a Verilator run.
 * Support verilator_coverage --write-info for lcov HTML reports.
 * Line Coverage now tracks all statement lines, not just branch lines.
-* The run-time library is now compiled with -Os by default. (#2369, #2373)
+* The run-time library is now compiled with -Os by default (#2369, #2373).
 * Support multi channel descriptor I/O (#2190) [Stephen Henry]
-* Support $countbits. (#2287) [Yossi Nivin]
-* Support $isunbounded and parameter $. (#2104)
+* Support $countbits (#2287). [Yossi Nivin]
+* Support $isunbounded and parameter $ (#2104).
 * Support unpacked array .sum and .product.
-* Support prefix/postfix increment/decrement. (#2223) [Maciej Sobkowski]
+* Support prefix/postfix increment/decrement (#2223). [Maciej Sobkowski]
 * Fix FST tracing of little bit endian signals. [Geza Lore]
-* Fix +: and -: on unpacked arrays. (#2304) [engr248]
+* Fix +: and -: on unpacked arrays (#2304). [engr248]
 * Fix $isunknown with constant Z's.
-* Fix queues and dynamic array wide ops. (#2352) [Vassilis Papaefstathiou]
+* Fix queues and dynamic array wide ops (#2352). [Vassilis Papaefstathiou]


 Verilator 4.034 2020-05-03
@@ -4774,7 +5269,7 @@ Verilator 0.0 1994-07-08
 Copyright
 =========

-Copyright 2001-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+Copyright 2001-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@
 INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@
 MAKEINFO = makeinfo
 POD2TEXT = pod2text
+PYTHON3 = @PYTHON3@
 MKINSTALLDIRS = $(SHELL) $(srcdir)/src/mkinstalldirs

 # Version (for docs/guide/conf.py)
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ datadir = @datadir@
 # Directory in which to install documentation info files.
 infodir = @infodir@

-# Directory in which to install package specific files
+# Directory in which to install package-specific files
 # Generally ${prefix}/share/verilator
 pkgdatadir = @pkgdatadir@

@@ -96,57 +97,61 @@ PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@

 #### End of system configuration section. ####
 ######################################################################
+# Main build targets

 .SUFFIXES:

 SHELL = /bin/sh

 SUBDIRS = docs src test_regress \
-	examples/cmake_hello_c \
-	examples/cmake_hello_sc \
-	examples/cmake_tracing_c \
-	examples/cmake_tracing_sc \
-	examples/cmake_protect_lib \
-	examples/make_hello_binary \
-	examples/make_hello_c \
-	examples/make_hello_sc \
-	examples/make_tracing_c \
-	examples/make_tracing_sc \
-	examples/make_protect_lib \
-	examples/json_py \
+  examples/cmake_hello_c \
+  examples/cmake_hello_sc \
+  examples/cmake_tracing_c \
+  examples/cmake_tracing_sc \
+  examples/cmake_protect_lib \
+  examples/make_hello_binary \
+  examples/make_hello_c \
+  examples/make_hello_sc \
+  examples/make_tracing_c \
+  examples/make_tracing_sc \
+  examples/make_protect_lib \
+  examples/json_py \

 INFOS = verilator.html verilator.pdf

 INFOS_OLD = README README.html README.pdf

 EXAMPLES_FIRST = \
-	examples/make_hello_c \
-	examples/make_hello_sc \
+  examples/make_hello_c \
+  examples/make_hello_sc \

 EXAMPLES = $(EXAMPLES_FIRST) $(filter-out $(EXAMPLES_FIRST), $(sort $(wildcard examples/*)))

 # See uninstall also - don't put wildcards in this variable, it might uninstall other stuff
 # No verilator_ccache_report.1, verilator_difftree.1 as those are not bin/ installed
 VL_INST_MAN_FILES = \
-	verilator.1 \
-	verilator_coverage.1 \
-	verilator_gantt.1 \
-	verilator_profcfunc.1 \
+  verilator.1 \
+  verilator_coverage.1 \
+  verilator_gantt.1 \
+  verilator_profcfunc.1 \

 default: all
 all: all_nomsg msg_test
 all_nomsg: verilator_exe $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)

-.PHONY:verilator_exe
-.PHONY:verilator_bin$(EXEEXT)
-.PHONY:verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT)
-.PHONY:verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT)
+.PHONY: verilator_exe
+.PHONY: verilator_bin$(EXEEXT)
+.PHONY: verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT)
+.PHONY: verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT)
 verilator_exe verilator_bin$(EXEEXT) verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT):
 	@echo ------------------------------------------------------------
 	@echo "making verilator in src"
 	$(MAKE) -C src $(OBJCACHE_JOBS)

-.PHONY:msg_test
+######################################################################
+# Tests
+
+.PHONY: msg_test
 msg_test: all_nomsg
 	@echo "Build complete!"
 	@echo
@@ -156,7 +161,7 @@ msg_test: all_nomsg
 .PHONY: test
 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS),yes)  # Local... Else don't burden users
 test: smoke-test test_regress
-# examples is part of test_regress's test_regress/t/t_a2_examples.pl
+# examples is part of test_regress's test_regress/t/t_a2_examples.py
 # (because that allows it to run in parallel with other test_regress's)
 else
 test: smoke-test examples
@@ -168,8 +173,8 @@ endif
 	@echo

 smoke-test: all_nomsg
-	test_regress/t/t_a1_first_cc.pl
-	test_regress/t/t_a2_first_sc.pl
+	test_regress/t/t_a1_first_cc.py
+	test_regress/t/t_a2_first_sc.py

 test_regress: all_nomsg
 	$(MAKE) -C test_regress
@@ -183,8 +188,11 @@ examples: all_nomsg
 	  $(MAKE) -C $$p VERILATOR_ROOT=`pwd` || exit 10; \
 	done

+######################################################################
+# Docs
+
 .PHONY: docs
-docs: info
+docs: info $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)

 info: $(INFOS)

@@ -193,7 +201,8 @@ verilator.1: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator
 verilator_coverage.1: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator_coverage
 	pod2man $< $@
 %.1: ${srcdir}/bin/%
-	help2man --no-info --no-discard-stderr --version-string=- $< -o $@
+	help2man --no-info --no-discard-stderr --version-string=- \
+		-n "$(shell $< --help | head -n 3 | tail -n 1)" $< -o $@

 .PHONY: verilator.html
 verilator.html:
@@ -204,38 +213,60 @@ verilator.html:
 verilator.pdf: Makefile
 	$(MAKE) -C docs verilator.pdf

+TAGFILES = ${srcdir}/*/*.cpp ${srcdir}/*/*.h ${srcdir}/*/*.in \
+  ${srcdir}/*.in ${srcdir}/*.pod
+
+TAGS: $(TAGFILES)
+	etags $(TAGFILES)
+
+.PHONY: doxygen
+
+doxygen:
+	$(MAKE) -C docs doxygen
+
+.PHONY: spelling
+spelling:
+	$(MAKE) -C docs spelling
+
+######################################################################
+# Install
+
 # Public executables intended to be invoked directly by the user
 # Don't put wildcards in these variables, it might cause an uninstall of other stuff
-VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES = verilator \
-                              verilator_coverage \
-                              verilator_gantt \
-                              verilator_profcfunc \
+VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES = \
+  verilator \
+  verilator_coverage \
+  verilator_gantt \
+  verilator_profcfunc \

-VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES = verilator_bin$(EXEEXT) \
-                           verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) \
-                           verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) \
+VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES = \
+  verilator_bin$(EXEEXT) \
+  verilator_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) \
+  verilator_coverage_bin_dbg$(EXEEXT) \

 # Private executabels intended to be invoked by internals
 # Don't put wildcards in these variables, it might cause an uninstall of other stuff
-VL_INST_PRIVATE_SCRIPT_FILES = verilator_ccache_report \
-                               verilator_includer \
+VL_INST_PRIVATE_SCRIPT_FILES = \
+  verilator_ccache_report \
+  verilator_includer \

 VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES = \
-	include/verilated_config.h \
-	include/verilated.mk \
+  include/verilated_config.h \
+  include/verilated.mk \

 # Files under srcdir, instead of build time
 VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES = \
-	include/*.[chv]* \
-	include/*.sv \
-	include/gtkwave/*.[chv]* \
-	include/vltstd/*.[chv]* \
+  include/*.[chv]* \
+  include/*.vlt \
+  include/*.sv \
+  include/gtkwave/*.[chv]* \
+  include/vltstd/*.[chv]* \

 VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES = \
-	examples/*/*.[chv]* \
-	examples/*/CMakeLists.txt \
-	examples/*/Makefile* \
-	examples/*/vl_* \
+  examples/*/*.[chv]* \
+  examples/*/CMakeLists.txt \
+  examples/*/Makefile* \
+  examples/*/vl_* \

 mkbindirs:
 	$(MKINSTALLDIRS) $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin
@@ -244,11 +275,15 @@ mkbindirs:
 installbin: | mkbindirs
 	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
+	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
 	done
+	perl -p -i -e 'use File::Spec;' \
+	           -e' $$path = File::Spec->abs2rel("$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir))", "$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(bindir))");' \
+	           -e 's/my \$$verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath = .*/my \$$verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath = "$$path";/g' \
+	           -- "$(DESTDIR)/$(bindir)/verilator"
 	cd bin; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
+	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
 	done
 	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PRIVATE_SCRIPT_FILES) ; do \
@@ -258,11 +293,11 @@ installbin: | mkbindirs
 installredirect: installbin | mkbindirs
 	cp ${srcdir}/bin/redirect ${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp
 	perl -p -i -e 'use File::Spec;' \
-	           -e' $$path = File::Spec->abs2rel("$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin)", "$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(bindir))");' \
+	           -e' $$path = File::Spec->abs2rel("$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(bindir))", "$(realpath $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin)");' \
 	           -e 's/RELPATH.*/"$$path";/g' -- "${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp"
 	cd $(srcdir)/bin; \
 	for p in $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_SCRIPT_FILES) $(VL_INST_PUBLIC_BIN_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) redirect.tmp $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$$p; \
+	  $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) redirect.tmp $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/$$p; \
 	done
 	rm ${srcdir}/bin/redirect.tmp

@@ -344,55 +379,68 @@ install-all: installbin installredirect installman installdata install-msg

 install-here: installman info

-# Use --xml flag to see the cppcheck code to use for suppression
-CPPCHECK1_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/include/*.cpp)
-CPPCHECK2_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/examples/*/*.cpp)
-CPPCHECK3_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/Vlc*.cpp)
-CPPCHECK4_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[A-D]*.cpp $(srcdir)/src/Verilator*.cpp)
-CPPCHECK5_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[E-I]*.cpp)
-CPPCHECK6_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[P-Z]*.cpp)
-CPPCHECK7_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[L-R]*.cpp)
-CPPCHECK8_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3[S-Z]*.cpp)
-CHECK_CPP = $(CPPCHECK1_CPP) $(CPPCHECK2_CPP) $(CPPCHECK3_CPP) $(CPPCHECK4_CPP) \
-	$(CPPCHECK5_CPP) $(CPPCHECK6_CPP) $(CPPCHECK7_CPP) $(CPPCHECK8_CPP)
-CHECK_H = $(wildcard \
-	$(srcdir)/include/*.h \
-	$(srcdir)/src/*.h )
-CHECK_YL = $(wildcard \
-	$(srcdir)/src/*.y \
-	$(srcdir)/src/*.l )
-CPPCHECK = src/cppcheck_filtered cppcheck
-CPPCHECK_FLAGS = --enable=all --inline-suppr \
-	--suppress=cstyleCast --suppress=useInitializationList \
-	--suppress=nullPointer --suppress=nullPointerRedundantCheck --suppress=ctunullpointer \
-	--suppress=unusedFunction --suppress=unusedScopedObject \
-	--suppress=useStlAlgorithm
-CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --xml
-CPPCHECK_DEP = $(subst .cpp,.cppcheck,$(CHECK_CPP))
-CPPCHECK_INC = -I$(srcdir)/include -I$(srcdir)/include/gtkwave -I$(srcdir)/include/vltstd -I$(srcdir)/src/obj_dbg -I$(srcdir)/src
+install-msg:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Installed binaries to $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator"
+	@echo "Installed man to $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1"
+	@echo "Installed examples to $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples"
+	@echo
+	@echo "For documentation see 'man verilator' or 'verilator --help'"
+	@echo "For forums and to report bugs see https://verilator.org"
+	@echo

-cppcheck: cppcheck-1 cppcheck-2 cppcheck-3 cppcheck-4 cppcheck-5 cppcheck-6 cppcheck-7 cppcheck-8
-cppcheck-1:
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK1_CPP)
-cppcheck-2:
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK2_CPP)
-cppcheck-3:
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK3_CPP)
-cppcheck-4:
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK4_CPP)
-cppcheck-5:
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK5_CPP)
-cppcheck-6:
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK6_CPP)
-cppcheck-7:
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK7_CPP)
-cppcheck-8:
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK8_CPP)
+######################################################################
+# Format/Lint
+
+CPPCHECK_VERILATOR_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/V3*.cpp $(srcdir)/src/Verilator*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK_RUNTIME_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/include/*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK_VLC_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/src/Vlc*.cpp)
+CPPCHECK_EXAMPLES_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/examples/*/*.cpp)
+CHECK_CPP = $(CPPCHECK_VERILATOR_CPP) $(CPPCHECK_RUNTIME_CPP) $(CPPCHECK_VLC_CPP) $(CPPCHECK_EXAMPLES_CPP)
+CHECK_H = $(wildcard \
+  $(srcdir)/include/*.h \
+  $(srcdir)/src/*.h )
+CHECK_YL = $(wildcard \
+  $(srcdir)/src/*.y \
+  $(srcdir)/src/*.l )
+CPPCHECK = cppcheck
+CPPCHECK_JOBS = $(shell nproc)
+CPPCHECK_CACHE = $(srcdir)/src/obj_dbg/cppcheck-cache
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS = --enable=all
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --inline-suppr
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --suppressions-list=$(srcdir)/src/cppcheck-suppressions.txt
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --cppcheck-build-dir=$(CPPCHECK_CACHE)
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS += -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 -DINFILTER_PIPE=1 -D__GNUC__=1
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS += -j$(CPPCHECK_JOBS)
+CPPCHECK_INC = -I$(srcdir)/include
+CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/include/gtkwave
+CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/include/vltstd
+CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/src/obj_dbg
+CPPCHECK_INC += -I$(srcdir)/src
+
+$(CPPCHECK_CACHE): $(CHECK_CPP) $(CHECK_H) $(CHECK_YL)
+	/bin/rm -rf $@
+	/bin/mkdir -p $@
+
+cppcheck-verilator: | $(CPPCHECK_CACHE)
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK_VERILATOR_CPP)
+cppcheck-runtime: | $(CPPCHECK_CACHE)
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK_RUNTIME_CPP)
+cppcheck-vlc: | $(CPPCHECK_CACHE)
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK_VLC_CPP)
+cppcheck-examples: | $(CPPCHECK_CACHE)
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) $(CPPCHECK_INC) $(CPPCHECK_EXAMPLES_CPP)
+
+cppcheck:
+	$(MAKE) cppcheck-vlc
+	$(MAKE) cppcheck-examples
+	$(MAKE) cppcheck-runtime
+	$(MAKE) cppcheck-verilator

 CLANGTIDY = clang-tidy
 CLANGTIDY_FLAGS = -config='' \
-	-header-filter='.*' \
-	-checks='-fuchsia-*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,-cppcoreguidelines-init-variables,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-goto,-modernize-avoid-c-arrays,-readability-magic-numbers,-readability-simplify-boolean-expr,-cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage' \
+  -header-filter='.*' \
+  -checks='-fuchsia-*,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,-cppcoreguidelines-init-variables,-cppcoreguidelines-avoid-goto,-modernize-avoid-c-arrays,-readability-magic-numbers,-readability-simplify-boolean-expr,-cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage' \

 CLANGTIDY_DEP = $(subst .cpp,.cpp.tidy,$(CHECK_CPP))
 CLANGTIDY_DEFS = -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1
@@ -411,82 +459,124 @@ analyzer-include:
 	-rm -rf examples/*/obj*
 	scan-build $(MAKE) -k examples

-format: clang-format yapf format-pl-exec
+format:
+	$(MAKE) -j 5 format-c format-cmake format-exec format-py

-CLANGFORMAT = clang-format-14
+CLANGFORMAT = clang-format-18
 CLANGFORMAT_FLAGS = -i
 CLANGFORMAT_FILES = $(CHECK_CPP) $(CHECK_H) $(CHECK_YL) test_regress/t/*.c* test_regress/t/*.h

-clang-format:
-	@$(CLANGFORMAT) --version | egrep 14.0 > /dev/null \
-		|| echo "*** You are not using clang-format-14, indents may differ from master's ***"
+format-c clang-format:
+	$(CLANGFORMAT) --version
+	@$(CLANGFORMAT) --version | fgrep 'version 18' > /dev/null \
+	|| echo "*** You are not using clang-format-18, indents may differ from master's ***"
 	$(CLANGFORMAT) $(CLANGFORMAT_FLAGS) $(CLANGFORMAT_FILES)

-PY_PROGRAMS = \
-	bin/verilator_ccache_report \
-	bin/verilator_difftree \
-	bin/verilator_gantt \
-	bin/verilator_includer \
-	bin/verilator_profcfunc \
-	examples/json_py/vl_file_copy \
-	examples/json_py/vl_hier_graph \
-	docs/guide/conf.py \
-	docs/bin/vl_sphinx_extract \
-	docs/bin/vl_sphinx_fix \
-	src/astgen \
-	src/bisonpre \
-	src/config_rev \
-	src/cppcheck_filtered \
-	src/flexfix \
-	src/vlcovgen \
-	src/.gdbinit.py \
-	test_regress/t/*.pf \
-	nodist/clang_check_attributes \
-	nodist/code_coverage \
-	nodist/dot_importer \
-	nodist/fuzzer/actual_fail \
-	nodist/fuzzer/generate_dictionary \
-	nodist/install_test \
-	nodist/log_changes \
+YAMLFIX = YAMLFIX_WHITELINES=1 YAMLFIX_LINE_LENGTH=130 YAMLFIX_preserve_quotes=true yamlfix

+yamlfix:
+	$(YAMLFIX) .
+
+# CMake files
+CMAKE_FILES = \
+  CMakeLists.txt \
+  examples/*/CMakeLists.txt \
+  src/CMakeLists.txt \
+  test_regress/CMakeLists.txt \
+  *.cmake.in \
+
+# Makefiles
+MAKE_FILES = \
+  Makefile*.in \
+  docs/Makefile* \
+  include/verilated.mk.in \
+  examples/*/Makefile* \
+  src/Makefile*.in \
+  test_regress/Makefile* \
+
+# Python programs, subject to format and lint
+PY_PROGRAMS = \
+  bin/verilator_ccache_report \
+  bin/verilator_difftree \
+  bin/verilator_gantt \
+  bin/verilator_includer \
+  bin/verilator_profcfunc \
+  examples/json_py/vl_file_copy \
+  examples/json_py/vl_hier_graph \
+  docs/guide/conf.py \
+  docs/bin/vl_sphinx_extract \
+  docs/bin/vl_sphinx_fix \
+  src/astgen \
+  src/bisonpre \
+  src/config_rev \
+  src/flexfix \
+  src/vlcovgen \
+  src/.gdbinit.py \
+  test_regress/*.py \
+  test_regress/t/*.pf \
+  nodist/clang_check_attributes \
+  nodist/code_coverage \
+  nodist/dot_importer \
+  nodist/fuzzer/actual_fail \
+  nodist/fuzzer/generate_dictionary \
+  nodist/install_test \
+  nodist/log_changes \
+
+# Python files, subject to format but not lint
 PY_FILES = \
-	$(PY_PROGRAMS) \
-	nodist/code_coverage.dat \
+  $(PY_PROGRAMS) \
+  nodist/code_coverage.dat \
+  test_regress/t/*.py \
+
+# Python files, test_regress tests
+PY_TEST_FILES = test_regress/t/*.py

 YAPF = yapf3
-YAPF_FLAGS = -i
+YAPF_FLAGS = -i --parallel

-yapf:
+format-py yapf:
+	$(YAPF) --version
 	$(YAPF) $(YAPF_FLAGS) $(PY_FILES)

+GERSEMI = gersemi
+GERSEMI_FLAGS = -i --no-warn-about-unknown-commands
+
+format-cmake:
+	$(GERSEMI) $(GERSEMI_FLAGS) $(CMAKE_FILES)
+
+MBAKE = mbake
+MBAKE_FLAGS = format --config ./.bake.toml
+
+format-make:
+	$(MBAKE) $(MBAKE_FLAGS) $(MAKE_FILES)
+
+format-yaml: yamlfix
+
 PYLINT = pylint
-PYLINT_FLAGS = --score=n --disable=R0801
+PYLINT_FLAGS = --recursive=n --score=n --disable=R0801
+PYLINT_TEST_FLAGS = $(PYLINT_FLAGS) --disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0209,C0411,C0413,C0301,R0801,R0912,R0915,R0916,R1702,W0511,W0621

 RUFF = ruff
 RUFF_FLAGS = check --ignore=E402,E501,E701

 # "make -k" so can see all tool result errors
 lint-py:
-	$(MAKE) -k lint-py-pylint lint-py-ruff
+	$(MAKE) -k lint-py-pylint lint-py-pylint-tests lint-py-ruff

 lint-py-pylint:
 	$(PYLINT) $(PYLINT_FLAGS) $(PY_PROGRAMS)

+lint-py-pylint-tests:
+	$(PYLINT) $(PYLINT_TEST_FLAGS) $(PY_TEST_FILES) | $(PYTHON3) nodist/lint_py_test_filter
+
 lint-py-ruff:
 	$(RUFF) $(RUFF_FLAGS) $(PY_PROGRAMS)

-format-pl-exec:
-	-chmod a+x test_regress/t/*.pl
+format-exec:
+	-chmod a+x test_regress/t/*.py

-install-msg:
-	@echo
-	@echo "Installed binaries to $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator"
-	@echo "Installed man to $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1"
-	@echo "Installed examples to $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples"
-	@echo
-	@echo "For documentation see 'man verilator' or 'verilator --help'"
-	@echo "For forums and to report bugs see https://verilator.org"
-	@echo
+######################################################################
+# Configure

 IN_WILD := ${srcdir}/*.in ${srcdir}/*/*.in

@@ -507,6 +597,9 @@ else
 	autoconf
 endif

+######################################################################
+# Clean
+
 maintainer-clean::
 	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use;"
 	@echo "rebuilding the deleted files requires autoconf."
@@ -526,6 +619,8 @@ clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
 	rm -f *.tex
 	rm -rf examples/*/obj_dir* examples/*/logs
 	rm -rf test_*/obj_dir
+	rm -rf src/*.tidy include/*.tidy examples/*/*.tidy
+	rm -rf .ruff_cache
 	rm -rf nodist/fuzzer/dictionary
 	rm -rf nodist/obj_dir
 	rm -rf verilator.txt
@@ -537,17 +632,6 @@ distclean maintainer-clean::
 	rm -f bin/verilator_bin* bin/verilator_coverage_bin*
 	rm -f include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h

-TAGFILES=${srcdir}/*/*.cpp ${srcdir}/*/*.h ${srcdir}/*/*.in \
-	${srcdir}/*.in ${srcdir}/*.pod
-
-TAGS: $(TAGFILES)
-	etags $(TAGFILES)
-
-.PHONY: doxygen
-
-doxygen:
-	$(MAKE) -C docs doxygen
-
 ######################################################################
 # Distributions

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .. Github doesn't render images unless absolute URL
 .. Do not know of a conditional tag, "only: github" nor "github display" works

-|badge1| |badge2| |badge3| |badge4| |badge5| |badge6| |badge7| |badge8|
+|badge1| |badge2| |badge3| |badge4| |badge5| |badge7| |badge8|

 .. |badge1| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Website-Verilator.org-181717.svg
    :target: https://verilator.org
@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@
    :target: https://repology.org/project/verilator/versions
 .. |badge5| image:: https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/verilator/verilator
    :target: https://hub.docker.com/r/verilator/verilator
-.. |badge6| image:: https://api.codacy.com/project/badge/Grade/fa78caa433c84a4ab9049c43e9debc6f
-    :target: https://www.codacy.com/gh/verilator/verilator
-.. |badge7| image:: https://codecov.io/gh/verilator/verilator/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
-    :target: https://codecov.io/gh/verilator/verilator
-.. |badge8| image:: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/workflows/build/badge.svg
+.. |badge7| image:: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/workflows/build/badge.svg
    :target: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/actions?query=workflow%3Abuild
+.. |badge8| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/verilator/verilator/rtlmeter.yml?branch=master&event=schedule&label=benchmarks
+    :target: https://verilator.github.io/verilator-rtlmeter-results


 Welcome to Verilator
@@ -133,17 +131,17 @@ organizations; please see `Verilator Commercial Support
 Related Projects
 ================

- `GTKwave <http://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`_ - Waveform viewer for
+- `GTKwave <https://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`_ - Waveform viewer for
  Verilator traces.

- `Icarus Verilog`_ - Icarus is a full-featured interpreted Verilog
+- `Icarus Verilog`_ - Icarus is a highly-featured interpreted Verilog
  simulator. If Verilator does not support your needs, perhaps Icarus may.


 Open License
 ============

-Verilator is Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. (Report bugs to
+Verilator is Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. (Report bugs to
 `Verilator Issues <https://verilator.org/issues>`_.)

 Verilator is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -69,7 +69,9 @@ if (! GetOptions(
    pod2usage(-exitstatus => 2, -verbose => 0);
 }

-my $verilator_root = realpath("$RealBin/..");
+# WARNING: $verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath is substituted during Verilator 'make install'
+my $verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath = "..";
+my $verilator_root = realpath("$RealBin/$verilator_pkgdatadir_relpath");
 if (defined $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}) {
    if ((!-d $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}) || $verilator_root ne realpath($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT})) {
        warn "%Error: verilator: VERILATOR_ROOT is set to inconsistent path. Suggest leaving it unset.\n";
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ if ($opt_gdb) {
 } elsif ($opt_valgrind) {
    # Run under valgrind
    my $valgrind_bin = ($ENV{VERILATOR_VALGRIND} || "valgrind --error-exitcode=1 --max-stackframe=2815880"
-        # Magic number sugested by valgrind, may need to be increased in future
+        # Magic number suggested by Valgrind, may need to be increased in future
        # if you get warnings. See: https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core.html#opt.max-stackframe
        );

@@ -254,7 +256,7 @@ sub sh_escape {
    # This is similar to quotemeta() but less aggressive.
    # There's no need to escape hyphens, periods, or forward slashes
    # for the shell as these have no special meaning to the shell.
-    $arg =~ s/([^0-9a-zA-Z_\-\+\=\.\/])/\\$1/g;
+    $arg =~ s/([^0-9a-zA-Z_\-\+\=\.\/:])/\\$1/g;
    return $arg;
 }

@@ -267,8 +269,7 @@ __END__

 =head1 NAME

-Verilator - Translate and simulate SystemVerilog code using C++/SystemC
-
+Verilator - Lint, compile and simulate SystemVerilog code using C++/SystemC

 =head1 SYNOPSIS

@@ -310,8 +311,8 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     +1800-2012ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2012 with file extension <ext>
     +1800-2017ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2017 with file extension <ext>
     +1800-2023ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2023 with file extension <ext>
-    --assert                    Enable all assertions
-    --assert-case               Enable unique/unique0/priority case related checks
+    --no-assert                 Disable all assertions
+    --no-assert-case            Disable unique/unique0/priority-case assertions
    --autoflush                 Flush streams after all $displays
    --bbox-sys                  Blackbox unknown $system calls
    --bbox-unsup                Blackbox unsupported language features
@@ -327,6 +328,8 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --compiler-include          Include additional header in the precompiled one
    --converge-limit <loops>    Tune convergence settle time
    --coverage                  Enable all coverage
+    --coverage-expr             Enable expression coverage
+    --coverage-expr-max <value>     Maximum permutations allowed for an expression
    --coverage-line             Enable line coverage
    --coverage-max-width <width>   Maximum array depth for coverage
    --coverage-toggle           Enable toggle coverage
@@ -338,11 +341,14 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --no-debug-leak             Disable leaking memory in --debug mode
    --debugi <level>            Enable debugging at a specified level
    --debugi-<srcfile> <level>  Enable debugging a source file at a level
-    --decorations <level>       Set output comment and spacing level
    --no-decoration             Disable comments and lower spacing level
+    --decorations <level>       Set output comment and spacing level
    --default-language <lang>   Default language to parse
     +define+<var>=<value>      Set preprocessor define
+    --diagnostics-sarif         Enable SARIF diagnostics output
+    --diagnostics-sarif-output <filename>  Set SARIF diagnostics output file
    --dpi-hdr-only              Only produce the DPI header file
+    --dump-<srcfile>            Enable dumping everything in source file
    --dump-defines              Show preprocessor defines with -E
    --dump-dfg                  Enable dumping DfgGraphs to .dot files
    --dump-graph                Enable dumping V3Graphs to .dot files
@@ -350,12 +356,11 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --dump-tree-addrids         Use short identifiers instead of addresses
    --dump-tree-dot             Enable dumping Ast .tree.dot debug files
    --dump-tree-json            Enable dumping Ast .tree.json files and .tree.meta.json file
-    --dump-<srcfile>            Enable dumping everything in source file
+    --dumpi-<srcfile> <level>   Enable dumping everything in source file at level
    --dumpi-dfg <level>         Enable dumping DfgGraphs to .dot files at level
    --dumpi-graph <level>       Enable dumping V3Graphs to .dot files at level
    --dumpi-tree <level>        Enable dumping Ast .tree files at level
    --dumpi-tree-json <level>   Enable dumping Ast .tree.json files at level
-    --dumpi-<srcfile> <level>   Enable dumping everything in source file at level
     -E                         Preprocess, but do not compile
    --emit-accessors            Emit getter and setter methods for model top class
    --error-limit <value>       Abort after this number of errors
@@ -373,17 +378,23 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --gdb                       Run Verilator under GDB interactively
    --gdbbt                     Run Verilator under GDB for backtrace
    --generate-key              Create random key for --protect-key
-    --getenv <var>              Get environment variable with defaults
    --get-supported <feature>   Get if feature is supported
+    --getenv <var>              Get environment variable with defaults
    --help                      Show this help
    --hierarchical              Enable hierarchical Verilation
    --hierarchical-params-file <name> Internal option that specifies parameters file for hier blocks
+    --hierarchical-threads <threads>  Number of threads for hierarchical scheduling
     -I<dir>                    Directory to search for includes
    --if-depth <value>          Tune IFDEPTH warning
     +incdir+<dir>              Directory to search for includes
    --inline-mult <value>       Tune module inlining
    --instr-count-dpi <value>   Assumed dynamic instruction count of DPI imports
     -j <jobs>                  Parallelism for --build-jobs/--verilate-jobs
+    --no-json-edit-nums         Don't dump editNum in .tree.json files
+    --no-json-ids               Don't use short identifiers instead of addresses/paths in .tree.json
+    --json-only                 Create JSON parser output (.tree.json and .meta.json)
+    --json-only-meta-output <filename>  Set .tree.meta.json output filename
+    --json-only-output <filename>       Set .tree.json output filename
    --l2-name <value>           Verilog scope name of the top module
    --language <lang>           Default language standard to parse
     -LDFLAGS <flags>           Linker pre-object arguments for makefile
@@ -391,20 +402,21 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     +libext+<ext>+[ext]...     Extensions for finding modules
    --lint-only                 Lint, but do not make output
    --localize-max-size <value>  Tune localize optimization variable size
-    --make <build-tool>         Generate scripts for specified build tool
-     -MAKEFLAGS <flags>         Arguments to pass to make during --build
    --main                      Generate C++ main() file
    --main-top-name             Specify top name passed to Verilated model in generated C++ main
+    --make <build-tool>         Generate scripts for specified build tool
+     -MAKEFLAGS <flags>         Arguments to pass to make during --build
    --max-num-width <value>     Maximum number width (default: 64K)
    --Mdir <directory>          Name of output object directory
    --MMD                       Create .d dependency files
    --mod-prefix <topname>      Name to prepend to lower classes
    --MP                        Create phony dependency targets
     +notimingchecks            Ignored
+     -o <executable>            Name of final executable
     -O0                        Disable optimizations
     -O3                        High-performance optimizations
     -O<optimization-letter>    Selectable optimizations
-     -o <executable>            Name of final executable
+    --output-groups <numfiles>  Group .cpp files into larger ones
    --output-split <statements>          Split .cpp files into pieces
    --output-split-cfuncs <statements>   Split model functions
    --output-split-ctrace <statements>   Split tracing functions
@@ -419,6 +431,8 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --pipe-filter <command>     Filter all input through a script
    --pp-comments               Show preprocessor comments with -E
    --prefix <topname>          Name of top-level class
+    --preproc-resolve           Include all found modules in the output with -E
+    --preproc-token-limit       Maximum tokens on a line allowed by preprocessor
    --private                   Debugging; see docs
    --prof-c                    Compile C++ code with profiling
    --prof-cfuncs               Name functions for profiling
@@ -429,14 +443,15 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --protect-lib <name>        Create a DPI protected library
    --public                    Mark signals as public; see docs
    --public-depth <level>      Mark public to specified module depth
-    --public-params             Mark all parameters as public_flat
    --public-flat-rw            Mark all variables, etc as public_flat_rw
+    --public-ignore             Ignore all public comment markings
+    --public-params             Mark all parameters as public_flat
     -pvalue+<name>=<value>     Overwrite toplevel parameter
    --quiet                     Minimize additional printing
    --quiet-exit                Don't print the command on failure
    --quiet-stats               Don't print statistics
    --relative-includes         Resolve includes relative to current file
-    --reloop-limit              Minimum iterations for forming loops
+    --reloop-limit <value>      Minimum iterations for forming loops
    --report-unoptflat          Extra diagnostics for UNOPTFLAT
    --rr                        Run Verilator and record with rr
    --runtime-debug             Enable model runtime debugging
@@ -445,7 +460,9 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --no-skip-identical         Disable skipping identical output
    --stats                     Create statistics file
    --stats-vars                Provide statistics on variables
-    --no-std                    Prevent parsing standard library
+    --no-std                    Prevent loading standard files
+    --no-std-package            Prevent parsing standard package
+    --no-std-waiver             Prevent parsing standard lint waivers
    --no-stop-fail              Do not call $stop when assertion fails
    --structs-packed            Convert all unpacked structures to packed structures
     -sv                        Enable SystemVerilog parsing
@@ -453,23 +470,25 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --threads <threads>         Enable multithreading
    --threads-dpi <mode>        Enable multithreaded DPI
    --threads-max-mtasks <mtasks>  Tune maximum mtask partitioning
-    --timing                    Enable timing support
-    --no-timing                 Disable timing support
    --timescale <timescale>     Sets default timescale
    --timescale-override <timescale>  Overrides all timescales
+    --timing                    Enable timing support
+    --no-timing                 Disable timing support
    --top <topname>             Alias of --top-module
    --top-module <topname>      Name of top-level input module
-    --trace                     Enable waveform creation
+    --trace                     Enable VCD waveform creation
    --trace-coverage            Enable tracing of coverage
    --trace-depth <levels>      Depth of tracing
    --trace-fst                 Enable FST waveform creation
    --trace-max-array <depth>   Maximum array depth for tracing
    --trace-max-width <width>   Maximum bit width for tracing
    --trace-params              Enable tracing of parameters
+    --trace-saif                Enable SAIF file creation
    --trace-structs             Enable tracing structure names
    --trace-threads <threads>   Enable FST waveform creation on separate threads
    --no-trace-top              Do not emit traces for signals in the top module generated by verilator
    --trace-underscore          Enable tracing of _signals
+    --trace-vcd                 Enable VCD waveform creation
     -U<var>                    Undefine preprocessor define
    --no-unlimited-stack        Don't disable stack size limit
    --unroll-count <loops>      Tune maximum loop iterations
@@ -478,13 +497,14 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     -V                         Verbose version and config
     -v <filename>              Verilog library
    --valgrind                  Run Verilator under valgrind
-    --verilate-jobs             Job threads for Verilation stage
    --no-verilate               Skip Verilation and just compile previously Verilated code
+    --verilate-jobs             Job threads for Verilation stage
     +verilog1995ext+<ext>      Synonym for +1364-1995ext+<ext>
     +verilog2001ext+<ext>      Synonym for +1364-2001ext+<ext>
    --version                   Show program version and exits
    --vpi                       Enable VPI compiles
-    --waiver-output <filename>  Create a waiver file based on the linter warnings
+    --waiver-multiline          Create multiline --match for waivers
+    --waiver-output <filename>  Create a waiver file based on linter warnings
     -Wall                      Enable all style warnings
     -Werror-<message>          Convert warnings to errors
     -Wfuture-<message>         Disable unknown message warnings
@@ -493,6 +513,7 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
     -Wno-fatal                 Disable fatal exit on warnings
     -Wno-lint                  Disable all lint warnings
     -Wno-style                 Disable all style warnings
+     -work <libname>            Set config library for following files
     -Wpedantic                 Warn on compliance-test issues
     -Wwarn-<message>           Enable specified warning message
     -Wwarn-lint                Enable lint warning message
@@ -500,11 +521,6 @@ detailed descriptions of these arguments.
    --x-assign <mode>           Assign non-initial Xs to this value
    --x-initial <mode>          Assign initial Xs to this value
    --x-initial-edge            Enable initial X->0 and X->1 edge triggers
-    --no-json-edit-nums         Don't dump editNum in .tree.json files
-    --no-json-ids               Don't use short identifiers instead of adresses/paths in .tree.json
-    --json-only                 Create JSON parser output (.tree.json and .meta.json)
-    --json-only-output          .tree.json output filename
-    --json-only-meta-output     .tree.meta.json output filename
    --xml-only                  Create XML parser output
    --xml-output                XML output filename
     -y <dir>                   Directory to search for modules
@@ -516,9 +532,9 @@ description of these arguments.

 =for VL_SPHINX_EXTRACT "_build/gen/args_verilated.rst"

+     +verilator+coverage+file+<filename>   Set coverage output filename
     +verilator+debug                      Enable debugging
     +verilator+debugi+<value>             Enable debugging at a level
-     +verilator+coverage+file+<filename>   Set coverage output filename
     +verilator+error+limit+<value>        Set error limit
     +verilator+help                       Show help
     +verilator+noassert                   Disable assert checking
@@ -537,7 +553,7 @@ description of these arguments.

 The latest version is available from L<https://verilator.org>.

-Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms of
 either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic
 License Version 2.0.
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(

    For documentation see
    https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_ccache_report.html""",
-    epilog=
-    """Copyright 2002-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+    epilog="""Copyright 2002-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -67,30 +66,23 @@ else:
    wnames = max(len(_) for _ in results) + 1
    wresults = max(len(_) for _ in results.values()) + 1
    for k in sorted(results.keys()):
-        args.o.write("{:{wnames}} : {:{wresults}} : {}s\n".format(
-            k,
-            results[k],
-            elapsed[k].total_seconds(),
-            wnames=wnames,
-            wresults=wresults))
+        args.o.write("{:{wnames}} : {:{wresults}} : {}s\n".format(k,
+                                                                  results[k],
+                                                                  elapsed[k].total_seconds(),
+                                                                  wnames=wnames,
+                                                                  wresults=wresults))

    args.o.write("\nSummary:\n")
    counts = collections.Counter(_ for _ in results.values())
    total = sum(counts.values())
    for k in sorted(counts.keys()):
        c = counts[k]
-        args.o.write("{:{width}}| {} ({:.2%})\n".format(k,
-                                                        c,
-                                                        c / total,
-                                                        width=wresults))
+        args.o.write("{:{width}}| {} ({:.2%})\n".format(k, c, c / total, width=wresults))

    args.o.write("\nLongest:\n")
-    longest = sorted(list(elapsed.items()),
-                     key=lambda kv: -kv[1].total_seconds())
+    longest = sorted(list(elapsed.items()), key=lambda kv: -kv[1].total_seconds())
    for i, (k, v) in enumerate(longest):
-        args.o.write("{:{width}}| {}s\n".format(k,
-                                                v.total_seconds(),
-                                                width=wnames))
+        args.o.write("{:{width}}| {}s\n".format(k, v.total_seconds(), width=wnames))
        if i > 4:
            break

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ L<https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_coverage.html>.
    --annotate-all                All files should be shown.
    --annotate-min <count>        Minimum occurrence count for uncovered.
    --annotate-points             Annotates info from each coverage point.
+    --filter-type <regex>         Keep only records of given coverage type.
    --help                        Displays this message and version and exits.
    --rank                        Compute relative importance of tests.
    --unlink                      With --write, unlink all inputs
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ L<https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_coverage.html>.

 The latest version is available from L<https://verilator.org>.

-Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
 of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
 Artistic License Version 2.0.
@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@ def diff_dir(a, b):
        diff_file(a, b)
        anyfile = True
    if not anyfile:
-        sys.stderr.write(
-            "%Warning: No .tree files found that have similar base names\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("%Warning: No .tree files found that have similar base names\n")


 def diff_file(a, b):
@@ -109,18 +108,14 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
 Verilator_difftree is used for debugging Verilator tree output files.
 It performs a diff between two files, or all files common between two
 directories, ignoring irrelevant pointer differences.""",
-    epilog=
-    """Copyright 2005-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+    epilog="""Copyright 2005-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.

 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")

-parser.add_argument('--debug',
-                    action='store_const',
-                    const=9,
-                    help='enable debug')
+parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('--no-lineno',
                    action='store_false',
                    help='do not show differences in line numbering')
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ import collections
 import math
 import re
 import statistics
+from collections import OrderedDict
 # from pprint import pprint

-Sections = []
+Sections = OrderedDict()
 LongestVcdStrValueLength = 0
 Threads = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [])  # List of records per thread id
 Mtasks = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {'elapsed': 0, 'end': 0})
@@ -18,11 +19,16 @@ Cpus = collections.defaultdict(lambda: {'mtask_time': 0})
 Global = {
    'args': {},
    'cpuinfo': collections.defaultdict(lambda: {}),
+    'info': {
+        'numa': 'no data'
+    },
    'stats': {}
 }
 ElapsedTime = None  # total elapsed time
-ExecGraphTime = 0  # total elapsed time excuting an exec graph
+ExecGraphTime = 0  # total elapsed time executing an exec graph
+WaitingTime = 0  # total elapsed time waiting for mtasks
 ExecGraphIntervals = []  # list of (start, end) pairs
+ThreadScheduleWaitIntervals = []  # list of (start, tick, ecpu) pairs

 ######################################################################

@@ -31,24 +37,29 @@ def read_data(filename):
    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
        re_thread = re.compile(r'^VLPROFTHREAD (\d+)$')
        re_record = re.compile(r'^VLPROFEXEC (\S+) (\d+)(.*)$')
+        # The hierBlock argument is optional
        re_payload_mtaskBegin = re.compile(
-            r'id (\d+) predictStart (\d+) cpu (\d+)')
-        re_payload_mtaskEnd = re.compile(r'id (\d+) predictCost (\d+)')
+            r'id (\d+) predictStart (\d+) cpu (\d+)(?: hierBlock)?\s*(\w+)?')
+        re_payload_mtaskEnd = re.compile(r'predictCost (\d+)')
+        re_payload_wait = re.compile(r'cpu (\d+)')

        re_arg1 = re.compile(r'VLPROF arg\s+(\S+)\+([0-9.]*)\s*')
        re_arg2 = re.compile(r'VLPROF arg\s+(\S+)\s+([0-9.]*)\s*$')
-        re_stat = re.compile(r'VLPROF stat\s+(\S+)\s+([0-9.]+)')
+        re_info = re.compile(r'VLPROF info\s+(\S+)\s+(.*)$')
+        re_stat = re.compile(r'VLPROF stat\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)')
        re_proc_cpu = re.compile(r'VLPROFPROC processor\s*:\s*(\d+)\s*$')
        re_proc_dat = re.compile(r'VLPROFPROC ([a-z_ ]+)\s*:\s*(.*)$')
        cpu = None
-        thread = None
-        execGraphStart = None
+        thread = 0

        global LongestVcdStrValueLength
        global ExecGraphTime
+        global WaitingTime

+        ExecGraphStack = []
        SectionStack = []
-        mTaskThread = {}
+        MtasksStack = []
+        ThreadScheduleWait = collections.defaultdict(list)

        for line in fh:
            recordMatch = re_record.match(line)
@@ -57,55 +68,65 @@ def read_data(filename):
                tick = int(tick)
                payload = payload.strip()
                if kind == "SECTION_PUSH":
-                    LongestVcdStrValueLength = max(LongestVcdStrValueLength,
-                                                   len(payload))
+                    LongestVcdStrValueLength = max(LongestVcdStrValueLength, len(payload))
                    SectionStack.append(payload)
-                    Sections.append((tick, tuple(SectionStack)))
+                    Sections[thread].append((tick, tuple(SectionStack)))
                elif kind == "SECTION_POP":
                    assert SectionStack, "SECTION_POP without SECTION_PUSH"
                    SectionStack.pop()
-                    Sections.append((tick, tuple(SectionStack)))
+                    Sections[thread].append((tick, tuple(SectionStack)))
                elif kind == "MTASK_BEGIN":
-                    mtask, predict_start, ecpu = re_payload_mtaskBegin.match(
+                    mtask, predict_start, ecpu, hier_block = re_payload_mtaskBegin.match(
                        payload).groups()
+                    hier_block = "" if hier_block is None else hier_block
                    mtask = int(mtask)
                    predict_start = int(predict_start)
                    ecpu = int(ecpu)
-                    mTaskThread[mtask] = thread
                    records = Threads[thread]
-                    assert not records or records[-1]['start'] <= records[-1][
-                        'end'] <= tick
                    records.append({
                        'start': tick,
                        'mtask': mtask,
                        'predict_start': predict_start,
+                        'hier_block': hier_block,
                        'cpu': ecpu
                    })
-                    Mtasks[mtask]['begin'] = tick
-                    Mtasks[mtask]['thread'] = thread
-                    Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] = predict_start
+                    Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask)]['begin'] = tick
+                    Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask)]['predict_start'] = predict_start
+                    Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask)]['thread'] = thread
+                    MtasksStack.append((hier_block, mtask, records[-1]))
                elif kind == "MTASK_END":
-                    mtask, predict_cost = re_payload_mtaskEnd.match(
-                        payload).groups()
+                    predict_cost, = re_payload_mtaskEnd.match(payload).groups()
                    mtask = int(mtask)
+                    hier_block, mtask, record = MtasksStack.pop()
                    predict_cost = int(predict_cost)
-                    begin = Mtasks[mtask]['begin']
-                    record = Threads[mTaskThread[mtask]][-1]
+                    begin = Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask)]['begin']
                    record['end'] = tick
+                    assert record and records[-1]['start'] <= records[-1]['end'] <= tick
                    record['predict_cost'] = predict_cost
-                    Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'] += tick - begin
-                    Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] = predict_cost
-                    Mtasks[mtask]['end'] = max(Mtasks[mtask]['end'], tick)
+                    Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask)]['elapsed'] += tick - begin
+                    Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask)]['predict_cost'] = predict_cost
+                    Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask)]['end'] = max(Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask)]['end'],
+                                                             tick)
+                elif kind == "THREAD_SCHEDULE_WAIT_BEGIN":
+                    ecpu = int(re_payload_wait.match(payload).groups()[0])
+                    ThreadScheduleWait[ecpu].append(tick)
+                elif kind == "THREAD_SCHEDULE_WAIT_END":
+                    ecpu = int(re_payload_wait.match(payload).groups()[0])
+                    start = ThreadScheduleWait[ecpu].pop()
+                    WaitingTime += tick - start
+                    ThreadScheduleWaitIntervals.append((start, tick, ecpu))
                elif kind == "EXEC_GRAPH_BEGIN":
-                    execGraphStart = tick
+                    ExecGraphStack.append(tick)
                elif kind == "EXEC_GRAPH_END":
+                    assert ExecGraphStack, "EXEC_GRAPH_END without EXEC_GRAPH_BEGIN"
+                    execGraphStart = ExecGraphStack.pop()
                    ExecGraphTime += tick - execGraphStart
                    ExecGraphIntervals.append((execGraphStart, tick))
-                    execGraphStart = None
                elif Args.debug:
                    print("-Unknown execution trace record: %s" % line)
            elif re_thread.match(line):
                thread = int(re_thread.match(line).group(1))
+                Sections[thread] = []
            elif re.match(r'^VLPROF(THREAD|VERSION)', line):
                pass
            elif re_arg1.match(line):
@@ -114,6 +135,9 @@ def read_data(filename):
            elif re_arg2.match(line):
                match = re_arg2.match(line)
                Global['args'][match.group(1)] = match.group(2)
+            elif re_info.match(line):
+                match = re_info.match(line)
+                Global['info'][match.group(1)] = match.group(2)
            elif re_stat.match(line):
                match = re_stat.match(line)
                Global['stats'][match.group(1)] = match.group(2)
@@ -163,28 +187,26 @@ def report():

    print("\nSummary:")
    print("  Total elapsed time = {} rdtsc ticks".format(ElapsedTime))
-    print("  Parallelized code  = {:.2%} of elapsed time".format(
-        ExecGraphTime / ElapsedTime))
+    print("  Parallelized code  = {:.2%} of elapsed time".format(ExecGraphTime / ElapsedTime))
+    print("  Waiting time       = {:.2%} of elapsed time".format(WaitingTime / ElapsedTime))
    print("  Total threads      = %d" % nthreads)
    print("  Total CPUs used    = %d" % ncpus)
    print("  Total mtasks       = %d" % len(Mtasks))
    print("  Total yields       = %d" % int(Global['stats'].get('yields', 0)))

+    report_numa()
    report_mtasks()
    report_cpus()
    report_sections()

    if nthreads > ncpus:
        print()
-        print("%%Warning: There were fewer CPUs (%d) than threads (%d)." %
-              (ncpus, nthreads))
+        print("%%Warning: There were fewer CPUs (%d) than threads (%d)." % (ncpus, nthreads))
        print("        : See docs on use of numactl.")
    else:
        if 'cpu_socket_cores_warning' in Global:
            print()
-            print(
-                "%Warning: Multiple threads scheduled on same hyperthreaded core."
-            )
+            print("%Warning: Multiple threads scheduled on same hyperthreaded core.")
            print("        : See docs on use of numactl.")
        if 'cpu_sockets_warning' in Global:
            print()
@@ -193,6 +215,11 @@ def report():
    print()


+def report_numa():
+    print("\nNUMA assignment:")
+    print("  NUMA status        = %s" % Global['info']['numa'])
+
+
 def report_mtasks():
    if not Mtasks:
        return
@@ -211,10 +238,11 @@ def report_mtasks():
    thread_mtask_time = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
    long_mtask_time = 0
    long_mtask = None
+    long_mtask_hier_block = None
    predict_mtask_time = 0
    predict_elapsed = 0
-    for mtaskId in Mtasks:
-        record = Mtasks[mtaskId]
+    for (hier_block, mtask_id) in Mtasks:
+        record = Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask_id)]
        predict_mtask_time += record['predict_cost']
        total_mtask_time += record['elapsed']
        thread_mtask_time[record['thread']] += record['elapsed']
@@ -222,14 +250,14 @@ def report_mtasks():
        predict_elapsed = max(predict_elapsed, predict_end)
        if record['elapsed'] > long_mtask_time:
            long_mtask_time = record['elapsed']
-            long_mtask = mtaskId
+            long_mtask = mtask_id
+            long_mtask_hier_block = hier_block
    Global['predict_last_end'] = predict_elapsed

    serialTime = ElapsedTime - ExecGraphTime

    def subReport(elapsed, work):
-        print("  Thread utilization = {:7.2%}".format(work /
-                                                      (elapsed * nthreads)))
+        print("  Thread utilization = {:7.2%}".format(work / (elapsed * nthreads)))
        print("  Speedup            = {:6.3}x".format(work / elapsed))

    print("\nParallelized code, measured:")
@@ -252,36 +280,55 @@ def report_mtasks():
    max_p2e = -1000000
    max_mtask = None

-    for mtask in sorted(Mtasks.keys()):
-        if Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'] > 0:
-            if Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] == 0:
-                Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] = 1  # don't log(0) below
-            p2e_ratio = math.log(Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost'] /
-                                 Mtasks[mtask]['elapsed'])
+    min_hier_block = None
+    max_hier_block = None
+
+    for (hier_block, mtask_id) in sorted(Mtasks.keys()):
+        mtask = Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask_id)]
+        if mtask['elapsed'] > 0:
+            if mtask['predict_cost'] == 0:
+                mtask['predict_cost'] = 1  # don't log(0) below
+            p2e_ratio = math.log(mtask['predict_cost'] / mtask['elapsed'])
            p2e_ratios.append(p2e_ratio)

            if p2e_ratio > max_p2e:
                max_p2e = p2e_ratio
-                max_mtask = mtask
+                max_mtask = mtask_id
+                max_hier_block = hier_block
            if p2e_ratio < min_p2e:
                min_p2e = p2e_ratio
-                min_mtask = mtask
+                min_mtask = mtask_id
+                min_hier_block = hier_block

    print("\nMTask statistics:")
-    print("  Longest mtask id = {}".format(long_mtask))
-    print("  Longest mtask time = {:.2%} of time elapsed in parallelized code".
-          format(long_mtask_time / ExecGraphTime))
+    if long_mtask_hier_block:
+        print("  Longest mtask id = {} from hier_block '{}'".format(long_mtask,
+                                                                    long_mtask_hier_block))
+    else:
+        print("  Longest mtask id = {}".format(long_mtask))
+    print("  Longest mtask time = {:.2%} of time elapsed in parallelized code".format(
+        long_mtask_time / ExecGraphTime))
    print("  min log(p2e) = %0.3f" % min_p2e, end="")

-    print("  from mtask %d (predict %d," %
-          (min_mtask, Mtasks[min_mtask]['predict_cost']),
-          end="")
-    print(" elapsed %d)" % Mtasks[min_mtask]['elapsed'])
+    if min_hier_block:
+        print("  from hier_block '%s' mtask %d (predict %d," %
+              (min_hier_block, min_mtask, Mtasks[(min_hier_block, min_mtask)]['predict_cost']),
+              end="")
+    else:
+        print("  from mtask %d (predict %d," %
+              (min_mtask, Mtasks[(min_hier_block, min_mtask)]['predict_cost']),
+              end="")
+    print(" elapsed %d)" % Mtasks[(min_hier_block, min_mtask)]['elapsed'])
    print("  max log(p2e) = %0.3f" % max_p2e, end="")
-    print("  from mtask %d (predict %d," %
-          (max_mtask, Mtasks[max_mtask]['predict_cost']),
-          end="")
-    print(" elapsed %d)" % Mtasks[max_mtask]['elapsed'])
+    if max_hier_block:
+        print("  from hier_block '%s' mtask %d (predict %d," %
+              (max_hier_block, max_mtask, Mtasks[(max_hier_block, max_mtask)]['predict_cost']),
+              end="")
+    else:
+        print("  from mtask %d (predict %d," %
+              (max_mtask, Mtasks[(max_hier_block, max_mtask)]['predict_cost']),
+              end="")
+    print(" elapsed %d)" % Mtasks[(max_hier_block, max_mtask)]['elapsed'])

    stddev = statistics.pstdev(p2e_ratios)
    mean = statistics.mean(p2e_ratios)
@@ -315,8 +362,8 @@ def report_cpus():
                model = cpuinfo['model_name']

        print("  {:3d} | {:7.2%} / {:16d} | {:>6s} | {:>4s} | {}".format(
-            cpu, Cpus[cpu]['mtask_time'] / ElapsedTime,
-            Cpus[cpu]['mtask_time'], socket, core, model))
+            cpu, Cpus[cpu]['mtask_time'] / ElapsedTime, Cpus[cpu]['mtask_time'], socket, core,
+            model))

    if len(Global['cpu_sockets']) > 1:
        Global['cpu_sockets_warning'] = True
@@ -326,23 +373,27 @@ def report_cpus():


 def report_sections():
-    if not Sections:
-        return
-    print("\nSection profile:")
+    for thread, section in Sections.items():
+        if section:
+            print(f"\nSection profile for thread {thread}:")
+            report_section(section)

+
+def report_section(section):
    totalTime = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
    selfTime = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)

    sectionTree = [0, {}, 1]  # [selfTime, childTrees, numberOfTimesEntered]
    prevTime = 0
    prevStack = ()
-    for time, stack in Sections:
+    for time, stack in section:
        if len(stack) > len(prevStack):
            scope = sectionTree
            for item in stack:
                scope = scope[1].setdefault(item, [0, {}, 0])
            scope[2] += 1
        dt = time - prevTime
+        assert dt >= 0
        scope = sectionTree
        for item in prevStack:
            scope = scope[1].setdefault(item, [0, {}, 0])
@@ -366,8 +417,8 @@ def report_sections():

    def printTree(prefix, name, entries, tree):
        print("  {:7.2%} | {:7.2%} | {:8} | {:10.2f} | {}".format(
-            treeSum(tree) / ElapsedTime, tree[0] / ElapsedTime, tree[2],
-            tree[2] / entries, prefix + name))
+            treeSum(tree) / ElapsedTime, tree[0] / ElapsedTime, tree[2], tree[2] / entries,
+            prefix + name))
        for k in sorted(tree[1], key=lambda _: -treeSum(tree[1][_])):
            printTree(prefix + "  ", k, tree[2], tree[1][k])

@@ -417,6 +468,9 @@ def write_vcd(filename):
                val = buf.ljust(LongestVcdStrValueLength * 8, "0")
            values[time][code] = val

+        def addXValue(code, time):
+            values[time][code] = 'x'
+
        # Measured graph
        for thread in sorted(Threads):
            mcode = getCode(32, 'measured', 't%d_mtask' % thread)
@@ -438,33 +492,39 @@ def write_vcd(filename):
                addValue(code, start, mtask)
                addValue(code, end, None)

-        tStart = sorted(_['start'] for records in Threads.values()
-                        for _ in records)
-        tEnd = sorted(_['end'] for records in Threads.values()
-                      for _ in records)
+        tStart = sorted(_['start'] for records in Threads.values() for _ in records)
+        tEnd = sorted(_['end'] for records in Threads.values() for _ in records)
+
+        # Measured waiting time
+        for (start, end, cpu) in ThreadScheduleWaitIntervals:
+            mcode = getCode(32, 'measured', 'cpu%d_waiting' % cpu)
+            addXValue(mcode, start)
+            addValue(mcode, end, None)

        # Predicted graph
        for start, end in ExecGraphIntervals:
            # Find the earliest MTask start after the start point, and the
            # latest MTask end before the end point, so we can scale to the
            # same range
-            start = tStart[bisect.bisect_left(tStart, start)]
+            tStartIdx = bisect.bisect_left(tStart, start)
+            if tStartIdx >= len(tStart):
+                continue
+            start = tStart[tStartIdx]
            end = tEnd[bisect.bisect_right(tEnd, end) - 1]
            # Compute scale so predicted graph is of same width as interval
            measured_scaling = (end - start) / Global['predict_last_end']
            # Predict mtasks that fill the time the execution occupied
-            for mtask in Mtasks:
-                thread = Mtasks[mtask]['thread']
-                pred_scaled_start = start + int(
-                    Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] * measured_scaling)
+            for (hier_block, mtask_id) in Mtasks:
+                mtask = Mtasks[(hier_block, mtask_id)]
+                thread = mtask['thread']
+                pred_scaled_start = start + int(mtask['predict_start'] * measured_scaling)
                pred_scaled_end = start + int(
-                    (Mtasks[mtask]['predict_start'] +
-                     Mtasks[mtask]['predict_cost']) * measured_scaling)
+                    (mtask['predict_start'] + mtask['predict_cost']) * measured_scaling)
                if pred_scaled_start == pred_scaled_end:
                    continue

                mcode = getCode(32, 'predicted', 't%d_mtask' % thread)
-                addValue(mcode, pred_scaled_start, mtask)
+                addValue(mcode, pred_scaled_start, mtask_id)
                addValue(mcode, pred_scaled_end, None)

                parallelism['predicted'][pred_scaled_start] += 1
@@ -479,12 +539,13 @@ def write_vcd(filename):
                addValue(pcode, time, value)

        # Section graph
-        if Sections:
-            scode = getCode(LongestVcdStrValueLength * 8, "section", "trace")
-            dcode = getCode(32, "section", "depth")
-            for time, stack in Sections:
-                addValue(scode, time, stack[-1] if stack else None)
-                addValue(dcode, time, len(stack))
+        for thread, section in Sections.items():
+            if section:
+                scode = getCode(LongestVcdStrValueLength * 8, "section", f"t{thread}_trace")
+                dcode = getCode(32, "section", f"t{thread}_depth")
+                for time, stack in section:
+                    addValue(scode, time, stack[-1] if stack else None)
+                    addValue(dcode, time, len(stack))

        # Create output file
        fh.write("$version Generated by verilator_gantt $end\n")
@@ -526,6 +587,8 @@ def write_vcd(filename):
                value = values[time][code]
                if value is None:
                    fh.write("bz v%x\n" % code)
+                elif value == 'x':
+                    fh.write("bx v%x\n" % code)
                elif isinstance(value, str):
                    fh.write("b%s v%x\n" % (value, code))
                else:
@@ -537,7 +600,7 @@ def write_vcd(filename):
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
    allow_abbrev=False,
    formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
-    description="""Create Gantt chart of multi-threaded execution.
+    description="""Create Gantt chart of Verilator multi-threaded execution

 Verilator_gantt creates a visual representation to help analyze Verilator
 #xmultithreaded simulation performance, by showing when each macro-task
@@ -545,8 +608,7 @@ Verilator_gantt creates a visual representation to help analyze Verilator

 For documentation see
 https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_gantt.html""",
-    epilog=
-    """Copyright 2018-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+    epilog="""Copyright 2018-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -554,12 +616,8 @@ Version 2.0.
 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")

 parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_true', help='enable debug')
-parser.add_argument('--no-vcd',
-                    help='disable creating vcd',
-                    action='store_true')
-parser.add_argument('--vcd',
-                    help='filename for vcd outpue',
-                    default='profile_exec.vcd')
+parser.add_argument('--no-vcd', help='disable creating vcd', action='store_true')
+parser.add_argument('--vcd', help='filename for vcd output', default='profile_exec.vcd')
 parser.add_argument('filename',
                    help='input profile_exec.dat filename to process',
                    default='profile_exec.dat')
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 # pylint: disable=C0114,C0209
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
 # of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
 # Artistic License Version 2.0.
@@ -34,9 +34,8 @@ def profcfunc(filename):

            # Older gprofs have no call column for single-call functions
            #                  %time      cumesec   selfsec      {stuff}   name
-            match = re.match(
-                r'^\s*([0-9.]+)\s+[0-9.]+\s+([0-9.]+)\s+[^a-zA-Z_]*([a-zA-Z_].*)$',
-                line)
+            match = re.match(r'^\s*([0-9.]+)\s+[0-9.]+\s+([0-9.]+)\s+[^a-zA-Z_]*([a-zA-Z_].*)$',
+                             line)
            if match:
                pct = float(match.group(1))
                sec = float(match.group(2))
@@ -136,19 +135,15 @@ def profcfunc(filename):

    design_width = 1
    for func, func_item in vfuncs.items():
-        if design_width < len(func_item['design']):
-            design_width = len(func_item['design'])
+        design_width = max(design_width, len(func_item['design']))

    print("Verilog code profile:")
    print("   These are split into three categories:")
    print("      C++:     Time in non-Verilated C++ code")
    print("      Prof:    Time in profile overhead")
-    print("      VBlock:  Time attributable to a block in a" +
-          " Verilog file and line")
-    print("      VCommon: Time in a Verilated module," +
-          " due to all parts of the design")
-    print("      VLib:    Time in Verilated common libraries," +
-          " called by the Verilated code")
+    print("      VBlock:  Time attributable to a block in a" + " Verilog file and line")
+    print("      VCommon: Time in a Verilated module," + " due to all parts of the design")
+    print("      VLib:    Time in Verilated common libraries," + " called by the Verilated code")
    print()

    print("  %   cumulative   self              ")
@@ -156,13 +151,11 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
           "s  type      filename and line number") % "design")

    cume = 0
-    for func in sorted(vfuncs.keys(),
-                       key=lambda f: vfuncs[f]['sec'],
-                       reverse=True):
+    for func in sorted(vfuncs.keys(), key=lambda f: vfuncs[f]['sec'], reverse=True):
        cume += vfuncs[func]['sec']
        print(("%6.2f %9.2f %8.2f %10d   %-" + str(design_width) + "s  %s") %
-              (vfuncs[func]['pct'], cume, vfuncs[func]['sec'],
-               vfuncs[func]['calls'], vfuncs[func]['design'], func))
+              (vfuncs[func]['pct'], cume, vfuncs[func]['sec'], vfuncs[func]['calls'],
+               vfuncs[func]['design'], func))


 ######################################################################
@@ -171,7 +164,7 @@ def profcfunc(filename):
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
    allow_abbrev=False,
    formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
-    description="""Read gprof report created with --prof-cfuncs.
+    description="""Read gprof report created with Verilator --prof-cfuncs

 Verilator_profcfunc reads a profile report created by gprof.  The names of
 the functions are then transformed, assuming the user used Verilator's
@@ -180,18 +173,14 @@ in each Verilog block.

 For documentation see
 https://verilator.org/guide/latest/exe_verilator_profcfunc.html""",
-    epilog=
-    """Copyright 2002-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+    epilog="""Copyright 2002-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.

 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")

-parser.add_argument('--debug',
-                    action='store_const',
-                    const=9,
-                    help='enable debug')
+parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('filename', help='input gprof output to process')

 Args = parser.parse_args()
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fi
 install-vcddiff() {
  TMP_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
  git clone https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff "$TMP_DIR"
-  git -C "${TMP_DIR}" checkout e5664be5fe39d353bf3fcb50aa05214ab7ed4ac4
+  git -C "${TMP_DIR}" checkout dca845020668887fd13498c772939814d9264fd5
  "$MAKE" -C "${TMP_DIR}"
  sudo cp "${TMP_DIR}/vcddiff" /usr/local/bin
 }
@@ -55,22 +55,19 @@ if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get install ccache help2man libfl-dev ||
    sudo apt-get install ccache help2man libfl-dev
-    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-20.04" ]; then
+    if [[ ! "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]]; then
      # Some conflict of libunwind verison on 22.04, can live without it for now
      sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev ||
      sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev
    fi
-    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-20.04" ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-22.04" ]; then
+    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-20.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]]; then
      sudo apt-get install libsystemc libsystemc-dev ||
      sudo apt-get install libsystemc libsystemc-dev
    fi
-    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-22.04" ]; then
+    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]]; then
      sudo apt-get install bear mold ||
      sudo apt-get install bear mold
    fi
-    if [ "$COVERAGE" = 1 ]; then
-      yes yes | sudo cpan -fi Parallel::Forker
-    fi
  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
    brew update
    brew install ccache perl gperftools
@@ -94,12 +91,12 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
    # libfl-dev needed for internal coverage's test runs
    sudo apt-get install gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3 ||
    sudo apt-get install gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3
-    # Required for test_regress/t/t_dist_attributes.pl
-    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-22.04" ]; then
+    # Required for test_regress/t/t_dist_attributes.py
+    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]]; then
      sudo apt-get install python3-clang mold ||
      sudo apt-get install python3-clang mold
    fi
-    if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-20.04" ] || [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = "ubuntu-22.04" ]; then
+    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-20.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]]; then
      sudo apt-get install libsystemc-dev ||
      sudo apt-get install libsystemc-dev
    fi
@@ -114,10 +111,6 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
    fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
  fi
  # Common installs
-  if [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" != "ubuntu-14.04" ]; then
-    CI_CPAN_REPO=https://cpan.org
-  fi
-  yes yes | sudo cpan -M $CI_CPAN_REPO -fi Parallel::Forker
  install-vcddiff
  # Workaround -fsanitize=address crash
  sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_rnd_bits=28
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
 else
  fatal "Unknown os: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
 fi
+NPROC=$(expr $NPROC '+' 1)

 if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
  ##############################################################################
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
  # Run tests

  export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_CONTRIBUTORS=1  # Separate workflow check
+  export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_LINT_PY=1  # Separate workflow check

  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
    export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GDB=1  # Pain to get GDB to work on OS X
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
  fi

  # Run sanitize on Ubuntu 22.04 only
-  [ "$CI_RUNS_ON" = 'ubuntu-22.04' ] && sanitize='--sanitize' || sanitize=''
+  ( [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ 'ubuntu-22.04' ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ 'ubuntu-24.04' ]] ) && sanitize='--sanitize' || sanitize=''

  TEST_REGRESS=test_regress
  if [ "$CI_RELOC" == 1 ]; then
@@ -96,6 +98,8 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
     export VERILATOR_ROOT="$RELOC_DIR/relocated-install/share/verilator"
     TEST_REGRESS="$RELOC_DIR/test_regress"
     mv test_regress "$TEST_REGRESS"
+     NODIST="$RELOC_DIR/nodist"
+     mv nodist "$NODIST"
     # Feeling brave?
     find . -delete
     ls -la .
@@ -105,22 +109,25 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
  ccache -z
  case $TESTS in
    dist-vlt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/4
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/4
      ;;
    dist-vlt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/4
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/4
      ;;
    dist-vlt-2)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/4
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/4
      ;;
    dist-vlt-3)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/4
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean $sanitize" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/4
      ;;
    vltmt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS=--vltmt DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/2
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/3
      ;;
    vltmt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS=--vltmt DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/2
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/3
+      ;;
+    vltmt-2)
+      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/3
      ;;
    coverage-all)
      nodist/code_coverage --stages 1-
@@ -193,6 +200,8 @@ elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
      ;;
  esac

+  # To see load average (1 minute, 5 minute, 15 minute)
+  uptime
  # 22.04: ccache -s -v
  ccache -s

@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@
 Set-PSDebug -Trace 1

 if (-Not (Test-Path $PWD/../.ccache/win_bison.exe)) {
-	git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/lexxmark/winflexbison
-	cd winflexbison
-	mkdir build
-	cd build
-	cmake .. --install-prefix $PWD/../../../.ccache
-	cmake --build . --config Release -j 3
-	cmake --install . --prefix $PWD/../../../.ccache
-	cd ../..
+    git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/lexxmark/winflexbison
+    cd winflexbison
+    mkdir build
+    cd build
+    cmake .. --install-prefix $PWD/../../../.ccache
+    cmake --build . --config Release -j 3
+    cmake --install . --prefix $PWD/../../../.ccache
+    cd ../..
 }

 mkdir build
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # Version 2.0.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

-FROM ubuntu:22.04
+FROM ubuntu:24.04

 # Create the user
 RUN groupadd verilator \
@@ -36,12 +36,14 @@ RUN apt-get update \
                        help2man \
                        libfl2 \
                        libfl-dev \
+                        libclang-rt-18-dev \
                        libgoogle-perftools-dev \
                        libsystemc \
                        libsystemc-dev \
                        numactl \
                        perl \
                        python3 \
+                        python3-distro \
                        wget \
                        z3 \
                        zlib1g \
@@ -51,8 +53,6 @@ RUN apt-get update \

 WORKDIR /tmp

-RUN cpan install -fi Parallel::Forker
-
 RUN git clone https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff.git && \
    make -C vcddiff && \
    cp -p vcddiff/vcddiff /usr/local/bin/vcddiff && \
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

+.. _Verilator Build Docker Container:
+
 Verilator Build Docker Container
 ================================

@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ Verilator build. It uses the following parameters:

 -  Source revision (default: master)

-  Compiler (GCC 10.3.0, clang 10.0.0, default: 10.3.0)
+-  Compiler (GCC 13.3.0, clang 18.1.3, default: 13.3.0)

 The container is published as ``verilator/verilator-buildenv`` on `docker
 hub
@@ -29,18 +31,18 @@ To also run tests:

   docker run -ti verilator/verilator-buildenv test

-To change the compiler:
+To change the compiler use the `-e` switch to pass environment variables:

 ::

-   docker run -ti -e CC=clang-10 -e CXX=clang++-10 verilator/verilator-buildenv test
+   docker run -ti -e CC=clang-18 -e CXX=clang++-18 verilator/verilator-buildenv test

-The tests that involve gdb are not working due to security restrictions.
-To run those too:
+The tests, that involve numactl are not working due to security restrictions.
+To run those too, add the CAP_SYS_NICE capability during the start of the container:

 ::

-   docker run -ti -e CC=clang-10 -e CXX=clang++-10 --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --security-opt seccomp=unconfined verilator/verilator-buildenv test
+   docker run -ti --cap-add=CAP_SYS_NICE verilator/verilator-buildenv test

 Rather then building using a remote git repository you may prefer to use a
 working copy on the local filesystem. Mount the local working copy path as
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ top of a repository:

 ::

-   docker run -ti -v ${PWD}:/tmp/repo -e REPO=/tmp/repo -e REV=`git rev-parse --short HEAD` --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --security-opt seccomp=unconfined verilator/verilator-buildenv test
+   docker run -ti -v ${PWD}:/tmp/repo -e REPO=/tmp/repo -e REV=`git rev-parse --short HEAD` verilator/verilator-buildenv test


 Rebuilding
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # Version 2.0.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

-FROM ubuntu:22.04
+FROM ubuntu:24.04

 RUN apt-get update \
    && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ RUN git clone "${REPO}" verilator && \
    make && \
    make install && \
    cd .. && \
-    rm -r verilator
+    rm -r verilator && \
+    ccache -C

 COPY verilator-wrap.sh /usr/local/bin/verilator-wrap.sh

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 Verilator Executable Docker Container
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+---
 # DESCRIPTION: codecov.io config
 #
-# Copyright 2020-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2020-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -8,31 +9,28 @@
 ####################
 # Validate:
 #  curl --data-binary @codecov.yml https://codecov.io/validate
-
+#
 codecov:
-  require_ci_to_pass: no
-
+  require_ci_to_pass: false
 coverage:
  precision: 2
  round: down
-  range: "50...100"
+  range: 50...100
  ignore:
-    - "ci"
-    - "docs"
-    - "examples"
-    - "include/gtkwave"
-    - "include/vltstd"
-    - "test_regress"
-
+    - "ci"  #
+    - "docs"  #
+    - "examples"  #
+    - "include/gtkwave"  #
+    - "include/vltstd"  #
+    - "test_regress"  #
 parsers:
  gcov:
    branch_detection:
-      conditional: yes
-      loop: yes
-      method: no
-      macro: no
-
+      conditional: true
+      loop: true
+      method: false
+      macro: false
 comment:
  layout: "reach,diff,flags,tree"
  behavior: default
-  require_changes: yes
+  require_changes: true
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 # General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 # When releasing, also update header of Changes file, and CMakeLists.txt,
 # and commit using "devel release" or "Version bump" message
+# Then 'make distclean' 'autoconf' './configure' 'make' 'make test'
 # Then 'make maintainer-dist'
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### YYYY-MM-DD])
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### devel])
-AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.028 2024-08-21],
+AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.040 2025-08-30],
        [https://verilator.org],
        [verilator],[https://verilator.org])

@@ -29,6 +30,9 @@ AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKAGE_VERSION_STRING_CHAR],
        [Package version as a number])
 AC_SUBST(PACKAGE_VERSION_STRING_CHAR)

+######################################################################
+## Arguments/flag checking
+
 # Ignore automake flags passed by Ubuntu builds
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([dependency-tracking],
              [AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-dependency-tracking], [ignored])])
@@ -65,6 +69,7 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([tcmalloc],
                *)   AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value '${enableval}' for --enable-tcmalloc]) ;;
               esac],
              [CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC=check;])
+AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC)
 AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC)

 # Flag to enable coverage build
@@ -156,6 +161,11 @@ AC_ARG_WITH([solver],
 AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_SOLVER)
 AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_SOLVER)

+######################################################################
+## Compiler checks
+
+AC_MSG_RESULT([compiler CXX inbound is set to... $CXX])
+
 # Compiler flags (ensure they are not empty to avoid configure defaults)
 CFLAGS="$CFLAGS "
 CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "
@@ -168,8 +178,10 @@ AC_PROG_CXX
 AC_PROG_INSTALL

 AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
-cxx_version=$($CXX --version | head -1)
-AC_MSG_RESULT([compiler is $CXX --version = $cxx_version])
+CFG_CXX_VERSION=`$CXX --version | head -1`
+AC_MSG_RESULT([compiler version... $CXX --version = $CFG_CXX_VERSION])
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXX_VERSION)
+
 AC_MSG_CHECKING([that C++ compiler can compile simple program])
 AC_RUN_IFELSE(
   [AC_LANG_SOURCE([int main() { return 0; }])],
@@ -182,24 +194,26 @@ if test "x$AR" = "x" ; then
   AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "ar" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi

-AC_PATH_PROG(PERL,perl)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(PERL,perl,perl)
 if test "x$PERL" = "x" ; then
   AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "perl" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi

-AC_PATH_PROG(PYTHON3,python3)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(PYTHON3,python3,python3)
 if test "x$PYTHON3" = "x" ; then
   AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "python3" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi
+python3_version=$($PYTHON3 --version | head -1)
+AC_MSG_RESULT([$PYTHON3 --version = $python3_version])

-AC_PATH_PROG(LEX,flex)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(LEX,flex,flex)
 if test "x$LEX" = "x" ; then
   AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "flex" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi
 flex_version=$($LEX --version | head -1)
 AC_MSG_RESULT([$LEX --version = $flex_version])

-AC_PATH_PROG(YACC,bison)
+AC_CHECK_PROG(YACC,bison,bison)
 if test "x$YACC" = "x" ; then
   AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find "bison" in your PATH, please install it])
 fi
@@ -420,9 +434,10 @@ AC_SUBST(HAVE_COROUTINES)

 # Flags for compiling Verilator internals including parser always
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Qunused-arguments)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-faligned-new)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-unused-parameter)
 _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-shadow)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-unused-parameter)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Xclang -fno-pch-timestamp)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-faligned-new)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)

 # Flags for compiling Verilator parser always (in addition to above CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)
@@ -457,15 +472,18 @@ CFG_CXX_FLAGS_CMAKE="-faligned-new"
 m4_foreach([cflag],[
        [-fbracket-depth=4096],
        [-fcf-protection=none],
+        [-Xclang -fno-pch-timestamp],
        [-mno-cet],
        [-Qunused-arguments],
        [-Wno-bool-operation],
        [-Wno-c++11-narrowing],
        [-Wno-constant-logical-operand],
+        [-Wno-int-in-bool-context],
        [-Wno-non-pod-varargs],
        [-Wno-parentheses-equality],
        [-Wno-shadow],
        [-Wno-sign-compare],
+        [-Wno-subobject-linkage],
        [-Wno-tautological-bitwise-compare],
        [-Wno-tautological-compare],
        [-Wno-uninitialized],
@@ -502,7 +520,7 @@ if test "$CFG_ENABLE_PARTIAL_STATIC" = "yes"; then
  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -static-libgcc)
  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -static-libstdc++)
  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC, -Xlinker -gc-sections)
-  LTCMALLOC=-l:libtcmalloc_minimal.a
+  LTCMALLOC="-Wl,--whole-archive -l:libtcmalloc_minimal.a -Wl,--no-whole-archive"
 else
  LTCMALLOC=-ltcmalloc_minimal
 fi
@@ -526,15 +544,17 @@ _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_IFELSE(
  [if test "$CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC" != "no"; then
    CFG_LIBS="$LTCMALLOC $CFG_LIBS";
    # If using tcmalloc, add some extra options to make the compiler not assume
-    # it is using it's own versions of the standard library functions
+    # it is using its own versions of the standard library functions
    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-malloc)
    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-calloc)
    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-realloc)
    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-builtin-free)
+    AC_DEFINE([HAVE_TCMALLOC],[1],[Defined if have tcmalloc])
   fi],
  [if test "$CFG_WITH_TCMALLOC" = "yes"; then
    AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-tcmalloc was given but test for ${LTCMALLOC} failed])
   fi])
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_TCMALLOC)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LIBS)

 # Need C++14 at least
@@ -623,6 +643,9 @@ AC_SUBST(HAVE_SYSTEMC)

 # Checks for system services

+######################################################################
+## Output
+
 # Other install directories
 pkgdatadir=${datadir}/verilator
 AC_SUBST(pkgdatadir)
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ This contributing document contains some suggestions that may make
 contributions flow more efficiently.


-Did you find a bug?
-------------------
+Did you find a Verilator bug?
+-----------------------------

 - Please **ensure the bug was not already reported** by searching
  `Verilator Issues <https://verilator.org/issues>`__.
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ Did you find a bug?
    <https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/internals.rst>`__.


-Did you write a patch that fixes a bug?
---------------------------------------
+Did you write a patch that fixes a Verilator bug?
+-------------------------------------------------

 - Please `Open a new Verilator issue <https://verilator.org/issues/new>`__
  if there is not one already describing the bug.
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ Did you write a patch that fixes a bug?
 - Most important is we get your patch.


-Do you have questions?
----------------------
+Do you have questions on Verilator?
+-----------------------------------

 - Please see FAQ section and rest of the `Verilator
  manual <https://verilator.org/verilator_doc.html>`__, or `Verilator
@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ under the Developer Certificate of Origin (https://developercertificate.org/).

 Please see the Verilator manual for 200+ additional contributors. Thanks to all.

+404allen404
 Adam Bagley
 Adrian Sampson
 Adrien Le Masle
 Ahmed El-Mahmoudy
+Aidan McNay
 Aleksander Kiryk
 Alex Chadwick
 Alex Solomatnikov
-Àlex Torregrosa
 Aliaksei Chapyzhenka
 Ameya Vikram Singh
 Andrea Calabrese
@@ -18,11 +19,15 @@ Andreas Kuster
 Andrei Kostovski
 Andrew Miloradovsky
 Andrew Nolte
+Andrew Voznytsa
 Anthony Donlon
+Anthony Moore
 Arkadiusz Kozdra
 Arthur Rosa
+Artur Bieniek
 Aylon Chaim Porat
 Bartłomiej Chmiel
+Brian Li
 Cameron Kirk
 Chih-Mao Chen
 Chris Bachhuber
@@ -30,40 +35,51 @@ Chris Randall
 Christopher Taylor
 Chuxuan Wang
 Chykon
+Congcong Cai
 Conor McCullough
 Dan Petrisko
+Danny Oler
 Daniel Bates
+Dave Sargeant
 David Horton
 David Ledger
 David Metz
 David Stanford
 David Turner
 Dercury
+Diego Roux
+Dominick Grochowina
 Don Williamson
 Drew Ranck
 Drew Taussig
 Driss Hafdi
 Edgar E. Iglesias
+Eric Müller
 Eric Rippey
 Ethan Sifferman
 Eyck Jentzsch
+Fabian Keßler
 Fan Shupei
-february cozzocrea
 Felix Neumärker
 Felix Yan
 Frans Skarman
 Fuad Ismail
+Furqan Nadir
 G-A. Kamendje
 Garrett Smith
+George Polack
 Geza Lore
 Gianfranco Costamagna
 Gijs Burghoorn
+Gilberto Abram
 Glen Gibb
-Gökçe Aydos
 Graham Rushton
+Greg Davill
 Guokai Chen
 Gus Smith
 Gustav Svensk
+Gökçe Aydos
+Han Qi
 Harald Heckmann
 Hennadii Chernyshchyk
 Howard Su
@@ -71,7 +87,8 @@ Huang Rui
 Huanghuang Zhou
 HungMingWu
 HyungKi Jeong
-Ícaro Lima
+Ibrahim Burak Yorulmaz
+Igor Zaworski
 Ilya Barkov
 Iru Cai
 Ivan Vnučec
@@ -85,18 +102,21 @@ James Shi
 Jamey Hicks
 Jamie Iles
 Jan Van Winkel
-Jiangjie Weng
 Jean Berniolles
 Jeremy Bennett
 Jesse Taube
 Jevin Sweval
 Jiacheng Qian
 Jiamin Zhu
+Jiangjie Weng
 Jinyan Xu
+Jitesh Nayak
 Jiuyang Liu
+Joel Bodenmann
 Joey Liu
 John Coiner
 John Demme
+John Khoo
 John Wehle
 Jonathan Drolet
 Jonathan Schröter
@@ -121,6 +141,8 @@ Krzysztof Bieganski
 Krzysztof Boronski
 Krzysztof Boroński
 Krzysztof Obłonczek
+Krzysztof Starecki
+Krzysztof Sychla
 Kuba Ober
 Larry Doolittle
 Liam Braun
@@ -137,19 +159,26 @@ Marlon James
 Marshal Qiao
 Martin Schmidt
 Martin Stadler
+Mateusz Gancarz
 Matthew Ballance
+Max Wipfli
+Michael Bedford Taylor
 Michael Bikovitsky
 Michael Killough
-Michaël Lefebvre
 Michal Czyz
+Michaël Lefebvre
 Mike Popoloski
 Miodrag Milanović
 Mladen Slijepcevic
 Morten Borup Petersen
 Mostafa Gamal
+Moubarak Jeje
 Nandu Raj
+Natan Kreimer
+Nathan Graybeal
 Nathan Kohagen
 Nathan Myers
+Nick Brereton
 Nolan Poe
 Oleh Maksymenko
 Patrick Stewart
@@ -159,9 +188,11 @@ Paul Wright
 Pawel Jewstafjew
 Pawel Sagan
 Pengcheng Xu
+Peter Birch
 Peter Debacker
 Peter Horvath
 Peter Monsson
+Petr Nohavica
 Philip Axer
 Philipp Wagner
 Pierre-Henri Horrein
@@ -176,14 +207,18 @@ Ricardo Barbedo
 Richard Myers
 Risto Pejašinović
 Robert Balas
+Robin Heinemann
+Rodrigo Batista de Moraes
 Rupert Swarbrick
 Ryan Ziegler
 Ryszard Rozak
 Samuel Riedel
 Sean Cross
 Sebastien Van Cauwenberghe
+Sergey Fedorov
 Sergi Granell
 Seth Pellegrino
+Shou-Li Hsu
 Srinivasan Venkataramanan
 Stefan Wallentowitz
 Stephen Henry
@@ -193,17 +228,20 @@ Sören Tempel
 Teng Huang
 Tim Hutt
 Tim Snyder
+Tobias Jensen
 Tobias Rosenkranz
 Tobias Wölfel
 Todd Strader
+Tom Manner
 Tomasz Gorochowik
 Topa Topino
 Toru Niina
+Trung Nguyen
 Tudor Timi
 Tymoteusz Blazejczyk
+Udaya Raj Subedi
 Udi Finkelstein
 Unai Martinez-Corral
-Udaya Raj Subedi
 Valentin Atepalikhin
 Varun Koyyalagunta
 Vassilis Papaefstathiou
@@ -215,6 +253,7 @@ Wilson Snyder
 Xi Zhang
 Yan Xu
 Yangyu Chen
+Yilou Wang
 Yinan Xu
 Yoda Lee
 Yossi Nivin
@@ -223,7 +262,11 @@ Yuri Victorovich
 Yutetsu TAKATSUKASA
 Yves Mathieu
 Zhanglei Wang
+Zhen Yan
 Zhou Shen
+Zhouyi Shen
 Zixi Li
-أحمد المحمودي
-404allen404
+february cozzocrea
+sumpster
+Àlex Torregrosa
+Ícaro Lima
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #
 # Code available from: https://verilator.org
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ SPHINXBUILD ?= sphinx-build
 SOURCEDIR = guide
 BUILDDIR = _build

-SPHINXOPTS ?= -c guide
+SPHINXOPTS ?= -c guide -j 4
 ifneq ($(VERILATOR_ANALYTICS_ID),)
-SPHINXOPTS += -D html_theme_options.analytics_id=$(VERILATOR_ANALYTICS_ID)
+  SPHINXOPTS += -D html_theme_options.analytics_id=$(VERILATOR_ANALYTICS_ID)
 endif

 ######################################################################
@@ -68,15 +68,21 @@ pdf:

 ######################################################################

-html latex linkcheck spelling::
+html latex linkcheck::
 	$(MAKE) vl-extract
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -M $@ "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS)
 	$(PYTHON3) bin/vl_sphinx_fix _build

+spelling::
+	$(MAKE) vl-extract
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -M $@ "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS)
+	sort -o guide/spelling.txt guide/spelling.txt
+
 help:
 	@$(SPHINXBUILD) -M help "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS)

 clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
+	rm -rf _build
 	rm -f $(SCRIPTS) *.tmp
 	rm -f *.aux *.cp *.cps *.dvi *.fn *.fns *.ky *.kys *.log
 	rm -f *.pg *.pgs *.toc *.tp *.tps *.vr *.vrs *.idx
@@ -23,9 +23,7 @@ class VlSphinxExtract:
                    outname = match.group(1)
                    print("Writing %s" % outname)
                    fhw = open(outname, "w", encoding="utf8")  # pylint: disable=consider-using-with
-                    fhw.write(
-                        ".. comment: generated by vl_sphinx_extract from " +
-                        filename + "\n")
+                    fhw.write(".. comment: generated by vl_sphinx_extract from " + filename + "\n")
                    fhw.write(".. code-block::\n")
                elif re.match(r'^[=a-zA-Z0-9_]', line):
                    fhw = None
@@ -39,18 +37,14 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
    allow_abbrev=False,
    formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
    description="""Read a file and extract documentation data.""",
-    epilog=
-    """ Copyright 2021-2024 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
+    epilog=""" Copyright 2021-2025 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
 you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.

 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")

-parser.add_argument('--debug',
-                    action='store_const',
-                    const=9,
-                    help='enable debug')
+parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('path', help='path to extract from')
 Args = parser.parse_args()

@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ class VlSphinxFix:
        if os.path.isdir(path):
            for basefile in os.listdir(path):
                file = os.path.join(path, basefile)
-                if ((basefile != ".") and (basefile != "..")
-                        and basefile not in self.SkipBasenames
+                if ((basefile != ".") and (basefile != "..") and basefile not in self.SkipBasenames
                        and not os.path.islink(file)):
                    self.process(file)
        elif re.search(r'\.(html|tex)$', path):
@@ -54,18 +53,14 @@ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
    allow_abbrev=False,
    formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
    description="""Post-process Sphinx HTML.""",
-    epilog=
-    """ Copyright 2021-2024 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
+    epilog=""" Copyright 2021-2025 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software;
 you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.

 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0""")

-parser.add_argument('--debug',
-                    action='store_const',
-                    const=9,
-                    help='enable debug')
+parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_const', const=9, help='enable debug')
 parser.add_argument('path', help='path to edit')
 Args = parser.parse_args()

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_event_control_star_never_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+
+     always @* a = 100;
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_event_control_star_never_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Warning-ALWNEVER: example.v:1:3 'always @*' will never execute as expression list is empty (no variables read)
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_badvltpragma_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :emphasize-lines: 1
+
+      // verilator lintt_off WIDTH  //<--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_badvltpragma_bad
+.. code-block::
+   :emphasize-lines: 1,2
+
+   %Error-BADVLTPRAGMA: example.v:1:4 Unknown verilator comment: '/*verilator lintt_off WIDTH <--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)*/'
+       7 |    /*verilator lintt_off WIDTH <--- Warning (lint_off misspelled)*/
+         |    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_didnotconverge_bad
 .. code-block::

-   -V{t#,#}         'stl' region trigger index 1 is active: @([hybrid] a)
+   -V{t#,#}         'stl' region trigger index 1 is active: @([hybrid] b)
   %Error: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge.
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_multidriven_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-MULTIDRIVEN: example.v:1:22 Signal has multiple driving blocks with different clocking: 't.mem'
+   %Warning-MULTIDRIVEN: example.v:1:22 Signal has multiple driving blocks with different clocking: 'out2'
                         example.v:1:7 ... Location of first driving block
                         example.v:1:7 ... Location of other driving block
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_paramnodefault_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 2
+
+   module sub;
+     parameter NODEF;  //<--- Warning
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_paramnodefault_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Error-PARAMNODEFAULT: example.v:1:13 Parameter without default requires ANSI-style parameter list (IEEE 1800-2023 6.20.1): 'NODEF'
+       8 |   parameter NODEF;
+         |             ^~~~~
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_pinmissing_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-PINMISSING: example.v:1:8 Cell has missing pin: 'port'
+   %Warning-PINMISSING: example.v:1:8 Instance has missing pin: 'port'
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-.. comment: generated by t_lint_pkgnodecl_bad
-.. code-block:: sv
-   :linenos:
-   :emphasize-lines: 2
-
-   module t;
-      initial Pkg::hello();  //<--- Warning
-   endmodule
-   package Pkg;
-      function void hello(); endfunction
-   endpackage
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-.. comment: generated by t_lint_pkgnodecl_bad
-.. code-block::
-
-   %Error-PKGNODECL: example.v:1:12 Package/class 'Pkg' not found, and needs to be predeclared (IEEE 1800-2023 26.3)
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_procassinit_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 1,5
+
+      logic flop_out = 1;  // <--- Warning
+
+      always @(posedge clk, negedge reset_l) begin
+         if (enable) begin
+            flop_out <= ~in;  // <--- Use of initialized
+         end
+      end
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_procassinit_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+   :emphasize-lines: 5
+
+      logic flop2_out;
+
+      always @(posedge clk, negedge reset_l) begin
+         if (!reset_l) begin
+            flop2_out <= '1;  // <--- Added reset init
+         end
+         else if (enable) begin
+            flop2_out <= ~in;
+         end
+      end
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_procassinit_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Warning-PROCASSINIT: example.v:1:21 Procedural assignment to declaration with initial value: 'flop_out'
+                                                         : ... note: In instance 't'
+                                                         : ... Location of variable initialization
+      26 |    logic flop_out = 1;
+         |                     ^
+                         example.v:1:10 ... Location of variable process write
+                                                         : ... Perhaps should initialize instead using a reset in this process
+      30 |          flop_out <= ~in;
+         |          ^~~~~~~~
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
   :linenos:
   :emphasize-lines: 3

-      int array[5];
-      bit [1:0] rd_addr;
-      wire int rd_value = array[rd_addr];  //<--- Warning
+     logic [31:0] array[5];
+     bit [1:0] rd_addr;
+     wire [31:0] rd_value = array[rd_addr];  //<--- Warning
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 .. code-block:: sv
   :emphasize-lines: 1

-      wire int rd_value = array[{1'b0, rd_addr}];  //<--- Fixed
+     wire [31:0] rd_value = array[{1'b0, rd_addr}];  //<--- Fixed
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_widthexpand_docs_bad
 .. code-block::

-   %Warning-WIDTHEXPAND: example.v:3:29 Bit extraction of array[4:0] requires 3 bit index, not 2 bits.
+   %Warning-WIDTHEXPAND: example.v:3:31 Bit extraction of array[4:0] requires 3 bit index, not 2 bits.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ****************
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # pylint: disable=C0103,C0114,C0116,C0301,E0402,W0622
 #
 # Configuration file for Verilator's Sphinx documentation builder.
-# Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+# Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 #
 # This file only contains overridden options. For a full list:
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ def get_vlt_version():
    filename = "../../Makefile"
    with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf8") as fh:
        for line in fh:
-            match = re.search(r"PACKAGE_VERSION *= *([a-z0-9.]+) +([-0-9]+)",
-                              line)
+            match = re.search(r"PACKAGE_VERSION *= *([a-z0-9.]+) +([-0-9]+)", line)
            if match:
                return match.group(1), match.group(2)
            match = re.search(r"PACKAGE_VERSION *= *([a-z0-9.]+) +devel", line)
@@ -75,8 +74,7 @@ extensions = []
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
 # This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path.
 exclude_patterns = [
-    '_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store', 'internals.rst', 'xml.rst', 'gen/ex_*',
-    'CONTRIBUTING.rst'
+    '_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store', 'internals.rst', 'xml.rst', 'gen/ex_*', 'CONTRIBUTING.rst'
 ]

 # Warn about refs
@@ -171,15 +169,7 @@ latex_elements = {
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title,
 #  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
-# latex_documents = [
-#    (
-#        master_doc,
-#        "Verilog-to-Routing.tex",
-#        "Verilog-to-Routing Documentation",
-#        "VTR Developers",
-#        "manual",
-#    ),
-# ]
+# latex_documents = [ ... ]

 # For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
 # not chapters.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Connecting:
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ often inlined into the root scope) will need to be updated as follows:
    :code:`$` character, i.e.: :code:`rootp` points to the Verilated
    SystemVerilog :code:`$root` scope.

-  * Replace :code:`modelp->internal->member->lookup` references with
-    :code:`modelp->rootp->internal->member->lookup` references, which
+  * Replace :code:`modelp->internal->member` references with
+    :code:`modelp->rootp->internal->member` references, which
    contain one additional indirection via the :code:`rootp` pointer.


@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 *******************************
@@ -23,24 +23,24 @@ Next, try the :vlopt:`--debug` option.  This will enable additional
 internal assertions, and may help identify the problem.

 Finally, reduce your code to the smallest possible routine that exhibits
-the bug.  Even better, create a test in the :file:`test_regress/t`
-directory, as follows:
+the bug (see: :ref:`Minimizing bug-inducing code`).  Even better, create
+a test in the :file:`test_regress/t` directory, as follows:

 .. code-block:: bash

       cd test_regress
-       cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.pl t/t_BUG.pl
+       cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.py t/t_BUG.py
       cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.v t/t_BUG.v

 There are many hints on how to write a good test in the
-:file:`test_regress/driver.pl` documentation which can be seen by running:
+:file:`test_regress/driver.py` documentation which can be seen by running:

 .. code-block:: bash

       cd $VERILATOR_ROOT  # Need the original distribution kit
-       test_regress/driver.pl --help
+       test_regress/driver.py --help

-Edit :file:`t/t_BUG.pl` to suit your example; you can do anything you want
+Edit :file:`t/t_BUG.py` to suit your example; you can do anything you want
 in the Verilog code there; just make sure it retains the single clk input
 and no outputs.  Now, the following should fail:

@@ -48,20 +48,42 @@ and no outputs.  Now, the following should fail:

       cd $VERILATOR_ROOT  # Need the original distribution kit
       cd test_regress
-       t/t_BUG.pl  # Run on Verilator
-       t/t_BUG.pl --debug # Run on Verilator, passing --debug to Verilator
-       t/t_BUG.pl --vcs  # Run on VCS simulator
-       t/t_BUG.pl --nc|--iv|--ghdl  # Likewise on other simulators
+       t/t_BUG.py  # Run on Verilator
+       t/t_BUG.py --debug # Run on Verilator, passing --debug to Verilator
+       t/t_BUG.py --vcs  # Run on VCS simulator
+       t/t_BUG.py --nc|--iv|--ghdl  # Likewise on other simulators

 The test driver accepts a number of options, many of which mirror the main
 Verilator options. For example the previous test could have been run with
 debugging enabled.  The full set of test options can be seen by running
-:command:`driver.pl --help` as shown above.
+:command:`driver.py --help` as shown above.

 Finally, report the bug at `Verilator Issues
 <https://verilator.org/issues>`_.  The bug will become publicly visible; if
 this is unacceptable, mail the bug report to ``[email protected]``.

+.. _Minimizing bug-inducing code:
+
+Minimizing bug-inducing code
+============================
+
+In some cases, the part of the code that causes the bug is clearly visible
+and the design can be easily manually reduced. In other cases, the bug is
+caused by a complex interaction of many parts of the design, and it is not
+clear which parts are necessary to reproduce the bug. In these cases, an
+Open Source tool called `sv-bugpoint
+<https://github.com/antmicro/sv-bugpoint>`_ can be used to automatically
+reduce a SystemVerilog design to the smallest possible reproducer.
+It can be used to automatically reduce a design with hundreds of thousands of
+lines to a minimal test case while preserving the bug-inducing behavior.
+
+With :vlopt:`--debug`, Verilator will write a *{prefix}*\ __inputs\ .vpp
+file which has all of the individual input files combined and
+pre-processed, this is often useful as the input design into `sv-bugpoint`.
+
+Please refer to `sv-bugpoint README
+<https://github.com/antmicro/sv-bugpoint/blob/main/README.md>`_ for more
+information on how to use `sv-bugpoint`.

 .. Contributing
 .. ============
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ************************
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ Contributors
 Many people have provided ideas and other assistance with Verilator.

 Verilator is receiving significant development support from the `CHIPS
-Alliance <https://chipsalliance.org>`_, `Antmicro Ltd
-<https://antmicro.com>`_ and `Shunyao CAD <https://shunyaocad.com>`_.
+Alliance <https://chipsalliance.org>`_, and `Antmicro Ltd
+<https://antmicro.com>`_.

 Previous major corporate sponsors of Verilator, by providing significant
 contributions of time or funds include: Antmicro Ltd., Atmel Corporation,
@@ -34,130 +34,140 @@ MicroTune Inc., picoChip Designs Ltd., Sun Microsystems Inc., Nauticus
 Networks Inc., SiCortex Inc, Shunyao CAD, and Western Digital Inc.

 The contributors of major functionality are: Jeremy Bennett, Krzysztof
-Bieganski, Byron Bradley, Lane Brooks, John Coiner, Duane Galbi, Geza Lore,
-Todd Strader, Yutetsu Takatsukasa, Stefan Wallentowitz, Paul Wasson, Jie
-Xu, and Wilson Snyder.
+Bieganski, Byron Bradley, Lane Brooks, John Coiner, Duane Galbi, Arkadiusz
+Kozdra, Geza Lore, Todd Strader, Yutetsu Takatsukasa, Stefan Wallentowitz,
+Paul Wasson, Jie Xu, and Wilson Snyder.

 Some of the people who have provided ideas, and feedback for Verilator
 include:

 David Addison, Tariq B. Ahmad, Nikana Anastasiadis, John David Anglin,
 Frederic Antonin, Hans Van Antwerpen, Vasu Arasanipalai, Jens Arm, Rohan
-Arshid, Gökçe Aydos, Adam Bagley, Sharad Bagri, Robert Balas, Marco
-Balboni, Matthew Ballance, Andrew Bardsley, Ilya Barkov, Matthew Barr,
-Geoff Barrett, Kaleb Barrett, Daniel Bates, Julius Baxter, Michael Berman,
-Jean Berniolles, Victor Besyakov, Narayan Bhagavatula, Moinak
-Bhattacharyya, Kritik Bhimani, David Biancolin, David Binderman, Piotr
-Binkowski, Johan Björk, David Black, Tymoteusz Blazejczyk, Scott Bleiweiss,
-David van der Bokke, Daniel Bone, Guy Bonneau, Krzysztof Boroński, Gregg
-Bouchard, Christopher Boumenot, Nick Bowler, Bryan Brady, Maarten De
-Braekeleer, Charlie Brej, J Briquet, John Brownlee, KC Buckenmaier, Jeff
-Bush, Lawrence Butcher, Tony Bybell, Iru Cai, Ted Campbell, Anthony Campos,
-Chris Candler, Lauren Carlson, Gregory Carver, Donal Casey, Sebastien Van
-Cauwenberghe, Alex Chadwick, Greg Chadwick, Marcel Chang, Aliaksei
-Chapyzhenka, Chih-Mao Chen, Guokai Chen, Terry Chen, Yi-Chung Chen, Yurii
-Cherkasov, Hennadii Chernyshchyk, Enzo Chi, Robert A. Clark, Ryan Clarke,
-Allan Cochrane, Keith Colbert, Quentin Corradi, Nassim Corteggiani,
+Arshid, Valentin Atepalikhin, Philip Axer, Gökçe Aydos, Chris Bachhuber,
+Filip Badáň, Adam Bagley, Sharad Bagri, James Bailey, Robert Balas, Marco
+Balboni, Matthew Ballance, Ricardo Barbedo, Andrew Bardsley, Ilya Barkov,
+Matthew Barr, Geoff Barrett, Kaleb Barrett, Daniel Bates, Julius Baxter,
+Michael Berman, Jean Berniolles, Victor Besyakov, Narayan Bhagavatula,
+Moinak Bhattacharyya, Kritik Bhimani, David Biancolin, Krzysztof Bieganski,
+Michael Bikovitsky, David Binderman, Piotr Binkowski, Johan Björk, David
+Black, Tymoteusz Blazejczyk, Scott Bleiweiss, David van der Bokke, Daniel
+Bone, Guy Bonneau, Krzysztof Boroński, Gregg Bouchard, Christopher
+Boumenot, Paul Bowen-Huggett, Nick Bowler, Bryan Brady, Maarten De
+Braekeleer, Liam Braun, Charlie Brej, J Briquet, John Brownlee, KC
+Buckenmaier, Gijs Burghoorn, Jeff Bush, Lawrence Butcher, Tony Bybell, Iru
+Cai, Ted Campbell, Anthony Campos, Chris Candler, Lauren Carlson, Gregory
+Carver, Donal Casey, Sebastien Van Cauwenberghe, Alex Chadwick, Greg
+Chadwick, Marcel Chang, Aliaksei Chapyzhenka, Chih-Mao Chen, Guokai Chen,
+Kefa Chen, Terry Chen, Yangyu Chen, Yi-Chung Chen, Yurii Cherkasov,
+Hennadii Chernyshchyk, Enzo Chi, Bartłomiej Chmiel, Robert A. Clark, Ryan
+Clarke, Allan Cochrane, Keith Colbert, Quentin Corradi, Nassim Corteggiani,
 Gianfranco Costamagna, February Cozzocrea, Sean Cross, George Cuan, Michal
 Czyz, Joe DErrico, Jim Dai, Lukasz Dalek, Laurens van Dam, Gunter
-Dannoritzer, Ashutosh Das, Julian Daube, Bernard Deadman, Peter Debacker,
-John Demme, Mike Denio, John Deroo, Philip Derrick, Aadi Desai, John
-Dickol, Ruben Diez, Danny Ding, Jacko Dirks, Ivan Djordjevic, Brad Dobbie,
-Paul Donahue, Jonathon Donaldson, Anthony Donlon, Caleb Donovick, Larry
-Doolittle, Leendert van Doorn, Sebastian Dressler, Jonathan Drolet, Maciej
-Dudek, Alex Duller, Jeff Dutton, Tomas Dzetkulic, Usuario Eda, Charles
-Eddleston, Chandan Egbert, Joe Eiler, Ahmed El-Mahmoudy, Trevor Elbourne,
-Mats Engstrom, Robert Farrell, Julien Faucher, Olivier Faure, Eugen Fekete,
-Fabrizio Ferrandi, Udi Finkelstein, Brian Flachs, Bill Flynn, Andrea
-Foletto, Alex Forencich, Aurelien Francillon, Bob Fredieu, Manuel
-Freiberger, Mostafa Gamal, Vito Gamberini, Mostafa Garnal, Benjamin
-Gartner, Christian Gelinek, Richard E George, Peter Gerst, Glen Gibb,
-Michael Gielda, Barbara Gigerl, Nimrod Gileadi, Shankar Giri, Dan
-Gisselquist, Petr Gladkikh, Sam Gladstone, Mariusz Glebocki, Embedded Go,
-Andrew Goessling, Amir Gonnen, Chitlesh Goorah, Tomasz Gorochowik, Kai
-Gossner, Tarik Graba, Sergi Granell, Al Grant, Nathan Graybeal, Alexander
-Grobman, Qian Gu, Xuan Guo, Prabhat Gupta, Driss Hafdi, Neil Hamilton,
-James Hanlon, Tang Haojin, Øyvind Harboe, Jannis Harder, David Harris,
-Junji Hashimoto, Thomas Hawkins, Mitch Hayenga, Harald Heckmann, Robert
-Henry, Stephen Henry, Sebastian Hesselbarth, David Hewson, Jamey Hicks,
-Joel Holdsworth, Andrew Holme, Peter Holmes, Hiroki Honda, Alex Hornung,
+Dannoritzer, Ashutosh Das, Julian Daube, Greg Davill, Bernard Deadman,
+Peter Debacker, Josse Van Delm, John Demme, Mike Denio, John Deroo, Philip
+Derrick, Aadi Desai, John Dickol, Ruben Diez, Danny Ding, Jacko Dirks, Ivan
+Djordjevic, Brad Dobbie, Paul Donahue, Jonathon Donaldson, Anthony Donlon,
+Caleb Donovick, Larry Doolittle, Leendert van Doorn, Sebastian Dressler,
+Jonathan Drolet, Justin Yao Du, Maciej Dudek, Alex Duller, Jeff Dutton,
+Tomas Dzetkulic, Usuario Eda, Charles Eddleston, Chandan Egbert, Joe Eiler,
+Ahmed El-Mahmoudy, Trevor Elbourne, Mats Engstrom, Robert Farrell, Julien
+Faucher, Olivier Faure, Eugene Feinberg, Eugen Fekete, Fabrizio Ferrandi,
+Udi Finkelstein, Brian Flachs, Bill Flynn, Andrea Foletto, Alex Forencich,
+Aurelien Francillon, Bob Fredieu, Manuel Freiberger, Mostafa Gamal, Vito
+Gamberini, Mostafa Garnal, Benjamin Gartner, Christian Gelinek, Richard E
+George, Peter Gerst, Glen Gibb, Michael Gielda, Barbara Gigerl, Nimrod
+Gileadi, Shankar Giri, Dan Gisselquist, Szymon Gizler, Petr Gladkikh, Sam
+Gladstone, Mariusz Glebocki, Embedded Go, Andrew Goessling, Amir Gonnen,
+Chitlesh Goorah, Tomasz Gorochowik, Kai Gossner, Tarik Graba, Sergi
+Granell, Al Grant, Nathan Graybeal, Alexander Grobman, Qian Gu, Xuan Guo,
+Prabhat Gupta, Deniz Güzel, Driss Hafdi, Abdul Hameed, Neil Hamilton, James
+Hanlon, Tang Haojin, Øyvind Harboe, Jannis Harder, David Harris, Junji
+Hashimoto, Thomas Hawkins, Mitch Hayenga, Harald Heckmann, Robert Henry,
+Stephen Henry, Sebastian Hesselbarth, David Hewson, Jamey Hicks, Joel
+Holdsworth, Andrew Holme, Peter Holmes, Hiroki Honda, Alex Hornung,
 Pierre-Henri Horrein, David Horton, Peter Horvath, Jae Hossell, Kuoping
-Hsu, Teng Huang, Steven Hugg, Huanghuang Zhou, Alan Hunter, James
-Hutchinson, Tim Hutt, Ehab Ibrahim, Edgar E. Iglesias, Shahid Ikram, Jamie
-Iles, Vighnesh Iyer, Ben Jackson, Daniel Jacques, Shareef Jalloq, Marlon
+Hsu, Shou-Li Hsu, Teng Huang, Steven Hugg, Alan Hunter, James Hutchinson,
+Tim Hutt, Ehab Ibrahim, Edgar E. Iglesias, Shahid Ikram, Jamie Iles, Fuad
+Ismail, Vighnesh Iyer, Ben Jackson, Daniel Jacques, Shareef Jalloq, Marlon
 James, Krzysztof Jankowski, Eyck Jentzsch, HyungKi Jeong, Iztok Jeras,
-Alexandre Joannou, James Johnson, Christophe Joly, Justin Jones,
-William D. Jones, Larry Darryl Lee Jr., Franck Jullien, James Jung,
-Yoshitomo Kaneda, Mike Kagen, Arthur Kahlich, Kaalia Kahn, Guy-Armand
-Kamendje, Vasu Kandadi, Kanad Kanhere, Patricio Kaplan, Pieter Kapsenberg,
-Rafal Kapuscik, Ralf Karge, Per Karlsson, Dan Katz, Sol Katzman, Ian
-Kennedy, Ami Keren, Michael Killough, Sun Kim, Jonathan Kimmitt, Olof
-Kindgren, Kevin Kiningham, Cameron Kirk, Dan Kirkham, Aleksander Kiryk,
-Sobhan Klnv, Gernot Koch, Jack Koenig, Soon Koh, Nathan Kohagen, Steve
-Kolecki, Brett Koonce, Will Korteland, Andrei Kostovski, Wojciech Koszek,
-Varun Koyyalagunta, Arkadiusz Kozdra, Markus Krause, David Kravitz, Adam
-Krolnik, Roland Kruse, Mahesh Kumashikar, Andreas Kuster, Sergey Kvachonok,
-Charles Eric LaForest, Kevin Laeufer, Ed Lander, Steve Lang, Pierre
-Laroche, Stephane Laurent, Walter Lavino, Christian Leber, David Ledger,
-Alex Lee, Larry Lee, Yoda Lee, Michaël Lefebvre, Dag Lem, Igor Lesik, John
-Li, Kay Li, Zixi Li, Davide Libenzi, Nandor Licker, Eivind Liland, Ícaro
-Lima, Kevin Lin, Yu-Sheng Lin, Charlie Lind, Andrew Ling, Jiuyang Liu, Joey
-Liu, Paul Liu, Derek Lockhart, Jake Longo, Arthur Low, Jose Loyola, Stefan
-Ludwig, Dan Lussier, Konstantin Lübeck, Fred Ma, Liwei Ma, Duraid Madina,
-Oleh Maksymenko, Affe Mao, Julien Margetts, Chick Markley, Alexis Marquet,
-Mark Marshall, Alfonso Martinez, Unai Martinez-Corral, Adrien Le Masle,
-Yves Mathieu, Vladimir Matveyenko, Patrick Maupin, Stan Mayer, Conor
-McCullough, Jason McMullan, Elliot Mednick, Yuan Mei, Andy Meier,
+Pawel Jewstafjew, Alexandre Joannou, James Johnson, Christophe Joly, Justin
+Jones, William D. Jones, Abe Jordan, Larry Darryl Lee Jr., Franck Jullien,
+James Jung, Mike Kagen, Arthur Kahlich, Kaalia Kahn, Guy-Armand Kamendje,
+Vasu Kandadi, Yoshitomo Kaneda, Kanad Kanhere, Patricio Kaplan, Pieter
+Kapsenberg, Rafal Kapuscik, Ralf Karge, Per Karlsson, Dan Katz, Sol
+Katzman, Ian Kennedy, Ami Keren, Fabian Keßler, Michael Killough, Sun Kim,
+Jonathan Kimmitt, Olof Kindgren, Kevin Kiningham, Cameron Kirk, Dan
+Kirkham, Aleksander Kiryk, Sobhan Klnv, Gernot Koch, Jack Koenig, Soon Koh,
+Nathan Kohagen, Steve Kolecki, Brett Koonce, Will Korteland, Andrei
+Kostovski, Wojciech Koszek, Varun Koyyalagunta, Arkadiusz Kozdra, Markus
+Krause, David Kravitz, Adam Krolnik, Roland Kruse, Mahesh Kumashikar,
+Andreas Kuster, Sergey Kvachonok, Charles Eric LaForest, Kevin Laeufer, Ed
+Lander, Steve Lang, Pierre Laroche, Stephane Laurent, Walter Lavino,
+Christian Leber, David Ledger, Alex Lee, Larry Lee, Yoda Lee, Michaël
+Lefebvre, Dag Lem, Igor Lesik, John Li, Kay Li, Zixi Li, Davide Libenzi,
+Nandor Licker, Eivind Liland, Ícaro Lima, Kevin Lin, Yu-Sheng Lin, Charlie
+Lind, Andrew Ling, Jiuyang Liu, Joey Liu, Paul Liu, Derek Lockhart, Jake
+Longo, Geza Lore, Arthur Low, Jose Loyola, Stefan Ludwig, Dan Lussier,
+Konstantin Lübeck, Fred Ma, Liwei Ma, Duraid Madina, Oleh Maksymenko, Affe
+Mao, Julien Margetts, Chick Markley, Alexis Marquet, Mark Marshall, Alfonso
+Martinez, Unai Martinez-Corral, Adrien Le Masle, Yves Mathieu, Vladimir
+Matveyenko, Patrick Maupin, Stan Mayer, Jordan McConnon, Conor McCullough,
+Jason McMullan, Elliot Mednick, Yuan Mei, Andy Meier, Luiza de Melo,
 Rodrigo A. Melo, Benjamin Menküc, Jake Merdich, David Metz, Wim Michiels,
-Miodrag Milanović, Darryl Miles, Kevin Millis, Andrew Miloradovsky, Wai Sum
-Mong, Peter Monsson, Sean Moore, Stuart Morris, Dennis Muhlestein, John
-Murphy, Matt Myers, Nathan Myers, Richard Myers, Alex Mykyta, Dimitris
-Nalbantis, Peter Nelson, Felix Neumärker, Bob Newgard, Cong Van Nguyen,
-Rachit Nigam, Toru Niina, Paul Nitza, Yossi Nivin, Pete Nixon, Lisa Noack,
-Mark Nodine, Michael Nolan, Andrew Nolte, Joseph Nwabueze, Kuba Ober,
-Andreas Olofsson, Baltazar Ortiz, Aleksander Osman, Don Owen, Tim Paine,
-Deepa Palaniappan, James Pallister, Vassilis Papaefstathiou, Sanggyu Park,
-Brad Parker, Risto Pejašinović, Morten Borup Petersen, Dan Petrisko, Wesley
-Piard, Maciej Piechotka, David Pierce, Cody Piersall, T. Platz, Michael
-Platzer, Dominic Plunkett, David Poole, Michael Popoloski, Roman Popov,
-Aylon Chaim Porat, Oron Port, Rich Porter, Rick Porter, Stefan Post,
-Niranjan Prabhu, Damien Pretet, Harald Pretl, Bill Pringlemeir, Usha
-Priyadharshini, Mark Jackson Pulver, Prateek Puri, Jiacheng Qian, Marshal
-Qiao, Raynard Qiao, Yujia Qiao, Jasen Qin, Frank Qiu, Nandu Raj, Kamil
-Rakoczy, Danilo Ramos, Drew Ranck, Chris Randall, Anton Rapp, Josh Redford,
-Odd Magne Reitan, Frédéric Requin, Dustin Richmond, Samuel Riedel, Alberto
-Del Rio, Eric Rippey, Oleg Rodionov, Ludwig Rogiers, Paul Rolfe, Michail
-Rontionov, Arjen Roodselaar, Tobias Rosenkranz, Yernagula Roshit, Ryszard
+Miodrag Milanović, Darryl Miles, Kevin Millis, Andrew Miloradovsky, David
+Moberg, Wai Sum Mong, Peter Monsson, Anthony Moore, Sean Moore, Stuart
+Morris, Dennis Muhlestein, John Murphy, Matt Myers, Nathan Myers, Richard
+Myers, Alex Mykyta, Eric Müller, Dimitris Nalbantis, Peter Nelson, Felix
+Neumärker, Bob Newgard, Cong Van Nguyen, Rachit Nigam, Toru Niina, Paul
+Nitza, Yossi Nivin, Pete Nixon, Lisa Noack, Mark Nodine, Michael Nolan,
+Andrew Nolte, Joseph Nwabueze, Kevin Nygaard, Kuba Ober, Krzysztof
+Obłonczek, Andreas Olofsson, Baltazar Ortiz, Aleksander Osman, Don Owen,
+Tim Paine, Deepa Palaniappan, James Pallister, Vassilis Papaefstathiou,
+Sanggyu Park, Brad Parker, Risto Pejašinović, Seth Pellegrino, Morten Borup
+Petersen, Dan Petrisko, Wesley Piard, Maciej Piechotka, David Pierce, Cody
+Piersall, T. Platz, Michael Platzer, Dominic Plunkett, Nolan Poe, David
+Poole, Michael Popoloski, Roman Popov, Aylon Chaim Porat, Oron Port, Rich
+Porter, Rick Porter, Stefan Post, Niranjan Prabhu, Damien Pretet, Harald
+Pretl, Bill Pringlemeir, Usha Priyadharshini, Mark Jackson Pulver, Prateek
+Puri, Han Qi, Jiacheng Qian, Marshal Qiao, Raynard Qiao, Yujia Qiao, Jasen
+Qin, Frank Qiu, Nandu Raj, Kamil Rakoczy, Danilo Ramos, Drew Ranck, Chris
+Randall, Anton Rapp, Josh Redford, Odd Magne Reitan, Frédéric Requin,
+Dustin Richmond, Samuel Riedel, Alberto Del Rio, Eric Rippey, Narcis Rodas,
+Oleg Rodionov, Ludwig Rogiers, Paul Rolfe, Michail Rontionov, Arjen
+Roodselaar, Arthur Rosa, Tobias Rosenkranz, Yernagula Roshit, Ryszard
 Rozak, Huang Rui, Graham Rushton, Jan Egil Ruud, Denis Rystsov, Pawel
-Sagan, Robert Sammelson, John Sanguinetti, Josep Sans, Luca Sasselli,
-Martin Scharrer, Martin Schmidt, Julie Schwartz, Galen Seitz, Joseph
-Shaker, Mark Shaw, Salman Sheikh, Zhou Shen, Hao Shi, James Shi, Michael
-Shinkarovsky, Rafael Shirakawa, Jeffrey Short, S Shuba, Fan Shupei, Ethan
-Sifferman, Anderson Ignacio da Silva, Rodney Sinclair, Ameya Vikram Singh,
-Sanjay Singh, Frans Skarman, Nate Slager, Steven Slatter, Mladen
-Slijepcevic, Brian Small, Garrett Smith, Gus Smith, Tim Snyder, Maciej
-Sobkowski, Stan Sokorac, Alex Solomatnikov, Flavien Solt, Wei Song, Trefor
-Southwell, Martin Stadler, Art Stamness, David Stanford, John Stevenson,
-Pete Stevenson, Patrick Stewart, Rob Stoddard, Tood Strader, John Stroebel,
-Ray Strouble, Sven Stucki, Howard Su, Emerson Suguimoto, Gene Sullivan,
-Qingyao Sun, Renga Sundararajan, Kuba Sunderland-Ober, Gustav Svensk,
-Rupert Swarbrick, Jevin Sweval, Shinya T-Y, Thierry Tambe, Jesse Taube,
-Drew Taussig, Jose Tejada, Sören Tempel, Peter Tengstrand, Wesley Terpstra,
-Rui Terra, Stefan Thiede, Justin Thiel, Gary Thomas, Ian Thompson, Kevin
-Thompson, Mike Thyer, Hans Tichelaar, Tudor Timi, Viktor Tomov, Steve Tong,
-Topa Topino, Àlex Torregrosa, Topa Tota, Michael Tresidder, Lenny Truong,
-David Turner, Neil Turton, Hideto Ueno, Mike Urbach, Joel Vandergriendt,
-Srini Vemuri, Srinivasan Venkataramanan, Yuri Victorovich, Ivan Vnučec,
-Bogdan Vukobratovic, Holger Waechtler, Philipp Wagner, Johannes Walter, CY
-Wang, Chuxuan Wang, Shawn Wang, Zhanglei Wang, Greg Waters, Thomas Watts,
-Eugene Weber, John Wehle, Tianrui Wei, David Welch, Thomas J Whatson,
-Martin Whitaker, Marco Widmer, Leon Wildman, Daniel S. Wilkerson, Daniel
-Wilkerson, Gerald Williams, Trevor Williams, Don Williamson, Jan Van
-Winkel, Jeff Winston, Joshua Wise, Clifford Wolf, Johan Wouters, Paul
-Wright, Tobias Wölfel, Junyi Xi, Ding Xiaoliang, Liu Xiaoyi, Mandy Xu,
-Shanshan Xu, Yinan Xu, SU YANG, Felix Yan, Luke Yang, Amir Yazdanbakhsh,
-Chentai (Seven) Yuan, Florian Zaruba, Mat Zeno, Keyi Zhang, Xi Zhang, Yike
-Zhou, Jiamin Zhu.
+Sagan, Robert Sammelson, Adrian Sampson, John Sanguinetti, Josep Sans, Luca
+Sasselli, Martin Scharrer, Martin Schmidt, Jonathan Schröter, Julie
+Schwartz, Galen Seitz, Sam Shahrestani, Joseph Shaker, Mark Shaw, Salman
+Sheikh, Zhou Shen, Hao Shi, James Shi, Michael Shinkarovsky, Rafael
+Shirakawa, Jeffrey Short, S Shuba, Fan Shupei, Ethan Sifferman, Anderson
+Ignacio da Silva, Rodney Sinclair, Ameya Vikram Singh, Sanjay Singh, Frans
+Skarman, Nate Slager, Steven Slatter, Mladen Slijepcevic, Brian Small,
+Garrett Smith, Gus Smith, Tim Snyder, Maciej Sobkowski, Stan Sokorac, Alex
+Solomatnikov, Flavien Solt, Wei Song, Trefor Southwell, Martin Stadler, Art
+Stamness, David Stanford, Krzysztof Starecki, Baruch Sterin, John
+Stevenson, Pete Stevenson, Patrick Stewart, Rob Stoddard, Tood Strader,
+John Stroebel, Ray Strouble, Sven Stucki, Howard Su, Udaya Raj Subedi,
+Emerson Suguimoto, Gene Sullivan, Qingyao Sun, Renga Sundararajan, Kuba
+Sunderland-Ober, Gustav Svensk, Rupert Swarbrick, Jevin Sweval, Paul
+Swirhun, Shinya T-Y, Thierry Tambe, Jesse Taube, Drew Taussig, Christopher
+Taylor, Greg Taylor, Jose Tejada, Sören Tempel, Peter Tengstrand, Wesley
+Terpstra, Rui Terra, Stefan Thiede, Justin Thiel, Gary Thomas, Ian
+Thompson, Kevin Thompson, Mike Thyer, Hans Tichelaar, Tudor Timi, Viktor
+Tomov, Steve Tong, Topa Topino, Àlex Torregrosa, Topa Tota, Michael
+Tresidder, Lenny Truong, David Turner, Neil Turton, Hideto Ueno, Mike
+Urbach, Joel Vandergriendt, Srini Vemuri, Srinivasan Venkataramanan, Yuri
+Victorovich, Ivan Vnučec, Bogdan Vukobratovic, Holger Waechtler, Philipp
+Wagner, Stefan Wallentowitz, Johannes Walter, CY Wang, Chuxuan Wang, Shawn
+Wang, Yilou Wang, Zhanglei Wang, Greg Waters, Thomas Watts, Eugene Weber,
+John Wehle, Tianrui Wei, David Welch, Thomas J Whatson, Martin Whitaker,
+Marco Widmer, Leon Wildman, Daniel S. Wilkerson, Daniel Wilkerson, Gerald
+Williams, Trevor Williams, Don Williamson, Jan Van Winkel, Jeff Winston,
+Joshua Wise, Clifford Wolf, Johan Wouters, Paul Wright, Tobias Wölfel,
+Junyi Xi, Ding Xiaoliang, Liu Xiaoyi, Jinyan Xu, Mandy Xu, Pengcheng Xu,
+Shanshan Xu, Yan Xu, Yinan Xu, SU YANG, Felix Yan, Jiaxun Yang, Luke Yang,
+Amir Yazdanbakhsh, Chentai (Seven) Yuan, Florian Zaruba, Mat Zeno, Keyi
+Zhang, Xi Zhang, Huanghuang Zhou, Yike Zhou, Jiamin Zhu, Ryan Ziegler.

 Thanks to them, and all those we've missed mentioning above, and to those
 whom have wished to remain anonymous.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 *********
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Copyright
 The latest version of Verilator is available from `https://verilator.org
 <https://verilator.org>`_.

-Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms
 of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl
 Artistic License Version 2.0.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 Deprecations
@@ -12,8 +12,11 @@ C++14 compiler support
  Verilated models with --no-timing.

  Verilator will require C++20 or newer compilers for both compiling
-  Verilator and compiling all Verilated models no sooner than January 2025.
+  Verilator and compiling all Verilated models no sooner than May 2025.
+  (Likely to be removed shortly after GitHub removes Ubuntu 20.04
+  continuous-integration action runners, which are used to test the older
+  C++ standard).

 XML output
  Verilator currently supports XML parser output (enabled with `--xml-only`).
-  Support for `--xml-*` options will be deprecated no sooner than January 2025.
+  Support for `--xml-*` options will be deprecated no sooner than January 2026.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 Environment
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Example Create-Binary Execution:
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Example C++ Execution:
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 First you need Verilator installed, see :ref:`Installation`.  In brief, if
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Examples in the Distribution:
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Example SystemC Execution:
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ Now, let's create an example Verilog, and SystemC wrapper file:

     cat >sc_main.cpp <<'EOF'
       #include "Vour.h"
+       using namespace sc_core;
       int sc_main(int argc, char** argv) {
           Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
           sc_clock clk{"clk", 10, SC_NS, 0.5, 3, SC_NS, true};
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Examples:
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Simulation Runtime Arguments:
@@ -40,13 +40,18 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: +verilator+error+limit+<value>

   Set number of non-fatal errors (e.g. assertion failures) before exiting
-   simulation runtime. Also affects number of $stop calls needed before
-   exit. Defaults to 1.
+   simulation runtime. Also affects number of `$stop` calls needed before
+   exit. Does not affect `$fatal`. Defaults to 1.

 .. option:: +verilator+help

   Display help and exit.

+.. option:: +verilator+noassert
+
+   Disable assert checking per runtime argument. This is the same as
+   calling :code:`VerilatedContext*->assertOn(false)` in the model.
+
 .. option:: +verilator+prof+exec+file+<filename>

   When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--prof-exec`, sets the
@@ -110,11 +115,6 @@ Summary:
   simulation runtime random seed value.  If zero or not specified picks a
   value from the system random number generator.

-.. option:: +verilator+noassert
-
-   Disable assert checking per runtime argument. This is the same as
-   calling :code:`VerilatedContext*->assertOn(false)` in the model.
-
 .. option:: +verilator+V

   Shows the verbose version, including configuration information.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 verilator_coverage
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ verilator_coverage Example Usage
    verilator_coverage --help
    verilator_coverage --version

-    verilator_coverage --annotate <obj>
+    verilator_coverage --annotate obj_dir coverage.dat

-    verilator_coverage  -write merged.dat <datafiles>...
+    verilator_coverage --write merged.dat coverage.dat ...

-    verilator_coverage  -write-info merged.info <datafiles>...
+    verilator_coverage --write-info merged.info coverage.dat ...


 verilator_coverage Arguments
@@ -49,115 +49,125 @@ verilator_coverage Arguments

 .. option:: <filename>

-Specifies the input coverage data file.  Multiple filenames may be provided
-to read multiple inputs.  If no data file is specified, by default,
-"coverage.dat" will be read.
+   Specifies the input coverage data file.  Multiple filenames may be
+   provided to read multiple inputs.  If no data file is specified, by
+   default, "coverage.dat" will be read.

 .. option:: --annotate <output_directory>

-Specifies the directory name to which source files with annotated coverage
-data should be written.
+   Specifies the directory name to which source files with annotated
+   coverage data should be written.

-Converting from the Verilator coverage data format to the info format is
-lossy; the info will have all forms of coverage merged line coverage, and
-if there are multiple coverage points on a single line they will merge.
-The minimum coverage across all merged points will be used to report
-coverage of the line.
+   Points are children of each line coverage- branches, expressions or
+   toggle points.  When point counts are aggregated into a line, the
+   minimum and maximum counts are used to determine the status of the line
+   (complete, partial, failing) The count is equal to the maximum of the
+   points.

-Coverage data is annotated at the beginning of the line and is formatted
-as a special character followed by the number of coverage hits. The special
-characters " ,%,+,-" indicate summary of the coverage, and allow use of grep
-to filter the report.
+   Coverage data is annotated at the beginning of the line and is formatted
+   as a special character followed by the number of coverage hits. The
+   special characters " ,%,~,+,-" indicate summary of the coverage, and
+   allow use of grep to filter the report.

-* " " (whitespace) indicates that all points on the line are above the coverage limit.
-* "%" indicates at least one point on the line was below the coverage limit.
-* "+" coverage point was at or above the limit. Only used with :option:`--annotate-points`.
-* "-" coverage point was below the limit.  Only used with :option:`--annotate-points`.
+   * " " (whitespace) indicates that all points on the line are above the coverage min.
+   * "%" indicates that all points on the line are below the coverage min.
+   * "~" indicates that some points on the line are above the coverage min and some are below.
+   * "+" coverage point was at or above the min. Only used with :option:`--annotate-points`.
+   * "-" coverage point was below the min.  Only used with :option:`--annotate-points`.

-.. code-block::
+   .. code-block::

-   100000  input logic a;   // Begins with whitespace, because
-                            // number of hits (100000) is above the limit.
-  +100000  point: comment=a // Begins with +, because
-                            // number of hits (100000) is above the limit.
-  %000000  input logic b;   // Begins with %, because
-                            // number of hits (0) is below the limit.
-  -000000  point: comment=b // Begins with -, because
-                            // number of hits (0) is below the limit.
+      100000  input logic a;      // Begins with whitespace, because
+                                  // number of hits (100000) is above the min.
+     +100000  point: comment=a    // Begins with +, because
+                                  // number of hits (100000) is above the min.
+     %000000  input logic b;      // Begins with %, because
+                                  // number of hits (0) is below the min.
+     -000000  point: comment=b    // Begins with -, because
+                                  // number of hits (0) is below the min.
+     ~000010  if (cyc!=0) begin   // Begins with ~, because
+                                  // branches are below and above the min.
+     +000010  point: comment=if   // The if branch is above the min.
+     -000000  point: comment=else // The else branch is below the min.

 .. option:: --annotate-all

-Specifies all files should be shown.  By default, only those source files
-with low coverage are written to the output directory.
+   Specifies all files should be shown.  By default, only those source
+   files with low coverage are written to the output directory.

-This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.
+   This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.

 .. option:: --annotate-min <count>

-Specifies the threshold (<count>) below which coverage point is considered
-sufficient. If the threshold is not exceeded, then the annotation will begin
-with a "%" symbol to indicate the coverage is insufficient.
+   Specifies the threshold (<count>) below which coverage point is
+   considered sufficient. If the threshold is not exceeded, then the
+   annotation will begin with a "%" symbol to indicate the coverage is
+   insufficient.

-The <count> threshold defaults to 10.
+   The <count> threshold defaults to 10.

-This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.
+   This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.


 .. option:: --annotate-points

-Specifies all coverage points should be shown after each line of text.  By
-default, only source lines are shown.
+   Specifies all coverage points should be shown after each line of text.  By
+   default, only source lines are shown.

-.. code-block::
+   .. code-block::

-  100000  input logic a, b, c;
- +100000 point: comment=a // These lines are only shown
- +200000 point: comment=b // with option --annotate-points
- +300000 point: comment=c // enabled.
+     100000  input logic a, b, c;
+    +100000 point: comment=a  // These lines are only shown
+    +200000 point: comment=b  // with option --annotate-points
+    +300000 point: comment=c  // enabled.


-This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.
+   This option should be used together with :option:`--annotate`.
+
+.. option:: --filter-type <regex>
+
+   Skips records of coverage types that matches with <regex>
+   Possible values are `toggle`, `line`, `branch`, `expr`, `user` and
+   a wildcard with `\*` or `?`. The default value is `\*`.

 .. option:: --help

-Displays a help summary, the program version, and exits.
+   Displays a help summary, the program version, and exits.

 .. option:: --rank

-Prints an experimental report listing the relative importance of each test
-in covering all of the coverage points.  The report shows "Covered" which
-indicates the number of points the test covers; a test is considered to
-cover a point if it has a bucket count of at least 1. The "rank" column has
-a higher number t indicate the test is more critical, and rank 0 means the
-test does not need to be run to cover the points.  "RankPts" indicates the
-number of coverage points this test will contribute to overall coverage if
-all tests are run in the order of highest to the lowest rank.
+   Prints an experimental report listing the relative importance of each
+   test in covering all of the coverage points.  The report shows "Covered"
+   which indicates the number of points the test covers; a test is
+   considered to cover a point if it has a bucket count of at least 1. The
+   "rank" column has a higher number t indicate the test is more critical,
+   and rank 0 means the test does not need to be run to cover the points.
+   "RankPts" indicates the number of coverage points this test will
+   contribute to overall coverage if all tests are run in the order of
+   highest to the lowest rank.

 .. option:: --unlink

-With :option:`--write`, unlink all input files after the output
-has been successfully created.
+   With :option:`--write`, unlink all input files after the output has been
+   successfully created.

 .. option:: --version

-Displays program version and exits.
+   Displays program version and exits.

 .. option:: --write <filename>

-Specifies the aggregate coverage results, summed across all the files,
-should be written to the given filename in verilator_coverage data format.
-This is useful in scripts to combine many coverage data files (likely
-generated from random test runs) into one master coverage file.
+   Specifies the aggregate coverage results, summed across all the files,
+   should be written to the given filename in verilator_coverage data
+   format.  This is useful in scripts to combine many coverage data files
+   (likely generated from random test runs) into one master coverage file.

 .. option:: --write-info <filename.info>

-Specifies the aggregate coverage results, summed across all the files,
-should be written to the given filename in :command:`lcov` .info format.
-This may be used to feed into :command:`lcov` to aggregate or generate
-reports.
-
-Converting from the Verilator coverage data format to the info format is
-lossy; the info will have all forms of coverage merged line coverage, and
-if there are multiple coverage points on a single line they will merge.
-The minimum coverage across all merged points will be used to report
-coverage of the line.
+   Specifies the aggregate coverage results, summed across all the files,
+   should be written to the given filename in :command:`lcov` .info format.
+   This may be used to feed into :command:`lcov` to aggregate or generate
+   reports. This format lacks the comments for cover points that the
+   verilator_coverage format has. It can be used with :command:`genhtml` to
+   generate an HTML report. :command:`genhtml --branch-coverage` will also
+   display the branch coverage, analogous to :option:`--annotate-points`.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 verilator_gantt
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ predicted_parallelism
 cpu#_thread
  For the given CPU number, the thread number measured to be executing.

+cpu#_waiting
+  For the given CPU number, aggregated waiting time for mtask dependencies.
+  Visualized as `X` values.
+
 mtask#_cpu
  For the given mtask id, the CPU it was measured to execute on.

@@ -62,6 +66,17 @@ predicted_thread#_mtask
  executing.


+verilator_gantt Example Usage
+-----------------------------
+
+..
+
+    verilator_gantt --help
+    verilator_gantt --version
+
+    verilator_gantt profile_exec.dat
+
+
 verilator_gantt Arguments
 -------------------------

@@ -69,16 +84,16 @@ verilator_gantt Arguments

 .. option:: <filename>

-The filename to read data from; the default is "profile_exec.dat".
+   The filename to read data from; the default is "profile_exec.dat".

 .. option:: --help

-Displays a help summary, the program version, and exits.
+   Displays a help summary, the program version, and exits.

 .. option:: --no-vcd

-Disables creating a .vcd file.
+   Disables creating a .vcd file.

 .. option:: --vcd <filename>

-Sets the output filename for vcd dump; the default is "verilator_gantt.vcd".
+   Sets the output filename for vcd dump; the default is "verilator_gantt.vcd".
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 verilator_profcfunc
@@ -15,6 +15,17 @@ reported as a rounding error.

 For an overview of the use of verilator_profcfunc, see :ref:`Profiling`.

+verilator_profcfunc Example Usage
+---------------------------------
+
+..
+
+    verilator_profcfunc --help
+    verilator_profcfunc --version
+
+    verilator_profcfunc gprof.out
+
+
 verilator_profcfunc Arguments
 -----------------------------

@@ -22,8 +33,8 @@ verilator_profcfunc Arguments

 .. option:: <filename>

-The :command:`gprof`-generated filename to read data from. Typically "gprof.out".
+   The :command:`gprof`-generated filename to read data from. Typically "gprof.out".

 .. option:: --help

-Displays a help summary, the program version, and exits.
+   Displays a help summary, the program version, and exits.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 *********************************
@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

-*******************
-Language Extensions
-*******************
+=====================
+ Language Extensions
+=====================

 The following additional constructs are the extensions Verilator supports
 on top of standard Verilog code.  Using these features outside of comments
 or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.

+.. option:: """ [string] """
+
+   A triple-quoted block specifies a string that may include newlines and
+   single quotes.  This extension was standardized in IEEE 1800-2023.
+
 .. option:: `__FILE__

   The :option:`\`__FILE__` define expands to the current filename as a
@@ -21,6 +26,12 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   C++'s __LINE__.  This Verilator feature added in 2006 was incorporated
   into IEEE 1800-2009.

+.. option:: `coverage_block_off
+
+   Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage
+   analysis.  Must be inside a code block, e.g., within a begin/end pair.
+   Same as :option:`coverage_block_off` in :ref:`Verilator Control Files`.
+
 .. option:: `error [string]

   This will report an error when the preprocessor emits it, similar to
@@ -33,10 +44,117 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   internal tests, so that debugging can leave the line numbers correctly
   referring to the test file's line numbers.

-.. option:: """ [string] """
+.. option:: `systemc_class_name

-   A triple-quoted block specifies a string that may include newlines and
-   single quotes.  This extension was standardized in IEEE 1800-2023.
+   Inside one of the :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` text
+   blocks, replaced with the C++ class name generated for the given
+   containing SystemVerilog class or module. Currently this is replaced
+   blindly, ignoring quoting or other escapes; this behavior may change in
+   the future.  This attribute is indented only to be used internally in
+   `verilated_std.sv`.
+
+.. option:: `systemc_ctor
+
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
+   verbatim into the C++ class constructor.  Must be placed as a module or
+   class item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule or class/endclass
+   pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
+
+.. option:: `systemc_dtor
+
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
+   verbatim into the C++ class destructor.  Must be placed as a module or
+   class item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule or class/endclass
+   pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
+
+.. option:: `systemc_header
+
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
+   verbatim into the output .h file's header.  Must be placed as a module
+   or class item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule or
+   class/endclass pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in
+   pure C++ code.
+
+.. option:: `systemc_header_post
+
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
+   verbatim into the output .h file's header after the class definition.
+   Must be placed as a module or class item, e.g., directly inside a
+   module/endmodule or class/endclass pair. Despite the name of this macro,
+   this also works in pure C++ code.
+
+.. option:: `systemc_imp_header
+
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
+   verbatim into the header of all files for this C++ class implementation.
+   Must be placed as a module or class item, e.g., directly inside a
+   module/endmodule or class/endclass pair. Despite the name of this macro,
+   this also works in pure C++ code.
+
+.. option:: `systemc_implementation
+
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
+   verbatim into a single file of the C++ class implementation.  Must be
+   placed as a module or class item, e.g., directly inside a
+   module/endmodule or class/endclass pair. Despite the name of this macro,
+   this also works in pure C++ code.
+
+   If you will be reading or writing any Verilog variables in the C++
+   functions, the Verilog signals must be declared with a
+   :option:`/*verilator&32;public*/` metacomment.  See also the public task
+   feature; writing an accessor may result in cleaner code.
+
+.. option:: `systemc_interface
+
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
+   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
+   verbatim into the C++ class interface.  Must be placed as a module or
+   class item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule or class/endclass
+   pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
+
+.. option:: `SYSTEMVERILOG
+
+   The SYSTEMVERILOG, SV_COV_START, and related standard predefined macros
+   are defined by default when :vlopt:`--language <--language>` is
+   "1800-\*".
+
+.. option:: `VERILATOR
+
+.. option:: `verilator
+
+.. option:: `verilator3
+
+   The VERILATOR, verilator and verilator3 predefined macros are defined by
+   default so you may "\`ifdef" around tool specific constructs.
+
+.. option:: `verilator_config
+
+   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` mode switch
+   and treat it as Verilator Control File commands.  See :ref:`Verilator
+   Control Files`.
+
+.. option:: `VERILATOR_TIMING
+
+   The VERILATOR_TIMING define is set when :vlopt:`--timing` is used to
+   allow an "\`ifdef" of code dependent on this feature.  Note that this define
+   is not affected by the :option:`timing_off` control file option
+   nor timing metacomments.
+
+.. option:: `verilog
+
+   Switch back to processing Verilog code after a
+   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch.  The Verilog
+   code returns to the last language mode specified with
+   "\`begin_keywords", or SystemVerilog if none was specified.
+
+
+   .. t_dist_docs_style restart_sort

 .. option:: $c([string], ...);

@@ -86,6 +204,16 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   prints 5 digits per the C standard. This extension was standardized into
   1800-2009.

+.. option:: $stacktrace
+
+   Called as a task, print a stack trace.  Called as a function, return a
+   string with a stack trace.  This relies on the C++ system trace, which
+   may give less meaningful results if the model is not compiled with debug
+   symbols.  Also, the data represents the C++ stack; the SystemVerilog
+   functions/tasks involved may be renamed and/or inlined before becoming
+   the C++ functions that may be visible in the stack trace.  This
+   extension was standardized in IEEE 1800-2023.
+
 .. option:: $timeprecision

   Returns the timeprecision of the model as an integer.  This extension is
@@ -96,98 +224,6 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   Returns the timeunit of the current module as an integer.  This
   extension is experimental and may be removed without deprecation.

-.. option:: `coverage_block_off
-
-   Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage
-   analysis.  Must be inside a code block, e.g., within a begin/end pair.
-   Same as :option:`coverage_block_off` in :ref:`Configuration Files`.
-
-.. option:: `systemc_header
-
-   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
-   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
-   verbatim into the output .h file's header.  Must be placed as a module
-   item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
-   this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
-
-.. option:: `systemc_ctor
-
-   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
-   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
-   verbatim into the C++ class constructor.  Must be placed as a module
-   item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
-   this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
-
-.. option:: `systemc_dtor
-
-   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
-   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
-   verbatim into the C++ class destructor.  Must be placed as a module
-   item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
-   this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
-
-.. option:: `systemc_interface
-
-   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
-   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
-   verbatim into the C++ class interface.  Must be placed as a module item,
-   e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of this
-   macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
-
-.. option:: `systemc_imp_header
-
-   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
-   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
-   verbatim into the header of all files for this C++ class implementation.
-   Must be placed as a module item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule
-   pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
-
-.. option:: `systemc_implementation
-
-   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` or
-   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch and place it
-   verbatim into a single file of the C++ class implementation.  Must be
-   placed as a module item, e.g., directly inside a module/endmodule
-   pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
-
-   If you will be reading or writing any Verilog variables in the C++
-   functions, the Verilog signals must be declared with a
-   :option:`/*verilator&32;public*/` metacomment.  See also the public task
-   feature; writing an accessor may result in cleaner code.
-
-.. option:: `SYSTEMVERILOG
-
-   The SYSTEMVERILOG, SV_COV_START, and related standard defines are set by
-   default when :vlopt:`--language <--language>` is "1800-\*".
-
-.. option:: `VERILATOR
-
-.. option:: `verilator
-
-.. option:: `verilator3
-
-   The VERILATOR, verilator and verilator3 defines are set by default so
-   you may "\`ifdef" around tool specific constructs.
-
-.. option:: `verilator_config
-
-   Take the remaining text up to the next :option:`\`verilog` mode switch and
-   treat it as Verilator configuration commands.  See :ref:`Configuration Files`.
-
-.. option:: `VERILATOR_TIMING
-
-   The VERILATOR_TIMING define is set when :vlopt:`--timing` is used to
-   allow an "\`ifdef" of code dependent on this feature.  Note that this define
-   is not affected by the :option:`timing_off` configuration file option
-   nor timing metacomments.
-
-.. option:: `verilog
-
-   Switch back to processing Verilog code after a
-   :option:`\`systemc_... <\`systemc_header>` mode switch.  The Verilog
-   code returns to the last language mode specified with
-   "\`begin_keywords", or SystemVerilog if none was specified.
-
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;clock_enable*/

   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
@@ -210,7 +246,10 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   the scheduling algorithm, sometimes required for correct clock behavior,
   and always improving performance.

-   Same as :option:`clock_enable` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`clock_enable` control file option.
+
+
+   .. t_dist_docs_style ignore /*verilator&32;no_clocker*/

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;clocker*/

@@ -226,7 +265,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage
   analysis purposes.

-   Same as :option:`coverage_block_off` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`coverage_block_off` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;coverage_off*/

@@ -274,7 +313,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   submodules will be named :code:`{submodule}__DOT__{subsignal}` as C++
   does not allow "." in signal names.

-   Same as :option:`inline` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`inline` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;isolate_assignments*/

@@ -317,7 +356,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
           end
         end

-   Same as :option:`isolate_assignments` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`isolate_assignments` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;lint_off <msg>*/

@@ -356,7 +395,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   Specifies the module the comment appears in should not be inlined into
   any modules that use this module.

-   Same as :option:`no_inline` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`no_inline` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;no_inline_task*/

@@ -367,7 +406,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   must be pure; they cannot reference any variables outside the task
   itself.

-   Same as :option:`no_inline` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`no_inline` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;public*/ (on parameter)

@@ -379,29 +418,6 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.

         parameter [2:0] PARAM /*verilator public*/ = 2'b0;

-.. option:: /*verilator&32;public*/ (on typedef enum)
-
-   Used after an enum typedef declaration to indicate the emitted C code
-   should have the enum values visible. Due to C++ language restrictions,
-   this may only be used on 64-bit or narrower integral enumerations.
-
-   .. code-block:: sv
-
-         typedef enum logic [2:0] { ZERO = 3'b0 } pub_t /*verilator public*/;
-
-.. option:: /*verilator&32;public*/ (on variable)
-
-   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
-   the signal should be declared so that C code may read or write the value
-   of the signal.  This will also declare this module public; otherwise, use
-   :code:`/*verilator&32;public_flat*/`.
-
-   Instead of using public variables, consider making a DPI or public
-   function that accesses the variable.  This is nicer as it provides an
-   obvious entry point compatible across simulators.
-
-   Same as :option:`public` configuration file option.
-
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;public*/ (on task/function)

   Used inside the declaration section of a function or task declaration to
@@ -424,34 +440,30 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   You may want to use DPI exports instead, as it's compatible with other
   simulators.

-   Same as :option:`public` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`public` control file option.

-.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat*/ (on variable)
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public*/ (on typedef enum)
+
+   Used after an enum typedef declaration to indicate the emitted C code
+   should have the enum values visible. Due to C++ language restrictions,
+   this may only be used on 64-bit or narrower integral enumerations.
+
+   .. code-block:: sv
+
+         typedef enum logic [2:0] { ZERO = 3'b0 } pub_t /*verilator public*/;
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public*/ (on variable)

   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
   the signal should be declared so that C code may read or write the value
-   of the signal.  This will not declare this module public, which means
-   the name of the signal or path to it may change based upon the module
-   inlining which takes place.
+   of the signal.  This will also declare this module public; otherwise, use
+   :code:`/*verilator&32;public_flat*/`.

-   Same as :option:`public_flat` configuration file option.
+   Instead of using public variables, consider making a DPI or public
+   function that accesses the variable.  This is nicer as it provides an
+   obvious entry point compatible across simulators.

-.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat_rd*/ (on variable)
-
-   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
-   the signal should be declared public_flat (see above), but read-only.
-
-   Same as :option:`public_flat_rd` configuration file option.
-
-.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat_rw @(<edge_list>)*/ (on variable)
-
-   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
-   the signal should be declared public_flat_rd (see above), and writable,
-   where writes should be considered to have the timing specified by the
-   given sensitivity edge list. Use of this is implied when using the
-   :vlopt:`--public-flat-rw` option.
-
-   Same as :option:`public_flat_rw` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`public` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;public_[|flat|flat_rd|flat_rw]_on [@(<edge_list>)]*/ (as scope)

@@ -476,9 +488,32 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
         parameter width /*verilator public_flat_rw*/ = 8;
         logic data;

-.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_off*/
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat*/ (on variable)

-   Terminates the previous `/*verilator public*_on*/` directive; see above.
+   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
+   the signal should be declared so that C code may read or write the value
+   of the signal.  This will not declare this module public, which means
+   the name of the signal or path to it may change based upon the module
+   inlining which takes place.
+
+   Same as :option:`public_flat` control file option.
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat_rd*/ (on variable)
+
+   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
+   the signal should be declared public_flat (see above), but read-only.
+
+   Same as :option:`public_flat_rd` control file option.
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_flat_rw @(<edge_list>)*/ (on variable)
+
+   Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate
+   the signal should be declared public_flat_rd (see above), and writable,
+   where writes should be considered to have the timing specified by the
+   given sensitivity edge list. Use of this is implied when using the
+   :vlopt:`--public-flat-rw` option.
+
+   Same as :option:`public_flat_rw` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;public_module*/

@@ -488,15 +523,11 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   contains public signals or \`systemc_ directives.  Use of this is
   implied when using the :vlopt:`--public` option.

-   Same as :option:`public` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`public` control file option.

-.. option:: /*verilator&32;sc_clock*/
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;public_off*/

-   Deprecated and ignored.  Previously used after an input declaration to
-   indicate the signal should be declared in SystemC as a sc_clock instead
-   of a bool.  This was needed in SystemC 1.1 and 1.2 only; versions 2.0
-   and later do not require clock pins to be sc_clocks, and this is no
-   longer needed and is ignored.
+   Terminates the previous `/*verilator public*_on*/` directive; see above.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;sc_bv*/

@@ -507,7 +538,15 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   In general, you should avoid using this attribute when unnecessary, as
   the performance decreases significantly with increasing usage of sc_bv.

-   Same as :option:`sc_bv` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`sc_bv` control file option.
+
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;sc_clock*/
+
+   Deprecated and ignored.  Previously used after an input declaration to
+   indicate the signal should be declared in SystemC as a sc_clock instead
+   of a bool.  This was needed in SystemC 1.1 and 1.2 only; versions 2.0
+   and later do not require clock pins to be sc_clocks, and this is no
+   longer needed and is ignored.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;sformat*/

@@ -517,7 +556,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   $display-like behavior.  See the :file:`test_regress/t/t_dpi_display.v`
   file for an example.

-   Same as :option:`sformat` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`sformat` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;split_var*/

@@ -550,7 +589,21 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   large arrays may slow down the Verilation speed, so use this only on
   variables that require it.

-   Same as :option:`split_var` configuration file option.
+   Packed variables that are only referenced locally (without hierarchical
+   references) via non-overlapping, constant-indexed bit or part select
+   expressions are split automatically. This covers the somewhat common
+   usage pattern:
+
+   .. code-block:: sv
+
+         logic [1:0][31:0] tmp;
+
+         assign tmp[0] = foo    + a;
+         assign tmp[1] = tmp[1] + b;
+         assign bar    = tmp[1] + c;
+
+
+   Same as :option:`split_var` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;tag <text...>*/

@@ -565,14 +618,14 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   :option:`--no-timing`), and :code:`fork`/:code:`join*` blocks are
   converted into :code:`begin`/:code:`end` blocks.

-   Same as :option:`timing_off` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`timing_off` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;timing_on*/

   Re-enable all timing constructs after this metacomment (only applicable
   after :option:`timing_off`).

-   Same as :option:`timing_on` configuration file option.
+   Same as :option:`timing_on` control file option.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;trace_init_task*/

@@ -583,7 +636,7 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   Attached to a DPI import to indicate that function should be called when
   initializing tracing. This attribute is indented only to be used
   internally in code that Verilator generates when :vlopt:`--lib-create`
-   or :vlopt:`--hierarchical` is used along with :vlopt:`--trace`.
+   or :vlopt:`--hierarchical` is used along with :vlopt:`--trace-vcd`.

 .. option:: /*verilator&32;tracing_off*/

@@ -613,13 +666,3 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
   following loop at the same statement level should always be fully
   unrolled by Verilator, ignoring :vlopt:`--unroll-count`.  This is
   similar to clang's ``#pragma clang loop unroll(full)``.
-
-.. option:: $stacktrace
-
-   Called as a task, print a stack trace.  Called as a function, return a
-   string with a stack trace.  This relies on the C++ system trace, which
-   may give less meaningful results if the model is not compiled with debug
-   symbols.  Also, the data represents the C++ stack; the SystemVerilog
-   functions/tasks involved may be renamed and/or inlined before becoming
-   the C++ functions that may be visible in the stack trace.  This
-   extension was standardized in IEEE 1800-2023.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ******************************
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ How do I generate waveforms (traces) in C++?

 See also the next question for tracing in SystemC mode.

-A. Pass the :vlopt:`--trace` option to Verilator.  Then you may use ``$dumpfile`` and
+A. Pass the :vlopt:`--trace-vcd` option to Verilator.  Then you may use ``$dumpfile`` and
   ``$dumpvars`` to enable traces, the same as with any Verilog simulator,
   although Verilator ignores the arguments to ``$dumpvars``. See
   ``examples/make_tracing_c`` in the distribution.
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ file.
 How do I generate waveforms (traces) in SystemC?
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

-A. Pass the :vlopt:`--trace` option to Verilator, and in your top-level
+A. Pass the :vlopt:`--trace-vcd` option to Verilator, and in your top-level
   :code:`sc_main()`, call :code:`Verilated::traceEverOn(true)`.  Then you
   may use :code:`$dumpfile` and code:`$dumpvars` to enable traces, as
   with any Verilog simulator; see the non-SystemC example in
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ How do I view waveforms (aka dumps or traces)?

 Verilator creates standard VCD (Value Change Dump) and FST files.  VCD
 files are viewable with the open-source
-`GTKWave <http://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`_,
+`GTKWave <https://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`_,
 `Surfer <https://surfer-project.org/>`_, Dinotrace (legacy), or any of the
 many closed-source viewer offerings; FST is supported only by GTKWave and
 Surfer.
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ How do I prevent my assertions from firing during reset?

 Call :code:`Verilated::assertOn(false)` before you first call the model,
 then turn it back on after reset.  It defaults to true.  When false, all
-assertions controlled by :vlopt:`--assert` are disabled.
+assertions are disabled.


 Why do I get "undefined reference to sc_time_stamp()?
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 *****
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ For --cc/--sc, it creates:
   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root\ *{__DepSet_hash__n}*\ .cpp
     - Infrequent cold routines (hashed to reduce build times)
   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Wave file generation code (from --trace)
+     - Wave file generation code (from --trace-\*)
   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace__Slow\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Wave file generation code (from --trace)
+     - Wave file generation code (from --trace-\*)
   * - *{prefix}*\ __Dpi.h
     - DPI import and export declarations (from --dpi)
   * - *{prefix}*\ __Dpi.cpp
@@ -112,12 +112,14 @@ In specific debug and other modes, it also creates:

 .. list-table::

-   * - *{prefix}*\ .xml
-     - XML tree information (from --xml)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ .sarif
+     - SARIF diagnostics (from --diagnostics-sarif)
   * - *{prefix}*\ .tree.json
     - JSON tree information (from --json-only)
   * - *{prefix}*\ .tree.meta.json
     - JSON tree metadata (from --json-only)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ .xml
+     - XML tree information (from --xml)
   * - *{prefix}*\ __cdc.txt
     - Clock Domain Crossing checks (from --cdc)
   * - *{prefix}*\ __stats.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ######################
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _CMakeInstallation:
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Installation:
@@ -15,17 +15,37 @@ Package Manager Quick Install
 =============================

 Using a distribution's package manager is the easiest way to get
-started. (Note packages are unlikely to have the most recent version, so
-:ref:`Git Install` might be a better alternative.) To install as a
-package:
+started. (Note distribution packages almost never have the most recent
+Verilator version, so we recommend following :ref:`Git Install` below,
+instead.) To install as a package:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   apt-get install verilator   # On Ubuntu

 For other distributions, refer to `Repology Verilator Distro Packages
 <https://repology.org/project/verilator>`__.

+.. _pre-commit Quick Install:
+
+pre-commit Quick Install
+=============================
+
+You can use Verilator's `pre-commit <https://pre-commit.com/>`__ hook to
+lint your code before committing it.  It encapsulates the :ref:`Verilator
+Build Docker Container`, so you need docker on your system to use it.  The
+verilator image will be downloaded automatically.
+
+To use the hook, add the following entry to your :code:`.pre-commit-config.yaml`:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   repos:
+     - repo: https://github.com/verilator/verilator
+       rev: v5.026  # or later
+       hooks:
+         - id: verilator
+
 .. _Git Install:

 Git Quick Install
@@ -36,7 +56,7 @@ options and details, see :ref:`Detailed Build Instructions` below.

 In brief, to install from git:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   # Prerequisites:
   #sudo apt-get install git help2man perl python3 make autoconf g++ flex bison ccache
@@ -89,7 +109,7 @@ Install Prerequisites

 To build or run Verilator, you need these standard packages:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   sudo apt-get install git help2man perl python3 make
   sudo apt-get install g++  # Alternatively, clang
@@ -98,45 +118,59 @@ To build or run Verilator, you need these standard packages:
   sudo apt-get install libfl-dev  # Ubuntu only (ignore if gives error)
   sudo apt-get install zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev  # Ubuntu only (ignore if gives error)

+For SystemC:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+   sudo apt-get install libsystemc libsystemc-dev
+
+For constraints:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+   sudo apt-get install z3  # Optional solver
+
+The following is optional but is recommended for nicely rendered command line
+help when running Verilator:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+   sudo apt-get install perl-doc
+
 To build or run Verilator, the following are optional but should be installed
 for good performance:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   sudo apt-get install ccache  # If present at build, needed for run
   sudo apt-get install mold  # If present at build, needed for run
   sudo apt-get install libgoogle-perftools-dev numactl

-The following is optional but is recommended for nicely rendered command line
-help when running Verilator:
-
-::
-
-   sudo apt-get install perl-doc
-
 To build Verilator you will need to install these packages; these do not
 need to be present to run Verilator:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   sudo apt-get install git autoconf flex bison

-Those developing Verilator itself may also want these (see internals.rst):
+Those developing Verilator itself also need these (see internals.rst):

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

-   sudo apt-get install clang clang-format-14 cmake gdb gprof graphviz lcov
-   sudo apt-get install python3-clang yapf3 bear jq
-   sudo pip3 install sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe ruff
+   sudo apt-get install clang clang-format-18 cmake gdb gprof graphviz lcov
+   sudo apt-get install python3-clang python3-distro yapf3 bear jq
+   sudo pip3 install sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme sphinxcontrib-spelling breathe gersemi mbake ruff sarif-tools
   sudo pip3 install git+https://github.com/antmicro/astsee.git
   cpan install Pod::Perldoc
-   cpan install Parallel::Forker


 Install SystemC
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

-If you will be using SystemC (vs straight C++ output), download `SystemC
+SystemC code can be generated from Verilator (with :vlopt:`--sc`) if it is
+installed as a package (see above).
+
+Alternatively, from their sources, download `SystemC
 <https://www.accellera.org/downloads/standards/systemc>`__.  Follow their
 installation instructions. You will need to set the
 :option:`SYSTEMC_INCLUDE` environment variable to point to the include
@@ -148,15 +182,19 @@ Install GTKWave
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 To make use of Verilator FST tracing you will want `GTKwave
-<http://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`__ installed, however this is not
+<https://gtkwave.sourceforge.net/>`__ installed, however this is not
 required at Verilator build time.

+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    sudo apt-get install gtkwave  # Optional Waveform viewer
+

 Install Z3
 ^^^^^^^^^^

 In order to use constrained randomization the `Z3 Theorem Prover
-<https://github.com/z3prover/z3#readme>`__ must be installed, however this is
+<https://github.com/z3prover/z3>`__ must be installed, however this is
 not required at Verilator build time. There are other compatible SMT solvers,
 like CVC5/CVC4, but they are not guaranteed to work. Since different solvers are
 faster for different scenarios, the solver to use at run-time can be specified
@@ -171,14 +209,14 @@ Obtain Sources
 Get the sources from the git repository: (You need to do this only once,
 ever.)

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   git clone https://github.com/verilator/verilator   # Only first time
   ## Note the URL above is not a page you can see with a browser; it's for git only

 Enter the checkout and determine what version/branch to use:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   cd verilator
   git pull        # Make sure we're up-to-date
@@ -193,7 +231,7 @@ Auto Configure

 Create the configuration script:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   autoconf        # Create ./configure script

@@ -219,7 +257,7 @@ directory (don't run ``make install``). This allows the easiest
 experimentation and upgrading, and allows many versions of Verilator to
 co-exist on a system.

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   export VERILATOR_ROOT=`pwd`   # if your shell is bash
   setenv VERILATOR_ROOT `pwd`   # if your shell is csh
@@ -241,7 +279,7 @@ that may support multiple versions of every tool. Tell configure the
 eventual destination directory name.  We recommend that the destination
 location include the Verilator version name:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   unset VERILATOR_ROOT      # if your shell is bash
   unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT   # if your shell is csh
@@ -250,10 +288,10 @@ location include the Verilator version name:

 Note after installing (see `Installation`_), you need to add the path to
 the ``bin`` directory to your ``PATH``. Or, if you use `modulecmd
-<http://modules.sourceforge.net/>`__, you'll want a module file like the
+<https://modules.sourceforge.net/>`__, you'll want a module file like the
 following:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   set install_root /CAD_DISK/verilator/{version-number-used-above}
   unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT
@@ -268,7 +306,7 @@ following:
 The final option is to eventually install Verilator globally, using
 configure's default system paths:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   unset VERILATOR_ROOT      # if your shell is bash
   unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT   # if your shell is csh
@@ -285,7 +323,7 @@ The command to configure the package was described in the previous step.
 Developers should configure to have more complete developer tests.
 Additional packages may be required for these tests.

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   export VERILATOR_AUTHOR_SITE=1    # Put in your .bashrc
   ./configure --enable-longtests  ...above options...
@@ -296,7 +334,7 @@ Compile

 Compile Verilator:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   make -j `nproc`  # Or if error on `nproc`, the number of CPUs in system

@@ -306,7 +344,7 @@ Test

 Check the compilation by running self-tests:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   make test

@@ -318,7 +356,7 @@ If you used any install option other than the `1. Run-in-Place from
 VERILATOR_ROOT <#_1_run_in_place_from_verilator_root>`__ scheme, install
 the files:

-::
+.. code-block:: shell

   make install

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ***************
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Input Languages
 ***************

 This section describes the languages Verilator takes as input.  See also
-:ref:`Configuration Files`.
+:ref:`Verilator Control Files`.


 Language Standard Support
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ wreal.
 Synthesis Directive Assertion Support
 -------------------------------------

-With the :vlopt:`--assert` option, Verilator reads any
+Verilator reads any :code:`//synopsys full_case` or :code:`//synopsys
+parallel_case` directives.  The same applies to any :code:`//ambit
+synthesis`, :code:`//cadence` or :code:`//pragma` directives of the same
+form.

-:code:`//synopsys full_case` or :code:`//synopsys parallel_case`
-directives.  The same applies to any :code:`//ambit synthesis`,
-:code:`//cadence` or :code:`//pragma` directives of the same form.
-
-When these synthesis directives are discovered, Verilator will either
-formally prove the directive to be true, or, failing that, will insert the
+When these synthesis directives are discovered, unless
+:vlopt:`--no-assert-case` option is used, Verilator will either formally
+prove the directive to be true, or, failing that, will insert the
 appropriate code to detect failing cases at simulation runtime and print an
 "Assertion failed" error message.

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ files. The :option:`/*verilator&32;timing_off*/` and
 the encompassed timing controls and forks, regardless of the chosen
 :vlopt:`--timing` or :vlopt:`--no-timing` option. This can also be achieved
 using the :option:`timing_off` and :option:`timing_off` options in Verilator
-configuration files.
+Control Files.


 .. _Language Limitations:
@@ -334,7 +334,8 @@ Gate Primitives

 The 2-state gate primitives (and, buf, nand, nor, not, or, xnor, xor) are
 directly converted to behavioral equivalents.  The 3-state and MOS gate
-primitives are not supported.  Tables are not supported.
+primitives are not supported.  User-defined primitive (UDP) tables are
+supported.


 Specify blocks
@@ -396,8 +397,8 @@ This section describes specific limitations for each language keyword.
   \`begin_keywords, \`begin_keywords, \`begin_keywords, \`begin_keywords,
   \`define, \`else, \`elsif, \`end_keywords, \`endif, \`error, \`ifdef,
   \`ifndef, \`include, \`line, \`systemc_ctor, \`systemc_dtor,
-   \`systemc_header, \`systemc_imp_header, \`systemc_implementation,
-   \`systemc_interface, \`undef, \`verilog
+   \`systemc_header, \`systemc_header_post, \`systemc_imp_header,
+   \`systemc_implementation, \`systemc_interface, \`undef, \`verilog

 |cmdslong1|
  Fully supported.
@@ -451,17 +452,17 @@ disable
 force, release
  Verilator supports the procedural `force` (and corresponding `release`)
  statement. However, the behavior of the `force` statement does not
-  entirely comply with IEEE 1800. According to the standard, when a
-  procedural statement of the form `force a = b;` is executed, the
-  simulation should behave as if, from that point forwards, a continuous
-  assignment `assign a = b;` has been added to override the drivers of `a`.
-  More specifically: the value of `a` should be updated whenever the value
-  of `b` changes, until a `release a;` statement is executed.  Verilator
-  instead evaluates the current value of `b` when the `force` statement is
-  executed, and forces `a` to that value, without updating it until a new
-  `force` or `release` statement is encountered that applies to `a`. This
-  non-standard behavior is nevertheless consistent with some other
-  simulators.
+  entirely comply with IEEE 1800-2023:
+
+  #. Using forced variable as a value to another force statement is
+     currently not supported. The dependent force statement is forced by an
+     initial constant value.
+
+  #. Force/release with procedural continuous assignment is not supported.
+     The assignment is treated as procedural.
+
+  #. Expressions using multiple variable references or function calls on
+     forced right-hand side are not sensitive to dependency changes.

 inside
  Inside expressions may not include unpacked array traversal or $ as an
@@ -477,7 +478,8 @@ shortreal
  other simulators either do not support float, or convert likewise.

 specify specparam
-  All specify blocks and timing checks are ignored.
+  All timing checks and specify blocks (except specparam, which is
+  supported) are ignored.

 uwire
  Verilator does not perform warning checking on uwires; it treats the
@@ -488,7 +490,7 @@ $bits, $countbits, $countones, $finish, $isunknown, $onehot, $onehot0, $signed,

 $dump/$dumpports and related
  $dumpfile or $dumpports will create a VCD or FST file (based on
-  the :vlopt:`--trace` option given when the model was Verilated). This
+  the :vlopt:`--trace-vcd` option given when the model was Verilated). This
  will take effect starting at the next eval() call.  If you have multiple
  Verilated designs under the same C model, this will dump signals
  only from the design containing the $dumpvars.
@@ -535,4 +537,4 @@ $test$plusargs, $value$plusargs
        {VerilatedContext*} ->commandArgs(argc, argv);

  to register the command line before calling $test$plusargs or
-  $value$plusargs.
+  $value$plusargs. Or use :vlopt:`--binary` or :vlopt:`--main`.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 ********
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 .. _Simulating:
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ Simulation Summary Report
 =========================

 When simulation finishes, it will print a report to stdout summarizing the
-simulation. This requires the model being Verilated with :vlopt:`--main`.
+simulation. This requires the model being Verilated with :vlopt:`--main`,
+or the user's `main()` calling `VerilatedContext->statsPrintSummary()`.
+
 The report may be disabled with :vlopt:`+verilator+quiet`.

 For example:
@@ -74,16 +76,19 @@ Benchmarking & Optimization
 For best performance, run Verilator with the :vlopt:`-O3`
 :vlopt:`--x-assign fast <--x-assign>`
 :vlopt:`--x-initial fast <--x-initial>`
-:vlopt:`--noassert <--assert>` options.  The :vlopt:`-O3`
+:vlopt:`--no-assert` options.  The :vlopt:`-O3`
 option will require a longer time to run Verilator, and
 :vlopt:`--x-assign fast <--x-assign>`
 :vlopt:`--x-initial fast <--x-assign>`
-may increase the risk of reset bugs in trade for performance; see the above
-documentation for these options.
+may increase the risk of reset bugs in trade for performance.  The
+:vlopt:`--no-assert` will suppress checking assertions, which is faster and
+appropriate for known-good models running software, but may hide design
+errors.  See the above documentation for these options.

-If using Verilated multithreaded, use ``numactl`` to ensure you use
-non-conflicting hardware resources. See :ref:`Multithreading`. Also,
-consider using profile-guided optimization; see :ref:`Thread PGO`.
+If using Verilated multithreaded, consider overriding Verilator's default
+thread-to-processor assignment by using ``numactl``; see
+:ref:`Multithreading`. Also, consider using profile-guided optimization;
+see :ref:`Thread PGO`.

 Minor Verilog code changes can also give big wins.  You should not have any
 :option:`UNOPTFLAT` warnings from Verilator.  Fixing these warnings can
@@ -200,9 +205,6 @@ With :vlopt:`--coverage` or :vlopt:`--coverage-user`, Verilator will
 translate functional coverage points the user has inserted manually in
 SystemVerilog code through into the Verilated model.

-Currently, all functional coverage points are specified using SystemVerilog
-assertion syntax, which must be separately enabled with :vlopt:`--assert`.
-
 For example, the following SystemVerilog statement will add a coverage
 point under the coverage name "DefaultClock":

@@ -222,14 +224,6 @@ at branches).  At each such branch, a counter is incremented.  At the end
 of a test, the counters, filename, and line number corresponding to each
 counter are written into the coverage file.

-Verilator automatically disables coverage of branches with a $stop in
-them, as it is assumed that $stop branches contain an error check that should
-not occur.  A :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_block_off*/` metacomment
-will perform a similar function on any code in that block or below, or
-:option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/` and
-:option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_on*/` will disable and enable coverage
-respectively around a block of code.
-
 Verilator may over-count combinatorial (non-clocked) blocks when those
 blocks receive signals which have had the :option:`UNOPTFLAT` warning
 disabled; for the most accurate results, do not disable this warning when
@@ -276,6 +270,58 @@ A :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/`
 signals that do not need toggle analysis, such as RAMs and register files.


+.. _Expression Coverage:
+
+Expression Coverage
+-------------------
+
+With :vlopt:`--coverage` or :vlopt:`--coverage-expr`, Verilator will
+automatically add coverage analysis at each expression, indicating with a
+truth table how every Boolean truth-table possibility in the expression
+occurred.
+
+Multi-bit expressions are ignored, but sub-expressions with are entirely
+Boolean are analyzed.  Expression coverage does not fully explore the truth
+table of an expression, rather is looks at each term's contribution.  E.g.
+an AND operation will check coverage for TT, XF and FX.
+
+Some expressions may produce too many cover points.  Verilator limits the
+maximum number of cover points per expression to 32, but this may be
+controlled with :vlopt:`--coverage-expr-max`.
+
+Below is an example showing expression coverage produced from `verilator_coverage`
+as applied to the condition expression inside an if statement.  Each line
+shows the minimum number of terms and their values (e.g. `(t1==0 && t2==1)`) needed
+to reach a result for the overall expression (e.g. `=> 1`).  Each line also
+shows the number of times this combination was hit.  Note that individual lines
+are not mutually exclusive.
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   %000004         if ((~t1 && t2) || (~t3 && t4)) $write("");
+   -000002  point: comment=(t1==0 && t2==1) => 1 hier=top.t
+   -000002  point: comment=(t1==1 && t3==1) => 0 hier=top.t
+   -000004  point: comment=(t1==1 && t4==0) => 0 hier=top.t
+   -000002  point: comment=(t2==0 && t3==1) => 0 hier=top.t
+   -000003  point: comment=(t2==0 && t4==0) => 0 hier=top.t
+   -000002  point: comment=(t3==0 && t4==1) => 1 hier=top.t
+
+.. _Suppressing Coverage:
+
+Suppressing Coverage
+--------------------
+
+Using :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/` and
+:option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_on*/` around a block of code will disable
+and enable coverage respectively around that block. Or, use the
+:option:`coverage_block_off` control file option.
+
+Verilator automatically disables coverage of lines and branches with a
+$stop in them, as it is assumed that $stop branches contain an error check
+that should not occur.  A :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_block_off*/`
+metacomment will perform a similar function on any code in that block or
+below.
+
 .. _Coverage Collection:

 Coverage Collection
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

 **********
@@ -66,6 +66,40 @@ Once a model is built, the next step is typically for the user to run it,
 see :ref:`Simulating`.


+.. _Finding and Binding Modules:
+
+Finding and Binding Modules
+===========================
+
+Verilator provides several mechanisms to find the source code containing a
+module, primitive, interface, or program ("module" in this section) and
+bind them to an instantiation.  These capabilities are similar to the
+"Precompiling in a single-pass" use model described in IEEE 1800-2023
+33.5.1, although `config` is not yet supported.
+
+Verilator first reads all files provided on the command line and
+:vlopt:`-f` files, and parses all modules within.  Each module is assigned
+to the most recent library specified with :vlopt:`-work`, thus `-work liba
+a.v -work libb b.v` will assign modules in `a.v` to `liba` and modules in
+`b.v` to `libb`.
+
+If a module is not defined from a file on the command-line, Verilator
+attempts to find a filename constructed from the module name using
+:vlopt:`-y` and `+libext`.
+
+Binding begins with the :vlopt:`--top` module, if provided. If not provided
+Verilator attempts to figure out the top module itself, and if multiple
+tops result a :option:`MULTITOP` warning is issued which may be suppressed
+(see details in :option:`MULTITOP`).
+
+Verilator will attempt to bind lower unresolved instances first in the same
+library name as the parent's instantiation library, and if not found search
+globally across all libraries in the order modules were declared.  This
+allows otherwise conflicting duplicate module names between libraries to
+coexist uniquely within each library name.  When IEEE `config use` is
+supported, more complicated selections will be able to be specified.
+
+
 .. _Hierarchical Verilation:

 Hierarchical Verilation
@@ -94,7 +128,7 @@ There are two ways to mark a module:

 * Write :option:`/*verilator&32;hier_block*/` metacomment in HDL code.

-* Add a :option:`hier_block` line in the :ref:`Configuration Files`.
+* Add a :option:`hier_block` line in the :ref:`Verilator Control Files`.

 Then pass the :vlopt:`--hierarchical` option to Verilator.

@@ -113,8 +147,6 @@ Hierarchy blocks have some limitations, including:
 * The hierarchy block cannot be accessed using dot (.) from the upper
  module(s) or other hierarchy blocks.

-* Signals in the block cannot be traced.
-
 * Modport cannot be used at the hierarchical block boundary.

 * The simulation speed is likely not as fast as flat Verilation, in which
@@ -221,7 +253,7 @@ model, it may be beneficial to performance to adjust the
 influences the partitioning of the model by adjusting the assumed execution
 time of DPI imports.

-When using :vlopt:`--trace` to perform VCD tracing, the VCD trace
+When using :vlopt:`--trace-vcd` to perform VCD tracing, the VCD trace
 construction is parallelized using the same number of threads as specified
 with :vlopt:`--threads`, and is executed on the same thread pool as the model.

@@ -243,11 +275,14 @@ trace. FST tracing can utilize up to 2 offload threads, so there is no use
 of setting :vlopt:`--trace-threads` higher than 2 at the moment.

 When running a multithreaded model, the default Linux task scheduler often
-works against the model by assuming short-lived threads and thus
-it often schedules threads using multiple hyperthreads within the same
-physical core. For best performance, use the :command:`numactl` program to
-(when the threading count fits) select unique physical cores on the same
-socket. The same applies for :vlopt:`--trace-threads` as well.
+works against the model by assuming short-lived threads and thus it often
+schedules threads using multiple hyperthreads within the same physical
+core. If there is no affinity already set, on Linux only, Verilator
+attempts to set thread-to-processor affinity in a reasonable way.
+
+For best performance, use the :command:`numactl` program to (when the
+threading count fits) select unique physical cores on the same socket. The
+same applies for :vlopt:`--trace-threads` as well.

 As an example, if a model was Verilated with
 :vlopt:`--threads 4 <--threads>`, we consult:
@@ -290,8 +325,8 @@ and must be called only by the eval thread.
 If using :vlopt:`--sc`, the SystemC kernel is not thread-safe; therefore,
 the eval thread and main thread must be the same.

-If using :vlopt:`--trace`, the tracing classes must be constructed and
-called from the main thread.
+If using :vlopt:`--trace-vcd` or other trace options, the tracing classes
+must be constructed and called from the main thread.

 If using :vlopt:`--vpi`, since SystemVerilog VPI was not architected by
 IEEE to be multithreaded, Verilator requires all VPI calls are only made
@@ -367,10 +402,11 @@ Verilate in CMake
 .. code-block:: CMake

     verilate(target SOURCES source ... [TOP_MODULE top] [PREFIX name]
-              [TRACE] [TRACE_FST] [SYSTEMC] [COVERAGE]
+              [COVERAGE] [SYSTEMC]
+              [TRACE_FST] [TRACE_SAIF] [TRACE_VCD] [TRACE_THREADS num]
              [INCLUDE_DIRS dir ...] [OPT_SLOW ...] [OPT_FAST ...]
              [OPT_GLOBAL ..] [DIRECTORY dir] [THREADS num]
-              [TRACE_THREADS num] [VERILATOR_ARGS ...])
+              [VERILATOR_ARGS ...])

 Lowercase and ... should be replaced with arguments; the uppercase parts
 delimit the arguments and can be passed in any order or left out entirely
@@ -443,10 +479,6 @@ SystemC include directories and link to the SystemC libraries.

   Optional. Enable a multithreaded model; see :vlopt:`--threads`.

-.. describe:: TRACE_THREADS
-
-   Optional. Enable multithreaded FST trace; see :vlopt:`--trace-threads`.
-
 .. describe:: TOP_MODULE

   Optional. Sets the name of the top module. Defaults to the name of the
@@ -454,14 +486,27 @@ SystemC include directories and link to the SystemC libraries.

 .. describe:: TRACE

-   Optional. Enables VCD tracing if present, equivalent to "VERILATOR_ARGS
-   --trace".
+   Deprecated. Same as TRACE_VCD, which should be used instead.

 .. describe:: TRACE_FST

   Optional. Enables FST tracing if present, equivalent to "VERILATOR_ARGS
   --trace-fst".

+.. describe:: TRACE_SAIF
+
+   Optional. Enables SAIF tracing if present, equivalent to "VERILATOR_ARGS
+   --trace-saif".
+
+.. describe:: TRACE_THREADS
+
+   Optional. Enable multithreaded FST trace; see :vlopt:`--trace-threads`.
+
+.. describe:: TRACE_VCD
+
+   Optional. Enables VCD tracing if present, equivalent to "VERILATOR_ARGS
+   --trace-vcd".
+
 .. describe:: VERILATOR_ARGS

   Optional. Extra arguments to Verilator. Do not specify :vlopt:`--Mdir`
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-.. Copyright 2003-2024 by Wilson Snyder.
+.. Copyright 2003-2025 by Wilson Snyder.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0

-*******************
-Errors and Warnings
-*******************
+=====================
+ Errors and Warnings
+=====================

 .. _Disabling Warnings:

@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ Warnings may be disabled in multiple ways:
   propagate upwards to any parent file (file that included the file with
   the lint_off).

-#. Disable the warning using :ref:`Configuration Files` with a
+#. Disable the warning using :ref:`Verilator Control Files` with a
   :option:`lint_off` command.  This is useful when a script suppresses
   warnings, and the Verilog source should not be changed.  This method also
   allows matching on the warning text.

   .. code-block:: sv

-         lint_off -rule UNSIGNED -file "*/example.v" -line 1
+         lint_off -rule UNSIGNED -file "*/example.v" -lines 1


 Error And Warning Format
@@ -68,6 +68,10 @@ source code corresponding to the error, prefixed by the line number and a "
 | ".  Following this is typically an arrow and ~ pointing at the error on
 the source line directly above.

+Instead of parsing this text diagnostic output, tools that need to
+understand Verilator's warning output should read the SARIF JSON output
+created with :vlopt:`--diagnostics-sarif`.
+

 List Of Warnings
 ================
@@ -86,6 +90,8 @@ List Of Warnings
   Limitations`.


+   .. t_dist_docs_style restart_sort
+
 .. option:: ALWCOMBORDER

   .. TODO better example
@@ -105,6 +111,27 @@ List Of Warnings
   simulate correctly.


+.. option:: ALWNEVER
+
+   Warning that an `always @*` statement has no variables being read,
+   therefore the event list is empty, and as there are no events to wake
+   the process up, the always will never execute.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_ALWNEVER_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_ALWNEVER_msg.rst
+
+   To repair, assuming the intent was to execute the statements at e.g.
+   time zero, instead use an `always_comb` statement.
+
+   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
+   simulate correctly.
+
+
 .. option:: ASCRANGE

   .. TODO better example
@@ -165,6 +192,28 @@ List Of Warnings
   'pragma protect'.  Third-party pragmas not defined by IEEE 1800-2023 are
   ignored.

+   This error may be disabled with a lint_off BADSTDPRAGMA metacomment.
+
+   Ignoring this warning will cause the pragma to be ignored.
+
+
+.. option:: BADVLTPRAGMA
+
+   An error that a `/*verilator ...*/` metacomment pragma is badly formed
+   or not understood.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_BADVLTPRAGMA_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_BADVLTPRAGMA_msg.rst
+
+   This error may be disabled with a lint_off BADVLTPRAGMA metacomment.
+
+   Ignoring this warning will cause the pragma to be ignored.
+

 .. option:: BLKANDNBLK

@@ -183,23 +232,32 @@ List Of Warnings
   public task, or when the blocking and non-blocking assignments have
   non-overlapping bits and structure members.

+   From Verilator 5.038, this warning is only issued when Verilator can't prove that
+   the assignments are to non-overlapping sub-parts, and the blocking
+   assignment is in combinational logic (which is the case where simulation
+   results might differ from other simulators). Review any BLKANDNBLK
+   cases carefully after this version, and sign them off as
+   described above, only if know for sure the updates are not to overlapping
+   parts of the signal.
+
   Generally, this is caused by a register driven by both combo logic and a
   flop:

   .. code-block:: sv

-         logic [1:0] foo;
-         always @(posedge clk)  foo[0] <= ...
-         always_comb foo[1] = ...
+         logic [3:0] foo;
+         always @(posedge clk) foo[index] <= ...  // With index != 0
+         always_comb foo[0] = ...

   Instead, use a different register for the flop:

   .. code-block:: sv

-         logic [1:0] foo;
-         always @(posedge clk)  foo_flopped[0] <= ...
-         always_comb foo[0] = foo_flopped[0];
-         always_comb foo[1] = ...
+         logic [3:0] foo;
+         logic [3:1] foo_flopped;
+         always @(posedge clk) foo_flopped[index] <= ... // With index != 0
+         always_comb foo[0] = ...
+         always_comb foo[3:1] = foo_flopped;

   Or, this may also avoid the error:

@@ -296,8 +354,8 @@ List Of Warnings
   Unique case statements that select on an enumerated variable, where all
   of the enumerated values are covered by case items, are considered
   complete even if the case statement does not cover illegal
-   non-enumerated values (IEEE 1800-2023 12.5.3).  To check that illegal
-   values are not hit, use :vlopt:`--assert`.
+   non-enumerated values (IEEE 1800-2023 12.5.3).  Verilator checks that
+   illegal values are not hit, unless :vlopt:`--no-assert-case` was used.

   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
   simulate correctly.
@@ -335,8 +393,8 @@ List Of Warnings

   Warns that it is better style to use casez, and "?" in place of
   "x"'s.  See
-   `http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG1999Boston_FullParallelCase_rev1_1.pdf
-   <http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG1999Boston_FullParallelCase_rev1_1.pdf>`_
+   `http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG1999Boston_FullParallelCase.pdf
+   <http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG1999Boston_FullParallelCase.pdf>`_

   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
   simulate correctly.
@@ -410,8 +468,8 @@ List Of Warnings
   is suppressed, Verilator, like synthesis, will convert this to a
   non-delayed assignment, which may result in logic races or other
   nasties.  See
-   `http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG2000SJ_NBA_rev1_2.pdf
-   <http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG2000SJ_NBA_rev1_2.pdf>`_
+   `http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG2000SJ_NBA.pdf
+   <http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG2000SJ_NBA.pdf>`_

   Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other
   simulators.
@@ -421,7 +479,7 @@ List Of Warnings

   Warns that Verilator does not support certain forms of
   :code:`constraint`, :code:`constraint_mode`, or :code:`rand_mode`, and
-   the construct was are ignored.
+   the construct was ignored.

   Ignoring this warning may make Verilator randomize() simulations differ
   from other simulators.
@@ -445,6 +503,18 @@ List Of Warnings
   correctly.


+.. option:: COVERIGN
+
+   Warns that Verilator does not support certain forms of
+   :code:`covergroup`, :code:`coverpoint`, and coverage options, and the
+   construct was ignored.
+
+   Disabling the :option:`UNSUPPORTED` error also disables this warning.
+
+   Ignoring this warning may make Verilator ignore lint checking on the
+   construct, and collect coverage data differently from other simulators.
+
+
 .. option:: DECLFILENAME

   .. TODO better example
@@ -460,6 +530,32 @@ List Of Warnings
   correctly.


+.. option:: DEFOVERRIDE
+
+   Warns that a macro definition within the code is being overridden by a
+   command line directive:
+
+   For example, running Verilator with :code:`<+define+\<DUP\>=\<def2\>>` and
+
+   .. code-block:: sv
+      :linenos:
+      :emphasize-lines: 1
+
+         `define DUP def2 //<--- Warning
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. code-block::
+
+         %Warning-DEFOVERRIDE: example.v1:20: Overriding define: 'DEF' with value: 'def2' to existing command line define value: 'def1'
+                      ... Location of previous definition, with value: '50'
+
+   While not explicitly stated in the IEEE 1800-2023 standard, this warning
+   tracks with the other simulators' behavior of overriding macro
+   definitions within code files with the definition passed in through
+   the command line.
+
+
 .. option:: DEFPARAM

   Warns that the :code:`defparam` statement was deprecated in IEEE 1364-2001,
@@ -634,6 +730,28 @@ List Of Warnings
   missing."


+.. option:: ENUMITEMWIDTH
+
+   An error that an enum item value is being assigned from a value which
+   would be truncated (similar to :option:`WIDTHTRUNC`), or from a sized
+   literal constant with a different bit width (similar to
+   :option:`WIDTHTRUNC` or :option:`WIDTHEXPAND`).  IEEE requires this
+   error, but it may be disabled.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. code-block:: sv
+      :linenos:
+      :emphasize-lines: 2
+
+         typedef enum [3:0] {
+            WRONG_WIDTH = 33'h3  //<--- Warning
+         } enum_t;
+
+   To repair, correct the size of the item's value directly, or use a cast,
+   so the resulting width matches the enum's width.
+
+
 .. option:: ENUMVALUE

   An error that an enum data type value is being assigned from another data
@@ -1042,8 +1160,6 @@ List Of Warnings

 .. option:: LITENDIAN

-   .. TODO better example
-
   The naming of this warning is in contradiction with the common
   interpretation of little endian. It was therefore renamed to
   :option:`ASCRANGE`. While :option:`LITENDIAN` remains for
@@ -1119,6 +1235,19 @@ List Of Warnings
   discarded.


+.. option:: MODMISSING
+
+   .. TODO better example
+
+   Error that a module, typically referenced by a cell, was not found.
+   This is typically fatal, but may be suppressed in some linting
+   situations with missing libraries.
+
+   Ignoring this error will cause the cell definition to be discarded.
+   Simulation results will likely be wrong, so typically used only with
+   lint-only.
+
+
 .. option:: MULTIDRIVEN

   Warns that the specified signal comes from multiple :code:`always`
@@ -1175,6 +1304,8 @@ List Of Warnings
   modules' signals seem identical, e.g., multiple modules with a "clk"
   input.

+   Ignoring this warning will make multiple tops, as described in (3) above.
+

 .. option:: NEEDTIMINGOPT

@@ -1198,6 +1329,21 @@ List Of Warnings
   simulate correctly.


+.. option:: NOEFFECT
+
+   Warns that the statement will have no effect and is roughly equivalent
+   to not being present.  This is only issued when it is "non-obvious",
+   e.g. a :code:`if (0)` will not result in this warning.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. code-block:: sv
+
+         foreach (array[]) begin ... end  //<--- Warning
+
+   For a fix, remove the statement.
+
+
 .. option:: NOLATCH

   .. TODO better example
@@ -1210,13 +1356,6 @@ List Of Warnings
   simulate correctly.


-.. option:: NOTIMING
-
-   Error when a timing-related construct that requires :vlopt:`--timing` has
-   been encountered. Issued only if Verilator is run with the
-   :vlopt:`--no-timing` option.
-
-
 .. option:: NONSTD

   Warns when a non-standard language feature is used that has a standard
@@ -1224,6 +1363,16 @@ List Of Warnings
   :code:`$psprintf` system function is replaced by its standard equivalent
   :code:`$sformatf`.

+   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
+   simulate correctly.
+
+
+.. option:: NOTIMING
+
+   Error when a timing-related construct that requires :vlopt:`--timing` has
+   been encountered. Issued only if Verilator is run with the
+   :vlopt:`--no-timing` option.
+

 .. option:: NULLPORT

@@ -1249,6 +1398,28 @@ List Of Warnings
   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
   simulate correctly.

+
+.. option:: PARAMNODEFAULT
+
+   An error that a parameter is being declared that has no default value,
+   and this is being done in a non-ANSI block while this is only legal in
+   ANSI-style `#(...)` declarations.  IEEE 1800-2023 6.20.1 requires this
+   error, but some simulators accept this syntax.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PARAMNODEFAULT_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PARAMNODEFAULT_msg.rst
+
+   To fix the issue, move to an ANSI-style declaration.
+
+   Suppressing this error will only suppress the IEEE-required check; it
+   will simulate correctly.
+
+
 .. option:: PINCONNECTEMPTY

   .. TODO better example
@@ -1275,11 +1446,11 @@ List Of Warnings

   Faulty example:

-   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PKGNODECL_faulty.rst
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PINMISSING_faulty.rst

   Results in:

-   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PKGNODECL_msg.rst
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PINMISSING_msg.rst

   Repaired example:

@@ -1337,6 +1508,15 @@ List Of Warnings
   This error may be disabled with a lint_off PINNOTFOUND metacomment.


+.. option:: PKGNODECL
+
+   Never issued since version 5.038.  Historically an error that a
+   package/class appears to have been referenced that has not yet been
+   declared.  According to IEEE 1800-2023 26.3, all packages must be
+   declared before being used. However, several standard libraries
+   including UVM violate this, and other tools do not warn.
+
+
 .. option:: PORTSHORT

   Warns that an output port is connected to a constant.
@@ -1360,26 +1540,6 @@ List Of Warnings
   This error may be disabled with a lint_off PORTSHORT metacomment.


-.. option:: PKGNODECL
-
-   An error that a package/class appears to have been referenced that has
-   not yet been declared.  According to IEEE 1800-2023 26.3, all packages
-   must be declared before being used.
-
-   Faulty example:
-
-   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PKGNODECL_faulty.rst
-
-   Results in:
-
-   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PKGNODECL_msg.rst
-
-   Often the package is declared in its own header file.  In this case add
-   an include of that package header file to the referencing file.  (And
-   make sure you have header guards in the package's header file to prevent
-   multiple declarations of the package.)
-
-
 .. option:: PREPROCZERO

   Warns that a preprocessor \`ifdef/\`ifndef expression (added in IEEE
@@ -1404,6 +1564,40 @@ List Of Warnings
   The portable way to suppress this warning is to use a define value other
   than zero, when it is to be used in a preprocessor expression.

+   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
+   simulate correctly.
+
+
+.. option:: PROCASSINIT
+
+   Warns that the specified signal is given an initial value where it is
+   declared, and is also driven in an always process.  Typically such
+   initial values should instead be set using a reset signal inside the
+   process, to match requirements of ASIC synthesis tools.  However,
+   declaration initializers are a valid FPGA design idiom and therefore,
+   FPGA users may want to disable this warning.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PROCASSINIT_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PROCASSINIT_msg.rst
+
+   One possible fix, adding a reset to the always:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_PROCASSINIT_fixed.rst
+
+   Alternatively, use an initial block for the initialization:
+
+   .. code-block:: sv
+
+      initial flop_out = 1;  // <--- Fixed
+
+   Disabled by default as this is a code-style warning; it will simulate
+   correctly.
+

 .. option:: PROCASSWIRE

@@ -1435,10 +1629,23 @@ List Of Warnings
   inside the protected region will be partly checked for correctness but is
   otherwise ignored.

-   Suppressing the warning may make Verilator differ from a simulator that
+   Ignoring the warning may make Verilator differ from a simulator that
   accepts the protected code.


+.. option:: PROTOTYPEMIS
+
+   Error that a function prototype does not match in some respects the
+   out-of-block declaration of that function. IEEE requires this error.
+
+   The typical solution is to fix the prototype to match the declaration
+   exactly, including in number of arguments, name of arguments, argument
+   data types, and return data type (for functions).
+
+   Disabling this error will cause Verilator to ignore the prototype and
+   may make the code illegal in other tools.
+
+
 .. option:: RANDC

   Historical, never issued since version 5.018, when :code:`randc` became
@@ -1453,6 +1660,9 @@ List Of Warnings
   Warns that a real number is being implicitly rounded to an integer, with
   possible loss of precision.

+   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
+   simulate correctly.
+
   Faulty example:

   .. code-block:: sv
@@ -1482,8 +1692,12 @@ List Of Warnings

 .. option:: REDEFMACRO

-   Warns that the code has redefined the same macro with a different value,
-   for example:
+   Warns that the code has redefined the same macro with a different value.
+
+   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
+   simulate correctly.
+
+   For example:

   .. code-block:: sv
      :linenos:
@@ -1620,6 +1834,18 @@ List Of Warnings
   simulators.


+.. option:: SPECIFYIGN
+
+   Warns that Verilator does not support certain constructs in
+   :code:`specify` blocks, nor :code:`$sdf_annotate`, and the construct was
+   ignored.
+
+   Disabling the :option:`UNSUPPORTED` error also disables this warning.
+
+   Ignoring this warning may make Verilator ignore lint checking on the
+   construct, and get different results from other simulators.
+
+
 .. option:: SPLITVAR

   Warns that a variable with a :option:`/*verilator&32;split_var*/`
@@ -1692,6 +1918,9 @@ List Of Warnings
   Warning that a symbol matches a C++ reserved word, and using this as a
   symbol name would result in odd C++ compiler errors.  You may disable
   this warning, but Verilator will rename the symbol to avoid conflict.
+   If you are using `--vpi` and only mark things as public for VPI access
+   (and not C++ access) then it is advisable to disable this warning with
+   :code:`-Wno-SYMRSVDWORD`.


 .. option:: SYNCASYNCNET
@@ -2006,12 +2235,12 @@ List Of Warnings

   .. code-block:: sv

-         wire _unused_ok = &{1'b0,
+         wire _unused_ok = 1'b0 && &{1'b0,
                             sig_not_used_a,
                             sig_not_used_yet_b,  // To be fixed
                             1'b0};

-   The reduction AND and constant zeros mean the net will always be zero,
+   The AND with constant zero mean the net will always be zero,
   so won't use simulation runtime.  The redundant leading and trailing
   zeros avoid syntax errors if there are no signals between them.  The
   magic name "unused" (controlled by the :vlopt:`--unused-regexp` option)
@@ -2103,7 +2332,7 @@ List Of Warnings

   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_VARHIDDEN_msg.rst

-   To resolve this, rename the variable to an unique name.
+   To resolve this, rename the inner or outer variable to an unique name.


 .. option:: WAITCONST
@@ -2166,21 +2395,6 @@ List Of Warnings
   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_WIDTHEXPAND_1_fixed.rst


-.. option:: WIDTHTRUNC
-
-   A more granular :option:`WIDTH` warning, for when a value is
-   truncated. See :option:`WIDTH`.
-
-.. option:: WIDTHEXPAND
-
-   A more granular :option:`WIDTH` warning, for when a value is zero
-   expanded. See :option:`WIDTH`.
-
-.. option:: WIDTHXZEXPAND
-
-   A more granular :option:`WIDTH` warning, for when a value is X/Z
-   expanded. See :option:`WIDTH`.
-
 .. option:: WIDTHCONCAT

   Warns that based on the width rules of Verilog, a concatenate, or
@@ -2206,6 +2420,21 @@ List Of Warnings
   width to the parameter usage (:code:`{PAR[31:0], PAR[31:0]}`).


+.. option:: WIDTHEXPAND
+
+   A more granular :option:`WIDTH` warning, for when a value is zero
+   expanded. See :option:`WIDTH`.
+
+.. option:: WIDTHTRUNC
+
+   A more granular :option:`WIDTH` warning, for when a value is
+   truncated. See :option:`WIDTH`.
+
+.. option:: WIDTHXZEXPAND
+
+   A more granular :option:`WIDTH` warning, for when a value is X/Z
+   expanded. See :option:`WIDTH`.
+
 .. option:: ZERODLY

   Warns that `#0` delays do not schedule the process to be resumed in the
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ as defined in the standard:
 - All other logic is assigned to the 'nba' region.

 For completeness, note that a subset of the 'act' region logic, specifically,
-the logic related to the pre-assignments of NBA updates (i.e., AstAssignPre
+the logic related to the pre-assignments of NBA updates (i.e., AstAlwaysPre
 nodes), is handled separately, but is executed as part of the 'act' region.

 Also note that all logic representing the committing of an NBA (i.e., Ast*Post)
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ Indentation and Naming Style
 ----------------------------

 We will work with contributors to fix up indentation style issues, but it
-is appreciated if you could match our style:
+is appreciated if you could match our style for C/C++:

 - Use "mixedCapsSymbols" instead of "underlined_symbols".

@@ -1143,9 +1143,8 @@ is appreciated if you could match our style:
  calls. (This convention has not been applied retroactively.)

 C and Python indentation is automatically maintained with "make format"
-using clang-format version 10.0.0, and yapf for python, and is
-automatically corrected in the CI actions. For those manually formatting C
-code:
+using clang-format version 18, and yapf for Python, and is automatically
+corrected in the CI actions. For those manually formatting C code:

 - Use four spaces per level, and no tabs.

@@ -1157,6 +1156,58 @@ code:
 - No spaces before semicolons, nor between a function's name and open
  parenthesis (only applies to functions; if/else has a following space).

+Verilog indentation is not yet automatically maintained, but:
+
+- Use two spaces per level, and no tabs.
+
+- Place `begin` on the same line as the earlier starting statement
+  e.g. `if`, and place the `end` on a separate line indented the same as
+  the starting statement.
+
+
+Commit messages
+---------------
+
+Pull requests do not typically edit ``Changes`` in order to reduce
+potential merge conflicts.  Instead, contributors should use an appropriate
+first line of the git commit message.  Maintainers periodically run
+``nodist/log_changes`` which analyzes the commit messages to suggest edits
+to the ``Changes`` file.
+
+The format of a commit message should be typically of the forms below.  The
+github issue number, and github pull number if different should be
+included.
+
+"Add <some feature> (#1234)"
+   For adding a new feature.
+"Fix <some item> (#1234)"
+   For a bug fix.
+"Improve <some item> (#1234)"
+   For improving something that previously existed.
+"Optimize <some item> (#1234)"
+   For improving performance.
+"Support <some feature> (#1234)"
+   For features that are described by IEEE were previously not supported.
+"Commentary"
+   For a super-trivial change to e.g. documentation.
+   These will typically not get described in the Changes file.
+"CI: <Add/Improve/etc as above> (#1234)"
+   For changes that only concern github actions.
+   These will typically not get described in the Changes file.
+"Tests: <Add/Improve/etc as above> (#1234)"
+   For changes that only concern tests.
+   These will typically not get described in the Changes file.
+"Internals: <Add/Improve/etc as above> (#1234)"
+   For changes that only concern developers, e.g. code cleanups.
+   These will typically not get described in the Changes file.
+
+The line's grammar should match the phrasing used in the Changes file.
+
+If the change does not affect user-visible function, also add "No
+functional change." if it's 99% certain not to change behavior, or "No
+functional change expected." if no change was expected but there may be
+uncertainty.
+

 The ``astgen`` Script
 ---------------------
@@ -1164,7 +1215,7 @@ The ``astgen`` Script
 The ``astgen`` script is used to generate some of the repetitive C++ code
 related to the ``AstNode`` type hierarchy. An example is the abstract ``visit``
 methods in ``VNVisitor``. There are other uses; please see the ``*__gen*``
-files in the bulid directories and the ``astgen`` script for details.  A
+files in the build directories and the ``astgen`` script for details.  A
 description of the more advanced features of ``astgen`` are provided here.


@@ -1470,10 +1521,7 @@ Preparing to Run Tests

 For all tests to pass, you must install the following packages:

-  SystemC to compile the SystemC outputs, see http://systemc.org
-
-  Parallel::Forker from CPAN to run tests in parallel; you can install
-   this with e.g. "sudo cpan install Parallel::Forker".
+-  SystemC to compile the SystemC outputs, see https://systemc.org

 -  vcddiff to find differences in VCD outputs. See the readme at
   https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff
@@ -1484,7 +1532,7 @@ For all tests to pass, you must install the following packages:
 Controlling the Test Driver
 ---------------------------

-The test driver script `driver.pl` runs tests; see the `Test Driver`
+The test driver script `driver.py` runs tests; see the `Test Driver`
 section.  The individual test drivers are written in Perl; see `Test
 Language`.

@@ -1497,7 +1545,7 @@ A specific regression test can be executed manually. To start the

 ::

-   test_regress/t/t_EXAMPLE.pl
+   test_regress/t/t_EXAMPLE.py


 Regression Testing for Developers
@@ -1517,13 +1565,6 @@ Developers will also want to call ./configure with two extra flags:
   disabled by default, as SystemC installation problems would otherwise
   falsely indicate a Verilator problem.

-When enabling the long tests, some additional Perl modules are needed,
-which you can install using cpan.
-
-::
-
-   cpan install Parallel::Forker
-
 There are some traps to avoid when running regression tests

 - When checking the MANIFEST, the test will fail on unexpected code in the
@@ -1579,6 +1620,41 @@ environment can check their branches too by enabling the build workflow:

 -  Click Enable workflow.

+Benchmarking
+------------
+
+For benchmarking the effects of changes (simulation speed, memory consumption,
+Verilation time, etc.), you can use `RTLMeter
+<https://github.com/verilator/rtlmeter>`__, a benchmark suite designed for this
+purpose. The scripts provided with RTLMeter have many capabilities. For full
+details, see the `documentation of RTLMeter
+<https://verilator.github.io/rtlmeter>`__ itself.
+
+For a quick check, you an run the following after putting ``verilator`` on your
+``PATH``:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+  ./rtlmeter run --cases "+standard" --workRoot work-a
+  ./rtlmeter report work-a
+
+To compare against an alternate version, again put that alternate ``verilator``
+on your ``PATH`` then run:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+  ./rtlmeter run --cases "+standard" --workRoot work-b
+  ./rtlmeter compare work-a work-b
+
+The continuous integration system in GitHub Actions runs this benchmark suite
+nightly on the master branch. The performance numbers from these nightly runs
+can be viewed via the `RTLMeter results dashboard
+<https://verilator.github.io/verilator-rtlmeter-results>`__. Note that these
+results are collected on GitHub hosted runners. These are virtual machines
+operating in a potentially noisy environment, so time measurements can have
+significant variance. Experience shows that a ~20% time difference can be
+reliably measured on GitHub hosted runners, and smaller differences are
+noticeable over a few days of reruns as trends emerge from the noise.

 Fuzzing
 -------
@@ -1643,7 +1719,7 @@ scaled so it can be more useful with large graphs.

 For interactive graph viewing consider `xdot
 <https://github.com/jrfonseca/xdot.py>`__ or `ZGRViewer
-<http://zvtm.sourceforge.net/zgrviewer.html>`__. If you know of better
+<https://zvtm.sourceforge.net/zgrviewer.html>`__. If you know of better
 viewers (especially for large graphs) please let us know.


@@ -1666,7 +1742,7 @@ field in the section below.
 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
 | ``1:2:``      | The hierarchy of the ``VAR`` is the ``op2p``           |
 |               | pointer under the ``MODULE``, which in turn is the     |
-|               | ``op1p`` pointer under the ``NETLIST``                 |
+|               | ``op1p`` pointer under the ``NETLIST``.                |
 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
 | ``VAR``       | The AstNodeType (e.g. ``AstVar``).                     |
 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
@@ -1680,7 +1756,7 @@ field in the section below.
 |               | and "aa" the 27th. Then line 22 in that file, then     |
 |               | column 8 (aa=0, az=25, ba=26, ...).                    |
 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
-| ``@dt=0x...`` | The address of the data type this node contains.       |
+| ``@dt=0x...`` | The address of the data type this node references.     |
 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
 | ``w32``       | The data-type width() is 32 bits.                      |
 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
@@ -1688,7 +1764,7 @@ field in the section below.
 |               | variable.                                              |
 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
 | ``[O]``       | Flags which vary with the type of node, in this        |
-|               | case, it means the variable is an output.              |
+|               | case of a VAR, it means the variable is an output.     |
 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

 In more detail, the following fields are dumped common to all nodes. They
@@ -1871,7 +1947,7 @@ represent the pointers (``op1p``, ``op2p``, etc) between the nodes.
 Debugging with GDB
 ------------------

-The `driver.pl` script accepts ``--debug --gdb`` to start
+The `driver.py` script accepts ``--debug --gdb`` to start
 Verilator under gdb and break when an error is hit, or the program is about
 to exit. You can also use ``--debug --gdbbt`` to just backtrace and then
 exit gdb. To debug the Verilated executable, use ``--gdbsim``.
@@ -1882,7 +1958,7 @@ can use ``--debug`` and look at the underlying invocation of

 ::

-   t/t_alw_dly.pl --debug
+   t/t_alw_dly.py --debug

 shows it invokes the command:

@@ -1913,7 +1989,7 @@ find what made a <e#*#*> line in the tree dumps):

 ::

-   watch AstNode::s_editCntGbl==####
+   watch AstNode::s_editCntGbl=####

 Then, when the watch fires, to break at every following change to that
 node:
@@ -1970,16 +2046,14 @@ Generally, what would you do to add a new feature?

 2. Make a testcase in the test_regress/t/t_EXAMPLE format, see `Testing`.

-3. If grammar changes are needed, look at the git version of VerilogPerl's
-   src/VParseGrammar.y, as this grammar supports the full SystemVerilog
-   language and has a lot of back-and-forth with Verilator's grammar. Copy
-   the appropriate rules to src/verilog.y and modify the productions.
+3. If grammar changes are needed, look at the IEEE 1800-2023 Appendix A, as
+   src/verilog.y generally follows the same rule layout.

 4. If a new Ast type is needed, add it to the appropriate V3AstNode*.h.
   Follow the convention described above about the AstNode type hierarchy.
   Ordering of definitions is enforced by ``astgen``.

-5. Now you can run ``test_regress/t/t_<newtestcase>.pl --debug`` and it'll
+5. Now you can run ``test_regress/t/t_<newtestcase>.py --debug`` and it'll
   probably fail, but you'll see a
   ``test_regress/obj_dir/t_<newtestcase>/*.tree`` file which you can examine
   to see if the parsing worked. See also the sections above on debugging.
@@ -2028,7 +2102,7 @@ IEEE 1800-2023 33 Config
 Test Driver
 ===========

-This section documents the test driver script, `driver.pl`.  driver.pl
+This section documents the test driver script, `driver.py`.  driver.py
 invokes Verilator or another simulator on each test file.  For test file
 contents description see `Test Language`.

@@ -2040,7 +2114,15 @@ the regression tests with OBJCACHE enabled and in parallel on a machine
 with many cores.  See the -j option and OBJCACHE environment variable.


-driver.pl Non-Scenario Arguments
+driver.py Pass-Thru Arguments
+-----------------------------
+
+Arguments not understood by `driver.py` which begin with `+verilator+` are
+passed through as Verilated executable arguments. Other not-understood
+arguments are passed as Verilator arguments.
+
+
+driver.py Non-Scenario Arguments
 --------------------------------

 --benchmark [<cycles>]
@@ -2056,6 +2138,11 @@ driver.pl Non-Scenario Arguments
  Same as ``verilator --debugi level``: Set Verilator internal debugging
  level globally to the specified debug level (1-10).

+--driver-clean
+  After a test passes, remove the generated objects.  Reduces storage
+  requirements, but may result in longer runtime if the tests are run
+  again.
+
 --dump-tree
  Same as ``verilator --dump-tree``: Enable Verilator writing .tree debug
  files with dumping level 3, which dumps the standard critical stages.
@@ -2087,7 +2174,10 @@ driver.pl Non-Scenario Arguments

 --j #
  Run number of parallel tests, or 0 to determine the count based on the
-  number of cores installed.  Requires Perl's Parallel::Forker package.
+  number of cores installed.
+
+--obj-suffix <name>
+  Append the argument to the name of the ``test_regress/obj_`` directories.

 --quiet
  Suppress all output except for failures and progress messages every 15
@@ -2110,13 +2200,13 @@ driver.pl Non-Scenario Arguments
  memory leaks.

 --site
-  Run site specific tests also.
+  Run site-specific tests also.

 --stop
  Stop on the first error.

 --trace
-  Set the simulator specific flags to request waveform tracing.
+  Set the simulator-specific flags to request waveform tracing.

 --valgrind
  Same as ``verilator --valgrind``: Run Verilator under `Valgrind <https://valgrind.org/>`_.
@@ -2129,7 +2219,7 @@ driver.pl Non-Scenario Arguments
  For tests using the standard C++ wrapper, enable runtime debug mode.


-driver.pl Scenario Arguments
+driver.py Scenario Arguments
 ----------------------------

 The following options control which simulator is used, and which tests are
@@ -2171,7 +2261,7 @@ simultaneously.
  Run Xilinx XSim simulator tests.


-driver.pl Environment
+driver.py Environment
 ---------------------

 HARNESS_UPDATE_GOLDEN
@@ -2231,30 +2321,30 @@ VERILATOR_XVLOG
 Test Language
 =============

-This section describes the format of the ``test_regress/t/*.pl`` test
-language files, executed by `driver.pl`.
+This section describes the format of the ``test_regress/t/*.py`` test
+language files, executed by `driver.py`.

 Test Language Summary
 ---------------------

 For convenience, a summary of the most commonly used features is provided
 here, with a reference in a later section. All test files typically have a
-call to the ``lint`` or ``compile`` subroutine to compile the test. For
-run-time tests, this is followed by a call to the ``execute``
-subroutine. Both of these functions can optionally be provided with
-arguments specifying additional options.
+call to the ``test.lint`` or ``test.compile`` methods to compile the
+test. For run-time tests, this is followed by a call to the
+``test.execute`` method. Both of these functions can optionally be provided
+with arguments specifying additional options.

-If those complete, the script calls ``ok`` to increment the count of
-successful tests and then returns 1 as its result.
+If those complete, the script calls ``test.passes`` to increment the count
+of successful tests.

-The driver.pl script assumes by default that the source Verilog file name
+The driver.py script assumes by default that the source Verilog file name
 matches the test script name. So a test whose driver is
-``t/t_mytest.pl`` will expect a Verilog source file ``t/t_mytest.v``.
+``t/t_mytest.py`` will expect a Verilog source file ``t/t_mytest.v``.
 This can be changed using the ``top_filename`` subroutine, for example

 ::

-   top_filename("t/t_myothertest.v");
+   test.top_filename = "t/t_myothertest.v"

 By default, all tests will run with major simulators (Icarus Verilog, NC,
 VCS, ModelSim, etc.) as well as Verilator, to allow results to be
@@ -2263,26 +2353,25 @@ can use the following:

 ::

-   scenarios(vlt => 1);
+   test.scenarios('vlt')

-Of the many options that can be set through arguments to ``compiler`` and
-``execute``, the following are particularly useful:
+Of the many options that can be set through arguments to ``test.compiler``
+and ``test.execute``, the following are particularly useful:

 ``verilator_flags2``
  A list of flags to be passed to verilator when compiling.

 ``fails``
-  Set to 1 to indicate that the compilation or execution is intended to fail.
+  Set true to indicate that the compilation or execution is intended to fail.

 For example, the following would specify that compilation requires two
 defines and is expected to fail.

 ::

-   compile(
+   test.compile(
      verilator_flags2 => ["-DSMALL_CLOCK -DGATED_COMMENT"],
-      fails => 1,
-      );
+      fails = True)

 Hints On Writing Tests
 ----------------------
@@ -2295,10 +2384,10 @@ same name as the test, but with .cpp as suffix

 ::

-   compile(
-      make_top_shell   => 0,
-      make_main        => 0,
-      verilator_flags2 => ["--exe $Self->{t_dir}/$Self->{name}.cpp"], );
+   test.compile(
+      make_top_shell=False,
+      make_main=False,
+      verilator_flags2=["--exe", test.t_dir + "/" + test.name + ".cpp"])

 Tests should be self-checking, rather than producing lots of output. If a
 test succeeds it should print ``*-* All Finished *-*`` to standard output
@@ -2338,9 +2427,8 @@ compile time, it is the only option. For example:
 ::

   compile(
-      fails => 1,
-      expect_filename => $Self->{golden_filename},
-      );
+      fails=True,
+      expect_filename=test.golden_filename)

 Note ``expect_filename`` strips some debugging information from the logfile
 when comparing.
@@ -2349,9 +2437,9 @@ when comparing.
 Test Language Compile/Lint/Run Arguments
 ----------------------------------------

-This section describes common arguments to ``compile()``, ``lint()``, and
-``run()``.  The full list of arguments can be found by looking at the
-``driver.pl`` source code.
+This section describes common arguments to ``test.compile``, ``test.lint``,
+and ``test.run``.  The full list of arguments can be found by looking at
+the ``driver.py`` source code.

 all_run_flags
  A list of flags to be passed when running the simulator (Verilated model
@@ -2362,11 +2450,6 @@ check_finished
  string ``*-* All Finished *-*`` being printed on standard output. This is
  the normal way for successful tests to finish.

-expect
-  A quoted list of strings or regular expression to be matched in the
-  output. See `Hints On Writing Tests` for more detail on how this argument
-  should be used.
-
 fails
  True to indicate this step is expected to fail.  Tests that are expected
  to fail generally have _bad in their filename.
@@ -2428,7 +2511,7 @@ xsim_flags / xsim_flags2 / xsim_run_flags
 Distribution
 ============

-Copyright 2008-2024 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2008-2025 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+.. for github, vim: syntax=reStructuredText
+
+Security Policy
+===============
+
+If you believe you have found a security issue in any Verilator-owned
+repository, create a `GitHub repository security advisory
+<https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/security-advisories/working-with-repository-security-advisories/creating-a-repository-security-advisory>`__.
+We request that you please not publicly disclose the issue until it has
+been addressed by us.
+
+SystemVerilog Security
+----------------------
+
+The SystemVerilog language includes `$system`, etc. operating system calls,
+and as such executables created by Verilator should be considered insecure.
+In contrast, it is a security issue if a Verilator-created data file, such
+as a coverage data file, when read with `verilator_coverage`, allows
+arbitrary code execution.
+
+Bug bounties
+------------
+
+While we encourage reports of suspected security problems, we are an open
+source project, and do not run any bug bounty programs.
+
+Preferred Languages
+-------------------
+
+We prefer all communications to be in English.
+
+Policy
+------
+
+We follow the principle of `Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_vulnerability_disclosure>`__.
+
+Distribution
+------------
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ Asciidoc
 Ashutosh
 Ast
 Atmel
+Augustin
 Aurelien
+Badáň
 Bagri
 Balboni
 Baltazar
@@ -74,6 +76,7 @@ Deepa
 Defparams
 Delm
 Denio
+Deniz
 Deprecations
 Deroo
 Desai
@@ -102,15 +105,19 @@ Eiler
 Eivind
 El
 Elbourne
+Elzeftawi
 Embecosm
 Engstrom
 Enzo
 Eugen
+Fabre
 Fabrizio
 Faucher
 Faure
+Feinberg
 Fekete
 Ferrandi
+Filip
 Flachs
 Flavien
 Florian
@@ -137,6 +144,7 @@ Gileadi
 Giri
 Gisselquist
 Gladkikh
+GmbH
 Goessling
 Gonnen
 Goorah
@@ -149,6 +157,7 @@ Grulfen
 Gu
 Gunter
 Guo
+Güzel
 Hameed
 Hao
 Haojin
@@ -238,11 +247,14 @@ Lesik
 Libenzi
 Licker
 Liland
+LinkDot
 Liu
 Liwei
 Lockhart
 Longo
+LteS
 Luca
+Luiza
 Lussier
 Lübeck
 MMD
@@ -264,6 +276,7 @@ Mednick
 Mei
 Melo
 Menküc
+Menon
 Michail
 Michiels
 Microsystems
@@ -273,6 +286,8 @@ MinW
 Mindspeed
 MingW
 Miodrag
+Moberg
+Mobert
 ModelSim
 Modport
 Moinak
@@ -286,17 +301,20 @@ NaN
 Nalbantis
 Nandor
 Narayan
+Narcis
 Nassim
 Nauticus
 Newgard
 Nigam
 Nikana
+Niraj
 Niranjan
 Nitza
 Noack
 Nodine
 Ober
 Oleg
+Oler
 Olof
 Olofsson
 Oron
@@ -317,6 +335,7 @@ Prabhat
 Prabhu
 Prateek
 Pre
+Precompiling
 Preprocess
 Pretet
 Pretl
@@ -335,6 +354,7 @@ Redhat
 Reitan
 Renga
 Requin
+Rodas
 Rodionov
 Rohan
 Rolfe
@@ -352,8 +372,10 @@ Sanguinetti
 Sanjay
 Sasselli
 Scharrer
+Schless
 Seitz
 Shahid
+Shahrestani
 Shankar
 Shanshan
 Sharad
@@ -364,6 +386,7 @@ Shi
 Shinkarovsky
 Shinya
 Shirakawa
+Shou
 Shuba
 Shunyao
 Slager
@@ -375,6 +398,7 @@ Solaris
 Solomatnikov
 Solt
 Southwell
+Spack
 Srini
 Srinivasan
 Stamness
@@ -385,6 +409,7 @@ Stroebel
 Strouble
 Stucki
 Su
+Subst
 Suguimoto
 Sundararajan
 Sunderland
@@ -420,6 +445,7 @@ UNOPTFLAT
 Ubixum
 Ueno
 Uints
+Undefine
 Undefines
 Unsized
 Urbach
@@ -445,6 +471,7 @@ Verilog
 Vighnesh
 Viktor
 Vilp
+VlWide
 Vlip
 Vm
 Vukobratovic
@@ -456,6 +483,7 @@ Wfuture
 Whatson
 Wildman
 Wim
+Wipfli
 Wmisleading
 Wno
 Wojciech
@@ -486,6 +514,7 @@ Zhang
 abirkmanis
 accessor
 accessors
+acyclic
 adrienlemasle
 agrobman
 ahouska
@@ -516,9 +545,12 @@ basename
 bbox
 benchmarking
 biguint
+binToOneHot
+bindir
 biops
 bisonpre
 bitOpTree
+bitaggregat
 bitop
 bitstoreal
 blackbox
@@ -557,19 +589,24 @@ combinational
 combinatorial
 commandArgsPlusMatch
 compilable
+computable
 concat
+concatenatable
 concats
 conf
 config
 const
 constexpr
+constification
 constpool
+contify
 coredump
 coroutine
 coroutines
 countbits
 countones
 cout
+covergroup
 cpp
 cppstyle
 cpu
@@ -585,6 +622,7 @@ datadir
 datafiles
 david
 ddd
+de
 deassign
 debugi
 defenv
@@ -593,9 +631,13 @@ defparam
 demangling
 dep
 deparametrized
+deque
 der
 dereference
+dereferenced
+dereferencing
 desassign
+deserialize
 destructor
 desynchronization
 detections
@@ -603,6 +645,7 @@ dev
 devcontainer
 devel
 dir
+disambiguates
 displayb
 distcc
 doxygen
@@ -631,8 +674,10 @@ elab
 eliasphanna
 elike
 elsif
+enablement
 endcase
 endcelldefine
+endclass
 endfunction
 endgenerate
 endian
@@ -680,6 +725,7 @@ fno
 fopen
 forceable
 foreach
+fourstate
 fprintf
 fprofile
 fread
@@ -721,6 +767,8 @@ hierCMakeArgs
 hierMkArgs
 hierParameters
 hierVer
+html
+https
 hx
 hyperthreading
 hyperthreads
@@ -769,6 +817,7 @@ libtcmalloc
 libverilated
 linkers
 linter
+linters
 linux
 liu
 livelock
@@ -818,6 +867,7 @@ multithread
 multithreaded
 multithreading
 musl
+mutex
 mutexes
 mux
 muzafferkal
@@ -842,10 +892,12 @@ noprivate
 noreturn
 notif
 nullptr
+numactl
 onehot
 ooo
 oprofile
 ortegon
+oversized
 oversubscription
 parallelized
 param
@@ -865,6 +917,7 @@ phelter
 picoChip
 pinIndex
 pinout
+pkgdatadir
 plusargs
 pmos
 poping
@@ -881,9 +934,11 @@ pre
 precisions
 precompiled
 predefines
+prefetch
 prepareClone
 prepend
 prepended
+preproc
 preprocess
 preprocessed
 preprocessing
@@ -925,10 +980,13 @@ realtime
 realtobits
 recoding
 recrem
+recurse
+recurses
 redeclaring
 regs
 reloop
 replaceShiftOp
+reproducibility
 resetall
 respecified
 rodata
@@ -939,6 +997,8 @@ runtime
 runtimes
 rw
 sVerilator
+saif
+sarif
 sawatzke
 sc
 scalared
@@ -997,6 +1057,8 @@ swrite
 synthesizeable
 sys
 systemc
+taskify
+tcmalloc
 tenghtt
 testbench
 threadsafe
@@ -1018,6 +1080,8 @@ traceEverOn
 tran
 treei
 tri
+triand
+trior
 tristate
 tristates
 trunc
@@ -1031,6 +1095,7 @@ typename
 uint
 un
 unbased
+uncomment
 undef
 undefineall
 undriven
@@ -1048,6 +1113,7 @@ unroller
 unsized
 unsup
 untyped
+upcasting
 urandom
 uselib
 utimes
@@ -1070,7 +1136,9 @@ verilator
 verilog
 verilogmod
 verimake
+veriuser
 vl
+vlSelf
 vlopt
 vlt
 vltstd
@@ -1090,9 +1158,11 @@ vpiUndefined
 vpm
 vpp
 warmup
+wavealloca
 waveforms
 whitespace
 widthed
+wor
 wreal
 writeb
 writeme
@@ -1112,4 +1182,3 @@ zdave
 Øyvind
 Алексеевич
 Исаак
-
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ The XML document consists of 4 sections within the top level
 Distribution
 ============

-Copyright 2020-2024 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2020-2025 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ cmake_policy(SET CMP0074 NEW)
 project(cmake_hello_c)

 find_package(verilator HINTS $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT} ${VERILATOR_ROOT})
-if (NOT verilator_FOUND)
-  message(FATAL_ERROR "Verilator was not found. Either install it, or set the VERILATOR_ROOT environment variable")
+if(NOT verilator_FOUND)
+    message(
+        FATAL_ERROR
+        "Verilator was not found. Either install it, or set the VERILATOR_ROOT environment variable"
+    )
 endif()

 # Create a new executable target that will contain all your sources
@@ -35,4 +38,5 @@ target_compile_features(example PUBLIC cxx_std_14)
 # Add the Verilated circuit to the target
 verilate(example
  INCLUDE_DIRS "../make_hello_c"
-  SOURCES ../make_hello_c/top.v)
+  SOURCES ../make_hello_c/top.v
+)
@@ -20,26 +20,28 @@
 # binary relative to $VERILATOR_ROOT (such as when inside the git sources).

 ifeq ($(VERILATOR_ROOT),)
-VERILATOR_COVERAGE = verilator_coverage
+  VERILATOR = verilator
+  VERILATOR_COVERAGE = verilator_coverage
 else
-export VERILATOR_ROOT
-VERILATOR_COVERAGE = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_coverage
+  export VERILATOR_ROOT
+  VERILATOR = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator
+  VERILATOR_COVERAGE = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_coverage
 endif
 ######################################################################

 # Check if CMake is installed and of correct version
 ifeq ($(shell which cmake),)
-TARGET := nocmake
+  TARGET := nocmake
 else
-CMAKE_VERSION := $(shell cmake --version | grep -o '[0-9][.0-9]\+')
-CMAKE_MAJOR := $(shell echo $(CMAKE_VERSION) | cut -f1 -d.)
-CMAKE_MINOR := $(shell echo $(CMAKE_VERSION) | cut -f2 -d.)
-CMAKE_GT_3_8 := $(shell [ $(CMAKE_MAJOR) -gt 3 -o \( $(CMAKE_MAJOR) -eq 3 -a $(CMAKE_MINOR) -ge 8 \) ] && echo true)
-ifeq ($(CMAKE_GT_3_8),true)
-TARGET := run
-else
-TARGET := oldcmake
-endif
+  CMAKE_VERSION := $(shell cmake --version | grep -o '[0-9][.0-9]\+')
+  CMAKE_MAJOR := $(shell echo $(CMAKE_VERSION) | cut -f1 -d.)
+  CMAKE_MINOR := $(shell echo $(CMAKE_VERSION) | cut -f2 -d.)
+  CMAKE_GT_3_8 := $(shell [ $(CMAKE_MAJOR) -gt 3 -o \( $(CMAKE_MAJOR) -eq 3 -a $(CMAKE_MINOR) -ge 8 \) ] && echo true)
+  ifeq ($(CMAKE_GT_3_8),true)
+    TARGET := run
+  else
+    TARGET := oldcmake
+  endif
 endif

 default: $(TARGET)
@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ cmake_policy(SET CMP0074 NEW)
 project(cmake_hello_sc CXX)

 find_package(verilator HINTS $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT} ${VERILATOR_ROOT})
-if (NOT verilator_FOUND)
-  message(FATAL_ERROR "Verilator was not found. Either install it, or set the VERILATOR_ROOT environment variable")
+if(NOT verilator_FOUND)
+    message(
+        FATAL_ERROR
+        "Verilator was not found. Either install it, or set the VERILATOR_ROOT environment variable"
+    )
 endif()

 # SystemC dependencies
@@ -39,14 +42,12 @@ find_package(SystemCLanguage QUIET)
 add_executable(example ../make_hello_sc/sc_main.cpp)
 target_compile_features(example PUBLIC cxx_std_14)

-set_property(
-  TARGET example
-  PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD ${SystemC_CXX_STANDARD}
-  )
+set_property(TARGET example PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD ${SystemC_CXX_STANDARD})

 # Add the Verilated circuit to the target
 verilate(example SYSTEMC
  INCLUDE_DIRS "../make_hello_sc"
-  SOURCES ../make_hello_sc/top.v)
+  SOURCES ../make_hello_sc/top.v
+)

 verilator_link_systemc(example)
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More