Version bump

Fix compile error with --public and interface bind, bug1264.
Commentary
2026-10-03 00:23:35 +02:00 · 2018-02-01 20:09:58 -05:00 · 2018-02-01 20:07:46 -05:00 · 2018-02-01 19:20:08 -05:00 · 2018-02-01 19:18:00 -05:00 · 2018-01-31 19:27:42 -05:00
1169 changed files with 59599 additions and 15955 deletions
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+\#*
+.#*
 *~
 *.old
 *.gz
@@ -20,6 +22,10 @@ configure
 dddrun*
 doxygen-doc
 gdbrun*
+gmon.out
 internals.txt
 verilator.txt
 verilator_bin*
+verilator_coverage_bin*
+verilator.pc
+**/obj_dir/*
@@ -1,9 +1,788 @@
 Revision history for Verilator

-The contributors that suggested a given feature are shown in [].  [by ...]
-indicates the contributor was also the author of the fix; Thanks!
+The contributors that suggested a given feature are shown in []. Thanks!

-* Verilator 3.848 2013-06-02
+* Verilator 3.920 2018-02-01
+
+**    Moving forward, use the git "stable" branch to track the latest release,
+      and git "v#.###" tags for specific releases.
+
+***   Support 'assume' similar to 'assert', bug1269. [Dan Gisselquist]
+
+****  Fix tracing example file output, bug1268. [Enzo Chi]
+
+****  Fix gate optimization out of memory, add --gate-stmts, bug1260. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+****  Fix compile error on public real parameters by suppressing, bug1261. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+****  Fix input-only tristate comparisons, bug1267. [Alexis G]
+
+****  Fix missing edge type in xml output, msg2480. [Alexis G]
+
+****  Fix compile error with --public and interface bind, bug1264. [Alexis G]
+
+****  Remove c++filt, bug1265. [Stefan Wallentowitz]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.918 2018-01-02
+
+***   Workaround GCC/clang bug with huge compile times, bug1248.
+
+***   Support DPI open arrays, bug909, bug1245. [David Pierce, Victor Besyakov]
+
+***   Add INFINITELOOP warning, bug1254. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+****  Support > 64 bit decimal $display.
+
+****  Support DPI time and svLogicVal. [Victor Besyakov]
+      Note older version incorrectly assumed svBitVal even for logicals.
+
+****  Support string len() method. [Victor Besyakov]
+
+****  Add error if always_comb has sensitivity list. [Arjen Roodselaar]
+
+****  Fix SystemC 2.3.2 compile error, bug1251. [Tymoteusz Blazejczyk]
+
+****  Fix modport outputs being treated as inputs, bug1246. [Jeff Bush]
+
+****  Fix false ALWCOMBORDER on interface references, bug1247. [Josh Redford]
+
+****  Fix constant propagation across DPI imports of inout strings. [Victor Besyakov]
+
+****  Fix resolving inline nested interface names, bug1250. [Arjen Roodselaar]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.916 2017-11-25
+
+***   Support self-recursive modules, bug659. [Sean Moore, et al]
+
+***   Support $error/$warning in elaboration time blocks.
+
+***   Support $size/$bits/etc on type references.
+
+***   Add error when driving input-only modport, bug1110. [Trevor Elbourne]
+
+***   Add BSSPACE and COLONPLUS lint warnings.
+
+****  Detect MSB overflow when under VL_DEBUG, bug1238. [Junyi Xi]
+
+****  Add data types to --xml. [Rui Terra]
+
+****  Fix partial slicing with pattern assignments, bug991. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix false unused warning on interfaces, bug1241. [Laurens van Dam]
+
+****  Fix error on "unique case" with no cases.
+
+****  Fix MacOS portability, bug1232. [Jeff Bush]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.914 2017-10-14
+
+**    Added new examples/ directory with appropriate examples. This replaces the
+      old test_c and test_sc directories.
+
+***   Add --getenv option for simplifying Makefiles.
+
+***   Add --x-initial option for specifying initial value assignment behavior.
+
+***   Add --no-relative-cfuncs and related default optimization, bug1224. [John Coiner]
+
+***   Add /*verilator tag*/ for XML extraction applications. [Chris Randall]
+
+****  The internal test_verilated test directory is moved to be part of test_regress.
+
+****  The experimental VL_THREADED setting (only, not normal mode) now requires C++11.
+
+****  Fix over-aggressive inlining, bug1223. [John Coiner]
+
+****  Fix Ubuntu 17.10 issues, bug1223 partial. [John Coiner]
+
+****  Fix compiler warning when WIDTH warning ignored on large compare.
+
+****  Fix memory leak in VerilatedVcd dumps, bug1222 partial. [Shareef Jalloq]
+
+****  Fix unnecessary Vdly variables, bug1224 partial. [John Coiner]
+
+****  Fix conditional slices and add related optimizations.
+
+****  Fix `` expansion of `defines, bug1225, bug1227, bug1228. [Odd Magne Reitan]
+
+****  Fix -E duplicating output, bug1226. [Odd Magne Reitan]
+
+****  Fix float-conversion warning, bug1229. [Robert Henry]
+
+****  Fix MacOS portability, bug1230, bug1231. [Jeff Bush]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.912 2017-09-23
+
+**    Verilated headers no longer "use namespace std;"
+      User's code without "std::" prefixes may need "use namespace std;" to compile.
+
+***   Support or/and/xor array intrinsic methods, bug1210. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+***   Support package export, bug1217. [Usuario Eda]
+
+***   Fix ordering of arrayed cell wide connections, bug1202 partial. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+****  Support module port parameters without defaults, bug 1213. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+****  Add performance information to --stats file.
+
+****  Simplify VL_CONST_W macro generation for faster compiles.
+
+****  Fix LITENDIAN warning on arrayed cells, bug1202. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+****  Fix enum ranges without colons, bug1204. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+****  Fix GCC noreturn compile error, bug1209. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+****  Fix constant function default parameters, bug1211. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+****  Fix non-colon array of interface modports, bug1212. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+****  Fix .name connections on interfaces, bug1214. [Mike Popoloski]
+
+****  Fix wide array indices causing compile error.
+
+****  Better optimize Shift-And, and replication constructs.
+
+
+* Verilator 3.910 2017-09-07
+
+***   SystemPerl mode (-sp-deprecated) has been removed.
+
+****  Update keyword warnings to include C++11 and others.
+
+
+* Verilator 3.908 2017-08-28
+
+****  Support x in $readmem, bug1180. [Arthur Kahlich]
+
+****  Support packed struct DPI imports, bug1190. [Rob Stoddard]
+
+****  Fix GCC 6 warnings.
+
+****  Fix compile error on unused VL_VALUEPLUSARGS_IW, bug1181. [Thomas J Whatson]
+
+****  Fix undefined VL_POW_WWI. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix internal error on unconnected inouts, bug1187. [Rob Stoddard]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.906 2017-06-22
+
+***   Support set_time_unit/set_time_precision in C traces, msg2261.
+
+***   Fix extract of packed array with non-zero LSB, bug1172. [James Pallister]
+
+***   Fix shifts by more than 32-bit numbers, bug1174. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+***   Fix power operator on wide constants, bug761. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+***   Fix .* on interface pins, bug1176. [Maciej Piechotka]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.904 2017-05-30
+
+***   Fix non-cutable ordering loops on clock arrays, bug1009. [Todd Strader]
+
+***   Support ports of array of reals, bug1154. [J Briquet]
+
+***   Support arrayed parameter overrides, bug1153. [John Stevenson]
+
+***   Support $value$plusargs with variables, bug1165. [Wesley Terpstra]
+
+****  Support modport access to un-modport objects, bug1161. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Add stack trace when can't optimize function, bug1158. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Add warning on mis-sized literal, bug1156. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix interface functions returning wrong parameters, bug996. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix non-arrayed cells with interface arrays, bug1153. [John Stevenson]
+
+****  Fix --assert with complex case statements, bug1164. [Enzo Chi]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.902 2017-04-02
+
+**    Add -FI option to force includes,msg2146. [Amir Gonnen]
+
+**    Add --relative-includes. [Rob Stoddard]
+
+***   Add error on duplicate pattern assignments, bug1145. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix error on improperly widthed default function, bug984. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix 2009 localparam syntax, msg2139. [Galen Seitz]
+
+****  Fix ugly interface-to-non-interface errors, bug1112. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix LDFLAGS and CFLAGS not preserving order, bug1130. [Olof Kindgren]
+
+****  Fix internal error on initializing parameter array, bug1131. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix internal error on interface arrays, bug1135. [John Stevenson]
+
+****  Fix calling sformatf to display, and elab $displays, bug1139. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix realpath compile issue on MSVC++, bug1141. [Miodrag Milanovic]
+
+****  Fix missing error on interface size mismatch, bug1143.  [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix error on parameters with dotted references, bug1146. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix wreal not handling continuous assign, bug1150. [J Briquet]
+
+****  Fix nested structure parameter selects, bug1150. [J Briquet]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.900 2017-01-15
+
+**    Internal code changes for improved compatibility and performance.
+
+***   Support old-style $display($time), bug467. [John Demme]
+
+****  With --bbox-unsup, suppress desassign and mixed edges, bug1120. [Galen Seitz]
+
+****  Fix parsing sensitivity with &&, bug934. [Luke Yang]
+
+****  Fix internal error on double-for loop unrolling, bug1044. [Jan Egil Ruud]
+
+****  Fix internal error on unique casez with --assert, bug1117. [Enzo Chi]
+
+****  Fix bad code when tracing array of structs, bug1122. [Andrew Bardsley]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.890 2016-11-25
+
+***   Honor --output-split on coverage constructors, bug1098. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix various issues when making outside of the kit.
+
+****  Fix flex 2.6.2 bug, bug1103. [Sergey Kvachonok]
+
+****  Fix error on bad interface name, bug1097. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix error on referencing variable in parent, bug1099. [Ian Thompson]
+
+****  Fix type parameters with low optimization, bug1101. [Stefan Wallentowitz]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.888 2016-10-14
+
+**    Support foreach, bug1078. [Xuan Guo]
+
+***   Add --no-decoration to remove output comments, msg2015. [Frederic Requin]
+
+***   If VM_PARALLEL_BUILDS=1, use OPT_FAST and OPT_SLOW. [Frederic Requin]
+      Set VM_DEFAULT_RULES=0 for old behavior.
+
+****  Add error on DPI functions > 32 bits, msg1995. [Elliot Mednick]
+
+****  Fix SystemC compiles with VPI, bug1081. [Arthur Kahlich]
+
+****  Fix error on wide numbers that represent shifts, msg1991, bug1088. [Mandy Xu]
+
+****  Improve Verilation performance on internal strings, msg1975. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Improve Verilation performance on trace duplicates, bug1090. [Johan Bjork]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.886 2016-07-30
+
+****  Fix enum values of 11-16 bits wide using .next/.prev, bug1062. [Brian Flachs]
+
+****  Fix false warnings on non-power-2 enums using .next/.prev.
+
+****  Fix comparison of unpacked arrays, bug1071. [Andrew Bardsley]
+
+****  Fix compiler warning in GCC 6. [David Horton]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.884 2016-05-18
+
+**    Support parameter type, bug376. [Alan Hunter, et al]
+
+**    Support command-line -G/+pvalue param overrides, bug1045. [Stefan Wallentowitz]
+
+***   The default l2 scope name is now the same as the top-level module, bug1050.
+      Use "--l2-name v" for the historical behavior.
+
+***   Add --l2-name option for controlling "v" naming.
+
+****  Fix --output-split of constructors, bug1035. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix removal of empty packages, modules and cells, bug1034. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix core dump on Arch Linux/GCC 6.1.1, bug1058. [Jannis Harder]
+
+****  Fix $value$plusargs to string, msg1890. [Frederic Requin]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.882 2016-03-01
+
+****  Internal Verilation-time performance enhancements, bug1021. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Support inlining interfaces, bug1018. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Support SV strings to readmemh, bug1040. [Stefan Wallentowitz]
+
+****  Fix unrolling complicated for-loop bounds, bug677. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix stats file containing multiple unroll entries, bug1020. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix using short parameter names on negative params, bug1022. [Duraid Madina]
+
+****  Fix read-after-free error, bug1031. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix elaboration-time display warnings, bug1032. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix crash on very deep function trees, bug1028. [Jonathan Kimmitt]
+
+****  Fix slicing mix of big and little-endian, bug1033. [Geoff Barrett]
+
+****  Fix pattern assignment width propagation, bug1037. [Johan Bjork]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.880 2015-12-19
+
+***   Support display %u, %v, %p, %z, bug989. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix real parameters causing bad module names, bug992. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix size-changing cast on packed struct, bug993. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix function calls on arrayed interface, bug994. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix arrayed interfaces, bug879, bug1001. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix constant function assigned to packed structs, bug997. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix interface inside generate, bug998. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix $signed casts under generates, bug999. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix genvar constant propagation, bug1003. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix parameter constant propagation from package, bug1004. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix array slicing of non-const indexes, bug1006. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix dotted generated array error, bug1005. [Jeff Bush, Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix error instead of warning on large concat, msg1768. [Paul Rolfe]
+
+****  Fix $bitstoreal constant propagation, bug1012. [Jonathan Kimmitt]
+
+****  Fix model restore crash, bug1013. [Jason McMullan]
+
+****  Fix arrayed instances to unpacked of same size, bug1015. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Fix slices of unpacked arrays with non-zero LSBs.
+
+****  Fix ternary operation with unpacked array, bug1017. [Varun Koyyalagunta].
+
+
+* Verilator 3.878 2015-11-01
+
+**    Add --vpi flag, and fix VPI linkage, bug969. [Arthur Kahlich]
+
+**    Support genvar indexes into arrayed cells, bug517.  [Todd Strader]
+
+**    Support $sformatf, bug977. [Johan Bjork]
+
+***   Support elaboration assertions, bug973. [Johan Bjork]
+
+***   Support $display with non-format arguments, bug467. [Jamey Hicks]
+
+****  Add VerilatedScopeNameMap for introspection, bug966. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Ignore %l in $display, bug983. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix very long module names, bug937. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix internal error on dotted refs into generates, bug958. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix structure parameter constant propagation, bug968. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix enum constant propagation, bug970. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix mis-optimizing public DPI functions, bug963. [Wei Song]
+
+****  Fix package:scope.scope variable references.
+
+****  Fix $fwrite to constant stderr/stdout, bug961. [Wei Song]
+
+****  Fix struct.enum.name method calls, bug855. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix dot indexing into arrayed inferfaces, bug978.  [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix crash in commandArgsPlusMatch, bug987. [Jamie Iles]
+
+****  Fix error message on missing interface, bug985. [Todd Strader]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.876 2015-08-12
+
+***   Add tracing_on, etc to vlt files, bug932. [Frederic Requin]
+
+****  Support extraction of enum bits, bug951. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix MinGW compiler error, bug927, bug929. [Hans Tichelaar]
+
+****  Fix .c files to be treated as .cpp, bug930. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix string-to-int space conversion, bug931. [Fabrizio Ferrandi]
+
+****  Fix dpi imports inside generates. [Michael Tresidder]
+
+****  Fix rounding in trace $timescale, bug946. [Frederic Requin]
+
+****  Fix $fopen with SV string, bug947. [Sven Stucki]
+
+****  Fix hashed error with typedef inside block, bug948. [Sven Stucki]
+
+****  Fix makefile with --coverage, bug953. [Eivind Liland]
+
+****  Fix coverage documentation, bug954. [Thomas J Whatson]
+
+****  Fix parameters with function parameter arguments, bug952. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix size casts as second argument of cast item, bug950. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.874 2015-06-06
+
+***   Add pkg-config .pc file, bug919. [Stefan Wallentowitz]
+
+****  Fix installing missing manpages, bug908. [Ahmed El-Mahmoudy]
+
+****  Fix sign extension in large localparams, bug910. [Mike Thyer]
+
+****  Fix core dump in sync-async warnings, bug911. [Sebastian Dressler]
+
+****  Fix truncation warning with -pins-bv, bug912. [Alfonso Martinez]
+
+****  Fix Cygwin uint32 compile, bug914. [Matthew Barr]
+
+****  Fix preprocessing stringified newline escapes, bug915. [Anton Rapp]
+
+****  Fix part-select in constant function, bug916. [Andrew Bardsley]
+
+****  Fix width extension on mis-width ports, bug918. [Patrick Maupin]
+
+****  Fix width propagation on sized casts, bug925. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix MSVC++ compiler error, bug927. [Hans Tichelaar]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.872 2015-04-05
+
+***   Add VerilatedVcdFile to allow real-time waveforms, bug890. [HyungKi Jeong]
+
+***   Add --clk and related optimizations, msg1533. [Jie Xu]
+
+***   Fix order of C style arrays. [Duraid Madina]
+
+****  Add --dump-treei-<srcfile>, bug894. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix comma-instantiations with parameters, bug884. [Franck Jullien]
+
+****  Fix SystemC arrayed bit vectors, bug886. [David Poole]
+
+****  Fix compile error on MinGW, bug887. [HyungKi Jeong]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.870 2015-02-12
+
+****  Suppress COMBDLY when inside always_latch, bug864. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Support cast operator with expression size, bug865. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Add warning on slice selection out of bounds, bug875. [Cong Van Nguyen].
+
+****  Fix member select error broke in 3.868, bug867. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Fix $sccanf from string, bug866. [David Pierce]
+
+****  Fix VM_PARALLEL_BUILDS broke in 3.868, bug870. [Hiroki Honda]
+
+****  Fix non-ANSI modport instantiations, bug868. [Kevin Thompson]
+
+****  Fix UNOPTFLAT change detect on multidim arrays, bug872. [Andrew Bardsley]
+
+****  Fix slice connections of arrays to ports, bug880. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Fix mis-optimizing gate assignments in unopt blocks, bug881. [Mike Thyer]
+
+****  Fix sign extension of pattern members, bug882. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Fix clang compile warnings.
+
+
+* Verilator 3.868 2014-12-20
+
+**    New verilator_coverage program added to replace SystemPerl's vcoverage.
+
+**    PSL support was removed, please use System Verilog assertions.
+
+**    SystemPerl mode is deprecated and now untested.
+
+***   Support enum.first/name and similar methods, bug460, bug848.
+
+***   Add 'string' printing and comparisons, bug746, bug747, etc.
+
+***   Inline C functions that are used only once, msg1525. [Jie Xu]
+
+***   Fix tracing SystemC signals with structures, bug858. [Eivind Liland]
+      Note that SystemC traces will no longer show the signals
+      in the wrapper, they can be seen one level further down.
+
+****  Add --stats-vars, bug851. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+****  Fix bare generates in interfaces, bug789. [Bob Newgard]
+
+****  Fix underscores in real literals, bug863. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.866 2014-11-15
+
+***   Fix +define+A+B to define A and B to match other simulators, bug847. [Adam Krolnik]
+
+***   Add optimization of wires from arrayed cells, msg1447. [Jie Xu]
+
+***   Add optimization of operators between concats, msg1447. [Jie Xu]
+
+***   Add public enums, bug833. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+***   Trace_off now operates on cells, bug826. [Lane Brooks]
+
+****  Fix public parameters in unused packages, bug804. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix select when partially out-of-bound, bug823. [Cliffort Wolf]
+
+****  Fix generate unrolling with function call, bug830. [Steven Slatter]
+
+****  Fix cast-to-size context-determined sizing, bug828. [Geoff Barrett]
+
+****  Fix not tracing modules following primitives, bug837. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix trace overflow on huge arrays, bug834. [Geoff Barrett]
+
+****  Fix quoted comment slashes in defines, bug845. [Adam Krolnik]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.864 2014-09-21
+
+***   Support power operator with real, bug809. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Improve verilator_profcfunc time attributions. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix duplicate anonymous structures in $root, bug788. [Bob Newgard]
+
+****  Fix mis-optimization of bit-swap in wide signal, bug800. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix error when tracing public parameters, bug722. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix dpiGetContext in dotted scopes, bug740. [Geoff Barrett]
+
+****  Fix over-shift structure optimization error, bug803. [Jeff Bush]
+
+****  Fix optional parameter keyword in module #(), bug810. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Fix $warning/$error multi-argument ordering, bug816. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix clang warnings, bug818. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Fix string formats under deep expressions, bug820. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.862 2014-06-10
+
+***   Using command line -Wno-{WARNING} now overrides file-local lint_on.
+
+***   Add -P to suppress `line and blanks with preprocessing, bug781. [Derek Lockhart]
+
+***   Support SV 2012 package import before port list.
+
+****  Change SYMRSVDWORD to print as warning rather than error.
+
+****  Fix seg-fault with variable of parameterized interface, bug692. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix false name conflict on cells in generate blocks, bug749. [Igor Lesik]
+
+****  Fix pattern assignment to basic types, bug767. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix pattern assignment to conditionals, bug769. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix shift corner-cases, bug765, bug766, bug768, bug772, bug774, bug776. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix C compiler interpreting signing, bug773. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix late constant division by zero giving X error, bug775. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix gate primitives with arrays and non-arrayed pins.
+
+****  Fix DETECTARRAY error on packed arrays, bug770. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix ENDLABEL warnings on escaped identifiers.
+
+****  Fix string corruption, bug780. [Derek Lockhart]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.860 2014-05-11
+
+**    PSL is no longer supported, please use System Verilog assertions.
+
+**    Support '{} assignment pattern on arrays, bug355.
+
+**    Support streaming operators, bug649. [Glen Gibb]
+
+**    Fix expression problems with -Wno-WIDTH, bug729, bug736, bug737, bug759.
+      Where WIDTH warnings were ignored this might result in different
+      warning messages and results, though it should better match the spec.
+      [Clifford Wolf]
+
+***   Add --no-trace-params.
+
+***   Add assertions on 'unique if', bug725. [Jeff Bush]
+
+***   Add PINCONNECTEMPTY warning. [Holger Waechtler]
+
+***   Support parameter arrays, bug683. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+***   Fix begin_keywords "1800+VAMS", msg1211.
+
+****  Documentation fixes, bug723. [Glen Gibb]
+
+****  Support {} in always sensitivity lists, bug745. [Igor Lesik]
+
+****  Fix tracing of package variables and real arrays.
+
+****  Fix tracing of packed arrays without --trace-structs, bug742. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix missing coverage line on else-if, bug727. [Sharad Bagri]
+
+****  Fix modport function import not-found error.
+
+****  Fix power operator calculation, bug730, bug735. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix reporting struct members as reserved words, bug741. [Chris Randall]
+
+****  Fix change detection error on unions, bug758. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix -Wno-UNOPTFLAT change detection with 64-bits, bug762. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix shift-right optimization, bug763. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix Mac OS-X test issues. [Holger Waechtler]
+
+****  Fix C++-2011 warnings.
+
+
+* Verilator 3.856 2014-03-11
+
+***   Support case inside, bug708. [Jan Egil Ruud]
+
+***   Add parameters into trace files, bug706. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+****  Fix parsing "#0 'b0", bug256.
+
+****  Fix array bound checks on real variables.
+
+****  Fix --skip-identical mis-detecting on OS-X, bug707.
+
+****  Fix missing VL_SHIFTRS_IQI with WIDTH warning, bug714. [Fabrizio Ferrandi]
+
+****  Fix signed shift right optimization, bug715. [Fabrizio Ferrandi]
+
+****  Fix internal error on "input x =" syntax error, bug716. [Lane Brooks]
+
+****  Fix slice extraction from packed array, bug717. [Jan Egil Ruud]
+
+****  Fix inside statement EQWILD error, bug718. [Jan Egil Ruud]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.855 2014-01-18
+
+***   Support modport import, bug696. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+***   Add --trace-structs to show struct names, bug673. [Chris Randall]
+
+****  Fix tracing of packed structs, bug705. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix --lint-only with MinGW, msg1283. [HyungKi Jeong]
+
+****  Fix some delayed assignments of typedefed unpacked arrays.
+
+****  Fix wire declarations with size and not range, bug466. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+****  Fix parameter pin vs. normal pin error, bug704. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.854 2013-11-26
+
+***   Add UNPACKED warning to convert unpacked structs. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+***   Add --compiler clang to work around compiler bug, bug694. [Stefan Ludwig]
+
+****  Support vpi_get of vpiSuppressVal, bug687. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Support vpi_get_time, bug688. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Fix evaluation of chained parameter functions, bug684. [Ted Campbell]
+
+****  Fix enum value extension of '1.
+
+****  Fix multiple VPI variable callbacks, bug679. [Rich Porter]
+
+****  Fix vpi_get of vpiSize, bug680. [Rich Porter]
+
+****  Fix vpi_remove_cb inside callback, bug689. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Fix crash with coverage of structures, bug691. [Eivind Liland]
+
+****  Fix array assignment from const var, bug693. [Jie Xu]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.853 2013-09-30
+
+****  Add --no-order-clock-delay to work around bug613. [Charlie Brej]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.852 2013-09-29
+
+***   Support named function and task arguments. [Chris Randall]
+
+***   Report SELRANGE warning for non-generate if, bug675. [Roland Kruse]
+
+****  Fix ordering of $fgetc, msg1229. [Frederic Requin]
+
+****  Fix --output-split-cfunc to count internal functions. [Chris Randall]
+
+****  Fix crash on 32-bit Ubuntu, bug670. [Mark Jackson Pulver]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.851 2013-08-15
+
+***   Fix ordering of clock enables with delayed assigns, bug613. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+***   Fix vpi_iterate on memory words, bug655. [Rich Porter]
+
+****  Fix final duplicate declarations when non-inlined, bug661. [Charlie Brej]
+
+****  Fix interface ports with comma lists, msg1058. [Ed Lander]
+
+****  Fix parameter real conversion from integer.
+
+****  Fix clang warnings, bug668.  [Yutetsu Takatsukasa]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.850 2013-06-02

 **    Support interfaces and modports, bug102.  [Byron Bradley, Jeremy Bennett]

@@ -19,17 +798,17 @@ indicates the contributor was also the author of the fix; Thanks!
 * Verilator 3.847 2013-05-11

 ***   Add ALWCOMBORDER warning.  [KC Buckenmaier]
-      
+
 ***   Add --pins-sc-uint and --pins-sc-biguint, bug638. [Alex Hornung]
-      
+
 ****  Support "signal[vec]++".
-      
+
 ****  Fix simulation error when inputs and MULTIDRIVEN, bug634. [Ted Campbell]
-      
+
 ****  Fix module resolution with __, bug631. [Jason McMullan]
-      
+
 ****  Fix packed array non-zero right index select crash, bug642. [Krzysztof Jankowski]
-      
+
 ****  Fix nested union crash, bug643. [Krzysztof Jankowski]


@@ -345,7 +1124,7 @@ indicates the contributor was also the author of the fix; Thanks!
 ***  Support $fopen and I/O with integer instead of `verilator_file_descriptor.

 ***  Support coverage in -cc and -sc output modes.  [John Li]
-     Note this requires SystemPerl 1.338 or newer.	
+     Note this requires SystemPerl 1.338 or newer.

 **** Fix vpi_register_cb using bad s_cb_data, bug370.  [by Thomas Watts]

@@ -2245,12 +3024,12 @@ of input ports exists for tracing.

 This uses outline mode in Emacs.  See C-h m [M-x describe-mode].

-Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you
+Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.

 Local variables:
 mode: outline
-paragraph-separate: "[ 	\f\n]*$"
+paragraph-separate: "[  \f\n]*$"
 end:
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 .*\.tex
 .*\.key
 .*\.vcd
+.*\.1
 /obj_dir/
 /obj_dbg/
 /obj_opt/
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@
 /cov_work/
 /logs/
 ^Makefile$
+bin/verilator_bin.*
+bin/verilator_coverage_bin.*
 src/Makefile$
 src/Makefile_obj$
 include/verilated.mk$
@@ -27,7 +30,9 @@ config.cache$
 config.status$
 verilator.log
 verilator.tex
+verilator.pc$
 verilator_bin.*
+verilator_coverage_bin.*
 .vcsmx_rebuild$
 autom4te\.cache/
 nodist/
@@ -36,5 +41,6 @@ nodist/
 /vc_hdrs.h$
 /csrc/
 doxygen-doc/.*
+obj_dir/.*
 TAGS
 .*~
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@
 #
 # This file is part of Verilator.
 #
-# Author: Wilson Snyder <[email protected]>
-#
 # Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -44,9 +42,6 @@
 #      reconstructed with this Makefile.  This typically includes
 #      everything deleted by distclean, plus more: C source files
 #      produced by Bison, tags tables, info files, and so on.
-#
-# make extraclean
-#      Still more severe - delete backup and autosave files, too.

 #### Start of system configuration section. ####

@@ -73,7 +68,7 @@ exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
 # Directory in which to install scripts.
 bindir = @bindir@

-# Directory in which to install scripts.
+# Directory in which to install manpages.
 mandir = @mandir@

 # Directory in which to install library files.
@@ -86,6 +81,10 @@ infodir = @infodir@
 # Generally ${prefix}/share/verilator
 pkgdatadir = @pkgdatadir@

+# Directory in which to install pkgconfig file
+# Generall ${prefix}/share/pkgconfig
+pkgconfigdir = @pkgconfigdir@
+
 # Directory in which to install data across multiple architectures
 datarootdir = @datarootdir@

@@ -93,17 +92,23 @@ datarootdir = @datarootdir@
 CFG_WITH_CCWARN = @CFG_WITH_CCWARN@
 CFG_WITH_DEFENV = @CFG_WITH_DEFENV@
 CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS = @CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS@
+CFG_WITH_THREADED = @CFG_WITH_THREADED@
 PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@

 #### End of system configuration section. ####
 ######################################################################

+.SUFFIXES:
+
 SHELL = /bin/sh

-SUBDIRS = src test_verilated test_c test_sc test_sp test_regress test_vcs
+SUBDIRS = src test_regress \
+	examples/hello_world_c  examples/hello_world_sc \
+	examples/tracing_c  examples/tracing_sc \

 INFOS = README README.html README.pdf internals.txt internals.html \
-        internals.pdf verilator.txt verilator.html verilator.1 verilator.pdf
+        internals.pdf verilator.txt verilator.html verilator.pdf \
+	$(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)

 # Files that can be generated, but should be up to date for a distribution.
 DISTDEP = info Makefile
@@ -112,7 +117,11 @@ DISTFILES_INC = $(INFOS) .gitignore Artistic COPYING COPYING.LESSER \
 	*.in *.ac \
 	Changes TODO \
 	MANIFEST.SKIP \
-	bin/* \
+	bin/verilator \
+	bin/verilator_coverage \
+	bin/verilator_difftree \
+	bin/verilator_includer \
+	bin/verilator_profcfunc \
 	doxygen-mainpage doxygen.config veripool-logo.png \
 	install-sh configure mkinstalldirs *.pod \
 	include/*.[chv]* \
@@ -120,14 +129,19 @@ DISTFILES_INC = $(INFOS) .gitignore Artistic COPYING COPYING.LESSER \
 	include/.*ignore \
 	include/vltstd/*.[chv]* \
 	.*attributes */.*attributes  */*/.*attributes \
-	src/.*ignore src/*.in src/*.cpp src/*.[chly] src/astgen src/bisonpre src/*fix \
+	src/.*ignore src/*.in src/*.cpp src/*.[chly] \
+	src/astgen src/bisonpre src/*fix src/cppcheck_filtered \
+	src/vlcovgen \
 	src/.gdbinit \
 	src/*.pl src/*.pod \
+	examples/*/.*ignore examples/*/Makefile* \
+	examples/*/*.[chv]* examples/*/*.pl \
 	test_*/.*ignore test_*/Makefile* test_*/*.cpp \
 	test_*/*.pl test_*/*.v test_*/*.vc test_*/*.vh \
-	test_verilated/vgen*.pl \
 	test_regress/t/t*/*.sv* \
 	test_regress/t/t*/*.v* \
+	test_regress/t/t*/*/*.sv* \
+	test_regress/t/t*/*/*.v* \
 	test_regress/t/*.cpp \
 	test_regress/t/*.h \
 	test_regress/t/*.dat \
@@ -139,6 +153,7 @@ DISTFILES_INC = $(INFOS) .gitignore Artistic COPYING COPYING.LESSER \

 INST_PROJ_FILES = \
 	bin/verilator \
+	bin/verilator_coverage \
 	bin/verilator_includer \
 	bin/verilator_profcfunc \
 	include/verilated.mk \
@@ -146,8 +161,9 @@ INST_PROJ_FILES = \
 	include/vltstd/*.[chv]* \

 INST_PROJ_BIN_FILES = \
-	verilator_bin \
-	verilator_bin_dbg \
+	bin/verilator_bin \
+	bin/verilator_bin_dbg \
+	bin/verilator_coverage_bin_dbg \

 DISTFILES := $(DISTFILES_INC)

@@ -164,7 +180,8 @@ all_nomsg: verilator_exe $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 .PHONY:verilator_exe
 .PHONY:verilator_bin
 .PHONY:verilator_bin_dbg
-verilator_exe verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg:
+.PHONY:verilator_coverage_bin_dbg
+verilator_exe verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg verilator_coverage_bin_dbg:
 	@echo ------------------------------------------------------------
 	@echo "making verilator in src" ; \
 	  (cd src && $(MAKE) $(OBJCACHE_JOBS) )
@@ -173,43 +190,37 @@ verilator_exe verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg:
 msg_test: all_nomsg
 	@echo "Build complete!"
 	@echo
-	@echo "Type 'make test' to test."
+	@echo "Now type 'make test' to test."
 	@echo

-.PHONY:test
+.PHONY: test
 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
-test: test_vcs test_c test_sc test_sp test_verilated test_regress
+test: smoke-test examples test_regress
 else
-test: test_c test_sc test_sp
+test: smoke-test examples
 endif
 	@echo "Tests passed!"
 	@echo
-	@echo "Type 'make install' to install documentation."
+	@echo "Now type 'make install' to install."
+	@echo "Or type 'make' inside an examples subdirectory."
 	@echo

-test_vcs: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_vcs && $(MAKE))
-test_c: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_c && $(MAKE))
-test_c_debug: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_c && $(MAKE) test_debug)
-test_sc: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_sc && $(MAKE))
-test_sc_debug: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_sc && $(MAKE) test_debug)
-test_sp: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_sp && $(MAKE))
-test_sp_debug: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_sp && $(MAKE) test_debug)
-test_verilated: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_verilated && $(MAKE))
+smoke-test: all_nomsg
+	test_regress/t/t_a_first_cc.pl
+	test_regress/t/t_a_first_sc.pl
+
 test_regress: all_nomsg
 	@(cd test_regress && $(MAKE))

+examples: all_nomsg
+	for p in examples/* ; do \
+	  $(MAKE) -C $$p VERILATOR_ROOT=`pwd` || exit 10; \
+	done
+
 info: $(INFOS)

 # Use --no-split to avoid creating filenames > 14 chars.
-verilator.1: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator
+%.1: ${srcdir}/bin/%
 	pod2man $< $@

 verilator.txt: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator
@@ -227,16 +238,16 @@ verilator.pdf: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator Makefile
 	pdflatex verilator.tex
 	-rm -f verilator.toc verilator.aux verilator.idx verilator.out

-README: readme.pod
+README: README.pod
 	-rm -f $@
 	$(POD2TEXT) --loose $< > $@

-README.html: readme.pod
+README.html: README.pod
 	pod2html $< >$@

 # PDF needs DIST variables; but having configure.ac as dependency isn't detected
-README.pdf: readme.pod Makefile
-	pod2latex --full --out README.tex readme.pod
+README.pdf: README.pod Makefile
+	pod2latex --full --out README.tex README.pod
 	$(PERL) $(POD2LATEXFIX) "$(DISTTITLE) README File" "${DISTDATE}" < README.tex > README2.tex
 	mv README2.tex README.tex
 	pdflatex README.tex
@@ -260,15 +271,16 @@ internals.pdf: internals.pod Makefile
 	-rm -f internals.toc internals.aux internals.idx internals.out

 # See uninstall also - don't put wildcards in this variable, it might uninstall other stuff
-VL_INST_BIN_FILES = verilator verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg \
-	verilator_includer verilator_profcfunc
+VL_INST_BIN_FILES = verilator verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg verilator_coverage_bin_dbg \
+	verilator_coverage verilator_includer verilator_profcfunc
 # Some scripts go into both the search path and pkgdatadir,
 # so they can be found by the user, and under $VERILATOR_ROOT.

 # See uninstall also - don't put wildcards in this variable, it might uninstall other stuff
-VL_INST_MAN_FILES = verilator.1
+VL_INST_MAN_FILES = verilator.1 verilator_coverage.1 verilator_profcfunc.1

 VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES = \
+	include/verilated_config.h \
 	include/verilated.mk \

 # Files under srcdir, instead of build time
@@ -277,17 +289,16 @@ VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES = \
 	include/vltstd/*.[chv]* \

 VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES = \
-	test_v/*.[chv]* \
-	test_c/*.[chv]*   test_c/Makefile  test_c/Makefile_obj  \
-	test_sc/*.[chv]*  test_sc/Makefile test_sc/Makefile_obj \
-	                  test_sp/Makefile test_sp/Makefile_obj \
+	examples/*/*.[chv]*  examples/*/Makefile* \

 installbin:
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)
 	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator )
+	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_coverage $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_coverage )
 	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_profcfunc $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_profcfunc )
-	( $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_bin $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_bin )
-	( $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_bin_dbg $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_bin_dbg )
+	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_bin $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_bin )
+	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_bin_dbg $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_bin_dbg )
+	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_coverage_bin_dbg $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_coverage_bin_dbg )
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin
 	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_includer $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/verilator_includer )

@@ -295,7 +306,8 @@ installbin:
 # So important we use $< so VPATH is searched
 installman: $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1
-	for p in $< ; do \
+	cd $(srcdir) \
+	; for p in $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES) ; do \
 	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1/$$p; \
 	done

@@ -308,14 +320,16 @@ installdata:
 	; for p in $(VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES) ; do \
 	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/$$p; \
 	done
-	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_c
-	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_sc
-	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_sp
-	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_v
+	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/hello_world_c
+	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/hello_world_sc
+	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/tracing_c
+	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/tracing_sc
 	cd $(srcdir) \
 	; for p in $(VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES) ; do \
-	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/$$p; \
+	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/$$p; \
 	done
+	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)
+	$(INSTALL_DATA) verilator.pc $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)

 # We don't trust rm -rf, so rmdir instead as it will fail if user put in other files
 uninstall:
@@ -324,16 +338,18 @@ uninstall:
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1 && rm -f $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES)
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES)
-	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples && rm -f $(VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES)
+	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES)
+	-rm $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)/verilator.pc
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/vltstd
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include
-	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_c
-	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_sc
-	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_sp
-	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_v
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/hello_world_c
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/hello_world_sc
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/tracing_c
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/tracing_sc
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)

 install: all_nomsg install-all
 install-all: installbin installman installdata install-msg
@@ -349,7 +365,8 @@ INST_PROJ_CVS = cp_if_cvs_diff

 install-project: dist
 	@echo "Install-project to $(DIRPROJECT)"
-	strip verilator_bin*
+	strip bin/verilator_bin*
+	strip bin/verilator_coverage_bin*
 	$(MAKE) install-project-quick
 	for p in $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES) ; do \
 	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DIRPROJECT_PREFIX)/man/man1/$$p; \
@@ -372,7 +389,8 @@ endif

 install-cadtools: dist
 	@echo "Install-project to $(CAD_DIR)"
-	strip verilator_bin*
+	strip bin/verilator_bin*
+	strip bin/verilator_coverage_bin*
 	$(MAKE) install-cadtools-quick
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(VERILATOR_CAD_DIR)/man/man1
 	for p in $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES) ; do \
@@ -400,8 +418,9 @@ endif
 endif

 # Use --xml flag to see the cppcheck code to use for suppression
-CPPCHECK = cppcheck
-CPPCHECK_FLAGS = --enable=all --inline-suppr --suppress=unusedScopedObject --suppress=cstyleCast
+CPPCHECK = src/cppcheck_filtered
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS = --enable=all --inline-suppr \
+	--suppress=unusedScopedObject --suppress=cstyleCast --suppress=useInitializationList
 CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --xml
 CPPCHECK_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/include/*.cpp $(srcdir)/src/*.cpp)
 CPPCHECK_DEP = $(subst .cpp,.cppcheck,$(CPPCHECK_CPP))
@@ -409,14 +428,25 @@ CPPCHECK_INC = -I$(srcdir)/include -I$(srcdir)/src/obj_dbg -I$(srcdir)/src

 cppcheck: $(CPPCHECK_DEP)
 %.cppcheck: %.cpp
-	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $<
+	$(CPPCHECK) $(CPPCHECK_FLAGS) -DVL_DEBUG=1 -DVL_CPPCHECK=1 $(CPPCHECK_INC) $<
+
+analyzer-src:
+	-rm -rf src/obj_dbg
+	scan-build $(MAKE) -k verilator_coverage_bin_dbg verilator_bin_dbg
+
+analyzer-include:
+	-rm -rf examples/*/obj*
+	scan-build $(MAKE) -k examples

 ftp: info

 install-msg:
-	@echo "Installed!"
 	@echo
-	@echo "Fod documentation see 'man verilator' or 'verilator --help'"
+	@echo "Installed binaries to $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator"
+	@echo "Installed man to $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1"
+	@echo "Installed examples to $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples"
+	@echo
+	@echo "For documentation see 'man verilator' or 'verilator --help'"
 	@echo "For forums and to report bugs see http://www.veripool.org/verilator"
 	@echo

@@ -442,7 +472,7 @@ endif
 maintainer-clean::
 	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use;"
 	@echo "rebuilding the deleted files requires makeinfo."
-	rm -f *.info* $(INFOS) configure
+	rm -f *.info* *.1 $(INFOS) configure

 clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean maintainer-copy::
 	for dir in $(SUBDIRS); do \
@@ -456,9 +486,13 @@ clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
 	rm -f *.pg *.pgs *.toc *.tp *.tps *.vr *.vrs *.idx
 	rm -f *.ev *.evs *.ov *.ovs *.cv *.cvs *.ma *.mas
 	rm -f *.tex
+	rm -rf test_*/obj_dir
+	rm -rf examples/*/obj_dir examples/*/logs

 distclean maintainer-clean::
-	rm -f Makefile config.status config.cache config.log verilator_bin* TAGS
+	rm -f Makefile config.status config.cache config.log TAGS
+	rm -f verilator_bin* verilator_coverage_bin*
+	rm -f bin/verilator_bin* bin/verilator_coverage_bin*
 	rm -f include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h

 TAGFILES=${srcdir}/*/*.cpp ${srcdir}/*/*.h ${srcdir}/*/*.in \
@@ -480,6 +514,9 @@ dist-file-list:
 	@echo $(wildcard $(DISTFILES))
 	@echo "end-dist-file-list:";  # Scripts look for this

+print-cfg-with-threaded:
+	@echo $(CFG_WITH_THREADED)
+
 ######################################################################
 # Distributions

@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@

 =head1 NAME

-This is the Verilator Package README file.
+This is the Verilator package README file.

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-This package is Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  (Report bugs to
+http://www.veripool.org/verilator
+
+This package is Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  (Report bugs to
 L<http://www.veripool.org/>.)

 Verilator is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ output (not Verilator itself) compiles under MSVC++ 2008 and newer.

 =head1 INSTALLATION

-For more details see 
+For more details see
 L<http://www.veripool.org/projects/verilator/wiki/Installing>.

 If you will be modifying Verilator, you should use the "git" method as it
@@ -76,14 +78,6 @@ instead.)

 =item

-If you will be using SystemPerl or coverage, download and install
-System-Perl, L<http://www.veripool.org/systemperl>.  Note you'll need to
-set a C<SYSTEMPERL> environment variable to point to the downloaded kit.
-Optionally also set C<SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE> to point to the installed
-headers.
-
-=item
-
 You will need the C<flex> and C<bison> packages installed.

 =item
@@ -95,8 +89,8 @@ C<cd> to the Verilator directory containing this README.
 You now have to decide how you're going to eventually install the kit.

 Note Verilator builds the current value of VERILATOR_ROOT, SYSTEMC_INCLUDE,
-SYSTEMC_LIBDIR, SYSTEMPERL, and SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE as defaults into the
-executable, so try to have them correct before configuring.
+and SYSTEMC_LIBDIR as defaults into the executable, so try to have them
+correct before configuring.

 =over 4

@@ -123,9 +117,10 @@ and add it to path using Modules/modulecmd:
    After installing you'll want a module file like the following:

    set install_root /CAD_DISK/verilator/{version-number-used-above}
-    setenv VERILATOR_ROOT $install_root
+    unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT
    prepend-path PATH $install_root/bin
    prepend-path MANPATH $install_root/man
+    prepend-path PKG_CONFIG_PATH $install_root/share/pkgconfig

 =item 3.

@@ -174,6 +169,9 @@ have the verilator binary directory in your PATH (this should already be
 true if using the default configure), and make sure VERILATOR_ROOT is not
 set.

+You may now wish to consult the examples directory. Type C<make> inside any
+example directory to run the example.
+
 =back

 =head1 USAGE DOCUMENTATION
@@ -195,12 +193,10 @@ The directories in the kit after de-taring are as follows:
    include/verilated.v         => Stub defines for linting
    include/verilated.mk        => Common makefile
    src/                        => Translator source code
-    test_v                      => Example Verilog code for other test dirs
-    test_c                      => Example Verilog->C++ conversion
-    test_sc                     => Example Verilog->SystemC conversion
-    test_sp                     => Example Verilog->SystemPerl conversion
-    test_vcs                    => Example Verilog->VCS conversion (test the test)
-    test_verilated              => Internal tests
+    examples/hello_world_c      => Example simple Verilog->C++ conversion
+    examples/hello_world_sc     => Example simple Verilog->SystemC conversion
+    examples/tracing_c          => Example Verilog->C++ with tracing
+    examples/tracing_sc         => Example Verilog->SystemC with tracing
    test_regress                => Internal tests

 =head1 LIMITATIONS
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // DESCRIPTION: Verilator: List of To Do issues.
 //
-// Copyright 2004-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2004-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -27,55 +27,36 @@ Long-term Features
 	* Multithreaded execution

 Configure/Make/Install
-	* Full MSVC++ compilation (does scons support this?) (4.000?)
 	* Distribute with flex/bison already expanded?
 	  Flex library not needed.  Probably too difficult to be worth it.
-	* Integrate SystemPerl coverage
-    	      (Note in /usr/include there are no upper cased include files.)
-		Coverage.pm		-- Need all functionality, but in C?
-		Coverage/Item.pm	-- Need all functionality, but in C?
-		Coverage/ItemKey.pm	-- Need all functionality, but in C?
-		sp_preproc		-- Some steps in here need to be moved to generated C
-		src/Sp.cpp		-- n/a
-		src/SpCommon.h		-- mostly overlaps verilatedos.h
-		src/SpCoverage.cpp/h	-- All needed
-		src/SpFunctor.cpp/h	-- No longer used
-		src/SpTraceVcd.cpp/h	-- MOVED
-		src/SpTraceVcdC.cpp/h	-- MOVED
-		src/sp_log.cpp/h	-- Not needed
-		src/systemperl.h	-- some stuff may be cut
-		vcoverage		-- Need all functionality, but in C?

 Testing:
-	* Move test_c/sp/v/verilated into test_regress format (4.000?)
 	* Capture all inputs into global "rerun it" file
 	* Code to make wrapper that sets signals, so can do comparison checks
 	* New random program generator
 	* Better graph viewer with search and zoom
 	* Port and test against opencores.org code
+	* // verilator debug in code so can see only tree affecting those nodes

 Usability:
-	* Detect and pre-remove most UNOPTFLATs (4.000) 
+	* Detect and pre-remove most UNOPTFLATs (4.000)
 	* Better reporting of unopt problems, including what lines of code
 	* Report more errors (all of them?) before exiting [Eugene Weber]
 	* Auto-create scons config files
 	* Print version/etc message at runtime. (4.000?)
 	  Include number of lines of code, percent comments, code complexity measurement
 	  <-80chars------------------------------------------------------------------->
-	  Verilator 3.600 - fast, free, open-sourced.  Copyright 2001-2013.
+	  Verilator 3.600 - The fast free open-sourced simulator.  Copyright 2001-2013.
 	  Verilated #### modules, #### instances, ##### sigs,
 	  	    #### non-comment lines, ##### ops, ### KB model size
-	* Default the --l2name to remove extra "v" level of hierarchy (flag to make "top")

 Lint:
 	* CDCRSTLOGIC should allow filtering with paths
 	  "waive CDCRSTLOGIC --from a.b.sig  --to a.c.sig --via OR"

 Internal Code:
-	* Eliminate the AstNUser* passed to all visitors; its only needed in V3Width,
-	  and removing it will speed up and simplify all the other code.
+	* A Visitor class that understands how to traverse data types
 	* V3Graph should be templated container type, taking in Vertex + Edge types
-	* Rename V3PreLex etc to match VerilogPerl filenames
 	* Instead of string, have an VEncodedString/VIdString which contains __DOT__ish
 	  things, to reduce bugs.  Also add _20 trailing space to \ encoded names. (4.000)

@@ -128,7 +109,6 @@ Performance:
 	* Usually blocks/values
 		Enable only after certain time, so VL_TIME_I(32) > 0x1e gets eliminated out
 	* Better ordering of a<=b, b<=c, put all refs to 'b' next to each other to optimize caching
-	* Allow Split of case statements without a $display/$stop
 	* I-cache packing improvements (what/how?)
 	* Data cache organization (order of vars in class)
 		First have clocks,
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+: # -*-Mode: perl;-*- use perl, wherever it is
+eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
+  if 0;
+######################################################################
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+######################################################################
+
+require 5.006_001;
+use warnings;
+BEGIN {
+    if ($ENV{DIRPROJECT} && $ENV{DIRPROJECT_PERL_BOOT}) {
+	# Magic to allow author testing of perl packages in local directory
+	require $ENV{DIRPROJECT}."/".$ENV{DIRPROJECT_PERL_BOOT};
+    }
+}
+
+use Getopt::Long;
+use FindBin qw($RealBin $RealScript);
+use IO::File;
+use Pod::Usage;
+use Cwd qw(abs_path getcwd);
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw ($Debug @Opt_Verilator_Sw);
+
+#######################################################################
+#######################################################################
+# main
+
+autoflush STDOUT 1;
+autoflush STDERR 1;
+
+$Debug = 0;
+
+# No arguments can't do anything useful.  Give help
+if ($#ARGV < 0) {
+    pod2usage(-exitstatus=>2, -verbose=>0);
+}
+
+# We sneak a look at the flags so we can do some pre-environment checks
+# All flags will hit verilator...
+foreach my $sw (@ARGV) {
+    $sw = "'$sw'" if $sw =~ m![^---a-zA-Z0-9_/\\:.+]!;
+    push @Opt_Verilator_Sw, $sw;
+}
+
+Getopt::Long::config ("no_auto_abbrev","pass_through");
+if (! GetOptions (
+	  # Major operating modes
+	  "help"	=> \&usage,
+	  "debug:s"	=> \&debug,
+	  # "version!"	=> \&version,	# Also passthru'ed
+	  # Additional parameters
+	  "<>"		=> sub {},	# Ignored
+    )) {
+    pod2usage(-exitstatus=>2, -verbose=>0);
+}
+
+# Normal, non gdb
+run (verilator_coverage_bin()
+     ." ".join(' ',@Opt_Verilator_Sw));
+
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+sub usage {
+    pod2usage(-verbose=>2, -exitval=>2, -output=>\*STDOUT);
+}
+
+sub debug {
+    shift;
+    my $level = shift;
+    $Debug = $level||3;
+}
+
+#######################################################################
+#######################################################################
+# Builds
+
+sub verilator_coverage_bin {
+    my $bin = "";
+    # Use VERILATOR_ROOT if defined, else assume verilator_bin is in the search path
+    my $basename = ($ENV{VERILATOR_COVERAGE_BIN}
+		    || "verilator_coverage_bin_dbg");
+    if (defined($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT})) {
+	my $dir = $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT};
+	if (-x "$dir/bin/$basename") {  # From a "make install" into VERILATOR_ROOT
+	    $bin = "$dir/bin/$basename";
+	} else {
+	    $bin = "$dir/$basename";  # From pointing to kit directory
+	}
+    } else {
+	if (-x "$RealBin/$basename") {
+	    $bin = "$RealBin/$basename";  # From path/to/verilator with verilator_bin installed
+	} else {
+	    $bin = $basename;  # Find in PATH
+	}
+	# Note we don't look under bin/$basename which would be right if running
+	# in the kit dir. Running that would likely break, since
+	# VERILATOR_ROOT wouldn't be set and Verilator won't find internal files.
+    }
+    return $bin;
+}
+
+#######################################################################
+#######################################################################
+# Utilities
+
+sub run {
+    # Run command, check errors
+    my $command = shift;
+    $! = undef;  # Cleanup -x
+    print "\t$command\n" if $Debug>=3;
+    system($command);
+    my $status = $?;
+    if ($status) {
+	if ($! =~ /no such file or directory/i) {
+	    warn "%Error: verilator_coverage: Misinstalled, or VERILATOR_ROOT might need to be in environment\n";
+	}
+	if ($Debug) {  # For easy rerunning
+	    warn "%Error: export VERILATOR_ROOT=".($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}||"")."\n";
+	    warn "%Error: $command\n";
+	}
+	if ($status & 127) {
+	    if (($status & 127) == 8 || ($status & 127) == 11) { # SIGFPA or SIGSEGV
+		warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage internal fault, sorry.\n" if !$Debug;
+	    } elsif (($status & 127) == 6) {  # SIGABRT
+		warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage aborted.\n" if !$Debug;
+	    } else {
+		warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage threw signal $status.\n" if !$Debug;
+	    }
+	}
+	die "%Error: Command Failed $command\n";
+    }
+}
+
+#######################################################################
+#######################################################################
+package main;
+__END__
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+verilator_coverage - Verilator coverage analyzer
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+    verilator_coverage --help
+    verilator_coverage --version
+
+    verilator_coverage --annotate <obj>
+
+    verilator_coverage  -write merged.dat -read <datafiles>...
+
+Verilator_coverage processes Verilator coverage reports.
+
+With --anotate, it reads the specified data file and generates annotated
+source code with coverage metrics annotated.  If multiple coverage points
+exist on the same line, additional lines will be inserted to report the
+additional points.
+
+Additional Verilog-standard arguments specify the search paths necessary to
+find the source code that the coverage analysis was performed on.
+
+To get correct coverage percentages, you may wish to read logs/coverage.dat
+into Emacs and do a M-x keep-lines to include only those statistics of
+interest.
+
+For Verilog conditions that should never occur, you should add a $stop
+statement.  This will remove the coverage during the next build.
+
+=head1 ARGUMENTS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item I<filename>
+
+Specify input data file, may be repeated to read multiple inputs.  If no
+data file is specified, by default coverage.dat is read.
+
+=item --annotate I<output_directory>
+
+Sprcifies the directory name that source files with annotated coverage data
+should be written to.
+
+=item --annotate-all
+
+Specifies all files should be shown.  By default, only those source files
+which have low coverage are written to the output directory.
+
+=item --annotate-min I<count>
+
+Specifies the minimum occurrence count that should be flagged if the
+coverage point does not include a specified threshold.  Defaults to 10.
+
+=item --help
+
+Displays this message and program version and exits.
+
+=item --rank
+
+Print an experimental report listing the relative importance of each test
+in covering all of the coverage points.  The report shows "Covered" which
+indicates the number of points that test covers; a test is considered to
+cover a point if it has a bucket count of at least 1. The "rank" column has
+a higher number t indicate the test is more important, and rank 0 means the
+test does not need to be run to cover the points.  "RankPts" indicates the
+number of coverage points this test will contribute to overall coverage if
+all tests are run in the order of highest to lowest rank.
+
+=item --unlink
+
+When using --write to combine coverage data, unlink all input files after
+the output has been created.
+
+=item --version
+
+Displays program version and exits.
+
+=item --write I<filename>
+
+Specifies the aggregate coverage results, summed across all the files,
+should be written to the given filename.  This is useful in scripts to
+combine many sequential runs into one master coverage file.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 VERILOG ARGUMENTS
+
+The following arguments are compatible with GCC, VCS and most Verilog
+programs.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item +libext+I<ext>+I<ext>...
+
+Defines the extensions for Verilog files.
+
+=item +define+I<var>+I<value>
+=item -DI<var>=I<value>
+
+Defines the given variable.
+
+=item +incdir+I<dir>
+=item -II<dir>
+
+Specifies a directory for finding include files.
+
+=item -f I<file>
+
+Specifies a file containing additional command line arguments.
+
+=item -y I<dir>
+
+Specifies a module search directory.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 DISTRIBUTION
+
+The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/>.
+
+Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms of
+either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic
+License Version 2.0.
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+Wilson Snyder <[email protected]>
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+C<verilator>
+
+L<verilator_coverage --help> which is the source for this document.
+
+=cut
+
+######################################################################
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Do not show differences in line numbering.

 The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/verilator>.

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you can
+Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
  if 0;
 # DESCRIPTION: Print include statements for each ARGV
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This package is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This package is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 # General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 ######################################################################
@@ -12,5 +12,9 @@ require 5.005;
 use warnings;
 print "// DESCR"."IPTION: Generated by verilator_includer via makefile\n";
 foreach my $param (@ARGV) {
-    print "#include \"$param\"\n"
+    if ($param =~ /^-D([^=]+)=(.*)/) {
+        print "#define $1 $2\n"
+    } else {
+        print "#include \"$param\"\n"
+    }
 }
@@ -118,6 +118,18 @@ sub profcfunc {
 		$groups{type}{"Common code under $design"} += $pct;
 		$groups{design}{$design} += $pct;
 		$groups{module}{$design." common code"} += $pct;
+	    } elsif ($func =~ /^VL_[A-Z0-9_]+/
+		     || $func =~ /^_?vl_[a-zA-Z0-9_]+/
+		     || $func =~ /^verilated/i) {
+		$vfunc = sprintf("VLib      %s", $func);
+		$groups{type}{'VLib'} += $pct;
+		$groups{design}{'VLib'} += $pct;
+		$groups{module}{'VLib'} += $pct;
+	    } elsif ($func =~ /^_mcount_private/) {
+		$vfunc = sprintf("Prof      %s", $func);
+		$groups{type}{'Prof'} += $pct;
+		$groups{design}{'Prof'} += $pct;
+		$groups{module}{'Prof'} += $pct;
 	    } else {
 		$vfunc = sprintf("C++       %s", $func);
 		$groups{type}{'C++'} += $pct;
@@ -129,7 +141,7 @@ sub profcfunc {
    }


-    foreach my $type qw(type design module) {
+    foreach my $type (qw(type design module)) {
 	my $missing = 100;
 	foreach (sort (keys %{$groups{$type}})) {
 	    $missing -= $groups{$type}{$_};
@@ -150,8 +162,10 @@ sub profcfunc {
    print("Verilog code profile:\n");
    print("   These are split into three categories:\n");
    print("      C++:     Time in non-Verilated C++ code\n");
+    print("      Prof:    Time in profile overhead\n");
    print("      VBlock:  Time attributable to a block in a Verilog file and line\n");
    print("      VCommon: Time in a Verilated module, due to all parts of the design\n");
+    print("      VLib:    Time in Verilated common libraries, called by the Verilated code\n");
    print("\n");

    print("  %   cumulative   self              \n");
@@ -208,7 +222,7 @@ Displays this message and program version and exits.

 The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/>.

-Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2007-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 # General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### YYYY-MM-DD])
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### devel])
-AC_INIT([Verilator],[3.848 2013-06-02])
+AC_INIT([Verilator],[3.920 2018-02-01])
+# When releasing, also update header of Changes file
+# and commit using "devel release" or "Version bump" message
+
 AC_CONFIG_HEADER(src/config_build.h)
-AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile src/Makefile src/Makefile_obj include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h)
+AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile src/Makefile src/Makefile_obj include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h verilator.pc)

 AC_MSG_RESULT([configuring for $PACKAGE_STRING])

 # Special Substitutions - CFG_WITH_DEFENV
-AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to disable hardcoded paths)
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to use hardcoded paths)
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([defenv],
              [AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-defenv],
                              [disable using some hardcoded data paths extracted from some default environment variables (the default is to use hardcoded paths)])],
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([ccwarn],
                x)   CFG_WITH_CCWARN=no ;;
                *)   CFG_WITH_CCWARN=yes ;;
               esac]
-	      )
+              )
 AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_CCWARN)
 AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_CCWARN)

@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([longtests],
                x)   CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS=no ;;
                *)   CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS=yes ;;
               esac]
-	      )
+              )
 AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS)
 AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS)

@@ -76,10 +79,10 @@ AC_PROG_INSTALL
 AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
 AC_MSG_CHECKING([that C++ compiler can compile simple program])
 AC_RUN_IFELSE(
-           [AC_LANG_SOURCE([int main() { return 0; }])],
-           AC_MSG_RESULT(yes),
-           AC_MSG_RESULT(no);AC_MSG_ERROR([a working C++ compiler is required]),
-	   AC_MSG_RESULT(yes))
+   [AC_LANG_SOURCE([int main() { return 0; }])],
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(yes),
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(no);AC_MSG_ERROR([a working C++ compiler is required]),
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(yes))

 AC_PATH_PROG(PERL,perl)
 if test "x$PERL" = "x" ; then
@@ -103,43 +106,160 @@ AC_TYPE_SIZE_T
 # Checks for compiler characteristics.
 AC_C_INLINE

-AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT],
-   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(flag) -- Check if compiler supports specific options
+AC_LINK_IFELSE(
+     [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <new>], [[int* a=new int; delete a; ]])],
+     [], [AC_MSG_ERROR([$CXX does not seem to successfully compile a simple C++ program])])
+
+AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_FLAG],
+   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_FLAG(flag) -- Check if compiler supports specific options
+    # Set $_my_result appropriately
    ACO_SAVE_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
    # -Werror needed otherwise unknown -Wno-div-by-zero won't report problems
+    # new/delete is needed to find -faligned-new link problem on Darwin
    CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS $1 -Werror"
    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $CXX accepts $1])
+    AC_LINK_IFELSE(
+         [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <new>], [[int* a=new int; delete a; ]])],
+         [_my_result=yes
+          if test -s conftest.err; then
+            if grep -e "$1" conftest.err >/dev/null; then
+              _my_result=no
+            fi
+          fi],
+         [_my_result=no])
+    # GCC is annoying, trying to be helpful, it postpones unknown -Wno-
+    # options if there's no error We want to see them regardless, so try
+    # forcing an error and see if we get a gcc warning
    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
-         [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([],[])],
-	 [_my_result=yes],
-	 [_my_result=no])
+         [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[an_error "intentional-error-for-test.h"
+                          ]],[])],
+         [], # Ignore ok exit
+         [if test -s conftest.err; then
+            if grep -e "$1" conftest.err >/dev/null; then
+              _my_result=no
+            fi
+          fi])
    AC_MSG_RESULT($_my_result)
-    if test "$_my_result" = "yes" ; then
-       CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED="$CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED $1"
-    fi
    CXXFLAGS="$ACO_SAVE_CXXFLAGS"
-   ])# _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT
+   ])

+AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET],
+   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(variable,flag) -- Check if compiler supports specific options
+    # If it does, set variable to flag, only if not previously set
+    if test "$$1" = ""; then
+       _MY_CXX_CHECK_FLAG($2)
+       if test "$_my_result" = "yes" ; then
+          $1="$2"
+       fi
+    fi
+   ])
+
+AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT],
+   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(flag) -- Check if compiler supports specific options
+    # If it does, append flag to variable
+    _MY_CXX_CHECK_FLAG($2)
+    if test "$_my_result" = "yes" ; then
+       $1="$$1 $2"
+    fi
+   ])
+
+# Flag to select newest language standard supported
+# Macros work such that first option that passes is the one we take
+# gnu++14 is the newest that Verilator supports
+# std++03 is the oldest that Verilator supports
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++17)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++14)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++11)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=gnu++03)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++17)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++14)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++11)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST,-std=c++03)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST)
+# And likewise oldest standard (same list above, backwards)
+# This is used for internal testing
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST,-std=std++03)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST,-std=std++11)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST,-std=std++14)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST,-std=std++17)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST,-std=gnu++03)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST,-std=gnu++11)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST,-std=gnu++14)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST,-std=gnu++17)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST)
+
+# Flags for compiling Verilator internals including parser, and Verilated files
+# These turn on extra warnings and are only used with 'configure --enable-ccwarn'
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA,-Wextra)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA,-Wfloat-conversion)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA,-Wlogical-op)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA,-Wthread-safety)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA)
+
+# Flags for compiling Verilator internals including parser always
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Qunused-arguments)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-faligned-new)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-fno-delete-null-pointer-checks)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-unused-parameter)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-undefined-bool-conversion)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-shadow)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)
+
+# Flags for compiling Verilator parser always (in addition to above CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-char-subscripts)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-null-conversion)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-parentheses-equality)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-unused)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER)
+
+# Flags for Verilated makefile
 # For example, -Wno-div-by-zero isn't in 4.1.2
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-char-subscripts)
 # Random code often does / 0.  Unfortunately VL_DIV_I(0,0) will warn
 # without this flag, even though there's a conditional to prevent the divide.
 # We still don't add no-div-by-zero as it throws message to stdout, though doesn't die.
 #_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-div-by-zero)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-sign-compare)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-uninitialized)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-unused-parameter)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-unused-variable)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-unused-but-set-variable)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-faligned-new)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-fbracket-depth=4096)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Qunused-arguments)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-bool-operation)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-parentheses-equality)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-sign-compare)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-uninitialized)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-unused-but-set-variable)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-unused-parameter)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-unused-variable)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-shadow)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED)

+# Set CFG_WITH_THREADED if can support threading
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether $CXX supports Verilated threads)
+ACO_SAVE_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
+CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS $CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST $CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED"
+AC_LINK_IFELSE(
+     [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <thread>], [[ ]])],
+     [_my_result=yes
+      if test -s conftest.err; then
+        if grep -e "$1" conftest.err >/dev/null; then
+          _my_result=no
+        fi
+      fi],
+     [_my_result=no])
+CFG_WITH_THREADED=$_my_result
+AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_THREADED)
+AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_THREADED)
+
 # Checks for library functions.
+AC_CHECK_MEMBER([struct stat.st_mtim.tv_nsec],
+    [AC_DEFINE([HAVE_STAT_NSEC],[1],[Defined if struct stat has st_mtim.tv_nsec])],
+    [], [#include <sys/stat.h>])

 # Checks for system services

 # Other install directories
 pkgdatadir=${datadir}/verilator
 AC_SUBST(pkgdatadir)
+pkgconfigdir=${datadir}/pkgconfig
+AC_SUBST(pkgconfigdir)

 AC_OUTPUT

@@ -635,10 +635,7 @@ INPUT                  = doxygen-mainpage \
                         test_c \
                         test_regress \
                         test_sc \
-                         test_sp \
-                         test_v \
-                         test_vcs \
-                         test_verilated
+                         test_v

 # This tag can be used to specify the character encoding of the source files
 # that doxygen parses. Internally doxygen uses the UTF-8 encoding, which is
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 *.csrc
 *.vcd
 obj_*
-project
+logs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+######################################################################
+#
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator Example: Small Makefile
+#
+# This calls the object directory makefile.  That allows the objects to
+# be placed in the "current directory" which simplifies the Makefile.
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+######################################################################
+# Check for sanity to avoid later confusion
+
+ifneq ($(words $(CURDIR)),1)
+ $(error Unsupported: GNU Make cannot build in directories containing spaces, build elsewhere: '$(CURDIR)')
+endif
+
+######################################################################
+
+# This is intended to be a minimal example.  Before copying this to start a
+# real project, it is better to start with a more complete example,
+# e.g. examples/tracing_c.
+
+# If $VERILATOR_ROOT isn't in the environment, we assume it is part of a
+# package inatall, and verilator is in your path. Otherwise find the
+# binary relative to $VERILATOR_ROOT (such as when inside the git sources).
+ifeq ($(VERILATOR_ROOT),)
+VERILATOR = verilator
+else
+export VERILATOR_ROOT
+VERILATOR = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator
+endif
+
+default:
+	@echo "-- Verilator hello-world simple example"
+	@echo "-- VERILATE ----------------"
+	$(VERILATOR) -cc --exe top.v sim_main.cpp
+	@echo "-- COMPILE -----------------"
+	$(MAKE) -j 4 -C obj_dir -f Vtop.mk
+	@echo "-- RUN ---------------------"
+	obj_dir/Vtop
+	@echo "-- DONE --------------------"
+	@echo "Note: Once this example is understood, see examples/tracing_c."
+	@echo "Note: Also see the EXAMPLE section in the verilator manpage/document."
+
+######################################################################
+
+maintainer-copy::
+clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
+	-rm -rf obj_dir *.log *.dmp *.vpd core
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Verilog example module
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2017 by Wilson Snyder.
+//======================================================================
+
+// Include common routines
+#include <verilated.h>
+
+// Include model header, generated from Verilating "top.v"
+#include "Vtop.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
+    // See a similar example walkthrough in the verilator manpage.
+
+    // This is intended to be a minimal example.  Before copying this to start a
+    // real project, it is better to start with a more complete example,
+    // e.g. examples/c_tracing.
+
+    // Prevent unused variable warnings
+    if (0 && argc && argv && env) {}
+
+    // Construct the Verilated model, from Vtop.h generated from Verilating "top.v"
+    Vtop* top = new Vtop;
+
+    // Simulate until $finish
+    while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
+
+        // Evaluate model
+        top->eval();
+    }
+
+    // Final model cleanup
+    top->final();
+
+    // Destroy model
+    delete top;
+
+    // Fin
+    exit(0);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Verilog example module
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2017 by Wilson Snyder.
+
+// See also the EXAMPLE section in the verilator manpage/document.
+module top;
+   initial begin
+      $display("Hello World!");
+      $finish;
+   end
+endmodule
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-*.old
 *.dmp
 *.log
 *.csrc
 *.vcd
 obj_*
 logs
-project
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+######################################################################
+#
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator Example: Small Makefile
+#
+# This calls the object directory makefile.  That allows the objects to
+# be placed in the "current directory" which simplifies the Makefile.
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+######################################################################
+# Check for sanity to avoid later confusion
+
+ifneq ($(words $(CURDIR)),1)
+ $(error Unsupported: GNU Make cannot build in directories containing spaces, build elsewhere: '$(CURDIR)')
+endif
+
+######################################################################
+
+# This is intended to be a minimal example.  Before copying this to start a
+# real project, it is better to start with a more complete example,
+# e.g. examples/tracing_sc.
+
+# If $VERILATOR_ROOT isn't in the environment, we assume it is part of a
+# package inatall, and verilator is in your path. Otherwise find the
+# binary relative to $VERILATOR_ROOT (such as when inside the git sources).
+ifeq ($(VERILATOR_ROOT),)
+VERILATOR = verilator
+else
+export VERILATOR_ROOT
+VERILATOR = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator
+endif
+
+# Check if SC exists via a verilator call (empty if not)
+SYSTEMC_EXISTS := $(shell $(VERILATOR) --getenv SYSTEMC_INCLUDE)
+
+ifneq ($(SYSTEMC_EXISTS),)
+default: run
+else
+default: nosc
+endif
+
+run:
+	@echo "-- Verilator hello-world simple example"
+	@echo "-- VERILATE ----------------"
+	$(VERILATOR) -sc --exe top.v sc_main.cpp
+	@echo "-- COMPILE -----------------"
+	$(MAKE) -j 4 -C obj_dir -f Vtop.mk
+	@echo "-- RUN ---------------------"
+	obj_dir/Vtop
+	@echo "-- DONE --------------------"
+	@echo "Note: Once this example is understood, see examples/tracing_sc."
+	@echo "Note: Also see the EXAMPLE section in the verilator manpage/document."
+
+######################################################################
+
+nosc:
+	@echo
+	@echo "%Skip: SYSTEMC_INCLUDE not in environment"
+	@echo "(If you have SystemC see the README, and rebuild Verilator)"
+	@echo
+
+maintainer-copy::
+clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
+	-rm -rf obj_dir *.log *.dmp *.vpd core
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// -*- SystemC -*-
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator Example: Top level main for invoking SystemC model
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2017 by Wilson Snyder.
+//======================================================================
+
+// SystemC global header
+#include <systemc.h>
+
+// Include common routines
+#include <verilated.h>
+
+// Include model header, generated from Verilating "top.v"
+#include "Vtop.h"
+
+int sc_main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    // See a similar example walkthrough in the verilator manpage.
+
+    // This is intended to be a minimal example.  Before copying this to start a
+    // real project, it is better to start with a more complete example,
+    // e.g. examples/c_tracing.
+
+    // Prevent unused variable warnings
+    if (0 && argc && argv) {}
+
+    // Construct the Verilated model, from Vtop.h generated from Verilating "top.v"
+    Vtop* top = new Vtop("top");
+
+    // Initialize SC model
+#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20070314)
+    sc_start(1,SC_NS);
+#else
+    sc_start(1);
+#endif
+
+    // Simulate until $finish
+    while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
+#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20070314)
+        sc_start(1,SC_NS);
+#else
+        sc_start(1);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    // Final model cleanup
+    top->final();
+
+    // Fin
+    return 0;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Verilog example module
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2017 by Wilson Snyder.
+
+// See also the EXAMPLE section in the verilator manpage/document.
+module top;
+   initial begin
+      $display("Hello World!");
+      $finish;
+   end
+endmodule
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-*.old
 *.dmp
 *.log
 *.csrc
 *.vcd
 obj_*
 logs
-project
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+######################################################################
+#
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator Example: Small Makefile
+#
+# This calls the object directory makefile.  That allows the objects to
+# be placed in the "current directory" which simplifies the Makefile.
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+######################################################################
+# Check for sanity to avoid later confusion
+
+ifneq ($(words $(CURDIR)),1)
+ $(error Unsupported: GNU Make cannot build in directories containing spaces, build elsewhere: '$(CURDIR)')
+endif
+
+######################################################################
+# Set up variables
+
+# If $VERILATOR_ROOT isn't in the environment, we assume it is part of a
+# package inatall, and verilator is in your path. Otherwise find the
+# binary relative to $VERILATOR_ROOT (such as when inside the git sources).
+ifeq ($(VERILATOR_ROOT),)
+VERILATOR = verilator
+VERILATOR_COVERAGE = verilator_coverage
+else
+export VERILATOR_ROOT
+VERILATOR = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator
+VERILATOR_COVERAGE = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_coverage
+endif
+
+VERILATOR_FLAGS =
+# Generate C++ in executable form
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += -cc --exe
+# Generate makefile dependencies (not shown as complicates the Makefile)
+#VERILATOR_FLAGS += -MMD
+# Optimize
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += -O2 -x-assign 0
+# Warn abount lint issues; may not want this on less solid designs
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += -Wall
+# Make waveforms
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += --trace
+# Check SystemVerilog assertions
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += --assert
+# Generate coverage analysis
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += --coverage
+# Run Verilator in debug mode
+#VERILATOR_FLAGS += --debug
+# Add this trace to get a backtrace in gdb
+#VERILATOR_FLAGS += --gdbbt
+
+######################################################################
+default: run
+
+run:
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- Verilator tracing example"
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- VERILATE ----------------"
+	$(VERILATOR) $(VERILATOR_FLAGS) -f input.vc top.v sim_main.cpp
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- COMPILE -----------------"
+# To compile, we can either just do what Verilator asks,
+# or call a submakefile where we can override the rules ourselves
+#	$(MAKE) -j 4 -C obj_dir -f Vtop.mk
+	$(MAKE) -j 4 -C obj_dir -f ../Makefile_obj
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- RUN ---------------------"
+	@mkdir -p logs
+	obj_dir/Vtop +trace
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- COVERAGE ----------------"
+	$(VERILATOR_COVERAGE) --annotate logs/annotated logs/coverage.dat
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- DONE --------------------"
+	@echo "To see waveforms, open vlt_dump.vcd in a waveform viewer"
+	@echo
+
+
+######################################################################
+# Other targets
+
+show-config:
+	$(VERILATOR) -V
+
+maintainer-copy::
+clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
+	-rm -rf obj_dir logs *.log *.dmp *.vpd coverage.dat core
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# -*- Makefile -*-
+#######################################################################
+#
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator Example: Makefile for inside object directory
+#
+# This is executed in the object directory, and called by ../Makefile
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+#######################################################################
+
+default: Vtop
+
+# Include the rules made by Verilator
+include Vtop.mk
+
+#######################################################################
+# Compile flags
+
+# Override some default compile flags
+CPPFLAGS += -MMD -MP
+CPPFLAGS += -DVL_DEBUG=1
+# Turn on some more flags (when configured appropriately)
+# For testing inside Verilator, "configure --enable-ccwarn" will do this
+# automatically; otherwise you may want this unconditionally enabled
+ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
+USER_CPPFLAGS_WALL += -W -Werror -Wall
+endif
+
+# See the benchmarking section of bin/verilator.
+# Support class optimizations.  This includes the tracing and symbol table.
+# SystemC takes minutes to optimize, thus it is off by default.
+OPT_SLOW =
+# Fast path optimizations.  Most time is spent in these classes.
+OPT_FAST = -O2 -fstrict-aliasing
+#OPT_FAST = -O
+#OPT_FAST =
+
+#######################################################################
+# Linking final exe -- presumes have a sim_main.cpp
+
+# Special compile rule
+sim_main.o: sim_main.cpp $(VM_PREFIX).h
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+# Automatically understand dependencies
+
+DEPS := $(wildcard *.d)
+ifneq ($(DEPS),)
+include $(DEPS)
+endif
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// This file typically lists flags required by a large project, e.g. include directories
+librescan +libext+.v+.sv+.vh+.svh -y .
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Verilog example module
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2017 by Wilson Snyder.
+//======================================================================
+
+// Include common routines
+#include <verilated.h>
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>  // mkdir
+
+// Include model header, generated from Verilating "top.v"
+#include "Vtop.h"
+
+// If "verilator --trace" is used, include the tracing class
+#if VM_TRACE
+# include <verilated_vcd_c.h>
+#endif
+
+// Current simulation time (64-bit unsigned)
+vluint64_t main_time = 0;
+// Called by $time in Verilog
+double sc_time_stamp () {
+    return main_time; // Note does conversion to real, to match SystemC
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
+    // This is a more complicated example, please also see the simpler examples/hello_world_c.
+
+    // Prevent unused variable warnings
+    if (0 && argc && argv && env) {}
+    // Pass arguments so Verilated code can see them, e.g. $value$plusargs
+    Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
+
+    // Set debug level, 0 is off, 9 is highest presently used
+    Verilated::debug(0);
+
+    // Randomization reset policy
+    Verilated::randReset(2);
+
+    // Construct the Verilated model, from Vtop.h generated from Verilating "top.v"
+    Vtop* top = new Vtop; // Or use a const unique_ptr, or the VL_UNIQUE_PTR wrapper
+
+#if VM_TRACE
+    // If verilator was invoked with --trace argument,
+    // and if at run time passed the +trace argument, turn on tracing
+    VerilatedVcdC* tfp = NULL;
+    const char* flag = Verilated::commandArgsPlusMatch("trace");
+    if (flag && 0==strcmp(flag, "+trace")) {
+        Verilated::traceEverOn(true);  // Verilator must compute traced signals
+        VL_PRINTF("Enabling waves into logs/vlt_dump.vcd...\n");
+        tfp = new VerilatedVcdC;
+        top->trace(tfp, 99);  // Trace 99 levels of hierarchy
+        mkdir("logs", 0777);
+        tfp->open("logs/vlt_dump.vcd");  // Open the dump file
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // Set some inputs
+    top->reset_l = !0;
+    top->fastclk = 0;
+    top->clk = 0;
+    top->in_small = 1;
+    top->in_quad = 0x1234;
+    top->in_wide[0] = 0x11111111;
+    top->in_wide[1] = 0x22222222;
+    top->in_wide[2] = 0x3;
+
+    // Simulate until $finish
+    while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
+        main_time++;  // Time passes...
+
+        // Toggle clocks and such
+        top->fastclk = !top->fastclk;
+        if ((main_time % 10) == 3) {
+            top->clk = 1;
+        }
+        if ((main_time % 10) == 8) {
+            top->clk = 0;
+        }
+        if (main_time > 1 && main_time < 10) {
+            top->reset_l = !1;  // Assert reset
+        } else {
+            top->reset_l = !0;  // Deassert reset
+        }
+
+        // Assign some other inputs
+        top->in_quad += 0x12;
+
+        // Evaluate model
+        top->eval();
+
+#if VM_TRACE
+        // Dump trace data for this cycle
+        if (tfp) tfp->dump (main_time);
+#endif
+
+        // Read outputs
+        VL_PRINTF ("[%" VL_PRI64 "d] clk=%x rstl=%x iquad=%" VL_PRI64 "x"
+                   " -> oquad=%" VL_PRI64"x owide=%x_%08x_%08x\n",
+                   main_time, top->clk, top->reset_l, top->in_quad,
+                   top->out_quad, top->out_wide[2], top->out_wide[1], top->out_wide[0]);
+    }
+
+    // Final model cleanup
+    top->final();
+
+    // Close trace if opened
+#if VM_TRACE
+    if (tfp) { tfp->close(); tfp = NULL; }
+#endif
+
+    //  Coverage analysis (since test passed)
+#if VM_COVERAGE
+    mkdir("logs", 0777);
+    VerilatedCov::write("logs/coverage.dat");
+#endif
+
+    // Destroy model
+    delete top; top = NULL;
+
+    // Fin
+    exit(0);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Verilog Test module
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2003 by Wilson Snyder.
+// ======================================================================
+
+module sub
+  (
+   input clk,
+   input fastclk,
+   input reset_l
+   );
+
+   // Example counter/flop
+   reg [31:0] count_f;
+   always_ff @ (posedge fastclk) begin
+      if (!reset_l) begin
+         /*AUTORESET*/
+         // Beginning of autoreset for uninitialized flops
+         count_f <= 32'h0;
+         // End of automatics
+      end
+      else begin
+         count_f <= count_f + 1;
+      end
+   end
+
+   // Another example flop
+   reg [31:0] count_c;
+   always_ff @ (posedge clk) begin
+      if (!reset_l) begin
+         /*AUTORESET*/
+         // Beginning of autoreset for uninitialized flops
+         count_c <= 32'h0;
+         // End of automatics
+      end
+      else begin
+         count_c <= count_c + 1;
+         if (count_c >= 3) begin
+            $display("[%0t] fastclk is %0d times faster than clk\n",
+                     $time, count_f/count_c);
+            // This write is a magic value the Makefile uses to make sure the
+            // test completes successfully.
+            $write("*-* All Finished *-*\n");
+            $finish;
+         end
+      end
+   end
+
+   // An example assertion
+   always_ff @ (posedge clk) begin
+      AssertionExample: assert (!reset_l || count_c<100);
+   end
+
+   // And example coverage analysis
+   cover property (@(posedge clk) count_c==3);
+
+endmodule
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Verilog example module
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2003 by Wilson Snyder.
+// ======================================================================
+
+// This is intended to be a complex example of several features, please also
+// see the simpler examples/hello_world_c.
+
+module top
+  (
+   // Declare some signals so we can see how I/O works
+   input         clk,
+   input         fastclk,
+   input         reset_l,
+
+   output [1:0]  out_small,
+   output [39:0] out_quad,
+   output [69:0] out_wide,
+   input [1:0]   in_small,
+   input [39:0]  in_quad,
+   input [69:0]  in_wide
+   );
+
+   // Connect up the outputs, using some trivial logic
+   wire [1:0]    out_small = ~reset_l ? '0 : (in_small + 2'b1);
+   wire [39:0]   out_quad  = ~reset_l ? '0 : (in_quad + 40'b1);
+   wire [69:0]   out_wide  = ~reset_l ? '0 : (in_wide + 70'b1);
+
+   // And an example sub module. The submodule will print stuff.
+   sub sub (/*AUTOINST*/
+            // Inputs
+            .clk                        (clk),
+            .fastclk                    (fastclk),
+            .reset_l                    (reset_l));
+
+   // Print some stuff as an example
+   initial begin
+      $display("[%0t] Model running...\n", $time);
+   end
+
+endmodule
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+*.dmp
+*.log
+*.csrc
+*.vcd
+obj_*
+logs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+######################################################################
+#
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator Example: Small Makefile
+#
+# This calls the object directory makefile.  That allows the objects to
+# be placed in the "current directory" which simplifies the Makefile.
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+######################################################################
+# Check for sanity to avoid later confusion
+
+ifneq ($(words $(CURDIR)),1)
+ $(error Unsupported: GNU Make cannot build in directories containing spaces, build elsewhere: '$(CURDIR)')
+endif
+
+######################################################################
+# Set up variables
+
+# If $VERILATOR_ROOT isn't in the environment, we assume it is part of a
+# package inatall, and verilator is in your path. Otherwise find the
+# binary relative to $VERILATOR_ROOT (such as when inside the git sources).
+ifeq ($(VERILATOR_ROOT),)
+VERILATOR = verilator
+VERILATOR_COVERAGE = verilator_coverage
+else
+export VERILATOR_ROOT
+VERILATOR = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator
+VERILATOR_COVERAGE = $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_coverage
+endif
+
+VERILATOR_FLAGS =
+# Generate SystemC in executable form
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += -sc --exe
+# Generate makefile dependencies (not shown as complicates the Makefile)
+#VERILATOR_FLAGS += -MMD
+# Optimize
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += -O2 -x-assign 0
+# Warn abount lint issues; may not want this on less solid designs
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += -Wall
+# Make waveforms
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += --trace
+# Check SystemVerilog assertions
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += --assert
+# Generate coverage analysis
+VERILATOR_FLAGS += --coverage
+# Run Verilator in debug mode
+#VERILATOR_FLAGS += --debug
+# Add this trace to get a backtrace in gdb
+#VERILATOR_FLAGS += --gdbbt
+
+# Check if SC exists via a verilator call (empty if not)
+SYSTEMC_EXISTS := $(shell $(VERILATOR) --getenv SYSTEMC_INCLUDE)
+
+######################################################################
+
+ifneq ($(SYSTEMC_EXISTS),)
+default: run
+else
+default: nosc
+endif
+
+run:
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- Verilator tracing example"
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- VERILATE ----------------"
+	$(VERILATOR) $(VERILATOR_FLAGS) -f input.vc top.v sc_main.cpp
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- COMPILE ----------------="
+# To compile, we can either just do what Verilator asks,
+# or call a submakefile where we can override the rules ourselves
+#	$(MAKE) -j 4 -C obj_dir -f Vtop.mk
+	$(MAKE) -j 4 -C obj_dir -f ../Makefile_obj
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- RUN ---------------------"
+	@mkdir -p logs
+	obj_dir/Vtop +trace
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- COVERAGE ----------------"
+	$(VERILATOR_COVERAGE) --annotate logs/annotated logs/coverage.dat
+
+	@echo
+	@echo "-- DONE --------------------"
+	@echo "To see waveforms, open vlt_dump.vcd in a waveform viewer"
+	@echo
+
+######################################################################
+# Other targets
+
+nosc:
+	@echo
+	@echo "%Skip: SYSTEMC_INCLUDE not in environment"
+	@echo "(If you have SystemC see the README, and rebuild Verilator)"
+	@echo
+
+show-config:
+	$(VERILATOR) -V
+
+maintainer-copy::
+clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
+	-rm -rf obj_dir logs *.log *.dmp *.vpd coverage.dat core
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# -*- Makefile -*-
+#######################################################################
+#
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator Example: Makefile for inside object directory
+#
+# This is executed in the object directory, and called by ../Makefile
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+#######################################################################
+
+default: Vtop
+
+# Include the rules made by Verilator
+include Vtop.mk
+
+#######################################################################
+# Compile flags
+
+# Override some default compile flags
+CPPFLAGS += -MMD -MP
+CPPFLAGS += -DVL_DEBUG=1
+# SystemC isn't too clean
+CPPFLAGS += -Wno-deprecated
+# Turn on some more flags (when configured appropriately)
+# For testing inside Verilator, "configure --enable-ccwarn" will do this
+# automatically; otherwise you may want this unconditionally enabled
+ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
+USER_CPPFLAGS_WALL += -W -Werror -Wall
+endif
+
+# If you build your own rules from scratch, note you need to include
+# SystemC as follows (Vtop.mk file includes verilated.mk with these
+# already).
+# CPPFLAGS += $(SYSTEMC_CXX_FLAGS) -I$(SYSTEMC_INCLUDE)
+# LDFLAGS  += $(SYSTEMC_CXX_FLAGS) -L$(SYSTEMC_LIBDIR)
+
+# See the benchmarking section of bin/verilator.
+# Support class optimizations.  This includes the tracing and symbol table.
+# SystemC takes minutes to optimize, thus it is off by default.
+OPT_SLOW =
+# Fast path optimizations.  Most time is spent in these classes.
+OPT_FAST = -O2 -fstrict-aliasing
+#OPT_FAST = -O
+#OPT_FAST =
+
+#######################################################################
+# Linking final exe -- presumes have a sim_main.cpp
+
+# Special compile rule
+sim_main.o: sim_main.cpp $(VM_PREFIX).h
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+# Automatically understand dependencies
+
+DEPS := $(wildcard *.d)
+ifneq ($(DEPS),)
+include $(DEPS)
+endif
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// This file typically lists flags required by a large project, e.g. include directories
+librescan +libext+.v+.sv+.vh+.svh -y .
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// -*- SystemC -*-
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator Example: Top level main for invoking SystemC model
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2017 by Wilson Snyder.
+//======================================================================
+
+// SystemC global header
+#include <systemc.h>
+
+// Include common routines
+#include <verilated.h>
+#if VM_TRACE
+#include <verilated_vcd_sc.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>  // mkdir
+
+// Include model header, generated from Verilating "top.v"
+#include "Vtop.h"
+
+int sc_main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    // This is a more complicated example, please also see the simpler examples/hello_world_c.
+
+    // Prevent unused variable warnings
+    if (0 && argc && argv) {}
+    // Pass arguments so Verilated code can see them, e.g. $value$plusargs
+    Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
+
+    // Set debug level, 0 is off, 9 is highest presently used
+    Verilated::debug(0);
+
+    // Randomization reset policy
+    Verilated::randReset(2);
+
+    // General logfile
+    ios::sync_with_stdio();
+
+    // Defaults time
+#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>20011000)
+#else
+    sc_time dut(1.0, sc_ns);
+    sc_set_default_time_unit(dut);
+#endif
+
+    // Define clocks
+#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20070314)
+    sc_clock clk     ("clk",    10,SC_NS, 0.5, 3,SC_NS, true);
+    sc_clock fastclk ("fastclk", 2,SC_NS, 0.5, 2,SC_NS, true);
+#else
+    sc_clock clk     ("clk",    10, 0.5, 3, true);
+    sc_clock fastclk ("fastclk", 2, 0.5, 2, true);
+#endif
+
+    // Define interconnect
+    sc_signal<bool> reset_l;
+    sc_signal<vluint32_t> in_small;
+    sc_signal<vluint64_t> in_quad;
+    sc_signal<sc_bv<70> > in_wide;
+    sc_signal<vluint32_t> out_small;
+    sc_signal<vluint64_t> out_quad;
+    sc_signal<sc_bv<70> > out_wide;
+
+    // Construct the Verilated model, from inside Vtop.h
+    Vtop* top = new Vtop("top");
+    // Attach signals to the model
+    top->clk       (clk);
+    top->fastclk   (fastclk);
+    top->reset_l   (reset_l);
+    top->in_small  (in_small);
+    top->in_quad   (in_quad);
+    top->in_wide   (in_wide);
+    top->out_small (out_small);
+    top->out_quad  (out_quad);
+    top->out_wide  (out_wide);
+
+#if VM_TRACE
+    // Before any evaluation, need to know to calculate those signals only used for tracing
+    Verilated::traceEverOn(true);
+#endif
+
+    // You must do one evaluation before enabling waves, in order to allow
+    // SystemC to interconnect everything for testing.
+#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20070314)
+    sc_start(1,SC_NS);
+#else
+    sc_start(1);
+#endif
+
+#if VM_TRACE
+    // If verilator was invoked with --trace argument,
+    // and if at run time passed the +trace argument, turn on tracing
+    VerilatedVcdSc* tfp = NULL;
+    const char* flag = Verilated::commandArgsPlusMatch("trace");
+    if (flag && 0==strcmp(flag, "+trace")) {
+        cout << "Enabling waves into logs/vlt_dump.vcd...\n";
+        tfp = new VerilatedVcdSc;
+        top->trace(tfp, 99);
+        mkdir("logs", 0777);
+        tfp->open("logs/vlt_dump.vcd");
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // Simulate until $finish
+    while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
+#if VM_TRACE
+        // Flush the wave files each cycle so we can immediately see the output
+        // Don't do this in "real" programs, do it in an abort() handler instead
+        if (tfp) tfp->flush();
+#endif
+
+        // Apply inputs
+        if (VL_TIME_Q() > 1 && VL_TIME_Q() < 10) {
+            reset_l = !1;       // Assert reset
+        } else if (VL_TIME_Q() > 1) {
+            reset_l = !0;       // Deassert reset
+        }
+
+        // Simulate 1ns
+#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20070314)
+        sc_start(1,SC_NS);
+#else
+        sc_start(1);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    // Final model cleanup
+    top->final();
+
+    // Close trace if opened
+#if VM_TRACE
+    if (tfp) { tfp->close(); tfp = NULL; }
+#endif
+
+    //  Coverage analysis (since test passed)
+#if VM_COVERAGE
+    mkdir("logs", 0777);
+    VerilatedCov::write("logs/coverage.dat");
+#endif
+
+    // Destroy model
+    delete top; top = NULL;
+
+    // Fin
+    return 0;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Verilog Test module
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2003 by Wilson Snyder.
+// ======================================================================
+
+module sub
+  (
+   input clk,
+   input fastclk,
+   input reset_l
+   );
+
+   // Example counter/flop
+   reg [31:0] count_f;
+   always_ff @ (posedge fastclk) begin
+      if (!reset_l) begin
+         /*AUTORESET*/
+         // Beginning of autoreset for uninitialized flops
+         count_f <= 32'h0;
+         // End of automatics
+      end
+      else begin
+         count_f <= count_f + 1;
+      end
+   end
+
+   // Another example flop
+   reg [31:0] count_c;
+   always_ff @ (posedge clk) begin
+      if (!reset_l) begin
+         /*AUTORESET*/
+         // Beginning of autoreset for uninitialized flops
+         count_c <= 32'h0;
+         // End of automatics
+      end
+      else begin
+         count_c <= count_c + 1;
+         if (count_c >= 3) begin
+            $display("[%0t] fastclk is %0d times faster than clk\n",
+                     $time, count_f/count_c);
+            // This write is a magic value the Makefile uses to make sure the
+            // test completes successfully.
+            $write("*-* All Finished *-*\n");
+            $finish;
+         end
+      end
+   end
+
+   // An example assertion
+   always_ff @ (posedge clk) begin
+      AssertionExample: assert (!reset_l || count_c<100);
+   end
+
+   // And example coverage analysis
+   cover property (@(posedge clk) count_c==3);
+
+endmodule
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Verilog example module
+//
+// This file ONLY is placed into the Public Domain, for any use,
+// without warranty, 2003 by Wilson Snyder.
+// ======================================================================
+
+// This is intended to be a complex example of several features, please also
+// see the simpler examples/hello_world_c.
+
+module top
+  (
+   // Declare some signals so we can see how I/O works
+   input         clk,
+   input         fastclk,
+   input         reset_l,
+
+   output [1:0]  out_small,
+   output [39:0] out_quad,
+   output [69:0] out_wide,
+   input [1:0]   in_small,
+   input [39:0]  in_quad,
+   input [69:0]  in_wide
+   );
+
+   // Connect up the outputs, using some trivial logic
+   wire [1:0]    out_small = ~reset_l ? '0 : (in_small + 2'b1);
+   wire [39:0]   out_quad  = ~reset_l ? '0 : (in_quad + 40'b1);
+   wire [69:0]   out_wide  = ~reset_l ? '0 : (in_wide + 70'b1);
+
+   // And an example sub module. The submodule will print stuff.
+   sub sub (/*AUTOINST*/
+            // Inputs
+            .clk                        (clk),
+            .fastclk                    (fastclk),
+            .reset_l                    (reset_l));
+
+   // Print some stuff as an example
+   initial begin
+      $display("[%0t] Model running...\n", $time);
+   end
+
+endmodule
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 ######################################################################
 # DESCRIPTION: Makefile commands for all verilated target files
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 # General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 ######################################################################
@@ -16,14 +16,21 @@ RANLIB = ranlib
 CFG_WITH_CCWARN = @CFG_WITH_CCWARN@
 CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS = @CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS@

+# Select newest language
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST@
+# Select oldest language (for Verilator internal testing only)
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_OLDEST@
 # Compiler flags to use to turn off unused and generated code warnings, such as -Wno-div-by-zero
 CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED@
+# Compiler flags that turn on extra warnings
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA@

 ######################################################################
 # Programs

-SP_PREPROC	= sp_preproc
-SP_INCLUDER     = $(PERL) $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_includer
+SP_INCLUDER	= $(VERILATOR_INCLUDER)
+VERILATOR_COVERAGE = $(PERL) $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_coverage
+VERILATOR_INCLUDER = $(PERL) $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_includer

 ######################################################################
 # Make checks
@@ -41,16 +48,16 @@ VK_CPPFLAGS_ALWAYS += \
 		-I$(VERILATOR_ROOT)/include \
 		-I$(VERILATOR_ROOT)/include/vltstd \
 		-DVL_PRINTF=printf \
-		-DVM_TRACE=$(VM_TRACE) \
 		-DVM_COVERAGE=$(VM_COVERAGE) \
+		-DVM_SC=$(VM_SC) \
+		-DVM_TRACE=$(VM_TRACE) \
+		$(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED) \

 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
-VK_CPPFLAGS_WALL += -Wall \
-		$(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED) \
-		-Werror
+VK_CPPFLAGS_WALL += -Wall $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA) -Werror
 endif

-CPPFLAGS += -I. $(VK_CPPFLAGS_ALWAYS) $(VK_CPPFLAGS_WALL)
+CPPFLAGS += -I. $(VK_CPPFLAGS_WALL) $(VK_CPPFLAGS_ALWAYS)

 VPATH += ..
 VPATH += $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/include
@@ -90,9 +97,9 @@ VM_CLASSES += $(VM_CLASSES_FAST) $(VM_CLASSES_SLOW)
 VM_SUPPORT += $(VM_SUPPORT_FAST) $(VM_SUPPORT_SLOW)

 #######################################################################
-##### SystemC or SystemPerl builds
+##### SystemC builds

-ifeq ($(VM_SP_OR_SC),1)
+ifeq ($(VM_SC),1)
  CPPFLAGS += $(SYSTEMC_CXX_FLAGS) -I$(SYSTEMC_INCLUDE)
  LDFLAGS  += $(SYSTEMC_CXX_FLAGS) -L$(SYSTEMC_LIBDIR)
  SC_LIBS   = -lsystemc
@@ -103,41 +110,24 @@ ifeq ($(VM_SP_OR_SC),1)
 endif

 #######################################################################
-##### SystemPerl builds
+##### Threaded builds

-ifeq ($(VM_SP),1)
-  CPPFLAGS += -I$(SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE) -DSYSTEMPERL
-  VPATH    +=   $(SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE)
-  LIBS   += -lm -lstdc++
-
-  VK_CLASSES_SP = $(addsuffix .sp, $(VM_CLASSES))
-
-  # This rule is called manually by the upper level makefile
-  preproc:
-	 @echo "      SP Preprocess" $(basename $(VM_CLASSES)) ...
-	 $(SP_PREPROC) -M sp_preproc.d --tree $(VM_PREFIX).sp_tree \
-		--preproc $(VK_CLASSES_SP)
-else
- ifeq ($(VM_COVERAGE),1)
-  CPPFLAGS += -I$(SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE)
-  VPATH    +=   $(SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE)
+ifneq ($(VM_THREADS),0)
+ ifneq ($(VM_THREADS),)
+  # Need C++11 at least, so always default to newest
+  CPPFLAGS += -DVL_THREADED $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_STD_NEWEST)
 endif
-  preproc:
 endif

 #######################################################################
-##### SystemC w/o SystemPerl builds
+##### Stub

-ifeq ($(VM_SC),1)
-  LIBS   += -lm -lstdc++
-endif
+preproc:

 #######################################################################
 ##### C/H builds

-ifeq ($(VM_PCLI),1)
-  LIBS   += -lm -lstdc++
-endif
+LIBS   += -lm -lstdc++

 #######################################################################
 # Overall Objects Linking
@@ -157,9 +147,9 @@ ifneq ($(VM_PARALLEL_BUILDS),1)
  VK_OBJS += $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLcls.o   $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLsup.o
  all_cpp:   $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLcls.cpp $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLsup.cpp
  $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLcls.cpp: $(VK_CLASSES_CPP)
-	$(SP_INCLUDER) $^ > $@
+	$(VERILATOR_INCLUDER) -DVL_INCLUDE_OPT=include $^ > $@
  $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLsup.cpp: $(VK_SUPPORT_CPP)
-	$(SP_INCLUDER) $^ > $@
+	$(VERILATOR_INCLUDER) -DVL_INCLUDE_OPT=include $^ > $@
 else
  #Slow way of building... Each .cpp file by itself
  VK_OBJS += $(addsuffix .o, $(VM_CLASSES) $(VM_SUPPORT))
@@ -173,16 +163,24 @@ $(VM_PREFIX)__ALL.a: $(VK_OBJS)
 ######################################################################
 ### Compile rules

-#Default rule embedded in make:  (Not defined so user makefiles can override it)
-#.cpp.o:
-#	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
-
+ifneq ($(VM_DEFAULT_RULES),0)
 $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLsup.o: $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLsup.cpp
 	$(OBJCACHE) $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(OPT_SLOW) -c -o $@ $<

 $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLcls.o: $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLcls.cpp
 	$(OBJCACHE) $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(OPT_FAST) -c -o $@ $<

+$(VM_PREFIX)%__Slow.o: $(VM_PREFIX)%__Slow.cpp
+	$(OBJCACHE) $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(OPT_SLOW) -c -o $@ $<
+
+$(VM_PREFIX)%.o: $(VM_PREFIX)%.cpp
+	$(OBJCACHE) $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(OPT_FAST) -c -o $@ $<
+endif
+
+#Default rule embedded in make:
+#.cpp.o:
+#	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
+
 ######################################################################
 ### Debugging

@@ -195,6 +193,7 @@ debug-make::
 	@echo VM_SUPPORT_SLOW: $(VM_SUPPORT_SLOW)
 	@echo VM_GLOBAL_FAST: $(VM_GLOBAL_FAST)
 	@echo VM_GLOBAL_SLOW: $(VM_GLOBAL_SLOW)
+	@echo CPPFLAGS: $(CPPFLAGS)
 	@echo

 ######################################################################
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2012 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//=============================================================================
+//
+// THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
+//
+// Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+//
+// This is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+// for more details.
+//
+//=============================================================================
+///
+/// \file
+/// \brief Verilator coverage analysis
+///
+//=============================================================================
+
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+#include "verilated.h"
+#include "verilated_cov.h"
+#include "verilated_cov_key.h"
+
+#include <map>
+#include <deque>
+#include <fstream>
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCovImpBase
+/// Implementation base class for constants
+
+struct VerilatedCovImpBase {
+    // TYPES
+    enum { MAX_KEYS = 33 };		/// Maximum user arguments + filename+lineno
+    enum { KEY_UNDEF = 0 };		/// Magic key # for unspecified values
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCovImpItem
+/// Implementation class for a VerilatedCov item
+
+class VerilatedCovImpItem : VerilatedCovImpBase {
+public:  // But only local to this file
+    // MEMBERS
+    int	m_keys[MAX_KEYS];		///< Key
+    int	m_vals[MAX_KEYS];		///< Value for specified key
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    // Derived classes should call zero() in their constructor
+    VerilatedCovImpItem() {
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; ++i) {
+	    m_keys[i]=KEY_UNDEF;
+	    m_vals[i]=0;
+	}
+    }
+    virtual ~VerilatedCovImpItem() {}
+    virtual vluint64_t count() const = 0;
+    virtual void zero() const = 0;
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+/// VerilatedCoverItem templated for a specific class
+/// Creates a new coverage item for the specified type.
+/// This isn't in the header file for auto-magic conversion because it
+/// inlines to too much code and makes compilation too slow.
+
+template <class T> class VerilatedCoverItemSpec : public VerilatedCovImpItem {
+private:
+    // MEMBERS
+    T*	m_countp;	///< Count value
+public:
+    // METHODS
+    // cppcheck-suppress truncLongCastReturn
+    virtual vluint64_t count() const { return *m_countp; }
+    virtual void zero() const { *m_countp = 0; }
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
+    VerilatedCoverItemSpec(T* countp) : m_countp(countp) { zero(); }
+    virtual ~VerilatedCoverItemSpec() {}
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCovImp
+/// Implementation class for VerilatedCov.  See that class for public method information.
+/// All value and keys are indexed into a unique number.  Thus we can greatly reduce
+/// the storage requirements for otherwise identical keys.
+
+class VerilatedCovImp : VerilatedCovImpBase {
+private:
+    // TYPES
+    typedef std::map<std::string,int> ValueIndexMap;
+    typedef std::map<int,std::string> IndexValueMap;
+    typedef std::deque<VerilatedCovImpItem*> ItemList;
+
+private:
+    // MEMBERS
+    VerilatedMutex	m_mutex;  ///< Protects all members, when VL_THREADED. Wrapper deals with setting it.
+    ValueIndexMap       m_valueIndexes VL_GUARDED_BY(m_mutex);  ///< For each key/value a unique arbitrary index value
+    IndexValueMap       m_indexValues VL_GUARDED_BY(m_mutex);  ///< For each key/value a unique arbitrary index value
+    ItemList            m_items VL_GUARDED_BY(m_mutex);  ///< List of all items
+
+    VerilatedCovImpItem* m_insertp VL_GUARDED_BY(m_mutex);  ///< Item about to insert
+    const char*         m_insertFilenamep VL_GUARDED_BY(m_mutex);  ///< Filename about to insert
+    int                 m_insertLineno VL_GUARDED_BY(m_mutex);  ///< Line number about to insert
+
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VerilatedCovImp() {
+	m_insertp = NULL;
+	m_insertFilenamep = NULL;
+	m_insertLineno = 0;
+    }
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedCovImp);
+public:
+    ~VerilatedCovImp() { clearGuts(); }
+    static VerilatedCovImp& imp() VL_MT_SAFE {
+	static VerilatedCovImp s_singleton;
+	return s_singleton;
+    }
+
+private:
+    // PRIVATE METHODS
+    int valueIndex(const std::string& value) VL_REQUIRES(m_mutex) {
+	static int nextIndex = KEY_UNDEF+1;
+	ValueIndexMap::iterator iter = m_valueIndexes.find(value);
+	if (iter != m_valueIndexes.end()) return iter->second;
+	nextIndex++;  assert(nextIndex>0);
+	m_valueIndexes.insert(std::make_pair(value, nextIndex));
+	m_indexValues.insert(std::make_pair(nextIndex, value));
+	return nextIndex;
+    }
+    static std::string dequote(const std::string& text) VL_PURE {
+	// Quote any special characters
+	std::string rtn;
+	for (const char* pos = text.c_str(); *pos; ++pos) {
+	    if (!isprint(*pos) || *pos=='%' || *pos=='"') {
+		char hex[10]; sprintf(hex,"%%%02X",pos[0]);
+		rtn += hex;
+	    } else {
+		rtn += *pos;
+	    }
+	}
+	return rtn;
+    }
+    static bool legalKey(const std::string& key) VL_PURE {
+	// Because we compress long keys to a single letter, and
+	// don't want applications to either get confused if they use
+	// a letter differently, nor want them to rely on our compression...
+	// (Considered using numeric keys, but will remain back compatible.)
+	if (key.length()<2) return false;
+	if (key.length()==2 && isdigit(key[1])) return false;
+	return true;
+    }
+    static std::string keyValueFormatter(const std::string& key, const std::string& value) VL_PURE {
+	std::string name;
+	if (key.length()==1 && isalpha(key[0])) {
+	    name += std::string("\001")+key;
+	} else {
+	    name += std::string("\001")+dequote(key);
+	}
+	name += std::string("\002")+dequote(value);
+	return name;
+    }
+    static std::string combineHier(const std::string& old, const std::string& add) VL_PURE {
+	// (foo.a.x, foo.b.x) => foo.*.x
+	// (foo.a.x, foo.b.y) => foo.*
+	// (foo.a.x, foo.b)   => foo.*
+	if (old == add) return add;
+	if (old == "") return add;
+	if (add == "") return old;
+
+	const char* a = old.c_str();
+	const char* b = add.c_str();
+
+	// Scan forward to first mismatch
+	const char* apre = a;
+	const char* bpre = b;
+	while (*apre == *bpre) { apre++; bpre++; }
+
+	// We used to backup and split on only .'s but it seems better to be verbose
+	// and not assume . is the separator
+	std::string prefix = std::string(a,apre-a);
+
+	// Scan backward to last mismatch
+	const char* apost = a+strlen(a)-1;
+	const char* bpost = b+strlen(b)-1;
+	while (*apost == *bpost
+	       && apost>apre && bpost>bpre) { apost--; bpost--; }
+
+	// Forward to . so we have a whole word
+	std::string suffix = *bpost ? std::string(bpost+1) : "";
+
+	std::string out = prefix+"*"+suffix;
+
+	//cout << "\nch pre="<<prefix<<"  s="<<suffix<<"\nch a="<<old<<"\nch b="<<add<<"\nch o="<<out<<endl;
+	return out;
+    }
+    bool itemMatchesString(VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp, const std::string& match) VL_REQUIRES(m_mutex) {
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; ++i) {
+	    if (itemp->m_keys[i] != KEY_UNDEF) {
+		// We don't compare keys, only values
+		std::string val = m_indexValues[itemp->m_vals[i]];
+		if (std::string::npos != val.find(match)) {  // Found
+		    return true;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	return false;
+    }
+    static void selftest() VL_MT_SAFE {
+	// Little selftest
+	if (combineHier ("a.b.c","a.b.c")	!="a.b.c") VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("a.b.c","a.b")		!="a.b*") VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("a.x.c","a.y.c")	!="a.*.c") VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("a.z.z.z.c","a.b.c")	!="a.*.c") VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("z","a")		!="*") VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("q.a","q.b")		!="q.*") VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("q.za","q.zb")		!="q.z*") VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("1.2.3.a","9.8.7.a")	!="*.a") VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+    }
+    void clearGuts() VL_REQUIRES(m_mutex) {
+	for (ItemList::const_iterator it=m_items.begin(); it!=m_items.end(); ++it) {
+	    VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp = *(it);
+	    delete itemp;
+	}
+	m_items.clear();
+	m_indexValues.clear();
+	m_valueIndexes.clear();
+    }
+
+public:
+    // PUBLIC METHODS
+    void clear() VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	Verilated::quiesce();
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(m_mutex);
+	clearGuts();
+    }
+    void clearNonMatch(const char* matchp) VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	Verilated::quiesce();
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(m_mutex);
+	if (matchp && matchp[0]) {
+	    ItemList newlist;
+	    for (ItemList::iterator it=m_items.begin(); it!=m_items.end(); ++it) {
+		VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp = *(it);
+		if (!itemMatchesString(itemp, matchp)) {
+		    delete itemp;
+		} else {
+		    newlist.push_back(itemp);
+		}
+	    }
+	    m_items = newlist;
+	}
+    }
+    void zero() VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	Verilated::quiesce();
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(m_mutex);
+	for (ItemList::const_iterator it=m_items.begin(); it!=m_items.end(); ++it) {
+	    (*it)->zero();
+	}
+    }
+
+    // We assume there's always call to i/f/p in that order
+    void inserti (VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp) VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(m_mutex);
+	assert(!m_insertp);
+ 	m_insertp = itemp;
+    }
+    void insertf (const char* filenamep, int lineno) VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(m_mutex);
+	m_insertFilenamep = filenamep;
+	m_insertLineno = lineno;
+    }
+    void insertp (const char* ckeyps[MAX_KEYS],
+		  const char* valps[MAX_KEYS]) VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(m_mutex);
+	assert(m_insertp);
+	// First two key/vals are filename
+	ckeyps[0]="filename";	valps[0]=m_insertFilenamep;
+	std::string linestr = vlCovCvtToStr(m_insertLineno);
+	ckeyps[1]="lineno";	valps[1]=linestr.c_str();
+	// Default page if not specified
+	const char* fnstartp = m_insertFilenamep;
+	while (const char* foundp = strchr(fnstartp,'/')) fnstartp=foundp+1;
+	const char* fnendp = fnstartp;
+	while (*fnendp && *fnendp!='.') fnendp++;
+	std::string page_default = "sp_user/"+std::string(fnstartp,fnendp-fnstartp);
+	ckeyps[2]="page";	valps[2]=page_default.c_str();
+
+	// Keys -> strings
+	std::string keys[MAX_KEYS];
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; ++i) {
+	    if (ckeyps[i] && ckeyps[i][0]) {
+		keys[i] = ckeyps[i];
+	    }
+	}
+	// Ignore empty keys
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; ++i) {
+	    if (keys[i]!="") {
+		for (int j=i+1; j<MAX_KEYS; ++j) {
+		    if (keys[i] == keys[j]) {  // Duplicate key.  Keep the last one
+			keys[i] = "";
+			break;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	// Insert the values
+	int addKeynum=0;
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; ++i) {
+	    const std::string key = keys[i];
+	    if (keys[i]!="") {
+		const std::string val = valps[i];
+		//cout<<"   "<<__FUNCTION__<<"  "<<key<<" = "<<val<<endl;
+		m_insertp->m_keys[addKeynum] = valueIndex(key);
+		m_insertp->m_vals[addKeynum] = valueIndex(val);
+		addKeynum++;
+		if (!legalKey(key)) {
+		    std::string msg = "%Error: Coverage keys of one character, or letter+digit are illegal: "+key;
+		    VL_FATAL_MT("",0,"",msg.c_str());
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	m_items.push_back(m_insertp);
+	// Prepare for next
+	m_insertp = NULL;
+    }
+
+    void write(const char* filename) VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	Verilated::quiesce();
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(m_mutex);
+#ifndef VM_COVERAGE
+	VL_FATAL_MT("",0,"","%Error: Called VerilatedCov::write when VM_COVERAGE disabled\n");
+#endif
+	selftest();
+
+	std::ofstream os (filename);
+	if (os.fail()) {
+	    std::string msg = std::string("%Error: Can't write '")+filename+"'";
+	    VL_FATAL_MT("",0,"",msg.c_str());
+	    return;
+	}
+	os << "# SystemC::Coverage-3\n";
+
+	// Build list of events; totalize if collapsing hierarchy
+	typedef std::map<std::string,std::pair<std::string,vluint64_t> > EventMap;
+	EventMap eventCounts;
+	for (ItemList::iterator it=m_items.begin(); it!=m_items.end(); ++it) {
+	    VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp = *(it);
+	    std::string name;
+	    std::string hier;
+	    bool per_instance = false;
+
+	    for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; ++i) {
+		if (itemp->m_keys[i] != KEY_UNDEF) {
+		    std::string key = VerilatedCovKey::shortKey(m_indexValues[itemp->m_keys[i]]);
+		    std::string val = m_indexValues[itemp->m_vals[i]];
+		    if (key == VL_CIK_PER_INSTANCE) {
+			if (val != "0") per_instance = true;
+		    }
+		    if (key == VL_CIK_HIER) {
+			hier = val;
+		    } else {
+			// Print it
+			name += keyValueFormatter(key,val);
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (per_instance) {  // Not collapsing hierarchies
+		name += keyValueFormatter(VL_CIK_HIER,hier);
+		hier = "";
+	    }
+
+	    // Group versus point labels don't matter here, downstream
+	    // deals with it.  Seems bad for sizing though and doesn't
+	    // allow easy addition of new group codes (would be
+	    // inefficient)
+
+	    // Find or insert the named event
+	    EventMap::iterator cit = eventCounts.find(name);
+	    if (cit != eventCounts.end()) {
+		const std::string& oldhier = cit->second.first;
+		cit->second.second += itemp->count();
+		cit->second.first  = combineHier(oldhier, hier);
+	    } else {
+		eventCounts.insert(std::make_pair(name, make_pair(hier,itemp->count())));
+	    }
+	}
+
+	// Output body
+	for (EventMap::const_iterator it=eventCounts.begin(); it!=eventCounts.end(); ++it) {
+	    os<<"C '"<<std::dec;
+	    os<<it->first;
+	    if (it->second.first != "") os<<keyValueFormatter(VL_CIK_HIER,it->second.first);
+	    os<<"' "<<it->second.second;
+	    os<<std::endl;
+	}
+    }
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCov
+
+void VerilatedCov::clear() VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().clear();
+}
+void VerilatedCov::clearNonMatch(const char* matchp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().clearNonMatch(matchp);
+}
+void VerilatedCov::zero() VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().zero();
+}
+void VerilatedCov::write(const char* filenamep) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().write(filenamep);
+}
+void VerilatedCov::_inserti(vluint32_t* itemp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().inserti(new VerilatedCoverItemSpec<vluint32_t>(itemp));
+}
+void VerilatedCov::_inserti(vluint64_t* itemp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().inserti(new VerilatedCoverItemSpec<vluint64_t>(itemp));
+}
+void VerilatedCov::_insertf(const char* filename, int lineno) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().insertf(filename,lineno);
+}
+
+#define K(n) const char* key ## n
+#define A(n) const char* key ## n, const char* val ## n		// Argument list
+#define C(n) key ## n, val ## n	// Calling argument list
+#define N(n) "",""	// Null argument list
+void VerilatedCov::_insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9),
+			     A(10),A(11),A(12),A(13),A(14),A(15),A(16),A(17),A(18),A(19),
+			     A(20),A(21),A(22),A(23),A(24),A(25),A(26),A(27),A(28),A(29)) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    const char* keyps[VerilatedCovImpBase::MAX_KEYS]
+	= {NULL,NULL,NULL,	// filename,lineno,page
+	   key0,key1,key2,key3,key4,key5,key6,key7,key8,key9,
+	   key10,key11,key12,key13,key14,key15,key16,key17,key18,key19,
+	   key20,key21,key22,key23,key24,key25,key26,key27,key28,key29};
+    const char* valps[VerilatedCovImpBase::MAX_KEYS]
+	= {NULL,NULL,NULL,	// filename,lineno,page
+	   val0,val1,val2,val3,val4,val5,val6,val7,val8,val9,
+	   val10,val11,val12,val13,val14,val15,val16,val17,val18,val19,
+	   val20,val21,val22,val23,val24,val25,val26,val27,val28,val29};
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().insertp(keyps, valps);
+}
+
+// And versions with fewer arguments  (oh for a language with named parameters!)
+void VerilatedCov::_insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9)) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    _insertp(C(0),C(1),C(2),C(3),C(4),C(5),C(6),C(7),C(8),C(9),
+	     N(10),N(11),N(12),N(13),N(14),N(15),N(16),N(17),N(18),N(19),
+	     N(20),N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26),N(27),N(28),N(29));
+}
+void VerilatedCov::_insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9),
+			     A(10),A(11),A(12),A(13),A(14),A(15),A(16),A(17),A(18),A(19)) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    _insertp(C(0),C(1),C(2),C(3),C(4),C(5),C(6),C(7),C(8),C(9),
+	     C(10),C(11),C(12),C(13),C(14),C(15),C(16),C(17),C(18),C(19),
+	     N(20),N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26),N(27),N(28),N(29));
+}
+// Backward compatibility for Verilator
+void VerilatedCov::_insertp (A(0), A(1),  K(2),int val2,  K(3),int val3,
+			     K(4),const std::string& val4,  A(5),A(6)) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    std::string val2str = vlCovCvtToStr(val2);
+    std::string val3str = vlCovCvtToStr(val3);
+    _insertp(C(0),C(1),
+	     key2,val2str.c_str(),  key3,val3str.c_str(),  key4, val4.c_str(),
+	     C(5),C(6),N(7),N(8),N(9),
+	     N(10),N(11),N(12),N(13),N(14),N(15),N(16),N(17),N(18),N(19),
+	     N(20),N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26),N(27),N(28),N(29));
+}
+#undef A
+#undef C
+#undef N
+#undef K
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//=============================================================================
+//
+// THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
+//
+// Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+//
+// This is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+// for more details.
+//
+//=============================================================================
+///
+/// \file
+/// \brief Coverage analysis support
+///
+//=============================================================================
+
+#ifndef _VERILATED_COV_H_
+#define _VERILATED_COV_H_ 1
+
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+//=============================================================================
+/// Conditionally compile coverage code
+
+#ifdef VM_COVERAGE
+# define VL_IF_COVER(stmts) do { stmts ; } while(0)
+#else
+# define VL_IF_COVER(stmts) do { if(0) { stmts ; } } while(0)
+#endif
+
+//=============================================================================
+/// Insert a item for coverage analysis.
+/// The first argument is a pointer to the count to be dumped.
+/// The remaining arguments occur in pairs: A string key, and a value.
+/// The value may be a string, or another type which will be auto-converted to a string.
+///
+/// Some typical keys:
+///	filename	File the recording occurs in.  Defaults to __FILE__
+///	lineno		Line number the recording occurs in.  Defaults to __LINE__
+///	column		Column number (or occurrence# for dup file/lines).  Defaults to undef.
+///	hier		Hierarchical name.  Defaults to name()
+///	type		Type of coverage.  Defaults to "user"
+///			Other types are 'block', 'fsm', 'toggle'.
+///	comment		Description of the coverage event.  Should be set by the user.
+///			Comments for type==block: 'if', 'else', 'elsif', 'case'
+///	thresh		Threshold to consider fully covered.
+///			If unspecified, downstream tools will determine it.
+///
+/// Examples:
+///
+///	vluint32_t m_cases[10];
+///	constructor {
+///	    for (int i=0; i<10; ++i) { m_cases[i]=0; }
+///     }
+///	for (int i=0; i<10; ++i) {
+///		VL_COVER_INSERT(&m_cases[i], "comment", "Coverage Case", "i", cvtToNumStr(i));
+///	}
+
+#define VL_COVER_INSERT(countp,args...) \
+    VL_IF_COVER(VerilatedCov::_inserti(countp);	\
+		VerilatedCov::_insertf(__FILE__,__LINE__);	\
+		VerilatedCov::_insertp("hier", name(), args))
+
+//=============================================================================
+/// Convert VL_COVER_INSERT value arguments to strings
+
+template< class T> std::string vlCovCvtToStr (const T& t) VL_PURE {
+    std::ostringstream os; os<<t; return os.str();
+}
+
+//=============================================================================
+//  VerilatedCov
+///  Verilator coverage global class
+////
+/// Global class with methods affecting all coverage data.
+/// All public methods in this class are thread safe.
+
+class VerilatedCov {
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedCov);
+public:
+    // GLOBAL METHODS
+    /// Return default filename
+    static const char* defaultFilename() VL_PURE { return "coverage.dat"; }
+    /// Write all coverage data to a file
+    static void write (const char* filenamep = defaultFilename()) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    /// Insert a coverage item
+    /// We accept from 1-30 key/value pairs, all as strings.
+    /// Call _insert1, followed by _insert2 and _insert3
+    /// Do not call directly; use VL_COVER_INSERT or higher level macros instead
+    // _insert1: Remember item pointer with count.  (Not const, as may add zeroing function)
+    static void _inserti (vluint32_t* itemp) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    static void _inserti (vluint64_t* itemp) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    // _insert2: Set default filename and line number
+    static void _insertf (const char* filename, int lineno) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    // _insert3: Set parameters
+    // We could have just the maximum argument version, but this compiles
+    // much slower (nearly 2x) than having smaller versions also.  However
+    // there's not much more gain in having a version for each number of args.
+#define K(n) const char* key ## n
+#define A(n) const char* key ## n, const char* valp ## n	// Argument list
+#define D(n) const char* key ## n = NULL, const char* valp ## n = NULL	// Argument list
+    static void _insertp (D(0),D(1),D(2),D(3),D(4),D(5),D(6),D(7),D(8),D(9));
+    static void _insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9)
+			  ,A(10),D(11),D(12),D(13),D(14),D(15),D(16),D(17),D(18),D(19));
+    static void _insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9)
+			  ,A(10),A(11),A(12),A(13),A(14),A(15),A(16),A(17),A(18),A(19)
+			  ,A(20),D(21),D(22),D(23),D(24),D(25),D(26),D(27),D(28),D(29));
+    // Backward compatibility for Verilator
+    static void _insertp (A(0), A(1),  K(2),int val2,  K(3),int val3,
+			  K(4),const std::string& val4,  A(5),A(6));
+
+#undef K
+#undef A
+#undef D
+    /// Clear coverage points (and call delete on all items)
+    static void clear() VL_MT_SAFE;
+    /// Clear items not matching the provided string
+    static void clearNonMatch (const char* matchp) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    /// Zero coverage points
+    static void zero() VL_MT_SAFE;
+};
+
+#endif // guard
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//=============================================================================
+//
+// THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
+//
+// Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+//
+// This is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+// for more details.
+//
+//=============================================================================
+///
+/// \file
+/// \brief Coverage item keys
+///
+//=============================================================================
+
+#ifndef _VERILATED_COV_KEY_H_
+#define _VERILATED_COV_KEY_H_ 1
+
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+//=============================================================================
+// Data used to edit below file, using vlcovgen
+
+#define VLCOVGEN_ITEM(string_parsed_by_vlcovgen)
+
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col0_name',   short=>'C0', group=>1, default=>undef, descr=>'The column title for the header line of this column'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col1_name',   short=>'C1', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col2_name',   short=>'C2', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col3_name',   short=>'C3', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'column',      short=>'n',  group=>1, default=>0,     descr=>'Column number for the item.  Used to disambiguate multiple coverage points on the same line number'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'filename',    short=>'f',  group=>1, default=>undef, descr=>'Filename of the item'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'groupdesc',   short=>'d',  group=>1, default=>'',    descr=>'Description of the covergroup this item belongs to'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'groupname',   short=>'g',  group=>1, default=>'',    descr=>'Group name of the covergroup this item belongs to'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'groupcmt',    short=>'O',  group=>1, default=>'',    ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'per_instance',short=>'P',  group=>1, default=>0,     descr=>'True if every hierarchy is independently counted; otherwise all hierarchies will be combined into a single count'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row0_name',   short=>'R0', group=>1, default=>undef, descr=>'The row title for the header line of this row'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row1_name',   short=>'R1', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row2_name',   short=>'R2', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row3_name',   short=>'R3', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'table',       short=>'T',  group=>1, default=>undef, descr=>'The name of the table for automatically generated tables'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'thresh',      short=>'s',  group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'type',        short=>'t',  group=>1, default=>'',    descr=>'Type of coverage (block, line, fsm, etc)'")
+// Bin attributes
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col0',        short=>'c0', group=>0, default=>undef, descr=>'The (enumeration) value name for this column in a table cross' ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col1',        short=>'c1', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col2',        short=>'c2', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col3',        short=>'c3', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'comment',     short=>'o',  group=>0, default=>'',    descr=>'Textual description for the item'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'hier',        short=>'h',  group=>0, default=>'',    descr=>'Hierarchy path name for the item'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'limit',       short=>'L',  group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'lineno',      short=>'l',  group=>0, default=>0,     descr=>'Line number for the item'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row0',        short=>'r0', group=>0, default=>undef, descr=>'The (enumeration) value name for this row in a table cross'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row1',        short=>'r1', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row2',        short=>'r2', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row3',        short=>'r3', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'weight',      short=>'w',  group=>0, default=>undef, descr=>'For totaling items, weight of this item'")
+
+// VLCOVGEN_CIK_AUTO_EDIT_BEGIN
+#define VL_CIK_COL0 "c0"
+#define VL_CIK_COL0_NAME "C0"
+#define VL_CIK_COL1 "c1"
+#define VL_CIK_COL1_NAME "C1"
+#define VL_CIK_COL2 "c2"
+#define VL_CIK_COL2_NAME "C2"
+#define VL_CIK_COL3 "c3"
+#define VL_CIK_COL3_NAME "C3"
+#define VL_CIK_COLUMN "n"
+#define VL_CIK_COMMENT "o"
+#define VL_CIK_FILENAME "f"
+#define VL_CIK_GROUPCMT "O"
+#define VL_CIK_GROUPDESC "d"
+#define VL_CIK_GROUPNAME "g"
+#define VL_CIK_HIER "h"
+#define VL_CIK_LIMIT "L"
+#define VL_CIK_LINENO "l"
+#define VL_CIK_PER_INSTANCE "P"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW0 "r0"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW0_NAME "R0"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW1 "r1"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW1_NAME "R1"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW2 "r2"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW2_NAME "R2"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW3 "r3"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW3_NAME "R3"
+#define VL_CIK_TABLE "T"
+#define VL_CIK_THRESH "s"
+#define VL_CIK_TYPE "t"
+#define VL_CIK_WEIGHT "w"
+// VLCOVGEN_CIK_AUTO_EDIT_END
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCovKey
+/// Verilator coverage global class.
+/// This class is thread safe.
+
+class VerilatedCovKey {
+public:
+    static std::string shortKey(const std::string& key) VL_PURE {
+	// VLCOVGEN_SHORT_AUTO_EDIT_BEGIN
+	if (key == "col0") return VL_CIK_COL0;
+	if (key == "col0_name") return VL_CIK_COL0_NAME;
+	if (key == "col1") return VL_CIK_COL1;
+	if (key == "col1_name") return VL_CIK_COL1_NAME;
+	if (key == "col2") return VL_CIK_COL2;
+	if (key == "col2_name") return VL_CIK_COL2_NAME;
+	if (key == "col3") return VL_CIK_COL3;
+	if (key == "col3_name") return VL_CIK_COL3_NAME;
+	if (key == "column") return VL_CIK_COLUMN;
+	if (key == "comment") return VL_CIK_COMMENT;
+	if (key == "filename") return VL_CIK_FILENAME;
+	if (key == "groupcmt") return VL_CIK_GROUPCMT;
+	if (key == "groupdesc") return VL_CIK_GROUPDESC;
+	if (key == "groupname") return VL_CIK_GROUPNAME;
+	if (key == "hier") return VL_CIK_HIER;
+	if (key == "limit") return VL_CIK_LIMIT;
+	if (key == "lineno") return VL_CIK_LINENO;
+	if (key == "per_instance") return VL_CIK_PER_INSTANCE;
+	if (key == "row0") return VL_CIK_ROW0;
+	if (key == "row0_name") return VL_CIK_ROW0_NAME;
+	if (key == "row1") return VL_CIK_ROW1;
+	if (key == "row1_name") return VL_CIK_ROW1_NAME;
+	if (key == "row2") return VL_CIK_ROW2;
+	if (key == "row2_name") return VL_CIK_ROW2_NAME;
+	if (key == "row3") return VL_CIK_ROW3;
+	if (key == "row3_name") return VL_CIK_ROW3_NAME;
+	if (key == "table") return VL_CIK_TABLE;
+	if (key == "thresh") return VL_CIK_THRESH;
+	if (key == "type") return VL_CIK_TYPE;
+	if (key == "weight") return VL_CIK_WEIGHT;
+	// VLCOVGEN_SHORT_AUTO_EDIT_END
+	return key;
+    }
+};
+
+#endif // guard
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2009-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2009-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief Verilator: DPI implementation code
 ///
-///	This file must be compiled and linked against all objects
-///	created from Verilator or called by Verilator that use the DPI.
+///     This file must be compiled and linked against all objects
+///     created from Verilator or called by Verilator that use the DPI.
 ///
 /// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
 ///
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@

 // On MSVC++ we need svdpi.h to declare exports, not imports
 #define DPI_PROTOTYPES
+#undef XXTERN
 #define XXTERN DPI_EXTERN DPI_DLLESPEC
+#undef EETERN
 #define EETERN DPI_EXTERN DPI_DLLESPEC

 #include "vltstd/svdpi.h"
@@ -40,11 +42,14 @@

 // Not supported yet
 #define _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP() \
-    vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"",(string("%%Error: Unsupported DPI function: ")+VL_FUNC).c_str())
+    VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"",(std::string("%%Error: Unsupported DPI function: ")+VL_FUNC).c_str())
+
+#define _VL_SVDPI_WARN(message...) \
+    VL_PRINTF_MT(message)

 // Function requires a "context" in the import declaration
 #define _VL_SVDPI_CONTEXT_WARN() \
-    VL_PRINTF("%%Warning: DPI C Function called by Verilog DPI import with missing 'context' keyword.\n");
+    _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI C Function called by Verilog DPI import with missing 'context' keyword.\n");

 //======================================================================
 //======================================================================
@@ -58,197 +63,653 @@ const char* svDpiVersion() {
 //======================================================================
 // Bit-select utility functions.

-svBit svGetBitselBit(const svBitVecVal* s, int i) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+svBit svGetBitselBit(const svBitVecVal* sp, int bit) {
+    return VL_BITRSHIFT_W(sp,bit) & 1;
 }
-svLogic svGetBitselLogic(const svLogicVecVal* s, int i) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+svLogic svGetBitselLogic(const svLogicVecVal* sp, int bit) {
+    // Not VL_BITRSHIFT_W as sp is a different structure type
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so only aval
+    return (((sp[VL_BITWORD_I(bit)].aval >> VL_BITBIT_I(bit)) & 1)
+            | (((sp[VL_BITWORD_I(bit)].bval >> VL_BITBIT_I(bit)) & 1)<<1));
 }

-void svPutBitselBit(svBitVecVal* d, int i, svBit s) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+void svPutBitselBit(svBitVecVal* dp, int bit, svBit s) {
+    VL_ASSIGNBIT_WI(32, bit, dp, s);
 }
-void svPutBitselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, int i, svLogic s) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+void svPutBitselLogic(svLogicVecVal* dp, int bit, svLogic s) {
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so only aval
+    dp[VL_BITWORD_I(bit)].aval
+        = ((dp[VL_BITWORD_I(bit)].aval & ~(VL_UL(1)<<VL_BITBIT_I(bit)))
+           | ((s&1)<<VL_BITBIT_I(bit)));
+    dp[VL_BITWORD_I(bit)].bval
+        = ((dp[VL_BITWORD_I(bit)].bval & ~(VL_UL(1)<<VL_BITBIT_I(bit)))
+           | ((s&2)>>1<<VL_BITBIT_I(bit)));
 }

-void svGetPartselBit(svBitVecVal* d, const svBitVecVal* s, int i, int w) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+void svGetPartselBit(svBitVecVal* dp, const svBitVecVal* sp, int lsb, int width) {
+    // See also VL_SEL_WWI
+    int msb = lsb+width-1;
+    int word_shift = VL_BITWORD_I(lsb);
+    if (VL_BITBIT_I(lsb)==0) {
+        // Just a word extract
+        for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(width); ++i) dp[i] = sp[i+word_shift];
+    } else {
+        int loffset = lsb & VL_SIZEBITS_I;
+        int nbitsfromlow = 32-loffset;  // bits that end up in lword (know loffset!=0)
+        // Middle words
+        int words = VL_WORDS_I(msb-lsb+1);
+        for (int i=0; i<words; ++i) {
+            dp[i] = sp[i+word_shift]>>loffset;
+            int upperword = i+word_shift+1;
+            if (upperword <= static_cast<int>(VL_BITWORD_I(msb))) {
+                dp[i] |= sp[upperword] << nbitsfromlow;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Clean result
+    dp[VL_WORDS_I(width)-1] &= VL_MASK_I(width);
 }
-void svGetPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, const svLogicVecVal* s, int i, int w) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+void svGetPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* dp, const svLogicVecVal* sp, int lsb, int width) {
+    int msb = lsb+width-1;
+    int word_shift = VL_BITWORD_I(lsb);
+    if (VL_BITBIT_I(lsb)==0) {
+        // Just a word extract
+        for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(width); ++i) dp[i] = sp[i+word_shift];
+    } else {
+        int loffset = lsb & VL_SIZEBITS_I;
+        int nbitsfromlow = 32-loffset;  // bits that end up in lword (know loffset!=0)
+        // Middle words
+        int words = VL_WORDS_I(msb-lsb+1);
+        for (int i=0; i<words; ++i) {
+            dp[i].aval = sp[i+word_shift].aval >> loffset;
+            dp[i].bval = sp[i+word_shift].bval >> loffset;
+            int upperword = i+word_shift+1;
+            if (upperword <= static_cast<int>(VL_BITWORD_I(msb))) {
+                dp[i].aval |= sp[upperword].aval << nbitsfromlow;
+                dp[i].bval |= sp[upperword].bval << nbitsfromlow;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Clean result
+    dp[VL_WORDS_I(width)-1].aval &= VL_MASK_I(width);
+    dp[VL_WORDS_I(width)-1].bval &= VL_MASK_I(width);
+}
+void svPutPartselBit(svBitVecVal* dp, const svBitVecVal s, int lbit, int width) {
+    // See also _VL_INSERT_WI
+    int hbit = lbit+width-1;
+    int hoffset = VL_BITBIT_I(hbit);
+    int loffset = VL_BITBIT_I(lbit);
+    if (hoffset==VL_SIZEBITS_I && loffset==0) {
+        // Fast and common case, word based insertion
+        dp[VL_BITWORD_I(lbit)] = s;
+    }
+    else {
+        int hword = VL_BITWORD_I(hbit);
+        int lword = VL_BITWORD_I(lbit);
+        if (hword==lword) {     // know < 32 bits because above checks it
+            IData insmask = (VL_MASK_I(hoffset-loffset+1))<<loffset;
+            dp[lword] = (dp[lword] & ~insmask) | ((s<<loffset) & insmask);
+        } else {
+            IData hinsmask = (VL_MASK_I(hoffset-0+1))<<0;
+            IData linsmask = (VL_MASK_I(31-loffset+1))<<loffset;
+            int nbitsonright = 32-loffset;  // bits that end up in lword
+            dp[lword] = (dp[lword] & ~linsmask) | ((s<<loffset) & linsmask);
+            dp[hword] = (dp[hword] & ~hinsmask) | ((s>>nbitsonright) & hinsmask);
+        }
+    }
+}
+// cppcheck-suppress passedByValue
+void svPutPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* dp, const svLogicVecVal s, int lbit, int width) {
+    int hbit = lbit+width-1;
+    int hoffset = VL_BITBIT_I(hbit);
+    int loffset = VL_BITBIT_I(lbit);
+    if (hoffset==VL_SIZEBITS_I && loffset==0) {
+        // Fast and common case, word based insertion
+        dp[VL_BITWORD_I(lbit)].aval = s.aval;
+        dp[VL_BITWORD_I(lbit)].bval = s.bval;
+    }
+    else {
+        int hword = VL_BITWORD_I(hbit);
+        int lword = VL_BITWORD_I(lbit);
+        if (hword==lword) {     // know < 32 bits because above checks it
+            IData insmask = (VL_MASK_I(hoffset-loffset+1))<<loffset;
+            dp[lword].aval = (dp[lword].aval & ~insmask) | ((s.aval<<loffset) & insmask);
+            dp[lword].bval = (dp[lword].bval & ~insmask) | ((s.bval<<loffset) & insmask);
+        } else {
+            IData hinsmask = (VL_MASK_I(hoffset-0+1))<<0;
+            IData linsmask = (VL_MASK_I(31-loffset+1))<<loffset;
+            int nbitsonright = 32-loffset;  // bits that end up in lword
+            dp[lword].aval = (dp[lword].aval & ~linsmask) | ((s.aval<<loffset) & linsmask);
+            dp[lword].bval = (dp[lword].bval & ~linsmask) | ((s.bval<<loffset) & linsmask);
+            dp[hword].aval = (dp[hword].aval & ~hinsmask) | ((s.aval>>nbitsonright) & hinsmask);
+            dp[hword].bval = (dp[hword].bval & ~hinsmask) | ((s.bval>>nbitsonright) & hinsmask);
+        }
+    }
 }

-void svPutPartselBit(svBitVecVal* d, const svBitVecVal s, int i, int w) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
-}
-void svPutPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, const svLogicVecVal s, int i, int w) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+//======================================================================
+// Open array internals
+
+static inline const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* _vl_openhandle_varp(const svOpenArrayHandle h) {
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!h)) {
+        VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%%Error: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function called with NULL handle");
+    }
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = reinterpret_cast<const VerilatedDpiOpenVar*>(h);
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!varp->magicOk())) {
+        VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%%Error: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function called with non-Verilator handle");
+    }
+    return varp;
 }

 //======================================================================
 // Open array querying functions

 int svLeft(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int d) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_openhandle_varp(h)->left(d);
 }
 int svRight(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int d) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_openhandle_varp(h)->right(d);
 }
 int svLow(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int d) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_openhandle_varp(h)->low(d);
 }
 int svHigh(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int d) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_openhandle_varp(h)->high(d);
 }
 int svIncrement(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int d) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_openhandle_varp(h)->increment(d);
+}
+int svSize(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int d) {
+    return _vl_openhandle_varp(h)->elements(d);
 }
 int svDimensions(const svOpenArrayHandle h) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_openhandle_varp(h)->udims();
 }
-
-void *svGetArrayPtr(const svOpenArrayHandle) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return NULL;
+/// Return pointer to open array data, or NULL if not in IEEE standard C layout
+void* svGetArrayPtr(const svOpenArrayHandle h) {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(h);
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!varp->isDpiStdLayout())) return NULL;
+    return varp->datap();
 }
-
-int svSizeOfArray(const svOpenArrayHandle) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
-}
-
-void *svGetArrElemPtr(const svOpenArrayHandle, int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return NULL;
-}
-void *svGetArrElemPtr1(const svOpenArrayHandle, int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return NULL;
-}
-void *svGetArrElemPtr2(const svOpenArrayHandle, int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return NULL;
-}
-void *svGetArrElemPtr3(const svOpenArrayHandle, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return NULL;
+/// Return size of open array, or 0 if not in IEEE standard C layout
+int svSizeOfArray(const svOpenArrayHandle h) {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(h);
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!varp->isDpiStdLayout())) return 0;
+    // Truncate 64 bits to int; DPI is limited to 4GB
+    return static_cast<int>(varp->totalSize());
 }

 //======================================================================
-// s=source, d=destination
-// From user space into simulator storage
+// Open array access internals
+
+static void* _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp,
+                                   int nargs, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
+    void* datap = varp->datap();
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(nargs != varp->udims())) {
+        _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function called on %d dimensional array using %d dimensional function.\n",
+                       varp->udims(), nargs);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (nargs>=1) {
+        datap = varp->datapAdjustIndex(datap, 1, indx1);
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) {
+            _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function index 1 out of bounds; %d outside [%d:%d].\n",
+                           indx1, varp->left(1), varp->right(1));
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    if (nargs>=2) {
+        datap = varp->datapAdjustIndex(datap, 2, indx2);
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) {
+            _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function index 2 out of bounds; %d outside [%d:%d].\n",
+                           indx2, varp->left(2), varp->right(2));
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    if (nargs>=3) {
+        datap = varp->datapAdjustIndex(datap, 3, indx3);
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) {
+            _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function index 3 out of bounds; %d outside [%d:%d].\n",
+                           indx1, varp->left(3), varp->right(3));
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    return datap;
+}
+
+static int _vl_sv_adjusted_bit(const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp, int indx) {
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(indx < varp->low(0) || indx > varp->high(0))) {
+        _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function packed index out of bounds; %d outside [%d:%d].\n",
+                       indx, varp->left(0), varp->right(0));
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return indx - varp->low(0);
+}
+
+/// Return pointer to simulator open array element, or NULL if outside range
+static void* _vl_svGetArrElemPtr(const svOpenArrayHandle h,
+                                 int nargs, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(h);
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!varp->isDpiStdLayout())) return NULL;
+    void* datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+    return datap;
+}
+
+/// Copy to user bit array from simulator open array
+static void _vl_svGetBitArrElemVecVal(svBitVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
+                                      int nargs, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(s);
+    void* datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) return;
+    switch (varp->vltype()) {
+    case VLVT_UINT8:  d[0] = *(reinterpret_cast<CData*>(datap)); return;
+    case VLVT_UINT16: d[0] = *(reinterpret_cast<SData*>(datap)); return;
+    case VLVT_UINT32: d[0] = *(reinterpret_cast<IData*>(datap)); return;
+    case VLVT_UINT64: {
+        WData lwp[2]; VL_SET_WQ(lwp, *(reinterpret_cast<QData*>(datap)));
+        d[0] = lwp[0]; d[1] = lwp[1];
+        break;
+    }
+    case VLVT_WDATA: {
+        WDataOutP wdatap = (reinterpret_cast<WDataOutP>(datap));
+        for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(varp->packed().elements()); ++i) d[i] = wdatap[i];
+        return;
+    }
+    default:
+        _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function unsupported datatype (%d).\n", varp->vltype());
+        return;
+    }
+}
+/// Copy to user logic array from simulator open array
+static void _vl_svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(svLogicVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
+                                        int nargs, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(s);
+    void* datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) return;
+    switch (varp->vltype()) {
+    case VLVT_UINT8:  d[0].aval = *(reinterpret_cast<CData*>(datap)); d[0].bval=0; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT16: d[0].aval = *(reinterpret_cast<SData*>(datap)); d[0].bval=0; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT32: d[0].aval = *(reinterpret_cast<IData*>(datap)); d[0].bval=0; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT64: {
+        WData lwp[2]; VL_SET_WQ(lwp, *(reinterpret_cast<QData*>(datap)));
+        d[0].aval = lwp[0]; d[0].bval=0;
+        d[1].aval = lwp[1]; d[0].bval=0;
+        break;
+    }
+    case VLVT_WDATA: {
+        WDataOutP wdatap = (reinterpret_cast<WDataOutP>(datap));
+        for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(varp->packed().elements()); ++i) {
+            d[i].aval = wdatap[i]; d[i].bval = 0;
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    default:
+        _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function unsupported datatype (%d).\n", varp->vltype());
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Copy to simulator open array from from user bit array
+static void _vl_svPutBitArrElemVecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svBitVecVal* s,
+                                      int nargs, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(d);
+    void* datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) return;
+    switch (varp->vltype()) {
+    case VLVT_UINT8:  *(reinterpret_cast<CData*>(datap)) = s[0]; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT16: *(reinterpret_cast<SData*>(datap)) = s[0]; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT32: *(reinterpret_cast<IData*>(datap)) = s[0]; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT64: *(reinterpret_cast<QData*>(datap)) = _VL_SET_QII(s[1], s[0]); break;
+    case VLVT_WDATA: {
+        WDataOutP wdatap = (reinterpret_cast<WDataOutP>(datap));
+        for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(varp->packed().elements()); ++i) wdatap[i] = s[i];
+        return;
+    }
+    default:
+        _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function unsupported datatype (%d).\n", varp->vltype());
+        return;
+    }
+}
+/// Copy to simulator open array from from user logic array
+static void _vl_svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svLogicVecVal* s,
+                                        int nargs, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(d);
+    void* datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) return;
+    switch (varp->vltype()) {
+    case VLVT_UINT8:  *(reinterpret_cast<CData*>(datap)) = s[0].aval; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT16: *(reinterpret_cast<SData*>(datap)) = s[0].aval; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT32: *(reinterpret_cast<IData*>(datap)) = s[0].aval; return;
+    case VLVT_UINT64: *(reinterpret_cast<QData*>(datap)) = _VL_SET_QII(s[1].aval, s[0].aval); break;
+    case VLVT_WDATA: {
+        WDataOutP wdatap = (reinterpret_cast<WDataOutP>(datap));
+        for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(varp->packed().elements()); ++i) wdatap[i] = s[i].aval;
+        return;
+    }
+    default:
+        _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function unsupported datatype (%d).\n", varp->vltype());
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Return bit from simulator open array
+static svBit _vl_svGetBitArrElem(const svOpenArrayHandle s,
+                                 int nargs, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3, int indx4) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    // One extra index supported, as need bit number
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(s);
+    void* datap;
+    int lsb;
+    if (varp->packed().elements()) {
+        datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs-1, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+        lsb = _vl_sv_adjusted_bit(varp, ((nargs==1) ? indx1
+                                         : (nargs==2) ? indx2
+                                         : (nargs==3) ? indx3
+                                         : indx4));
+    } else {
+        datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+        lsb = 0;
+    }
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) return 0;
+    switch (varp->vltype()) {
+    case VLVT_UINT8:  return (*(reinterpret_cast<CData*>(datap)) >> lsb) & 1;
+    case VLVT_UINT16: return (*(reinterpret_cast<SData*>(datap)) >> lsb) & 1;
+    case VLVT_UINT32: return (*(reinterpret_cast<IData*>(datap)) >> lsb) & 1;
+    case VLVT_UINT64: return (*(reinterpret_cast<QData*>(datap)) >> static_cast<QData>(lsb)) & VL_ULL(1);
+    case VLVT_WDATA: {
+        WDataOutP wdatap = (reinterpret_cast<WDataOutP>(datap));
+        return VL_BITRSHIFT_W(wdatap, lsb) & 1;
+    }
+    default:
+        _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function unsupported datatype (%d).\n", varp->vltype());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+/// Update simulator open array from bit
+static void _vl_svPutBitArrElem(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svBit value,
+                                int nargs, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3, int indx4) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    // One extra index supported, as need bit number
+    value &= 1;  // Make sure clean
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(d);
+    void* datap;
+    int lsb;
+    if (varp->packed().elements()) {
+        datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs-1, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+        lsb = _vl_sv_adjusted_bit(varp, ((nargs==1) ? indx1
+                                         : (nargs==2) ? indx2
+                                         : (nargs==3) ? indx3
+                                         : indx4));
+    } else {
+        datap = _vl_sv_adjusted_datap(varp, nargs, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+        lsb = 0;
+    }
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!datap)) return;
+    switch (varp->vltype()) {
+    case VLVT_UINT8:  VL_ASSIGNBIT_II(-1, lsb, *(reinterpret_cast<CData*>(datap)), value); return;
+    case VLVT_UINT16: VL_ASSIGNBIT_II(-1, lsb, *(reinterpret_cast<SData*>(datap)), value); return;
+    case VLVT_UINT32: VL_ASSIGNBIT_II(-1, lsb, *(reinterpret_cast<IData*>(datap)), value); return;
+    case VLVT_UINT64: VL_ASSIGNBIT_QI(-1, lsb, *(reinterpret_cast<QData*>(datap)), value); return;
+    case VLVT_WDATA:  VL_ASSIGNBIT_WI(-1, lsb, (reinterpret_cast<WDataOutP>(datap)), value); return;
+    default:
+        _VL_SVDPI_WARN("%%Warning: DPI svOpenArrayHandle function unsupported datatype (%d).\n", varp->vltype());
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+//======================================================================
+// DPI accessors that simply call above functions
+
+void* svGetArrElemPtr(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int indx1, ...) {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(h);
+    void* datap;
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    // va_arg is a macro, so need temporaries as used below
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: datap = _vl_svGetArrElemPtr(h, 1, indx1, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            datap = _vl_svGetArrElemPtr(h, 2, indx1, indx2, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            datap = _vl_svGetArrElemPtr(h, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3); break; }
+    default: datap = _vl_svGetArrElemPtr(h, -1, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+    return datap;
+}
+void* svGetArrElemPtr1(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int indx1) {
+    return _vl_svGetArrElemPtr(h, 1, indx1, 0, 0);
+}
+void* svGetArrElemPtr2(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int indx1, int indx2) {
+    return _vl_svGetArrElemPtr(h, 2, indx1, indx2, 0);
+}
+void* svGetArrElemPtr3(const svOpenArrayHandle h, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
+    return _vl_svGetArrElemPtr(h, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3);
+}

 void svPutBitArrElemVecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svBitVecVal* s,
-			   int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                           int indx1, ...) {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(d);
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: _vl_svPutBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 1, indx1, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3); break; }
+    default: _vl_svPutBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, -1, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
 }
 void svPutBitArrElem1VecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svBitVecVal* s,
-			    int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                            int indx1) {
+    _vl_svPutBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 1, indx1, 0, 0);
 }
 void svPutBitArrElem2VecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svBitVecVal* s,
-			    int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                            int indx1, int indx2) {
+    _vl_svPutBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0);
 }
 void svPutBitArrElem3VecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svBitVecVal* s,
-			    int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                            int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
+    _vl_svPutBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3);
 }
 void svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svLogicVecVal* s,
-			     int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                             int indx1, ...) {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(d);
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: _vl_svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 1, indx1, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3); break; }
+    default: _vl_svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, -1, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
 }
 void svPutLogicArrElem1VecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svLogicVecVal* s,
-			      int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                              int indx1) {
+    _vl_svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 1, indx1, 0, 0);
 }
 void svPutLogicArrElem2VecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svLogicVecVal* s,
-			      int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                              int indx1, int indx2) {
+    _vl_svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0);
 }
 void svPutLogicArrElem3VecVal(const svOpenArrayHandle d, const svLogicVecVal* s,
-			      int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                              int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
+    _vl_svPutLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3);
 }

 //======================================================================
 // From simulator storage into user space

 void svGetBitArrElemVecVal(svBitVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
-			   int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                           int indx1, ...) {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(s);
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: _vl_svGetBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 1, indx1, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svGetBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svGetBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3); break; }
+    default: _vl_svGetBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, -1, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
 }
 void svGetBitArrElem1VecVal(svBitVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
-			    int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                            int indx1) {
+    _vl_svGetBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 1, indx1, 0, 0);
 }
 void svGetBitArrElem2VecVal(svBitVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
-			    int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                            int indx1, int indx2) {
+    _vl_svGetBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0);
 }
 void svGetBitArrElem3VecVal(svBitVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
-			    int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                            int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
+    _vl_svGetBitArrElemVecVal(d, s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3);
 }
 void svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(svLogicVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
-			     int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                             int indx1, ...) {
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(s);
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: _vl_svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 1, indx1, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3); break; }
+    default: _vl_svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, -1, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
 }
 void svGetLogicArrElem1VecVal(svLogicVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
-			      int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                              int indx1) {
+    _vl_svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 1, indx1, 0, 0);
 }
 void svGetLogicArrElem2VecVal(svLogicVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
-			      int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                              int indx1, int indx2) {
+    _vl_svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0);
 }
 void svGetLogicArrElem3VecVal(svLogicVecVal* d, const svOpenArrayHandle s,
-			      int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+                              int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
+    _vl_svGetLogicArrElemVecVal(d, s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3);
 }

 svBit svGetBitArrElem(const svOpenArrayHandle s, int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(s);
+    svBit out;
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 1, indx1, 0, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3, 0); break; }
+    case 4: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int); int indx4=va_arg(ap,int);
+            out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 4, indx1, indx2, indx3, indx4); break; }
+    default: out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+    return out;
 }
 svBit svGetBitArrElem1(const svOpenArrayHandle s, int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 1, indx1, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 svBit svGetBitArrElem2(const svOpenArrayHandle s, int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0, 0);
 }
 svBit svGetBitArrElem3(const svOpenArrayHandle s, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return 0;
+    return _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3, 0);
 }
 svLogic svGetLogicArrElem(const svOpenArrayHandle s, int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return sv_x;
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so can just call Bit version
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(s);
+    svBit out;
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 1, indx1, 0, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 2, indx1, indx2, 0, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3, 0); break; }
+    case 4: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int); int indx4=va_arg(ap,int);
+            out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, 4, indx1, indx2, indx3, indx4); break; }
+    default: out = _vl_svGetBitArrElem(s, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+    return out;
 }
 svLogic svGetLogicArrElem1(const svOpenArrayHandle s, int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return sv_x;
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so can just call Bit version
+    return svGetBitArrElem1(s, indx1);
 }
 svLogic svGetLogicArrElem2(const svOpenArrayHandle s, int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return sv_x;
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so can just call Bit version
+    return svGetBitArrElem2(s, indx1, indx2);
 }
 svLogic svGetLogicArrElem3(const svOpenArrayHandle s, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP(); return sv_x;
-}
-void svPutLogicArrElem(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svLogic value, int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
-}
-void svPutLogicArrElem1(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svLogic value, int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
-}
-void svPutLogicArrElem2(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svLogic value, int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
-}
-void svPutLogicArrElem3(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svLogic value, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so can just call Bit version
+    return svGetBitArrElem3(s, indx1, indx2, indx3);
 }
+
 void svPutBitArrElem(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svBit value, int indx1, ...) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(d);
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 1, indx1, 0, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 2, indx1, indx2, 0, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3, 0); break; }
+    case 4: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int); int indx4=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 4, indx1, indx2, indx3, indx4); break; }
+    default: _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
 }
 void svPutBitArrElem1(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svBit value, int indx1) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+    _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 1, indx1, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 void svPutBitArrElem2(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svBit value, int indx1, int indx2) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+    _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 2, indx1, indx2, 0, 0);
 }
 void svPutBitArrElem3(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svBit value, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
-    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
+    _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3, 0);
+}
+void svPutLogicArrElem(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svLogic value, int indx1, ...) {
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so can just call Bit version
+    const VerilatedDpiOpenVar* varp = _vl_openhandle_varp(d);
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, indx1);
+    switch (varp->udims()) {
+    case 1: _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 1, indx1, 0, 0, 0); break;
+    case 2: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 2, indx1, indx2, 0, 0); break; }
+    case 3: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 3, indx1, indx2, indx3, 0); break; }
+    case 4: { int indx2=va_arg(ap,int); int indx3=va_arg(ap,int); int indx4=va_arg(ap,int);
+            _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, 4, indx1, indx2, indx3, indx4); break; }
+    default: _vl_svPutBitArrElem(d, value, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0); break; // Will error
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+}
+void svPutLogicArrElem1(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svLogic value, int indx1) {
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so can just call Bit version
+    svPutBitArrElem1(d, value, indx1);
+}
+void svPutLogicArrElem2(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svLogic value, int indx1, int indx2) {
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so can just call Bit version
+    svPutBitArrElem2(d, value, indx1, indx2);
+}
+void svPutLogicArrElem3(const svOpenArrayHandle d, svLogic value, int indx1, int indx2, int indx3) {
+    // Verilator doesn't support X/Z so can just call Bit version
+    svPutBitArrElem3(d, value, indx1, indx2, indx3);
 }

 //======================================================================
@@ -261,13 +722,13 @@ svScope svGetScope() {

 svScope svSetScope(const svScope scope) {
    const VerilatedScope* prevScopep = Verilated::dpiScope();
-    const VerilatedScope* vscopep = (const VerilatedScope*)(scope);
+    const VerilatedScope* vscopep = reinterpret_cast<const VerilatedScope*>(scope);
    Verilated::dpiScope(vscopep);
    return (svScope)prevScopep;
 }

 const char* svGetNameFromScope(const svScope scope) {
-    const VerilatedScope* vscopep = (const VerilatedScope*)(scope);
+    const VerilatedScope* vscopep = reinterpret_cast<const VerilatedScope*>(scope);
    return vscopep->name();
 }

@@ -275,7 +736,7 @@ svScope svGetScopeFromName(const char* scopeName) {
    return (svScope)VerilatedImp::scopeFind(scopeName);
 }

-int svPutUserData(const svScope scope, void *userKey, void* userData) {
+int svPutUserData(const svScope scope, void* userKey, void* userData) {
    VerilatedImp::userInsert(scope,userKey,userData);
    return 0;
 }
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief Verilator: Common include for all Verilated C files that use DPI
 ///
-///	This file is included automatically by Verilator at the top of
-///	all C++ files it generates where DPI is used.  It contains
-///	DPI interface functions required by the Verilated code.
+///     This file is included automatically by Verilator at the top of
+///     all C++ files it generates where DPI is used.  It contains
+///     DPI interface functions required by the Verilated code.
 ///
 /// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
 ///
@@ -28,36 +28,53 @@
 #ifndef _VERILATED_DPI_H_
 #define _VERILATED_DPI_H_ 1 ///< Header Guard

-#include "verilated.h"   // Presumed done by caller
+#include "verilated.h"   // Also presumably included by caller
+#include "verilated_sym_props.h"
 #include "svdpi.h"

 //===================================================================
 // SETTING OPERATORS

+/// Return WData from svBitVecVal
+static inline void VL_SET_W_SVBV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
+    for (int i=0; i<words-1; ++i) owp[i]=lwp[i];
+    owp[words-1] = lwp[words-1] & VL_MASK_I(obits);
+}
 /// Return svBitVecVal from WData
-static inline void VL_SET_W_SVBV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, svBitVecVal* lwp) {
+static inline void VL_SET_SVBV_W(int obits, svBitVecVal* owp, WDataInP lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
    int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
-    for (int i=0; i<words-1; i++) owp[i]=lwp[i];
+    for (int i=0; i<words-1; ++i) owp[i]=lwp[i];
    owp[words-1] = lwp[words-1] & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_SVBV_W(int obits, svBitVecVal* owp, WDataInP lwp) {
+
+/// Convert svLogicVecVal to/from WData
+/// Note these functions ignore X/Z in svLogicVecVal
+static inline void VL_SET_W_SVLV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
    int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
-    for (int i=0; i<words-1; i++) owp[i]=lwp[i];
-    owp[words-1] = lwp[words-1] & VL_MASK_I(obits);
-}
-static inline void VL_SET_W_SVLV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, svLogicVecVal* lwp) {
-    // Note we ignore X/Z in svLogicVecVal
-    int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
-    for (int i=0; i<words-1; i++) owp[i]=lwp[i].aval;
+    for (int i=0; i<words-1; ++i) owp[i]=lwp[i].aval;
    owp[words-1] = lwp[words-1].aval & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_SVLV_W(int obits, svLogicVecVal* owp, WDataInP lwp) {
-    // Note we don't create X/Z in svLogicVecVal
+static inline QData VL_SET_Q_SVLV(const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    return _VL_SET_QII(lwp[1].aval, lwp[0].aval);
+}
+static inline IData VL_SET_I_SVLV(const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    return lwp[0].aval;
+}
+static inline void VL_SET_SVLV_W(int obits, svLogicVecVal* owp, WDataInP lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
    int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
-    for (int i=0; i<words; i++) owp[i].bval=0;
-    for (int i=0; i<words-1; i++) owp[i].aval=lwp[i];
+    for (int i=0; i<words; ++i) owp[i].bval=0;
+    for (int i=0; i<words-1; ++i) owp[i].aval=lwp[i];
    owp[words-1].aval = lwp[words-1] & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
+static inline void VL_SET_SVLV_I(int, svLogicVecVal* owp, IData ld) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    owp[0].aval=ld; owp[0].bval=0;
+}
+static inline void VL_SET_SVLV_Q(int, svLogicVecVal* owp, QData ld) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    WData lwp[2]; VL_SET_WQ(lwp,ld);
+    owp[0].aval=lwp[0]; owp[0].bval=0;
+    owp[1].aval=lwp[1]; owp[1].bval=0;
+}

 //======================================================================

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2010-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2010-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief Verilator: String include for all Verilated C files
 ///
-///	This file is included automatically by Verilator at the top of
-///	all C++ files it generates.  It is used when strings or other
-///	heavyweight types are required; these contents are not part of
-///	verilated.h to save compile time when such types aren't used.
+///     This file is included automatically by Verilator at the top of
+///     all C++ files it generates.  It is used when strings or other
+///     heavyweight types are required; these contents are not part of
+///     verilated.h to save compile time when such types aren't used.
 ///
 /// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
 ///
@@ -36,16 +36,51 @@
 //======================================================================
 // Conversion functions

-extern string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NW(int lwords, WDataInP lwp);
-inline string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NQ(QData lhs) {
-    IData lw[2];  VL_SET_WQ(lw, lhs);
+extern std::string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NW(int lwords, WDataInP lwp) VL_MT_SAFE;
+inline std::string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NQ(QData lhs) VL_PURE {
+    WData lw[2];  VL_SET_WQ(lw, lhs);
    return VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NW(2, lw);
 }
-inline string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NI(IData lhs) {
-    IData lw[1];  lw[0] = lhs;
+inline std::string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NN(const std::string& lhs) VL_PURE {
+    return lhs;
+}
+inline std::string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NI(IData lhs) VL_PURE {
+    WData lw[1];  lw[0] = lhs;
    return VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NW(1, lw);
 }
+inline std::string VL_CONCATN_NNN(const std::string& lhs, const std::string& rhs) VL_PURE {
+    return lhs+rhs;
+}
+inline std::string VL_REPLICATEN_NNQ(int,int,int, const std::string& lhs, IData rep) VL_PURE {
+    std::string out; out.reserve(lhs.length() * rep);
+    for (unsigned times=0; times<rep; ++times) out += lhs;
+    return out;
+}
+inline std::string VL_REPLICATEN_NNI(int obits,int lbits,int rbits, const std::string& lhs, IData rep) VL_PURE {
+    return VL_REPLICATEN_NNQ(obits,lbits,rbits,lhs,rep);
+}

-extern string VL_SFORMATF_NX(const char* formatp, ...);
+inline IData VL_LEN_IN(const std::string& ld) { return ld.length(); }
+
+extern IData VL_FOPEN_NI(const std::string& filename, IData mode) VL_MT_SAFE;
+extern void VL_READMEM_N(bool hex, int width, int depth, int array_lsb, int fnwords,
+                         const std::string& ofilename, void* memp, IData start, IData end) VL_MT_SAFE;
+extern IData VL_SSCANF_INX(int lbits, const std::string& ld, const char* formatp, ...) VL_MT_SAFE;
+extern void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits_ignored, std::string &output, const char* formatp, ...) VL_MT_SAFE;
+extern std::string VL_SFORMATF_NX(const char* formatp, ...) VL_MT_SAFE;
+extern IData VL_VALUEPLUSARGS_INW(int rbits, const std::string& ld, WDataOutP rdp) VL_MT_SAFE;
+inline IData VL_VALUEPLUSARGS_INI(int rbits, const std::string& ld, IData& rdr) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    WData rwp[2];  // WData must always be at least 2
+    IData got = VL_VALUEPLUSARGS_INW(rbits,ld,rwp);
+    if (got) rdr = rwp[0];
+    return got;
+}
+inline IData VL_VALUEPLUSARGS_INQ(int rbits, const std::string& ld, QData& rdr) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    WData rwp[2];
+    IData got = VL_VALUEPLUSARGS_INW(rbits,ld,rwp);
+    if (got) rdr = VL_SET_QW(rwp);
+    return got;
+}
+extern IData VL_VALUEPLUSARGS_INN(int, const std::string& ld, std::string& rdr) VL_MT_SAFE;

 #endif // Guard
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2009-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2009-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -34,105 +34,254 @@
 #include "verilated_syms.h"

 #include <map>
+#include <set>
 #include <vector>
 #include <deque>
 #include <string>
+#ifdef VL_THREADED
+# include <functional>
+# include <queue>
+#endif

 class VerilatedScope;

 //======================================================================
-// Types
+// Threaded message passing
+
+#ifdef VL_THREADED
+/// Message, enqueued on a train, and consumed on the main eval thread
+class VerilatedMsg {
+public:
+    // TYPES
+    struct Cmp {
+	bool operator() (const VerilatedMsg& a, const VerilatedMsg& b) {
+	    return a.trainId() < b.trainId(); }
+    };
+private:
+    // MEMBERS
+    vluint32_t 		m_trainId;  	///< Train that did enqueue
+    std::function<void()> m_cb; 	///< Lambda to execute when message received
+public:
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VerilatedMsg(const std::function<void()>& cb)
+	: m_trainId(Verilated::trainId()), m_cb(cb) {}
+    ~VerilatedMsg() {}
+    // METHODS
+    vluint32_t trainId() const { return m_trainId; }
+    /// Execute the lambda function
+    void run() const { m_cb(); }
+};
+
+/// Each thread has a queue it pushes to
+/// This assumes no thread starts pushing the next tick until the previous has drained.
+/// If more aggressiveness is needed, a double-buffered scheme might work well.
+class VerilatedEvalMsgQueue  {
+    typedef std::multiset<VerilatedMsg, VerilatedMsg::Cmp> VerilatedThreadQueue;
+
+    std::atomic<vluint64_t> m_depth;  ///< Current depth of queue (see comments below)
+
+    VerilatedMutex m_mutex;  ///< Mutex protecting queue
+    VerilatedThreadQueue m_queue VL_GUARDED_BY(m_mutex);  ///< Message queue
+public:
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VerilatedEvalMsgQueue() : m_depth(0) { }
+    ~VerilatedEvalMsgQueue() { }
+private:
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedEvalMsgQueue);
+public:
+    // METHODS
+    //// Add message to queue (called by producer)
+    void post(const VerilatedMsg& msg) VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	Verilated::endOfEvalReqdInc(); // No mutex, threadsafe
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(m_mutex);
+	m_queue.insert(msg);  // Pass by value to copy the message into queue
+	++m_depth;
+    }
+    /// Service queue until completion (called by consumer)
+    void process() VL_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
+	// Tracking m_depth is redundant to e.g. getting the mutex and looking at queue size,
+	// but on the reader side it's 4x faster to test an atomic then getting a mutex
+	while (m_depth) {
+	    // Wait for a message to be added to the queue
+	    // We don't use unique_lock as want to unlock with the message copy still in scope
+	    m_mutex.lock();
+	    assert(!m_queue.empty()); // Otherwise m_depth is wrong
+	    // Unfortunately to release the lock we need to copy the message
+	    // (Or have the message be a pointer, but then new/delete cost on each message)
+	    // We assume messages are small, so copy
+	    auto it = m_queue.begin();
+	    const VerilatedMsg msg = *(it);
+	    m_queue.erase(it);
+	    m_mutex.unlock();
+	    m_depth--;  // Ok if outside critical section as only this code checks the value
+	    Verilated::endOfEvalReqdDec(); // No mutex, threadsafe
+	    {
+		VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF("Executing callback from trainId=%d\n", msg.trainId()););
+		msg.run();
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+};
+
+/// Each thread has a local queue to build up messages until the end of the eval() call
+class VerilatedThreadMsgQueue  {
+    std::queue<VerilatedMsg> m_queue;
+public:
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VerilatedThreadMsgQueue() { }
+    ~VerilatedThreadMsgQueue() {
+	// The only call of this with a non-empty queue is a fatal error.
+	// So this does not flush the queue, as the destination queue is not known to this class.
+    }
+private:
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedThreadMsgQueue);
+    // METHODS
+    static VerilatedThreadMsgQueue& threadton() {
+	static VL_THREAD_LOCAL VerilatedThreadMsgQueue t_s;
+	return t_s;
+    }
+public:
+    /// Add message to queue, called by producer
+    static void post(const VerilatedMsg& msg) VL_MT_SAFE {
+	Verilated::endOfEvalReqdInc();
+	threadton().m_queue.push(msg);  // Pass by value to copy the message into queue
+    }
+    /// Push all messages to the eval's queue
+    static void flush(VerilatedEvalMsgQueue* evalMsgQp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+	while (!threadton().m_queue.empty()) {
+	    evalMsgQp->post(threadton().m_queue.front());
+	    threadton().m_queue.pop();
+	    Verilated::endOfEvalReqdDec();
+	}
+    }
+};
+#endif // VL_THREADED
+
+//======================================================================
+// VerilatedImp

 class VerilatedImp {
    // Whole class is internal use only - Global information shared between verilated*.cpp files.

    // TYPES
-    typedef vector<string> ArgVec;
-    typedef map<pair<const void*,void*>,void*> UserMap;
-    typedef map<const char*, const VerilatedScope*, VerilatedCStrCmp>  ScopeNameMap;
-    typedef map<const char*, int, VerilatedCStrCmp>  ExportNameMap;
+    typedef std::vector<std::string> ArgVec;
+    typedef std::map<std::pair<const void*,void*>,void*> UserMap;
+    typedef std::map<const char*, int, VerilatedCStrCmp>  ExportNameMap;

    // MEMBERS
    static VerilatedImp	s_s;		///< Static Singleton; One and only static this

    // Nothing here is save-restored; users expected to re-register appropriately

-    ArgVec		m_argVec;	///< Argument list (NOT save-restored, may want different results)
-    bool		m_argVecLoaded;	///< Ever loaded argument list
-    UserMap	 	m_userMap;	///< Map of <(scope,userkey), userData>
-    ScopeNameMap	m_nameMap;	///< Map of <scope_name, scope pointer>
+    VerilatedMutex      m_argMutex;  ///< Protect m_argVec, m_argVecLoaded
+    ArgVec              m_argVec VL_GUARDED_BY(m_argMutex);  ///< Argument list (NOT save-restored, may want different results)
+    bool                m_argVecLoaded VL_GUARDED_BY(m_argMutex);  ///< Ever loaded argument list
+
+    VerilatedMutex      m_userMapMutex;  ///< Protect m_userMap
+    UserMap             m_userMap VL_GUARDED_BY(m_userMapMutex);  ///< Map of <(scope,userkey), userData>
+
+    VerilatedMutex      m_nameMutex;  ///< Protect m_nameMap
+    VerilatedScopeNameMap m_nameMap VL_GUARDED_BY(m_nameMutex);  ///< Map of <scope_name, scope pointer>
    // Slow - somewhat static:
-    ExportNameMap	m_exportMap;	///< Map of <export_func_proto, func number>
-    int			m_exportNext;	///< Next export funcnum
+    VerilatedMutex      m_exportMutex;  ///< Protect m_nameMap
+    ExportNameMap       m_exportMap VL_GUARDED_BY(m_exportMutex);  ///< Map of <export_func_proto, func number>
+    int                 m_exportNext VL_GUARDED_BY(m_exportMutex);  ///< Next export funcnum

    // File I/O
-    vector<FILE*>	m_fdps;		///< File descriptors
-    deque<IData>	m_fdFree;	///< List of free descriptors (SLOW - FOPEN/CLOSE only)
+    VerilatedMutex      m_fdMutex;  ///< Protect m_fdps, m_fdFree
+    std::vector<FILE*>  m_fdps VL_GUARDED_BY(m_fdMutex);  ///< File descriptors
+    std::deque<IData>   m_fdFree VL_GUARDED_BY(m_fdMutex);  ///< List of free descriptors (SLOW - FOPEN/CLOSE only)
+
+    // Threads
+    VerilatedMutex      m_threadMutex;  ///< Protect m_numThreads, etc
+    bool                m_spawned VL_GUARDED_BY(m_threadMutex);  ///< Already called spawnThreads()
+    unsigned            m_numThreads VL_GUARDED_BY(m_threadMutex);  ///< Number of threads user requested, 0x0=all cpus

 public: // But only for verilated*.cpp
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    VerilatedImp() : m_argVecLoaded(false), m_exportNext(0) {
+    VerilatedImp()
+	: m_argVecLoaded(false), m_exportNext(0), m_spawned(false), m_numThreads(0) {
 	m_fdps.resize(3);
 	m_fdps[0] = stdin;
 	m_fdps[1] = stdout;
 	m_fdps[2] = stderr;
    }
    ~VerilatedImp() {}
-    static void internalsDump() {
-	VL_PRINTF("internalsDump:\n");
-	VL_PRINTF("  Argv:");
-	for (ArgVec::iterator it=s_s.m_argVec.begin(); it!=s_s.m_argVec.end(); ++it) {
-	    VL_PRINTF(" %s",it->c_str());
+private:
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedImp);
+public:
+    static void internalsDump() VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_argMutex);
+	VL_PRINTF_MT("internalsDump:\n");
+	VL_PRINTF_MT("  Argv:");
+	for (ArgVec::const_iterator it=s_s.m_argVec.begin(); it!=s_s.m_argVec.end(); ++it) {
+	    VL_PRINTF_MT(" %s",it->c_str());
 	}
-	VL_PRINTF("\n");
-	VL_PRINTF("  Version: %s %s\n", Verilated::productName(), Verilated::productVersion());
+	VL_PRINTF_MT("\n");
+	VL_PRINTF_MT("  Version: %s %s\n", Verilated::productName(), Verilated::productVersion());
 	scopesDump();
 	exportsDump();
 	userDump();
    }

    // METHODS - arguments
-    static void commandArgs(int argc, const char** argv) {
-	s_s.m_argVec.clear();
-	for (int i=0; i<argc; i++) s_s.m_argVec.push_back(argv[i]);
-	s_s.m_argVecLoaded = true; // Can't just test later for empty vector, no arguments is ok
+public:
+    static void commandArgs(int argc, const char** argv) VL_EXCLUDES(s_s.m_argMutex) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_argMutex);
+	s_s.m_argVec.clear();  // Always clear
+	commandArgsAddGuts(argc, argv);
    }
-    static string argPlusMatch(const char* prefixp) {
+    static void commandArgsAdd(int argc, const char** argv) VL_EXCLUDES(s_s.m_argMutex) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_argMutex);
+	commandArgsAddGuts(argc, argv);
+    }
+    static std::string argPlusMatch(const char* prefixp) VL_EXCLUDES(s_s.m_argMutex) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_argMutex);
 	// Note prefixp does not include the leading "+"
 	size_t len = strlen(prefixp);
 	if (VL_UNLIKELY(!s_s.m_argVecLoaded)) {
 	    s_s.m_argVecLoaded = true;  // Complain only once
-	    vl_fatal("unknown",0,"",
-		     "%Error: Verilog called $test$plusargs or $value$plusargs without"
-		     " testbench C first calling Verilated::commandArgs(argc,argv).");
+	    VL_FATAL_MT("unknown",0,"",
+			"%Error: Verilog called $test$plusargs or $value$plusargs without"
+			" testbench C first calling Verilated::commandArgs(argc,argv).");
 	}
-	for (ArgVec::iterator it=s_s.m_argVec.begin(); it!=s_s.m_argVec.end(); ++it) {
+	for (ArgVec::const_iterator it=s_s.m_argVec.begin(); it!=s_s.m_argVec.end(); ++it) {
 	    if ((*it)[0]=='+') {
 		if (0==strncmp(prefixp, it->c_str()+1, len)) return *it;
 	    }
 	}
 	return "";
    }
+private:
+    static void commandArgsAddGuts(int argc, const char** argv) VL_REQUIRES(s_s.m_argMutex) {
+	if (!s_s.m_argVecLoaded) s_s.m_argVec.clear();
+	for (int i=0; i<argc; ++i) s_s.m_argVec.push_back(argv[i]);
+	s_s.m_argVecLoaded = true; // Can't just test later for empty vector, no arguments is ok
+    }

+public:
    // METHODS - user scope tracking
    // We implement this as a single large map instead of one map per scope
    // There's often many more scopes than userdata's and thus having a ~48byte
    // per map overhead * N scopes would take much more space and cache thrashing.
-    static inline void userInsert(const void* scopep, void* userKey, void* userData) {
-	UserMap::iterator it=s_s.m_userMap.find(make_pair(scopep,userKey));
+    static inline void userInsert(const void* scopep, void* userKey, void* userData) VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_userMapMutex);
+	UserMap::iterator it=s_s.m_userMap.find(std::make_pair(scopep,userKey));
 	if (it != s_s.m_userMap.end()) it->second = userData;
 	// When we support VL_THREADs, we need a lock around this insert, as it's runtime
-	else s_s.m_userMap.insert(it, make_pair(make_pair(scopep,userKey),userData));
+	else s_s.m_userMap.insert(it, std::make_pair(std::make_pair(scopep,userKey),userData));
    }
-    static inline void* userFind(const void* scopep, void* userKey) {
-	UserMap::iterator it=s_s.m_userMap.find(make_pair(scopep,userKey));
+    static inline void* userFind(const void* scopep, void* userKey) VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_userMapMutex);
+	UserMap::const_iterator it=s_s.m_userMap.find(std::make_pair(scopep,userKey));
 	if (VL_LIKELY(it != s_s.m_userMap.end())) return it->second;
 	else return NULL;
    }
 private:
    /// Symbol table destruction cleans up the entries for each scope.
-    static void userEraseScope(const VerilatedScope* scopep) {
+    static void userEraseScope(const VerilatedScope* scopep) VL_MT_SAFE {
 	// Slow ok - called once/scope on destruction, so we simply iterate.
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_userMapMutex);
 	for (UserMap::iterator it=s_s.m_userMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_userMap.end(); ) {
 	    if (it->first.first == scopep) {
 		s_s.m_userMap.erase(it++);
@@ -141,42 +290,51 @@ private:
 	    }
 	}
    }
-    static void userDump() {
+    static void userDump() VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_userMapMutex);  // Avoid it changing in middle of dump
 	bool first = true;
-	for (UserMap::iterator it=s_s.m_userMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_userMap.end(); ++it) {
-	    if (first) { VL_PRINTF("  userDump:\n"); first=false; }
-	    VL_PRINTF("    DPI_USER_DATA scope %p key %p: %p\n",
+	for (UserMap::const_iterator it=s_s.m_userMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_userMap.end(); ++it) {
+	    if (first) { VL_PRINTF_MT("  userDump:\n"); first=false; }
+	    VL_PRINTF_MT("    DPI_USER_DATA scope %p key %p: %p\n",
 		      it->first.first, it->first.second, it->second);
 	}
    }

 public: // But only for verilated*.cpp
    // METHODS - scope name
-    static void scopeInsert(const VerilatedScope* scopep) {
+    static void scopeInsert(const VerilatedScope* scopep) VL_MT_SAFE {
 	// Slow ok - called once/scope at construction
-	ScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(scopep->name());
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_nameMutex);
+	VerilatedScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(scopep->name());
 	if (it == s_s.m_nameMap.end()) {
-	    s_s.m_nameMap.insert(it, make_pair(scopep->name(),scopep));
+	    s_s.m_nameMap.insert(it, std::make_pair(scopep->name(),scopep));
 	}
    }
-    static inline const VerilatedScope* scopeFind(const char* namep) {
-	ScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(namep);
+    static inline const VerilatedScope* scopeFind(const char* namep) VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_nameMutex);  // If too slow, can assume this is only VL_MT_SAFE_POSINIT
+	VerilatedScopeNameMap::const_iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(namep);
 	if (VL_LIKELY(it != s_s.m_nameMap.end())) return it->second;
 	else return NULL;
    }
-    static void scopeErase(const VerilatedScope* scopep) {
+    static void scopeErase(const VerilatedScope* scopep) VL_MT_SAFE {
 	// Slow ok - called once/scope at destruction
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_nameMutex);
 	userEraseScope(scopep);
-	ScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(scopep->name());
+	VerilatedScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(scopep->name());
 	if (it != s_s.m_nameMap.end()) s_s.m_nameMap.erase(it);
    }
-    static void scopesDump() {
-	VL_PRINTF("  scopesDump:\n");
-	for (ScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_nameMap.end(); ++it) {
+    static void scopesDump() VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_nameMutex);
+	VL_PRINTF_MT("  scopesDump:\n");
+	for (VerilatedScopeNameMap::const_iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_nameMap.end(); ++it) {
 	    const VerilatedScope* scopep = it->second;
 	    scopep->scopeDump();
 	}
-	VL_PRINTF("\n");
+	VL_PRINTF_MT("\n");
+    }
+    static const VerilatedScopeNameMap* scopeNameMap() VL_MT_SAFE_POSTINIT {
+	// Thread save only assuming this is called only after model construction completed
+        return &s_s.m_nameMap;
    }

 public: // But only for verilated*.cpp
@@ -188,36 +346,40 @@ public: // But only for verilated*.cpp
    // in the design that also happen to have our same callback function.
    // Rather than a 2D map, the integer scheme saves 500ish ns on a likely
    // miss at the cost of a multiply, and all lookups move to slowpath.
-    static int exportInsert(const char* namep) {
+    static int exportInsert(const char* namep) VL_MT_SAFE {
 	// Slow ok - called once/function at creation
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_exportMutex);
 	ExportNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_exportMap.find(namep);
 	if (it == s_s.m_exportMap.end()) {
-	    s_s.m_exportMap.insert(it, make_pair(namep, s_s.m_exportNext++));
+	    s_s.m_exportMap.insert(it, std::make_pair(namep, s_s.m_exportNext++));
 	    return s_s.m_exportNext++;
 	} else {
 	    return it->second;
 	}
    }
-    static int exportFind(const char* namep) {
-	ExportNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_exportMap.find(namep);
+    static int exportFind(const char* namep) VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_exportMutex);
+	ExportNameMap::const_iterator it=s_s.m_exportMap.find(namep);
 	if (VL_LIKELY(it != s_s.m_exportMap.end())) return it->second;
-	string msg = (string("%Error: Testbench C called ")+namep
-		      +" but no such DPI export function name exists in ANY model");
-	vl_fatal("unknown",0,"", msg.c_str());
+	std::string msg = (std::string("%Error: Testbench C called ")+namep
+			   +" but no such DPI export function name exists in ANY model");
+	VL_FATAL_MT("unknown",0,"", msg.c_str());
 	return -1;
    }
-    static const char* exportName(int funcnum) {
+    static const char* exportName(int funcnum) VL_MT_SAFE {
 	// Slowpath; find name for given export; errors only so no map to reverse-map it
-	for (ExportNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_exportMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_exportMap.end(); ++it) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_exportMutex);
+	for (ExportNameMap::const_iterator it=s_s.m_exportMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_exportMap.end(); ++it) {
 	    if (it->second == funcnum) return it->first;
 	}
 	return "*UNKNOWN*";
    }
-    static void exportsDump() {
+    static void exportsDump() VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_exportMutex);
 	bool first = true;
-	for (ExportNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_exportMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_exportMap.end(); ++it) {
-	    if (first) { VL_PRINTF("  exportDump:\n"); first=false; }
-	    VL_PRINTF("    DPI_EXPORT_NAME %05d: %s\n", it->second, it->first);
+	for (ExportNameMap::const_iterator it=s_s.m_exportMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_exportMap.end(); ++it) {
+	    if (first) { VL_PRINTF_MT("  exportDump:\n"); first=false; }
+	    VL_PRINTF_MT("    DPI_EXPORT_NAME %05d: %s\n", it->second, it->first);
 	}
    }
    // We don't free up m_exportMap until the end, because we can't be sure
@@ -225,31 +387,67 @@ public: // But only for verilated*.cpp

 public: // But only for verilated*.cpp
    // METHODS - file IO
-    static IData fdNew(FILE* fp) {
+    static IData fdNew(FILE* fp) VL_MT_SAFE {
 	if (VL_UNLIKELY(!fp)) return 0;
 	// Bit 31 indicates it's a descriptor not a MCD
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_fdMutex);
 	if (s_s.m_fdFree.empty()) {
 	    // Need to create more space in m_fdps and m_fdFree
 	    size_t start = s_s.m_fdps.size();
 	    s_s.m_fdps.resize(start*2);
-	    for (size_t i=start; i<start*2; i++) s_s.m_fdFree.push_back((IData)i);
+	    for (size_t i=start; i<start*2; ++i) s_s.m_fdFree.push_back(static_cast<IData>(i));
 	}
 	IData idx = s_s.m_fdFree.back(); s_s.m_fdFree.pop_back();
 	s_s.m_fdps[idx] = fp;
 	return (idx | (1UL<<31));  // bit 31 indicates not MCD
    }
-    static void fdDelete(IData fdi) {
+    static void fdDelete(IData fdi) VL_MT_SAFE {
 	IData idx = VL_MASK_I(31) & fdi;
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_fdMutex);
 	if (VL_UNLIKELY(!(fdi & (1ULL<<31)) || idx >= s_s.m_fdps.size())) return;
 	if (VL_UNLIKELY(!s_s.m_fdps[idx])) return;  // Already free
 	s_s.m_fdps[idx] = NULL;
 	s_s.m_fdFree.push_back(idx);
    }
-    static inline FILE* fdToFp(IData fdi) {
+    static inline FILE* fdToFp(IData fdi) VL_MT_SAFE {
 	IData idx = VL_MASK_I(31) & fdi;
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_fdMutex);  // This might get slow, if it does we can cache it
 	if (VL_UNLIKELY(!(fdi & (1ULL<<31)) || idx >= s_s.m_fdps.size())) return NULL;
 	return s_s.m_fdps[idx];
    }
+
+public: // But only for verilated*.cpp
+    // METHODS - Threading
+    static void numThreads(unsigned threads) VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_threadMutex);
+	if (!s_s.m_spawned) s_s.m_numThreads = threads;
+    }
+    static unsigned numThreads() VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_threadMutex);
+#ifdef VL_THREADED
+	unsigned threads = s_s.m_numThreads;
+	if (threads == 0x0) {
+	    threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency(); // Or 0=unknown, C++11
+	}
+	if (threads<1) threads = 1;
+	return threads;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+    }
+    static void spawnThreads() VL_MT_SAFE {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(s_s.m_threadMutex);
+	if (!s_s.m_spawned) {
+	    // Convert numThreads from 0 to the spawned number
+	    numThreads(numThreads());
+	    s_s.m_spawned = true;
+#ifdef VL_THREADED
+	    // THREADED-TODO startup threads
+#endif
+	}
+    }
 };

+//======================================================================
+
 #endif  // Guard
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief C++ Tracing in VCD Format
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
-///
 //=============================================================================

 #include "verilatedos.h"
@@ -42,15 +40,15 @@
 #endif

 // CONSTANTS
-static const char* VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR = "verilatorsave01\n";	///< Value of first bytes of each file
-static const char* VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR = "vltsaved";	///< Value of last bytes of each file
+static const char* const VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR = "verilatorsave01\n";	///< Value of first bytes of each file
+static const char* const VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR = "vltsaved";	///< Value of last bytes of each file

 //=============================================================================
 //=============================================================================
 //=============================================================================
 // Searalization

-bool VerilatedDeserialize::readDiffers (const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) {
+bool VerilatedDeserialize::readDiffers (const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
    bufferCheck();
    const vluint8_t* __restrict dp = (const vluint8_t* __restrict)datap;
    vluint8_t miss = 0;
@@ -60,16 +58,17 @@ bool VerilatedDeserialize::readDiffers (const void* __restrict datap, size_t siz
    return (miss!=0);
 }

-VerilatedDeserialize& VerilatedDeserialize::readAssert (const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) {
+VerilatedDeserialize& VerilatedDeserialize::readAssert (const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(readDiffers(datap,size))) {
-	string msg = (string)"Can't deserialize save-restore file as was made from different model";
-	vl_fatal(filename().c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
+	std::string fn = filename();
+	std::string msg = std::string("Can't deserialize save-restore file as was made from different model");
+	VL_FATAL_MT(fn.c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
 	close();
    }
    return *this;  // For function chaining
 }

-void VerilatedSerialize::header() {
+void VerilatedSerialize::header() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
    VerilatedSerialize& os = *this;  // So can cut and paste standard << code below
    assert((strlen(VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR) & 7) == 0);  // Keep aligned
    os.write(VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR, strlen(VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR));
@@ -79,27 +78,29 @@ void VerilatedSerialize::header() {
    os.write(Verilated::serializedPtr(), Verilated::serializedSize());
 }

-void VerilatedDeserialize::header() {
+void VerilatedDeserialize::header() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
    VerilatedDeserialize& os = *this;  // So can cut and paste standard >> code below
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(os.readDiffers(VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR, strlen(VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR)))) {
-	string msg = (string)"Can't deserialize; file has wrong header signature";
-	vl_fatal(filename().c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
+	std::string fn = filename();
+	std::string msg = std::string("Can't deserialize; file has wrong header signature");
+	VL_FATAL_MT(fn.c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
 	close();
    }
    os.read(Verilated::serializedPtr(), Verilated::serializedSize());
 }

-void VerilatedSerialize::trailer() {
+void VerilatedSerialize::trailer() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
    VerilatedSerialize& os = *this;  // So can cut and paste standard << code below
    assert((strlen(VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR) & 7) == 0);  // Keep aligned
    os.write(VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR, strlen(VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR));
 }

-void VerilatedDeserialize::trailer() {
+void VerilatedDeserialize::trailer() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
    VerilatedDeserialize& os = *this;  // So can cut and paste standard >> code below
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(os.readDiffers(VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR, strlen(VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR)))) {
-	string msg = (string)"Can't deserialize; file has wrong end-of-file signature";
-	vl_fatal(filename().c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
+	std::string fn = filename();
+	std::string msg = std::string("Can't deserialize; file has wrong end-of-file signature");
+	VL_FATAL_MT(fn.c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
 	close();
    }
 }
@@ -109,9 +110,10 @@ void VerilatedDeserialize::trailer() {
 //=============================================================================
 // Opening/Closing

-void VerilatedSave::open (const char* filenamep) {
+void VerilatedSave::open(const char* filenamep) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (isOpen()) return;
-    VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_PRINTF("-vltSave: opening save file %s\n",filenamep););
+    VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF("- save: opening save file %s\n",filenamep););

    if (filenamep[0]=='|') {
 	assert(0);	// Not supported yet.
@@ -131,9 +133,10 @@ void VerilatedSave::open (const char* filenamep) {
    header();
 }

-void VerilatedRestore::open (const char* filenamep) {
+void VerilatedRestore::open(const char* filenamep) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (isOpen()) return;
-    VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_PRINTF("-vltRestore: opening restore file %s\n",filenamep););
+    VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF("- restore: opening restore file %s\n",filenamep););

    if (filenamep[0]=='|') {
 	assert(0);	// Not supported yet.
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ void VerilatedRestore::open (const char* filenamep) {
    header();
 }

-void VerilatedSave::close () {
+void VerilatedSave::close() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
    if (!isOpen()) return;
    trailer();
    flush();
@@ -162,7 +165,7 @@ void VerilatedSave::close () {
    ::close(m_fd);  // May get error, just ignore it
 }

-void VerilatedRestore::close () {
+void VerilatedRestore::close() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
    if (!isOpen()) return;
    trailer();
    flush();
@@ -173,7 +176,8 @@ void VerilatedRestore::close () {
 //=============================================================================
 // Buffer management

-void VerilatedSave::flush() {
+void VerilatedSave::flush() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!isOpen())) return;
    vluint8_t* wp = m_bufp;
    while (1) {
@@ -186,8 +190,8 @@ void VerilatedSave::flush() {
 	} else if (got < 0) {
 	    if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
 		// write failed, presume error (perhaps out of disk space)
-		string msg = string(__FUNCTION__)+": "+strerror(errno);
-		vl_fatal("",0,"",msg.c_str());
+		std::string msg = std::string(__FUNCTION__)+": "+strerror(errno);
+		VL_FATAL_MT("",0,"",msg.c_str());
 		close();
 		break;
 	    }
@@ -196,14 +200,15 @@ void VerilatedSave::flush() {
    m_cp = m_bufp; // Reset buffer
 }

-void VerilatedRestore::fill() {
+void VerilatedRestore::fill() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!isOpen())) return;
    // Move remaining characters down to start of buffer.  (No memcpy, overlaps allowed)
    vluint8_t* rp = m_bufp;
-    for (vluint8_t* sp=m_cp; rp < m_endp;) *rp++ = *sp++;  // Overlaps
+    for (vluint8_t* sp=m_cp; sp < m_endp;) *rp++ = *sp++;  // Overlaps
    m_endp = m_bufp + (m_endp - m_cp);
    m_cp = m_bufp; // Reset buffer
-    // Read into buffer starting at m_endp 
+    // Read into buffer starting at m_endp
    while (1) {
 	ssize_t remaining = (m_bufp+bufferSize() - m_endp);
 	if (remaining==0) break;
@@ -214,8 +219,8 @@ void VerilatedRestore::fill() {
 	} else if (got < 0) {
 	    if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
 		// write failed, presume error (perhaps out of disk space)
-		string msg = string(__FUNCTION__)+": "+strerror(errno);
-		vl_fatal("",0,"",msg.c_str());
+		std::string msg = std::string(__FUNCTION__)+": "+strerror(errno);
+		VL_FATAL_MT("",0,"",msg.c_str());
 		close();
 		break;
 	    }
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2012-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2012-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief Save-restore serialization of verilated modules
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
-///
 //=============================================================================

 #ifndef _VERILATED_SAVE_C_H_
@@ -27,65 +25,45 @@
 #include "verilatedos.h"

 #include <string>
-using namespace std;

 //=============================================================================
-// VerilatedSerialBase - internal base class for common code between VerilatedSerialize and VerilatedDeserialize
+// VerilatedSerialize - convert structures to a stream representation
+// This class is not thread safe, it must be called by a single thread

-class VerilatedSerialBase {
+class VerilatedSerialize {
 protected:
    // MEMBERS
    // For speed, keep m_cp as the first member of this structure
    vluint8_t*		m_cp;		///< Current pointer into m_bufp buffer
    vluint8_t*		m_bufp;		///< Output buffer
    bool 		m_isOpen;	///< True indicates open file/stream
-    string		m_filename;
+    std::string		m_filename;	///< Filename, for error messages
+    VerilatedAssertOneThread m_assertOne;  ///< Assert only called from single thread

    inline static size_t bufferSize() { return 256*1024; }  // See below for slack calculation
    inline static size_t bufferInsertSize() { return 16*1024; }

-    // CREATORS
-    VerilatedSerialBase() {
+    void header() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+    void trailer() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedSerialize);
+public:
+    VerilatedSerialize() {
 	m_isOpen = false;
 	m_bufp = new vluint8_t [bufferSize()];
 	m_cp = m_bufp;
    }
-public:
-    // CREATORS
-    virtual ~VerilatedSerialBase() {
+    virtual ~VerilatedSerialize() {
 	close();
 	if (m_bufp) { delete m_bufp; m_bufp=NULL; }
    }
    // METHODS
    bool isOpen() const { return m_isOpen; }
-    string filename() const { return m_filename; }
-    virtual void close() { flush(); }
-    virtual void flush() {}
-};
-
-//=============================================================================
-// VerilatedSerialize - convert structures to a stream representation
-
-class VerilatedSerialize : public VerilatedSerialBase {
-protected:
-    virtual void close() { flush(); }
-    virtual void flush() {}
-    void header();
-    void trailer();
-public:
-    // CREATORS
-    VerilatedSerialize() {}
-    virtual ~VerilatedSerialize() { close(); }
-    // METHODS
-    VerilatedSerialize& bufferCheck() {
-	// Flush the write buffer if there's not enough space left for new information
-	// We only call this once per vector, so we need enough slop for a very wide "b###" line
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_cp > (m_bufp+(bufferSize()-bufferInsertSize())))) {
-	    flush();
-	}
-	return *this;  // For function chaining
-    }
-    inline VerilatedSerialize& write (const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) {
+    std::string filename() const { return m_filename; }
+    virtual void close() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { flush(); }
+    virtual void flush() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {}
+    inline VerilatedSerialize& write(const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
 	const vluint8_t* __restrict dp = (const vluint8_t* __restrict)datap;
 	while (size) {
 	    bufferCheck();
@@ -96,23 +74,58 @@ public:
 	}
 	return *this;  // For function chaining
    }
+private:
+    VerilatedSerialize& bufferCheck() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
+	// Flush the write buffer if there's not enough space left for new information
+	// We only call this once per vector, so we need enough slop for a very wide "b###" line
+	if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_cp > (m_bufp+(bufferSize()-bufferInsertSize())))) {
+	    flush();
+	}
+	return *this;  // For function chaining
+    }
 };

 //=============================================================================
 // VerilatedDeserial - load structures from a stream representation
+// This class is not thread safe, it must be called by a single thread

-class VerilatedDeserialize : public VerilatedSerialBase {
+class VerilatedDeserialize {
 protected:
+    // MEMBERS
+    // For speed, keep m_cp as the first member of this structure
+    vluint8_t*		m_cp;		///< Current pointer into m_bufp buffer
+    vluint8_t*		m_bufp;		///< Output buffer
    vluint8_t*		m_endp;		///< Last valid byte in m_bufp buffer
+    bool 		m_isOpen;	///< True indicates open file/stream
+    std::string		m_filename;	///< Filename, for error messages
+    VerilatedAssertOneThread m_assertOne;	///< Assert only called from single thread
+
+    inline static size_t bufferSize() { return 256*1024; }  // See below for slack calculation
+    inline static size_t bufferInsertSize() { return 16*1024; }
+
    virtual void fill() = 0;
-    void header();
-    void trailer();
+    void header() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+    void trailer() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedDeserialize);
 public:
-    // CREATORS
-    VerilatedDeserialize() { m_endp = NULL; }
-    virtual ~VerilatedDeserialize() { close(); }
+    VerilatedDeserialize() {
+	m_isOpen = false;
+	m_bufp = new vluint8_t [bufferSize()];
+	m_cp = m_bufp;
+	m_endp = NULL;
+    }
+    virtual ~VerilatedDeserialize() {
+	close();
+	if (m_bufp) { delete m_bufp; m_bufp=NULL; }
+    }
    // METHODS
-    inline VerilatedDeserialize& read (void* __restrict datap, size_t size) {
+    bool isOpen() const { return m_isOpen; }
+    std::string filename() const { return m_filename; }
+    virtual void close() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { flush(); }
+    virtual void flush() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {}
+    inline VerilatedDeserialize& read(void* __restrict datap, size_t size) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
 	vluint8_t* __restrict dp = (vluint8_t* __restrict)datap;
 	while (size) {
 	    bufferCheck();
@@ -124,10 +137,11 @@ public:
 	return *this;  // For function chaining
    }
    // Read a datum and compare with expected value
-    bool readDiffers (const void* __restrict datap, size_t size);
-    VerilatedDeserialize& readAssert (const void* __restrict datap, size_t size);
-    VerilatedDeserialize& readAssert (vluint64_t data) { return readAssert(&data, sizeof(data)); }
-    VerilatedDeserialize& bufferCheck() {
+    VerilatedDeserialize& readAssert(const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+    VerilatedDeserialize& readAssert(vluint64_t data) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { return readAssert(&data, sizeof(data)); }
+private:
+    bool readDiffers(const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+    VerilatedDeserialize& bufferCheck() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
 	// Flush the write buffer if there's not enough space left for new information
 	// We only call this once per vector, so we need enough slop for a very wide "b###" line
 	if (VL_UNLIKELY((m_cp+bufferInsertSize()) > m_endp)) {
@@ -139,40 +153,42 @@ public:

 //=============================================================================
 // VerilatedSave - serialize to a file
+// This class is not thread safe, it must be called by a single thread

 class VerilatedSave : public VerilatedSerialize {
 private:
    int			m_fd;		///< File descriptor we're writing to

 public:
-    // CREATORS
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
    VerilatedSave() { m_fd=-1; }
    virtual ~VerilatedSave() { close(); }
    // METHODS
-    void open(const char* filenamep);	///< Open the file; call isOpen() to see if errors
-    void open(const string& filename) { open(filename.c_str()); }
-    virtual void close();
-    virtual void flush();
+    void open(const char* filenamep) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;  ///< Open the file; call isOpen() to see if errors
+    void open(const std::string& filename) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { open(filename.c_str()); }
+    virtual void close() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+    virtual void flush() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
 };

 //=============================================================================
 // VerilatedRestore - deserialize from a file
+// This class is not thread safe, it must be called by a single thread

 class VerilatedRestore : public VerilatedDeserialize {
 private:
    int			m_fd;		///< File descriptor we're writing to

 public:
-    // CREATORS
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
    VerilatedRestore() { m_fd=-1; }
    virtual ~VerilatedRestore() { close(); }

    // METHODS
-    void open(const char* filenamep);	///< Open the file; call isOpen() to see if errors
-    void open(const string& filename) { open(filename.c_str()); }
-    virtual void close();
-    virtual void flush() {}
-    virtual void fill();
+    void open(const char* filenamep) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;  ///< Open the file; call isOpen() to see if errors
+    void open(const std::string& filename) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { open(filename.c_str()); }
+    virtual void close() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+    virtual void flush() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {}
+    virtual void fill() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
 };

 //=============================================================================
@@ -219,13 +235,13 @@ inline VerilatedSerialize&   operator<<(VerilatedSerialize& os,   float& rhs) {
 inline VerilatedDeserialize& operator>>(VerilatedDeserialize& os, float& rhs) {
    return os.read(&rhs, sizeof(rhs));
 }
-inline VerilatedSerialize&   operator<<(VerilatedSerialize& os,   string& rhs) {
+inline VerilatedSerialize&   operator<<(VerilatedSerialize& os,   std::string& rhs) {
    vluint32_t len=rhs.length();
    os<<len;
    return os.write(rhs.data(), len);
 }
-inline VerilatedDeserialize& operator>>(VerilatedDeserialize& os, string& rhs) {
-    vluint32_t len;
+inline VerilatedDeserialize& operator>>(VerilatedDeserialize& os, std::string& rhs) {
+    vluint32_t len=0;
    os>>len;
    rhs.resize(len);
    return os.read((void*)rhs.data(), len);
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2009-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2009-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief Verilator: Common include for all Verilated SystemC files
 ///
-///	This file is included automatically by Verilator at the top of
-///	all SystemC files it generates.
+///     This file is included automatically by Verilator at the top of
+///     all SystemC files it generates.
 ///
 /// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
 ///
@@ -35,13 +35,14 @@
 // We want to get a pointer to m_data in the sc_bv_base class,
 // but it is protected.  So make an exposing class, then use
 // cast magic to get at it.  Saves patching get_datap in SystemC.
+// This class is thread safe (though most of SystemC is not).

 #define VL_SC_BV_DATAP(bv) (VlScBvExposer::sp_datap(bv))
 class VlScBvExposer : public sc_bv_base {
 public:
-    static vluint32_t* sp_datap(const sc_bv_base& base) {
-	return static_cast<const VlScBvExposer*>(&base)->sp_datatp(); }
-    vluint32_t* sp_datatp() const { return (vluint32_t*)(m_data); }
+    static const vluint32_t* sp_datap(const sc_bv_base& base) VL_MT_SAFE {
+        return static_cast<const VlScBvExposer*>(&base)->sp_datatp(); }
+    const vluint32_t* sp_datatp() const { return reinterpret_cast<vluint32_t*>(m_data); }
    // Above reads this protected element in sc_bv_base:
    //   sc_digit* m_data; // data array
 };
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//*************************************************************************
+//
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
+// Version 2.0.
+//
+// Verilator is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+///
+/// \file
+/// \brief Verilator: Include to provide information about symbol inspection
+///
+///     This file is for inclusion by internal files that need to inspect
+///     specific symbols.
+///
+///     User routines wanting to inspect the symbol table should use
+///     verilated_syms.h instead.
+///
+///     These classes are thread safe, and read only.
+///
+/// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
+///
+//*************************************************************************
+
+
+#ifndef _VERILATED_SYM_PROPS_H_
+#define _VERILATED_SYM_PROPS_H_ 1 ///< Header Guard
+
+//===========================================================================
+/// Verilator range
+/// Thread safety: Assume is constructed only with model, then any number of readers
+
+// See also V3Ast::VNumRange
+class VerilatedRange {
+    int         m_left;
+    int         m_right;
+protected:
+    friend class VerilatedVarProps;
+    friend class VerilatedScope;
+    VerilatedRange() : m_left(0), m_right(0) {}
+    VerilatedRange(int left, int right) : m_left(left), m_right(right) {}
+    void init(int left, int right) { m_left=left; m_right=right; }
+public:
+    ~VerilatedRange() {}
+    int left() const { return m_left; }
+    int right() const { return m_right; }
+    int low() const { return (m_left < m_right) ? m_left : m_right; }
+    int high() const { return (m_left > m_right) ? m_left : m_right; }
+    int elements() const { return (VL_LIKELY(m_left>=m_right) ? (m_left-m_right+1) : (m_right-m_left+1)); }
+    int increment() const { return (m_left >= m_right) ? 1 : -1; }
+};
+
+//===========================================================================
+/// Verilator variable
+/// Thread safety: Assume is constructed only with model, then any number of readers
+
+class VerilatedVarProps {
+    // TYPES
+    enum { MAGIC = 0xddc4f829 };
+    // MEMBERS
+    const vluint32_t            m_magic;        // Magic number
+    const VerilatedVarType      m_vltype;       // Data type
+    const VerilatedVarFlags     m_vlflags;      // Direction
+    const int                   m_pdims;        // Packed dimensions
+    const int                   m_udims;        // Unpacked dimensions
+    VerilatedRange              m_packed;       // Packed array range
+    VerilatedRange              m_unpacked[3];  // Unpacked array range
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+protected:
+    friend class VerilatedScope;
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, VerilatedVarFlags vlflags,
+                      int pdims, int udims)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(vlflags), m_pdims(pdims), m_udims(udims) {}
+public:
+    class Unpacked {};
+    // Without packed
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(VerilatedVarFlags(vlflags)), m_pdims(0), m_udims(0) { }
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags,
+                      Unpacked, int u0l, int u0r)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(VerilatedVarFlags(vlflags)), m_pdims(0), m_udims(1) {
+        m_unpacked[0].init(u0l, u0r); }
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags,
+                      Unpacked, int u0l, int u0r, int u1l, int u1r)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(VerilatedVarFlags(vlflags)), m_pdims(0), m_udims(2) {
+        m_unpacked[0].init(u0l, u0r); m_unpacked[1].init(u1l, u1r); }
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags,
+                      Unpacked, int u0l, int u0r, int u1l, int u1r, int u2l, int u2r)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(VerilatedVarFlags(vlflags)), m_pdims(0), m_udims(3) {
+        m_unpacked[0].init(u0l, u0r); m_unpacked[1].init(u1l, u1r); m_unpacked[2].init(u2l, u2r); }
+    // With packed
+    class Packed {};
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags,
+                      Packed, int pl, int pr)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(VerilatedVarFlags(vlflags)), m_pdims(1), m_udims(0), m_packed(pl,pr) { }
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags,
+                      Packed, int pl, int pr,
+                      Unpacked, int u0l, int u0r)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(VerilatedVarFlags(vlflags)), m_pdims(1), m_udims(1), m_packed(pl,pr) {
+        m_unpacked[0].init(u0l, u0r); }
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags,
+                      Packed, int pl, int pr,
+                      Unpacked, int u0l, int u0r, int u1l, int u1r)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(VerilatedVarFlags(vlflags)), m_pdims(1), m_udims(2), m_packed(pl,pr) {
+        m_unpacked[0].init(u0l, u0r); m_unpacked[1].init(u1l, u1r); }
+    VerilatedVarProps(VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags,
+                      Packed, int pl, int pr,
+                      Unpacked, int u0l, int u0r, int u1l, int u1r, int u2l, int u2r)
+        : m_magic(MAGIC), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(VerilatedVarFlags(vlflags)), m_pdims(1), m_udims(3), m_packed(pl,pr) {
+        m_unpacked[0].init(u0l, u0r); m_unpacked[1].init(u1l, u1r); m_unpacked[2].init(u2l, u2r); }
+public:
+    ~VerilatedVarProps() {}
+    // METHODS
+    bool magicOk() const { return m_magic==MAGIC; }
+    VerilatedVarType vltype() const { return m_vltype; }
+    VerilatedVarFlags vldir() const { return static_cast<VerilatedVarFlags>(static_cast<int>(m_vlflags) & VLVF_MASK_DIR); }
+    vluint32_t entSize() const;
+    bool isPublicRW() const { return ((m_vlflags & VLVF_PUB_RW) != 0); }
+    /// DPI compatible C standard layout
+    bool isDpiCLayout() const { return ((m_vlflags & VLVF_DPI_CLAY) != 0); }
+    int udims() const { return m_udims; }
+    int dims() const { return m_pdims + m_udims; }
+    const VerilatedRange& packed() const { return m_packed; }
+    const VerilatedRange& unpacked() const { return m_unpacked[0]; }
+    // DPI accessors
+    int left(int dim) const {
+        return dim==0 ? m_packed.left() : VL_LIKELY(dim>=1 && dim<=3) ? m_unpacked[dim-1].left() : 0;
+    }
+    int right(int dim) const {
+        return dim==0 ? m_packed.right() : VL_LIKELY(dim>=1 && dim<=3) ? m_unpacked[dim-1].right() : 0;
+    }
+    int low(int dim) const {
+        return dim==0 ? m_packed.low() : VL_LIKELY(dim>=1 && dim<=3) ? m_unpacked[dim-1].low() : 0;
+    }
+    int high(int dim) const {
+        return dim==0 ? m_packed.high() : VL_LIKELY(dim>=1 && dim<=3) ? m_unpacked[dim-1].high() : 0;
+    }
+    int increment(int dim) const {
+        return dim==0 ? m_packed.increment() : VL_LIKELY(dim>=1 && dim<=3) ? m_unpacked[dim-1].increment() : 0;
+    }
+    int elements(int dim) const {
+        return dim==0 ? m_packed.elements() : VL_LIKELY(dim>=1 && dim<=3) ? m_unpacked[dim-1].elements() : 0;
+    }
+    /// Total size in bytes (note DPI limited to 4GB)
+    size_t totalSize() const;
+    /// Adjust a data pointer to access a given array element, NuLL if something goes bad
+    void* datapAdjustIndex(void* datap, int dim, int indx) const;
+};
+
+//===========================================================================
+/// Verilator DPI open array variable
+
+class VerilatedDpiOpenVar {
+    // MEMBERS
+    const VerilatedVarProps* m_propsp;  // Variable properties
+    void*                    m_datap;  // Location of data (local to thread always, so safe)
+public:
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VerilatedDpiOpenVar(const VerilatedVarProps* propsp, void* datap)
+        : m_propsp(propsp), m_datap(datap) {}
+    VerilatedDpiOpenVar(const VerilatedVarProps* propsp, const void* datap)
+        : m_propsp(propsp), m_datap(const_cast<void*>(datap)) {}
+    ~VerilatedDpiOpenVar() {}
+    // METHODS
+    void* datap() const { return m_datap; }
+    // METHODS - from VerilatedVarProps
+    bool magicOk() const { return m_propsp->magicOk(); }
+    VerilatedVarType vltype() const { return m_propsp->vltype(); }
+    bool isDpiStdLayout() const { return m_propsp->isDpiCLayout(); }
+    const VerilatedRange& packed() const { return m_propsp->packed(); }
+    const VerilatedRange& unpacked() const { return m_propsp->unpacked(); }
+    int udims() const { return m_propsp->udims(); }
+    int left(int dim) const { return m_propsp->left(dim); }
+    int right(int dim) const { return m_propsp->right(dim); }
+    int low(int dim) const { return m_propsp->low(dim); }
+    int high(int dim) const { return m_propsp->high(dim); }
+    int increment(int dim) const { return m_propsp->increment(dim); }
+    int elements(int dim) const { return m_propsp->elements(dim); }
+    size_t totalSize() const { return m_propsp->totalSize(); }
+    void* datapAdjustIndex(void* datap, int dim, int indx) const {
+        return m_propsp->datapAdjustIndex(datap, dim, indx); }
+};
+
+//===========================================================================
+/// Verilator variable
+/// Thread safety: Assume is constructed only with model, then any number of readers
+
+class VerilatedVar : public VerilatedVarProps {
+    // MEMBERS
+    void*       m_datap;  // Location of data
+    const char* m_namep;  // Name - slowpath
+protected:
+    friend class VerilatedScope;
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VerilatedVar(const char* namep, void* datap,
+                 VerilatedVarType vltype, VerilatedVarFlags vlflags, int dims)
+        : VerilatedVarProps(vltype, vlflags, (dims>0?1:0), ((dims>1)?dims-1:0))
+        , m_datap(datap), m_namep(namep) {}
+public:
+    ~VerilatedVar() {}
+    // ACCESSORS
+    void* datap() const { return m_datap; }
+    const VerilatedRange& range() const { return packed(); }  // Deprecated
+    const VerilatedRange& array() const { return unpacked(); }  // Deprecated
+    const char* name() const { return m_namep; }
+};
+
+#endif // Guard
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief Verilator: Include to allow symbol inspection
 ///
-///	This file is for inclusion by files that need to inspect
-///	the symbol table.  It is not included in verilated.h
-///	as it requires some heavyweight C++ classes.
+///     This file is for inclusion by files that need to inspect the symbol
+///     table.  It is not included in verilated.h (instead see
+///     verilated_sym_props.h) as it requires some heavyweight C++ classes.
+///
+///     These classes are thread safe and read only. It is constructed only
+///     when a model is built (from the main thread).
 ///
 /// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
 ///
@@ -28,71 +31,33 @@
 #ifndef _VERILATED_SYMS_H_
 #define _VERILATED_SYMS_H_ 1 ///< Header Guard

+#include "verilated_sym_props.h"
+
 #include "verilated_heavy.h"
-
 #include <map>

-//======================================================================
-// Types
-
-struct VerilatedCStrCmp {
-    /// Ordering maps keyed by const char*'s
-    bool operator() (const char *a, const char *b) const {
-	return std::strcmp(a, b) < 0;
-    }
-};
-
-//===========================================================================
-/// Verilator range
-
-class VerilatedRange { 
-    int		m_lhs;
-    int		m_rhs;
-protected:
-    friend class VerilatedVar;
-    friend class VerilatedScope;
-    VerilatedRange() : m_lhs(0), m_rhs(0) {}
-    void sets(int lhs, int rhs) { m_lhs=lhs; m_rhs=rhs; }
-public:
-    ~VerilatedRange() {}
-    int lhs() const { return m_lhs; }
-    int rhs() const { return m_rhs; }
-    int bits() const { return (VL_LIKELY(m_lhs>=m_rhs)?(m_lhs-m_rhs+1):(m_rhs-m_lhs+1)); }
-};
-
-//===========================================================================
-/// Verilator variable
-
-class VerilatedVar {
-    void*		m_datap;	// Location of data
-    VerilatedVarType	m_vltype;	// Data type
-    VerilatedVarFlags	m_vlflags;	// Direction
-    VerilatedRange	m_range;	// First range
-    VerilatedRange	m_array;	// Array
-    int			m_dims;		// Dimensions
-    const char*		m_namep;	// Name - slowpath
-protected:
-    friend class VerilatedScope;
-    VerilatedVar(const char* namep, void* datap,
-		 VerilatedVarType vltype, VerilatedVarFlags vlflags, int dims)
-	: m_datap(datap), m_vltype(vltype), m_vlflags(vlflags), m_dims(dims), m_namep(namep) {}
-public:
-    ~VerilatedVar() {}
-    void* datap() const { return m_datap; }
-    VerilatedVarType vltype() const { return m_vltype; }
-    VerilatedVarFlags vldir() const { return (VerilatedVarFlags)((int)m_vlflags & VLVF_MASK_DIR); }
-    vluint32_t entSize() const;
-    bool isPublicRW() const { return ((m_vlflags & VLVF_PUB_RW) != 0); }
-    const VerilatedRange& range() const { return m_range; }
-    const VerilatedRange& array() const { return m_array; }
-    const char* name() const { return m_namep; }
-    int dims() const { return m_dims; }
-};
-
 //======================================================================
 /// Types

-struct VerilatedVarNameMap : public map<const char*, VerilatedVar, VerilatedCStrCmp> {
+/// Class to sort maps keyed by const char*'s
+struct VerilatedCStrCmp {
+    bool operator() (const char *a, const char *b) const {
+        return std::strcmp(a, b) < 0;
+    }
+};
+
+/// Map of sorted scope names to find associated scope class
+class VerilatedScopeNameMap
+    : public std::map<const char*, const VerilatedScope*, VerilatedCStrCmp> {
+public:
+    VerilatedScopeNameMap() {}
+    ~VerilatedScopeNameMap() {}
+};
+
+/// Map of sorted variable names to find associated variable class
+class VerilatedVarNameMap
+    : public std::map<const char*, VerilatedVar, VerilatedCStrCmp> {
+public:
    VerilatedVarNameMap() {}
    ~VerilatedVarNameMap() {}
 };
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief C++ Tracing in VCD Format
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
-///
 //=============================================================================
 // SPDIFF_OFF

@@ -49,15 +47,44 @@
 #endif

 //=============================================================================
-// Global
+// VerilatedVcdImp
+/// Base class to hold some static state
+/// This is an internally used class

-vector<VerilatedVcd*>	VerilatedVcd::s_vcdVecp;	///< List of all created traces
+class VerilatedVcdSingleton {
+private:
+    typedef std::vector<VerilatedVcd*> VcdVec;
+    struct Singleton {
+        VerilatedMutex  s_vcdMutex;  ///< Protect the singleton
+        VcdVec          s_vcdVecp VL_GUARDED_BY(s_vcdMutex);  ///< List of all created traces
+    };
+    static Singleton& singleton() { static Singleton s;	return s; }
+public:
+    static void pushVcd(VerilatedVcd* vcdp) VL_EXCLUDES(singleton().s_vcdMutex) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(singleton().s_vcdMutex);
+	singleton().s_vcdVecp.push_back(vcdp);
+    }
+    static void removeVcd(const VerilatedVcd* vcdp) VL_EXCLUDES(singleton().s_vcdMutex) {
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(singleton().s_vcdMutex);
+	VcdVec::iterator pos = find(singleton().s_vcdVecp.begin(), singleton().s_vcdVecp.end(), vcdp);
+	if (pos != singleton().s_vcdVecp.end()) { singleton().s_vcdVecp.erase(pos); }
+    }
+    static void flush_all() VL_EXCLUDES(singleton().s_vcdMutex) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
+	// Thread safety: Although this function is protected by a mutex so perhaps
+	// in the future we can allow tracing in separate threads, vcdp->flush() assumes call from single thread
+	VerilatedLockGuard guard(singleton().s_vcdMutex);
+	for (VcdVec::const_iterator it=singleton().s_vcdVecp.begin(); it!=singleton().s_vcdVecp.end(); ++it) {
+	    VerilatedVcd* vcdp = *it;
+	    vcdp->flush();
+	}
+    }
+};

 //=============================================================================
 // VerilatedVcdCallInfo
 /// Internal callback routines for each module being traced.
 ////
-/// Each SystemPerl module that wishes to be traced registers a set of
+/// Each module that wishes to be traced registers a set of
 /// callbacks stored in this class.  When the trace file is being
 /// constructed, this class provides the callback routines to be executed.

@@ -69,24 +96,63 @@ protected:
    VerilatedVcdCallback_t	m_changecb;	///< Incremental Dumping Callback function
    void*		m_userthis;	///< Fake "this" for caller
    vluint32_t		m_code;		///< Starting code number
-    // CREATORS
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
    VerilatedVcdCallInfo (VerilatedVcdCallback_t icb, VerilatedVcdCallback_t fcb,
 			  VerilatedVcdCallback_t changecb,
 			  void* ut, vluint32_t code)
 	: m_initcb(icb), m_fullcb(fcb), m_changecb(changecb), m_userthis(ut), m_code(code) {};
+    ~VerilatedVcdCallInfo() {}
 };

+//=============================================================================
+//=============================================================================
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedVcdFile
+
+bool VerilatedVcdFile::open(const std::string& name) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+    m_fd = ::open(name.c_str(), O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC|O_LARGEFILE|O_NONBLOCK, 0666);
+    return (m_fd>=0);
+}
+
+void VerilatedVcdFile::close() VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+    ::close(m_fd);
+}
+
+ssize_t VerilatedVcdFile::write(const char* bufp, ssize_t len) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+    return ::write(m_fd, bufp, len);
+}
+
 //=============================================================================
 //=============================================================================
 //=============================================================================
 // Opening/Closing

+VerilatedVcd::VerilatedVcd(VerilatedVcdFile* filep)
+    : m_isOpen(false), m_rolloverMB(0), m_modDepth(0), m_nextCode(1) {
+    // Not in header to avoid link issue if header is included without this .cpp file
+    m_fileNewed = (filep == NULL);
+    m_filep = m_fileNewed ? new VerilatedVcdFile : filep;
+    m_namemapp = NULL;
+    m_timeRes = m_timeUnit = 1e-9;
+    m_timeLastDump = 0;
+    m_sigs_oldvalp = NULL;
+    m_evcd = false;
+    m_scopeEscape = '.';  // Backward compatibility
+    m_fullDump = true;
+    m_wrChunkSize = 8*1024;
+    m_wrBufp = new char [m_wrChunkSize*8];
+    m_wrFlushp = m_wrBufp + m_wrChunkSize * 6;
+    m_writep = m_wrBufp;
+    m_wroteBytes = 0;
+}
+
 void VerilatedVcd::open (const char* filename) {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (isOpen()) return;

    // Set member variables
    m_filename = filename;
-    s_vcdVecp.push_back(this);
+    VerilatedVcdSingleton::pushVcd(this);

    // SPDIFF_OFF
    // Set callback so an early exit will flush us
@@ -112,10 +178,11 @@ void VerilatedVcd::open (const char* filename) {
 void VerilatedVcd::openNext (bool incFilename) {
    // Open next filename in concat sequence, mangle filename if
    // incFilename is true.
+    m_assertOne.check();
    closePrev(); // Close existing
    if (incFilename) {
 	// Find _0000.{ext} in filename
-	string name = m_filename;
+	std::string name = m_filename;
 	size_t pos=name.rfind(".");
 	if (pos>8 && 0==strncmp("_cat",name.c_str()+pos-8,4)
 	    && isdigit(name.c_str()[pos-4])
@@ -142,9 +209,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::openNext (bool incFilename) {
 	assert(0);	// Not supported yet.
    } else {
 	// cppcheck-suppress duplicateExpression
-	m_fd = ::open (m_filename.c_str(), O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC|O_LARGEFILE|O_NONBLOCK
-		       , 0666);
-	if (m_fd<0) {
+	if (!m_filep->open(m_filename)) {
 	    // User code can check isOpen()
 	    m_isOpen = false;
 	    return;
@@ -162,7 +227,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::makeNameMap() {
    m_namemapp = new NameMap;
    for (vluint32_t ent = 0; ent< m_callbacks.size(); ent++) {
 	VerilatedVcdCallInfo *cip = m_callbacks[ent];
-	cip->m_code = nextCode();
+	cip->m_code = m_nextCode;
 	(cip->m_initcb) (this, cip->m_userthis, cip->m_code);
    }

@@ -171,19 +236,19 @@ void VerilatedVcd::makeNameMap() {
    // If no scope was specified, prefix everything with a "top"
    // This comes from user instantiations with no name - IE Vtop("").
    bool nullScope = false;
-    for (NameMap::iterator it=m_namemapp->begin(); it!=m_namemapp->end(); ++it) {
-	const char* hiername = (*it).first.c_str();
-	if (hiername[0] == '\t') nullScope=true;
+    for (NameMap::const_iterator it=m_namemapp->begin(); it!=m_namemapp->end(); ++it) {
+	const std::string& hiername = it->first;
+	if (hiername.size() >= 1 && hiername[0] == '\t') nullScope=true;
    }
    if (nullScope) {
 	NameMap* newmapp = new NameMap;
-	for (NameMap::iterator it=m_namemapp->begin(); it!=m_namemapp->end(); ++it) {
-	    const string& hiername = it->first;
-	    const string& decl     = it->second;
-	    string newname = string("top");
+	for (NameMap::const_iterator it=m_namemapp->begin(); it!=m_namemapp->end(); ++it) {
+	    const std::string& hiername = it->first;
+	    const std::string& decl     = it->second;
+	    std::string newname = std::string("top");
 	    if (hiername[0] != '\t') newname += ' ';
 	    newname += hiername;
-	    newmapp->insert(make_pair(newname,decl));
+	    newmapp->insert(std::make_pair(newname,decl));
 	}
 	deleteNameMap();
 	m_namemapp = newmapp;
@@ -199,30 +264,37 @@ VerilatedVcd::~VerilatedVcd() {
    if (m_wrBufp) { delete[] m_wrBufp; m_wrBufp=NULL; }
    if (m_sigs_oldvalp) { delete[] m_sigs_oldvalp; m_sigs_oldvalp=NULL; }
    deleteNameMap();
-    // Remove from list of traces
-    vector<VerilatedVcd*>::iterator pos = find(s_vcdVecp.begin(), s_vcdVecp.end(), this);
-    if (pos != s_vcdVecp.end()) { s_vcdVecp.erase(pos); }
+    if (m_filep && m_fileNewed) { delete m_filep; m_filep = NULL; }
+    for (CallbackVec::const_iterator it=m_callbacks.begin(); it!=m_callbacks.end(); ++it) {
+	delete (*it);
+    }
+    m_callbacks.clear();
+    VerilatedVcdSingleton::removeVcd(this);
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::closePrev () {
+    // This function is on the flush() call path
    if (!isOpen()) return;

    bufferFlush();
    m_isOpen = false;
-    ::close(m_fd);
+    m_filep->close();
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::closeErr () {
+    // This function is on the flush() call path
    // Close due to an error.  We might abort before even getting here,
    // depending on the definition of vl_fatal.
    if (!isOpen()) return;

    // No buffer flush, just fclose
    m_isOpen = false;
-    ::close(m_fd);  // May get error, just ignore it
+    m_filep->close();  // May get error, just ignore it
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::close() {
+    // This function is on the flush() call path
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (!isOpen()) return;
    if (m_evcd) {
 	printStr("$vcdclose ");
@@ -251,35 +323,51 @@ void VerilatedVcd::printTime (vluint64_t timeui) {
    // Dinotrace doesn't mind, but Cadence vvision seems to choke
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(timeui < m_timeLastDump)) {
 	timeui = m_timeLastDump;
-	static bool backTime = false;
+	static VL_THREAD_LOCAL bool backTime = false;
 	if (!backTime) {
 	    backTime = true;
-	    VL_PRINTF("VCD time is moving backwards, wave file may be incorrect.\n");
+	    VL_PRINTF_MT("%%Warning: VCD time is moving backwards, wave file may be incorrect.\n");
 	}
    }
    m_timeLastDump = timeui;
    printQuad(timeui);
 }

-void VerilatedVcd::bufferFlush () {
+void VerilatedVcd::bufferResize(vluint64_t minsize) {
+    // minsize is size of largest write.  We buffer at least 8 times as much data,
+    // writing when we are 3/4 full (with thus 2*minsize remaining free)
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(minsize > m_wrChunkSize)) {
+	char* oldbufp = m_wrBufp;
+	m_wrChunkSize = minsize*2;
+	m_wrBufp = new char [m_wrChunkSize * 8];
+	memcpy(m_wrBufp, oldbufp, m_writep - oldbufp);
+        m_writep = m_wrBufp + (m_writep - oldbufp);
+	m_wrFlushp = m_wrBufp + m_wrChunkSize * 6;
+	delete oldbufp; oldbufp=NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+void VerilatedVcd::bufferFlush () VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
+    // This function is on the flush() call path
    // We add output data to m_writep.
    // When it gets nearly full we dump it using this routine which calls write()
    // This is much faster than using buffered I/O
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!isOpen())) return;
    char* wp = m_wrBufp;
    while (1) {
 	ssize_t remaining = (m_writep - wp);
 	if (remaining==0) break;
 	errno = 0;
-	ssize_t got = write (m_fd, wp, remaining);
+	ssize_t got = m_filep->write(wp, remaining);
 	if (got>0) {
 	    wp += got;
 	    m_wroteBytes += got;
 	} else if (got < 0) {
 	    if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
 		// write failed, presume error (perhaps out of disk space)
-		string msg = (string)"VerilatedVcd::bufferFlush: "+strerror(errno);
-		vl_fatal("",0,"",msg.c_str());
+		std::string msg = std::string("VerilatedVcd::bufferFlush: ")+strerror(errno);
+		VL_FATAL_MT("",0,"",msg.c_str());
 		closeErr();
 		break;
 	    }
@@ -294,13 +382,11 @@ void VerilatedVcd::bufferFlush () {
 // Simple methods

 void VerilatedVcd::set_time_unit (const char* unitp) {
-    string unitstr (unitp);
    //cout<<" set_time_unit ("<<unitp<<") == "<<timescaleToDouble(unitp)<<" == "<<doubleToTimescale(timescaleToDouble(unitp))<<endl;
    m_timeUnit = timescaleToDouble(unitp);
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::set_time_resolution (const char* unitp) {
-    string unitstr (unitp);
    //cout<<"set_time_resolution ("<<unitp<<") == "<<timescaleToDouble(unitp)<<" == "<<doubleToTimescale(timescaleToDouble(unitp))<<endl;
    m_timeRes = timescaleToDouble(unitp);
 }
@@ -308,7 +394,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::set_time_resolution (const char* unitp) {
 double VerilatedVcd::timescaleToDouble (const char* unitp) {
    char* endp;
    double value = strtod(unitp, &endp);
-    if (!value) value=1;  // On error so we allow just "ns" to return 1e-9.
+    if (value==0.0 && endp==unitp) value=1;  // On error so we allow just "ns" to return 1e-9.
    unitp=endp;
    while (*unitp && isspace(*unitp)) unitp++;
    switch (*unitp) {
@@ -323,7 +409,7 @@ double VerilatedVcd::timescaleToDouble (const char* unitp) {
    return value;
 }

-string VerilatedVcd::doubleToTimescale (double value) {
+std::string VerilatedVcd::doubleToTimescale (double value) {
    const char* suffixp = "s";
    if	    (value>=1e0)   { suffixp="s"; value *= 1e0; }
    else if (value>=1e-3 ) { suffixp="ms"; value *= 1e3; }
@@ -332,7 +418,7 @@ string VerilatedVcd::doubleToTimescale (double value) {
    else if (value>=1e-12) { suffixp="ps"; value *= 1e12; }
    else if (value>=1e-15) { suffixp="fs"; value *= 1e15; }
    else if (value>=1e-18) { suffixp="as"; value *= 1e18; }
-    char valuestr[100]; sprintf(valuestr,"%d%s",(int)(value), suffixp);
+    char valuestr[100]; sprintf(valuestr,"%3.0f%s", value, suffixp);
    return valuestr;  // Gets converted to string, so no ref to stack
 }

@@ -352,7 +438,8 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpHeader () {
    printStr("$date "); printStr(ctime(&time_str)); printStr(" $end\n");

    printStr("$timescale ");
-    printStr(doubleToTimescale(m_timeRes).c_str());
+    const std::string& timeResStr = doubleToTimescale(m_timeRes);
+    printStr(timeResStr.c_str());
    printStr(" $end\n");

    makeNameMap();
@@ -365,15 +452,16 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpHeader () {
    // We detect the spaces in module names to determine hierarchy.  This
    // allows signals to be declared without fixed ordering, which is
    // required as Verilog signals might be separately declared from
-    // "SP_TRACE" signals.
+    // SC module signals.

    // Print the signal names
    const char* lastName = "";
-    for (NameMap::iterator it=m_namemapp->begin(); it!=m_namemapp->end(); ++it) {
-	const char* hiername = (*it).first.c_str();
-	const char* decl     = (*it).second.c_str();
+    for (NameMap::const_iterator it=m_namemapp->begin(); it!=m_namemapp->end(); ++it) {
+	const std::string& hiernamestr = it->first;
+	const std::string& decl = it->second;

 	// Determine difference between the old and new names
+	const char* hiername = hiernamestr.c_str();
 	const char* lp = lastName;
 	const char* np = hiername;
 	lastName = hiername;
@@ -408,7 +496,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpHeader () {
 	}

 	printIndent(0);
-	printStr(decl);
+	printStr(decl.c_str());
    }

    while (m_modDepth>1) {
@@ -424,24 +512,28 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpHeader () {
    deleteNameMap();
 }

-void VerilatedVcd::module (string name) {
+void VerilatedVcd::module (const std::string& name) {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    m_modName = name;
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::declare (vluint32_t code, const char* name, const char* wirep,
 			    int arraynum, bool tri, bool bussed, int msb, int lsb) {
-    if (!code) { vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","Internal: internal trace problem, code 0 is illegal"); }
+    if (!code) { VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","Internal: internal trace problem, code 0 is illegal"); }

    int bits = ((msb>lsb)?(msb-lsb):(lsb-msb))+1;
    int codesNeeded = 1+int(bits/32);
    if (tri) codesNeeded *= 2;   // Space in change array for __en signals

    // Make sure array is large enough
-    m_nextCode = max(nextCode(), code+codesNeeded);
+    m_nextCode = std::max(m_nextCode, code+codesNeeded);
    if (m_sigs.capacity() <= m_nextCode) {
 	m_sigs.reserve(m_nextCode*2);	// Power-of-2 allocation speeds things up
    }

+    // Make sure write buffer is large enough (one character per bit), plus header
+    bufferResize(bits+1024);
+
    // Save declaration info
    VerilatedVcdSig sig = VerilatedVcdSig(code, bits);
    m_sigs.push_back(sig);
@@ -452,10 +544,10 @@ void VerilatedVcd::declare (vluint32_t code, const char* name, const char* wirep
    // Tab separates final scope from signal name
    // Tab sorts before spaces, so signals nicely will print before scopes
    // Note the hiername may be nothing, if so we'll add "\t{name}"
-    string nameasstr = name;
+    std::string nameasstr = name;
    if (m_modName!="") { nameasstr = m_modName+m_scopeEscape+nameasstr; }  // Optional ->module prefix
-    string hiername;
-    string basename;
+    std::string hiername;
+    std::string basename;
    for (const char* cp=nameasstr.c_str(); *cp; cp++) {
 	if (isScopeEscape(*cp)) {
 	    // Ahh, we've just read a scope, not a basename
@@ -469,7 +561,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::declare (vluint32_t code, const char* name, const char* wirep
    hiername += "\t"+basename;

    // Print reference
-    string decl = "$var ";
+    std::string decl = "$var ";
    if (m_evcd) decl += "port"; else decl += wirep;  // usually "wire"
    char buf [1000];
    sprintf(buf, " %2d ", bits);
@@ -492,7 +584,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::declare (vluint32_t code, const char* name, const char* wirep
 	decl += buf;
    }
    decl += " $end\n";
-    m_namemapp->insert(make_pair(hiername,decl));
+    m_namemapp->insert(std::make_pair(hiername,decl));
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::declBit      (vluint32_t code, const char* name, int arraynum)
@@ -519,17 +611,19 @@ void VerilatedVcd::declDouble   (vluint32_t code, const char* name, int arraynum
 //=============================================================================

 void VerilatedVcd::fullDouble (vluint32_t code, const double newval) {
-    (*((double*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) = newval;
-    // Buffer can't overflow; we have at least bufferInsertSize() bytes (>>>16 bytes)
+    // cppcheck-suppress invalidPointerCast
+    (*(reinterpret_cast<double*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code]))) = newval;
+    // Buffer can't overflow before sprintf; we sized during declaration
    sprintf(m_writep, "r%.16g", newval);
    m_writep += strlen(m_writep);
    *m_writep++=' '; printCode(code); *m_writep++='\n';
    bufferCheck();
 }
 void VerilatedVcd::fullFloat (vluint32_t code, const float newval) {
-    (*((float*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) = newval;
-    // Buffer can't overflow; we have at least bufferInsertSize() bytes (>>>16 bytes)
-    sprintf(m_writep, "r%.16g", (double)newval);
+    // cppcheck-suppress invalidPointerCast
+    (*(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code]))) = newval;
+    // Buffer can't overflow before sprintf; we sized during declaration
+    sprintf(m_writep, "r%.16g", static_cast<double>(newval));
    m_writep += strlen(m_writep);
    *m_writep++=' '; printCode(code); *m_writep++='\n';
    bufferCheck();
@@ -538,15 +632,16 @@ void VerilatedVcd::fullFloat (vluint32_t code, const float newval) {
 //=============================================================================
 // Callbacks

-void VerilatedVcd::addCallback (
+void VerilatedVcd::addCallback VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE (
    VerilatedVcdCallback_t initcb, VerilatedVcdCallback_t fullcb, VerilatedVcdCallback_t changecb,
    void* userthis)
 {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(isOpen())) {
-	string msg = (string)"Internal: "+__FILE__+"::"+__FUNCTION__+" called with already open file";
-	vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"",msg.c_str());
+	std::string msg = std::string("Internal: ")+__FILE__+"::"+__FUNCTION__+" called with already open file";
+	VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__,__LINE__,"",msg.c_str());
    }
-    VerilatedVcdCallInfo* vci = new VerilatedVcdCallInfo(initcb, fullcb, changecb, userthis, nextCode());
+    VerilatedVcdCallInfo* vci = new VerilatedVcdCallInfo(initcb, fullcb, changecb, userthis, m_nextCode);
    m_callbacks.push_back(vci);
 }

@@ -554,15 +649,17 @@ void VerilatedVcd::addCallback (
 // Dumping

 void VerilatedVcd::dumpFull (vluint64_t timeui) {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    dumpPrep (timeui);
+    Verilated::quiesce();
    for (vluint32_t ent = 0; ent< m_callbacks.size(); ent++) {
 	VerilatedVcdCallInfo *cip = m_callbacks[ent];
 	(cip->m_fullcb) (this, cip->m_userthis, cip->m_code);
    }
-    dumpDone ();
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::dump (vluint64_t timeui) {
+    m_assertOne.check();
    if (!isOpen()) return;
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_fullDump)) {
 	m_fullDump = false;	// No need for more full dumps
@@ -574,11 +671,11 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dump (vluint64_t timeui) {
 	if (!isOpen()) return;
    }
    dumpPrep (timeui);
+    Verilated::quiesce();
    for (vluint32_t ent = 0; ent< m_callbacks.size(); ent++) {
 	VerilatedVcdCallInfo *cip = m_callbacks[ent];
 	(cip->m_changecb) (this, cip->m_userthis, cip->m_code);
    }
-    dumpDone();
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::dumpPrep (vluint64_t timeui) {
@@ -587,17 +684,11 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpPrep (vluint64_t timeui) {
    printStr("\n");
 }

-void VerilatedVcd::dumpDone () {
-}
-
 //======================================================================
 // Static members

-void VerilatedVcd::flush_all() {
-    for (vluint32_t ent = 0; ent< s_vcdVecp.size(); ent++) {
-	VerilatedVcd* vcdp = s_vcdVecp[ent];
-	vcdp->flush();
-    }
+void VerilatedVcd::flush_all() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
+    VerilatedVcdSingleton::flush_all();
 }

 //======================================================================
@@ -701,5 +792,5 @@ main() {

 //********************************************************************
 // Local Variables:
-// compile-command: "mkdir -p ../test_dir && cd ../test_dir && g++ -DVERILATED_VCD_TEST ../src/verilated_vcd_c.cpp -o verilated_vcd_c && ./verilated_vcd_c && cat test.vcd"
+// compile-command: "mkdir -p ../test_dir && cd ../test_dir && c++ -DVERILATED_VCD_TEST ../src/verilated_vcd_c.cpp -o verilated_vcd_c && ./verilated_vcd_c && cat test.vcd"
 // End:
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief C++ Tracing in VCD Format
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
-///
 //=============================================================================
 // SPDIFF_OFF

@@ -26,16 +24,32 @@
 #define _VERILATED_VCD_C_H_ 1

 #include "verilatedos.h"
+#include "verilated.h"

 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
-using namespace std;

 class VerilatedVcd;
 class VerilatedVcdCallInfo;

 // SPDIFF_ON
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedFile
+/// File handling routines, which can be overrode for e.g. socket I/O
+
+class VerilatedVcdFile {
+private:
+    int			m_fd;		///< File descriptor we're writing to
+public:
+    // METHODS
+    VerilatedVcdFile() : m_fd(0) {}
+    virtual ~VerilatedVcdFile() {}
+    virtual bool open(const std::string& name) VL_MT_UNSAFE;
+    virtual void close() VL_MT_UNSAFE;
+    virtual ssize_t write(const char* bufp, ssize_t len) VL_MT_UNSAFE;
+};
+
 //=============================================================================
 // VerilatedVcdSig
 /// Internal data on one signal being traced.
@@ -62,38 +76,43 @@ typedef void (*VerilatedVcdCallback_t)(VerilatedVcd* vcdp, void* userthis, vluin

 class VerilatedVcd {
 private:
+    VerilatedVcdFile*	m_filep;	///< File we're writing to
+    bool		m_fileNewed;	///< m_filep needs destruction
    bool 		m_isOpen;	///< True indicates open file
    bool		m_evcd;		///< True for evcd format
-    int			m_fd;		///< File descriptor we're writing to
-    string		m_filename;	///< Filename we're writing to (if open)
+    std::string		m_filename;	///< Filename we're writing to (if open)
    vluint64_t		m_rolloverMB;	///< MB of file size to rollover at
    char		m_scopeEscape;	///< Character to separate scope components
    int			m_modDepth;	///< Depth of module hierarchy
    bool		m_fullDump;	///< True indicates dump ignoring if changed
    vluint32_t		m_nextCode;	///< Next code number to assign
-    string		m_modName;	///< Module name being traced now
+    std::string		m_modName;	///< Module name being traced now
    double		m_timeRes;	///< Time resolution (ns/ms etc)
    double		m_timeUnit;	///< Time units (ns/ms etc)
    vluint64_t		m_timeLastDump;	///< Last time we did a dump

    char*		m_wrBufp;	///< Output buffer
+    char*		m_wrFlushp;	///< Output buffer flush trigger location
    char*		m_writep;	///< Write pointer into output buffer
+    vluint64_t		m_wrChunkSize;	///< Output buffer size
    vluint64_t		m_wroteBytes;	///< Number of bytes written to this file

-    vluint32_t*			m_sigs_oldvalp;	///< Pointer to old signal values
-    vector<VerilatedVcdSig>	m_sigs;		///< Pointer to signal information
-    vector<VerilatedVcdCallInfo*>	m_callbacks;	///< Routines to perform dumping
-    typedef map<string,string>	NameMap;
-    NameMap*			m_namemapp;	///< List of names for the header
-    static vector<VerilatedVcd*>	s_vcdVecp;	///< List of all created traces
+    vluint32_t*		m_sigs_oldvalp;	///< Pointer to old signal values
+    typedef std::vector<VerilatedVcdSig>  SigVec;
+    SigVec		m_sigs;		///< Pointer to signal information
+    typedef std::vector<VerilatedVcdCallInfo*>  CallbackVec;
+    CallbackVec		m_callbacks;	///< Routines to perform dumping
+    typedef std::map<std::string,std::string>  NameMap;
+    NameMap*		m_namemapp;	///< List of names for the header

-    inline static size_t bufferSize() { return 256*1024; }  // See below for slack calculation
-    inline static size_t bufferInsertSize() { return 16*1024; }
-    void bufferFlush();
-    void bufferCheck() {
+    VerilatedAssertOneThread m_assertOne;  ///< Assert only called from single thread
+
+    void bufferResize(vluint64_t minsize);
+    void bufferFlush() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
+    inline void bufferCheck() {
 	// Flush the write buffer if there's not enough space left for new information
 	// We only call this once per vector, so we need enough slop for a very wide "b###" line
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_writep > (m_wrBufp+(bufferSize()-bufferInsertSize())))) {
+	if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_writep > m_wrFlushp)) {
 	    bufferFlush();
 	}
    }
@@ -115,43 +134,26 @@ private:
    // cppcheck-suppress functionConst
    void dumpDone ();
    inline void printCode (vluint32_t code) {
-	if (code>=(94*94*94)) *m_writep++ = ((char)((code/94/94/94)%94+33));
-	if (code>=(94*94))    *m_writep++ = ((char)((code/94/94)%94+33));
-	if (code>=(94))       *m_writep++ = ((char)((code/94)%94+33));
-	*m_writep++ = ((char)((code)%94+33));
+	if (code>=(94*94*94)) *m_writep++ = static_cast<char>((code/94/94/94)%94+33);
+	if (code>=(94*94))    *m_writep++ = static_cast<char>((code/94/94)%94+33);
+	if (code>=(94))       *m_writep++ = static_cast<char>((code/94)%94+33);
+	*m_writep++ = static_cast<char>((code)%94+33);
    }
-    static string stringCode (vluint32_t code) {
-	string out;
-	if (code>=(94*94*94)) out += ((char)((code/94/94/94)%94+33));
-	if (code>=(94*94))    out += ((char)((code/94/94)%94+33));
-	if (code>=(94))       out += ((char)((code/94)%94+33));
-	return out + ((char)((code)%94+33));
+    static std::string stringCode (vluint32_t code) VL_PURE {
+	std::string out;
+	if (code>=(94*94*94)) out += static_cast<char>((code/94/94/94)%94+33);
+	if (code>=(94*94))    out += static_cast<char>((code/94/94)%94+33);
+	if (code>=(94))       out += static_cast<char>((code/94)%94+33);
+	return out + static_cast<char>((code)%94+33);
    }

-protected:
-    // METHODS
-    void evcd(bool flag) { m_evcd = flag; }
-
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedVcd);
 public:
-    // CREATORS
-    VerilatedVcd () : m_isOpen(false), m_rolloverMB(0), m_modDepth(0), m_nextCode(1) {
-	m_wrBufp = new char [bufferSize()];
-	m_writep = m_wrBufp;
-	m_namemapp = NULL;
-	m_timeRes = m_timeUnit = 1e-9;
-	m_timeLastDump = 0;
-	m_sigs_oldvalp = NULL;
-	m_evcd = false;
-	m_scopeEscape = '.';  // Backward compatibility
-	m_wroteBytes = 0;
-	m_fd = 0;
-	m_fullDump = true;
-    }
+    explicit VerilatedVcd(VerilatedVcdFile* filep=NULL);
    ~VerilatedVcd();

    // ACCESSORS
-    /// Inside dumping routines, return next VCD signal code
-    vluint32_t nextCode() const {return m_nextCode;}
    /// Set size in megabytes after which new file should be created
    void rolloverMB(vluint64_t rolloverMB) { m_rolloverMB=rolloverMB; };
    /// Is file open?
@@ -162,33 +164,35 @@ public:
    inline bool isScopeEscape(char c) { return isspace(c) || c==m_scopeEscape; }

    // METHODS
-    void open (const char* filename);	///< Open the file; call isOpen() to see if errors
+    void open(const char* filename) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;  ///< Open the file; call isOpen() to see if errors
    void openNext (bool incFilename);	///< Open next data-only file
-    void flush() { bufferFlush(); }	///< Flush any remaining data
-    static void flush_all();		///< Flush any remaining data from all files
-    void close ();			///< Close the file
+    void close() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;  ///< Close the file
+    /// Flush any remaining data to this file
+    void flush() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { bufferFlush(); }
+    /// Flush any remaining data from all files
+    static void flush_all() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;

    void set_time_unit (const char* unit); ///< Set time units (s/ms, defaults to ns)
-    void set_time_unit (const string& unit) { set_time_unit(unit.c_str()); }
+    void set_time_unit (const std::string& unit) { set_time_unit(unit.c_str()); }

    void set_time_resolution (const char* unit); ///< Set time resolution (s/ms, defaults to ns)
-    void set_time_resolution (const string& unit) { set_time_resolution(unit.c_str()); }
+    void set_time_resolution (const std::string& unit) { set_time_resolution(unit.c_str()); }

    double timescaleToDouble (const char* unitp);
-    string doubleToTimescale (double value);
+    std::string doubleToTimescale (double value);

    /// Inside dumping routines, called each cycle to make the dump
    void dump     (vluint64_t timeui);
    /// Call dump with a absolute unscaled time in seconds
-    void dumpSeconds (double secs) { dump((vluint64_t)(secs * m_timeRes)); }
+    void dumpSeconds (double secs) { dump(static_cast<vluint64_t>(secs * m_timeRes)); }

    /// Inside dumping routines, declare callbacks for tracings
    void addCallback (VerilatedVcdCallback_t init, VerilatedVcdCallback_t full,
 		      VerilatedVcdCallback_t change,
-		      void* userthis);
+		      void* userthis) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;

    /// Inside dumping routines, declare a module
-    void module (const string name);
+    void module (const std::string& name);
    /// Inside dumping routines, declare a signal
    void declBit      (vluint32_t code, const char* name, int arraynum);
    void declBus      (vluint32_t code, const char* name, int arraynum, int msb, int lsb);
@@ -206,7 +210,7 @@ public:
    void fullBit (vluint32_t code, const vluint32_t newval) {
 	// Note the &1, so we don't require clean input -- makes more common no change case faster
 	m_sigs_oldvalp[code] = newval;
-	*m_writep++=('0'+(char)(newval&1)); printCode(code); *m_writep++='\n';
+	*m_writep++=('0'+static_cast<char>(newval&1)); printCode(code); *m_writep++='\n';
 	bufferCheck();
    }
    void fullBus (vluint32_t code, const vluint32_t newval, int bits) {
@@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ public:
 	bufferCheck();
    }
    void fullQuad (vluint32_t code, const vluint64_t newval, int bits) {
-	(*((vluint64_t*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) = newval;
+	(*(reinterpret_cast<vluint64_t*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code]))) = newval;
 	*m_writep++='b';
 	for (int bit=bits-1; bit>=0; --bit) {
 	    *m_writep++=((newval&(1ULL<<bit))?'1':'0');
@@ -258,8 +262,8 @@ public:
 	bufferCheck();
    }
    void fullTriQuad (vluint32_t code, const vluint64_t newval, const vluint32_t newtri, int bits) {
-	(*((vluint64_t*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) = newval;
-	(*((vluint64_t*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code+1])) = newtri;
+	(*(reinterpret_cast<vluint64_t*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code]))) = newval;
+	(*(reinterpret_cast<vluint64_t*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code+1]))) = newtri;
 	*m_writep++='b';
 	for (int bit=bits-1; bit>=0; --bit) {
 	    *m_writep++ = "01zz"[((newval >> bit)&1ULL)
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@ public:
 	}
    }
    inline void chgQuad (vluint32_t code, const vluint64_t newval, int bits) {
-	vluint64_t diff = (*((vluint64_t*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) ^ newval;
+	vluint64_t diff = (*(reinterpret_cast<vluint64_t*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code]))) ^ newval;
 	if (VL_UNLIKELY(diff)) {
 	    if (VL_UNLIKELY(bits==64 || (diff & ((1ULL<<bits)-1) ))) {
 		fullQuad(code, newval, bits);
@@ -358,8 +362,8 @@ public:
 	}
    }
    inline void chgTriQuad (vluint32_t code, const vluint64_t newval, const vluint32_t newtri, int bits) {
-	vluint64_t diff = ( ((*((vluint64_t*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) ^ newval)
-			  | ((*((vluint64_t*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code+1])) ^ newtri));
+	vluint64_t diff = ( ((*(reinterpret_cast<vluint64_t*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code]))) ^ newval)
+			    | ((*(reinterpret_cast<vluint64_t*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code+1]))) ^ newtri));
 	if (VL_UNLIKELY(diff)) {
 	    if (VL_UNLIKELY(bits==64 || (diff & ((1ULL<<bits)-1) ))) {
 		fullTriQuad(code, newval, newtri, bits);
@@ -376,27 +380,38 @@ public:
 	}
    }
    inline void chgDouble (vluint32_t code, const double newval) {
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY((*((double*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) != newval)) {
+	// cppcheck-suppress invalidPointerCast
+	if (VL_UNLIKELY((*(reinterpret_cast<double*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code]))) != newval)) {
 	    fullDouble (code, newval);
 	}
    }
    inline void chgFloat (vluint32_t code, const float newval) {
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY((*((float*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) != newval)) {
+	// cppcheck-suppress invalidPointerCast
+	if (VL_UNLIKELY((*(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&m_sigs_oldvalp[code]))) != newval)) {
 	    fullFloat (code, newval);
 	}
    }
+
+protected:
+    // METHODS
+    void evcd(bool flag) { m_evcd = flag; }
 };

 //=============================================================================
 // VerilatedVcdC
 /// Create a VCD dump file in C standalone (no SystemC) simulations.
+/// Also derived for use in SystemC simulations.
+/// Thread safety: Unless otherwise indicated, every function is VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE

 class VerilatedVcdC {
-    VerilatedVcd		m_sptrace;	///< SystemPerl trace file being created
-public:
+    VerilatedVcd		m_sptrace;	///< Trace file being created
+
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    VerilatedVcdC() {}
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedVcdC);
+public:
+    explicit VerilatedVcdC(VerilatedVcdFile* filep=NULL) : m_sptrace(filep) {}
    ~VerilatedVcdC() {}
+public:
    // ACCESSORS
    /// Is file open?
    bool isOpen() const { return m_sptrace.isOpen(); }
@@ -404,24 +419,33 @@ public:
    /// Open a new VCD file
    /// This includes a complete header dump each time it is called,
    /// just as if this object was deleted and reconstructed.
-    void open (const char* filename) { m_sptrace.open(filename); }
+    void open(const char* filename) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { m_sptrace.open(filename); }
    /// Continue a VCD dump by rotating to a new file name
    /// The header is only in the first file created, this allows
    /// "cat" to be used to combine the header plus any number of data files.
-    void openNext (bool incFilename=true) { m_sptrace.openNext(incFilename); }
+    void openNext(bool incFilename=true) VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { m_sptrace.openNext(incFilename); }
    /// Set size in megabytes after which new file should be created
    void rolloverMB(size_t rolloverMB) { m_sptrace.rolloverMB(rolloverMB); };
    /// Close dump
-    void close() { m_sptrace.close(); }
+    void close() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { m_sptrace.close(); }
    /// Flush dump
-    void flush() { m_sptrace.flush(); }
+    void flush() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE { m_sptrace.flush(); }
    /// Write one cycle of dump data
    void dump (vluint64_t timeui) { m_sptrace.dump(timeui); }
    /// Write one cycle of dump data - backward compatible and to reduce
    /// conversion warnings.  It's better to use a vluint64_t time instead.
-    void dump (double timestamp) { dump((vluint64_t)timestamp); }
-    void dump (vluint32_t timestamp) { dump((vluint64_t)timestamp); }
-    void dump (int timestamp) { dump((vluint64_t)timestamp); }
+    void dump (double timestamp) { dump(static_cast<vluint64_t>(timestamp)); }
+    void dump (vluint32_t timestamp) { dump(static_cast<vluint64_t>(timestamp)); }
+    void dump (int timestamp) { dump(static_cast<vluint64_t>(timestamp)); }
+    /// Set time units (s/ms, defaults to ns)
+    /// See also VL_TIME_PRECISION, and VL_TIME_MULTIPLIER in verilated.h
+    void set_time_unit (const char* unit) { m_sptrace.set_time_unit(unit); }
+    void set_time_unit (const std::string& unit) { set_time_unit(unit.c_str()); }
+    /// Set time resolution (s/ms, defaults to ns)
+    /// See also VL_TIME_PRECISION, and VL_TIME_MULTIPLIER in verilated.h
+    void set_time_resolution (const char* unit) { m_sptrace.set_time_resolution(unit); }
+    void set_time_resolution (const std::string& unit) { set_time_resolution(unit.c_str()); }
+
    /// Internal class access
    inline VerilatedVcd* spTrace () { return &m_sptrace; };
 };
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 //=============================================================================
 ///
 /// \file
-/// \brief SystemPerl Tracing in VCD Format
-///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
+/// \brief Verilator tracing in VCD Format
 ///
 //=============================================================================
 // SPDIFF_OFF
@@ -32,6 +30,7 @@
 //--------------------------------------------------
 #if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20050714)
    // SystemC 2.1.v1
+// cppcheck-suppress unusedFunction
 void VerilatedVcdSc::write_comment (const std::string &) {}
 void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const std::string &, const char **) {}

@@ -40,6 +39,11 @@ void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const std::string &, const cha
 # define DECL_TRACE_METHOD_B(tp) \
    void VerilatedVcdSc::trace( const tp& object, const std::string& name, int width ) {}

+#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20171012)
+    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( sc_event )
+    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( sc_time )
+#endif
+
    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( bool )
    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( sc_dt::sc_bit )
    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( sc_dt::sc_logic )
@@ -76,6 +80,7 @@ void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const std::string &, const cha
 //--------------------------------------------------
 #elif (SYSTEMC_VERSION>20011000)
    // SystemC 2.0.1
+// cppcheck-suppress unusedFunction
 void VerilatedVcdSc::write_comment (const sc_string &) {}
 void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const sc_string &, const char **) {}

@@ -118,6 +123,7 @@ void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const sc_string &, const char
 //--------------------------------------------------
 #else
    // SystemC 1.2.1beta
+// cppcheck-suppress unusedFunction
 void VerilatedVcdSc::write_comment (const sc_string &) {}
 void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const sc_string &, const char **) {}

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
 //=============================================================================
 ///
 /// \file
-/// \brief SystemPerl tracing in VCD format
+/// \brief Verilator tracing in VCD format
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
+/// This class is not threadsafe, as the SystemC kernel is not threadsafe.
 ///
 //=============================================================================
 // SPDIFF_OFF
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ class VerilatedVcdSc
    : sc_trace_file
    , public VerilatedVcdC
 {
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedVcdSc);
 public:
    VerilatedVcdSc() {
 	sc_get_curr_simcontext()->add_trace_file(this);
@@ -58,8 +60,9 @@ public:
 	spTrace()->set_time_resolution(sc_get_time_resolution().to_string());
 # endif
    }
-
    virtual ~VerilatedVcdSc() {}
+
+    // METHODS
    /// Called by SystemC simulate()
    virtual void cycle (bool delta_cycle) {
 # if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>20011000)
@@ -93,6 +96,11 @@ private:
    virtual void write_comment (const std::string &);
    virtual void trace (const unsigned int &, const std::string &, const char **);

+#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20171012)
+    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( sc_event )
+    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( sc_time )
+#endif
+
    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( bool )
    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( sc_dt::sc_bit )
    DECL_TRACE_METHOD_A( sc_dt::sc_logic )
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -42,49 +42,100 @@
 # else
 #  define VL_ATTR_PRINTF(fmtArgNum) __attribute__ ((format (printf, fmtArgNum, fmtArgNum+1)))
 # endif
+# define VL_ATTR_PURE __attribute__ ((pure))
 # define VL_ATTR_UNUSED __attribute__ ((unused))
 # define VL_FUNC  __func__
+# if defined(__clang__) && defined(VL_THREADED)
+#  define VL_ACQUIRE(...) __attribute__ ((acquire_capability(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#  define VL_ACQUIRE_SHARED(...) __attribute__ ((acquire_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#  define VL_RELEASE(...) __attribute__ ((release_capability(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#  define VL_RELEASE_SHARED(...) __attribute__ ((release_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#  define VL_TRY_ACQUIRE(...) __attribute__ ((try_acquire_capability(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#  define VL_TRY_ACQUIRE_SHARED(...) __attribute__ ((try_acquire_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#  define VL_CAPABILITY(x) __attribute__ ((capability(x)))
+#  define VL_REQUIRES(x) __attribute__ ((requires_capability(x)))
+#  define VL_GUARDED_BY(x) __attribute__ ((guarded_by(x)))
+#  define VL_EXCLUDES(x) __attribute__ ((locks_excluded(x)))
+#  define VL_SCOPED_CAPABILITY __attribute__ ((scoped_lockable))
+# endif
 # define VL_LIKELY(x)	__builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
 # define VL_UNLIKELY(x)	__builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
+# define VL_UNREACHABLE __builtin_unreachable();
 # define VL_PREFETCH_RD(p) __builtin_prefetch((p),0)
 # define VL_PREFETCH_RW(p) __builtin_prefetch((p),1)
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-# define VL_ATTR_ALIGNED(alignment)
-# define VL_ATTR_ALWINLINE
-# define VL_ATTR_NORETURN
-# define VL_ATTR_PRINTF(fmtArgNum)
-# define VL_ATTR_UNUSED
 # define VL_FUNC  __FUNCTION__
-# define VL_LIKELY(x)	(!!(x))
-# define VL_UNLIKELY(x)	(!!(x))
-# define VL_PREFETCH_RD(p)
-# define VL_PREFETCH_RW(p)
-#else
+#endif
+
+// Defaults for unsupported compiler features
+#ifndef VL_ATTR_ALIGNED
 # define VL_ATTR_ALIGNED(alignment)	///< Align structure to specified byte alignment
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_ATTR_ALWINLINE
 # define VL_ATTR_ALWINLINE		///< Inline, even when not optimizing
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_ATTR_NORETURN
 # define VL_ATTR_NORETURN		///< Function does not ever return
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_ATTR_PRINTF
 # define VL_ATTR_PRINTF(fmtArgNum)	///< Function with printf format checking
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_ATTR_PURE
+# define VL_ATTR_PURE			///< Function is pure (and thus also VL_MT_SAFE)
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_ATTR_UNUSED
 # define VL_ATTR_UNUSED			///< Function that may be never used
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_FUNC
 # define VL_FUNC "__func__"		///< Name of current function for error macros
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_CAPABILITY
+# define VL_ACQUIRE(...)		///< Function requires a capability/lock (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_ACQUIRE_SHARED(...)		///< Function aquires a shared capability/lock (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_RELEASE(...)		///< Function releases a capability/lock (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_RELEASE_SHARED(...)		///< Function releases a shared capability/lock (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_TRY_ACQUIRE(...)		///< Function returns bool if aquired a capability (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_TRY_ACQUIRE_SHARED(...)	///< Function returns bool if aquired a shared capability (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_REQUIRES(x)			///< Function requires a capability inbound (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_EXCLUDES(x)			///< Function requires not having a capability inbound (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_CAPABILITY(x)		///< Name of capability/lock (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_GUARDED_BY(x)		///< Name of mutex protecting this variable (-fthread-safety)
+# define VL_SCOPED_CAPABILITY		///< Scoped threaded capability/lock (-fthread-safety)
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_LIKELY
 # define VL_LIKELY(x)	(!!(x))		///< Boolean expression more often true than false
 # define VL_UNLIKELY(x)	(!!(x))		///< Boolean expression more often false than true
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_UNREACHABLE
+# define VL_UNREACHABLE			///< Point that may never be reached
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_PREFETCH_RD
 # define VL_PREFETCH_RD(p)		///< Prefetch data with read intent
+#endif
+#ifndef VL_PREFETCH_RW
 # define VL_PREFETCH_RW(p)		///< Prefetch data with read/write intent
 #endif

 #ifdef VL_THREADED
 # ifdef __GNUC__
-#  define VL_THREAD	__thread	///< Storage class for thread-local storage
+#  if (__cplusplus < 201103L) && !defined(VL_THREADED_NO_C11_WARNING)
+#    error "VL_THREADED/--threads support requires C++-11 or newer only; use newer compiler"
+#  endif
 # else
 #  error "Unsupported compiler for VL_THREADED: No thread-local declarator"
 # endif
-# define VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD		///< Static if unthreaded, as some strings can be faster
-//					///< if non-dynamic and can't do "static VL_THREAD string"
+# define VL_THREAD_LOCAL thread_local	///< Use new C++ static local thread
 #else
-# define VL_THREAD			///< Storage class for thread-local storage
-# define VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD static	///< Static if unthreaded, as some strings can be faster
-//					///< if non-dynamic and can't do "static VL_THREAD string"
+# define VL_THREAD_LOCAL		///< Use new C++ static local thread
 #endif
+#define VL_THREAD			///< Deprecated
+#define VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD static	///< Deprecated
+
+#define VL_PURE  ///< Comment tag that Function is pure (and thus also VL_MT_SAFE)
+#define VL_MT_SAFE  ///< Comment tag that function is threadsafe when VL_THREADED
+#define VL_MT_SAFE_POSTINIT  ///< Comment tag that function is threadsafe when VL_THREADED, only during normal operation (post-init)
+#define VL_MT_UNSAFE  ///< Comment tag that function is not threadsafe when VL_THREADED
+#define VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE  ///< Comment tag that function is not threadsafe when VL_THREADED, protected to make sure single-caller

 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 # define VL_ULL(c) (c##ui64)	///< Add appropriate suffix to 64-bit constant
@@ -93,7 +144,42 @@
 #endif

 // This is not necessarily the same as #UL, depending on what the IData typedef is.
-#define VL_UL(c) ((IData)(c##UL))	///< Add appropriate suffix to 32-bit constant
+#define VL_UL(c) (static_cast<IData>(c##UL))	///< Add appropriate suffix to 32-bit constant
+
+#if defined(VL_CPPCHECK) || defined(__clang_analyzer__)
+# define VL_DANGLING(v)
+#else
+# define VL_DANGLING(v) do { (v) = NULL; } while(0)	///< After e.g. delete, set variable to NULL to indicate must not use later
+#endif
+
+//=========================================================================
+// C++-2011
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L || defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+# define VL_EQ_DELETE = delete
+# define VL_HAS_UNIQUE_PTR
+# define VL_HAS_UNORDERED_MAP
+# define VL_HAS_UNORDERED_SET
+# define vl_unique_ptr std::unique_ptr
+# define vl_unordered_map std::unordered_map
+# define vl_unordered_set std::unordered_set
+# define VL_INCLUDE_UNORDERED_MAP <unordered_map>
+# define VL_INCLUDE_UNORDERED_SET <unordered_set>
+#else
+# define VL_EQ_DELETE
+# define vl_unique_ptr std::auto_ptr
+# define vl_unordered_map std::map
+# define vl_unordered_set std::set
+# define VL_INCLUDE_UNORDERED_MAP <map>
+# define VL_INCLUDE_UNORDERED_SET <set>
+#endif
+
+//=========================================================================
+// Optimization
+
+#ifndef VL_INLINE_OPT
+# define VL_INLINE_OPT		///< "inline" if compiling all objects in single compiler run
+#endif

 //=========================================================================
 // Warning disabled
@@ -122,7 +208,7 @@ typedef unsigned char           uint8_t;	///< 8-bit unsigned type (backward comp
 typedef unsigned short int      uint16_t;	///< 16-bit unsigned type (backward compatibility)
 typedef unsigned char           vluint8_t;	///< 8-bit unsigned type
 typedef unsigned short int      vluint16_t;	///< 16-bit unsigned type
-# ifdef __uint32_t_defined      		// Newer Cygwin uint32_t in stdint.h as an unsigned int
+# if defined(__uint32_t_defined) || defined(___int32_t_defined)    // Newer Cygwin uint32_t in stdint.h as an unsigned int
 typedef int32_t			vlsint32_t;	///< 32-bit signed type
 typedef uint32_t		vluint32_t;	///< 32-bit unsigned type
 # else				 		// Older Cygwin has long==uint32_t
@@ -161,6 +247,7 @@ typedef signed   __int32        ssize_t;        ///< signed size_t; returned fro
 #else // Linux or compliant Unix flavors, -m64

 # include <stdint.h>	// Linux and most flavors
+# include <unistd.h>	// Linux ssize_t
 # include <inttypes.h>	// Solaris
 typedef uint8_t			vluint8_t;	///< 32-bit unsigned type
 typedef uint16_t		vluint16_t;	///< 32-bit unsigned type
@@ -189,6 +276,27 @@ typedef unsigned long long	vluint64_t;	///< 64-bit unsigned type
 # endif
 #endif

+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+# if (_MSC_VER < 1900)
+#  define VL_SNPRINTF _snprintf
+# else
+#  define VL_SNPRINTF snprintf
+# endif
+# define VL_VSNPRINTF vsnprintf
+#else
+# define VL_SNPRINTF snprintf
+# define VL_VSNPRINTF vsnprintf
+#endif
+
+//=========================================================================
+// File system functions
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# define VL_DEV_NULL "nul"
+#else // Linux or compliant Unix flavors
+# define VL_DEV_NULL "/dev/null"
+#endif
+
 //=========================================================================
 // Integer size macros

@@ -203,6 +311,14 @@ typedef unsigned long long	vluint64_t;	///< 64-bit unsigned type
 /// Words this number of bits needs (1 bit=1 word)
 #define VL_WORDS_I(nbits) (((nbits)+(VL_WORDSIZE-1))/VL_WORDSIZE)

+//=========================================================================
+// Class definition helpers
+
+// Used to declare a class as uncopyable; put after a private:
+#define VL_UNCOPYABLE(Type)  \
+    Type(const Type& other) VL_EQ_DELETE;  \
+    Type& operator= (const Type&) VL_EQ_DELETE
+
 //=========================================================================
 // Verilated function size macros

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ typedef signed __int8 int8_t;
 #include <stdint.h>
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
 #include <stdint.h>
-#elif defined(__linux)
+#elif defined(__linux) || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__))
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #else
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ XXTERN void svGetPartSelectLogic(svLogicVec32* d, const svLogicPackedArrRef s,
 /* actual <-- canonical */
 XXTERN void svPutPartSelectBit(svBitPackedArrRef d, const svBitVec32 s,
        int i, int w);
-XXTERN void svPutPartSelectLogic(svLogicPackedArrRef d, const svLogicVec32 s,
+XXTERN void svPutPartSelectLogic(svLogicPackedArrRef d, const svLogicVec32* s,
        int i, int w);

 /*
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ typedef signed __int32 int32_t;
 typedef signed __int8 int8_t;
 #elif defined(__MINGW32__)
 #include <stdint.h>
-#elif defined(__linux)
+#elif defined(__linux) || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__))
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #else
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -105,10 +105,12 @@ typedef unsigned char    PLI_UBYTE8;

 /* object is defined imported by the application */

+#undef XXTERN
 #define XXTERN PLI_EXTERN PLI_DLLISPEC

 /* object is exported by the application */

+#undef EETERN
 #define EETERN PLI_EXTERN PLI_DLLESPEC
 #endif

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ if [ x"$dir_arg" != x ]; then
 else

 # Waiting for this to be detected by the "$instcmd $src $dsttmp" command
-# might cause directories to be created, which would be especially bad 
+# might cause directories to be created, which would be especially bad
 # if $src (and thus $dsttmp) contains '*'.

 	if [ -f $src -o -d $src ]
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ else
 		echo "install:  $src does not exist"
 		exit 1
 	fi
-	
+
 	if [ x"$dst" = x ]
 	then
 		echo "install:	no destination specified"
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ dstdir=`echo $dst | sed -e 's,[^/]*$,,;s,/$,,;s,^$,.,'`

 # Skip lots of stat calls in the usual case.
 if [ ! -d "$dstdir" ]; then
-defaultIFS='	
+defaultIFS='
 '
 IFS="${IFS-${defaultIFS}}"

@@ -201,17 +201,17 @@ else

 # If we're going to rename the final executable, determine the name now.

-	if [ x"$transformarg" = x ] 
+	if [ x"$transformarg" = x ]
 	then
 		dstfile=`basename $dst`
 	else
-		dstfile=`basename $dst $transformbasename | 
+		dstfile=`basename $dst $transformbasename |
 			sed $transformarg`$transformbasename
 	fi

 # don't allow the sed command to completely eliminate the filename

-	if [ x"$dstfile" = x ] 
+	if [ x"$dstfile" = x ]
 	then
 		dstfile=`basename $dst`
 	else
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ else
 # Now rename the file to the real destination.

 	$doit $rmcmd -f $dstdir/$dstfile &&
-	$doit $mvcmd $dsttmp $dstdir/$dstfile 
+	$doit $mvcmd $dsttmp $dstdir/$dstfile

 fi &&

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Verilator then performs many additional edits and optimizations on the
 hierarchical design.  This includes coverage, assertions, X elimination,
 inlining, constant propagation, and dead code elimination.

-References in the design are then psudo-flattened.  Each module's variables
+References in the design are then pseudo-flattened.  Each module's variables
 and functions get "Scope" references.  A scope reference is an occurrence of
 that un-flattened variable in the flattened hierarchy.  A module that occurs
 only once in the hierarchy will have a single scope and single VarScope for
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ occurrence, and two VarScopes for each variable.  This allows optimizations
 to proceed across the flattened design, while still preserving the
 hierarchy.

-Additional edits and optimizations proceed on the psudo-flat design.  These
+Additional edits and optimizations proceed on the pseudo-flat design.  These
 include module references, function inlining, loop unrolling, variable
 lifetime analysis, lookup table creation, always splitting, and logic gate
 simplifications (pushing inverters, etc).
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ classes).
 Each C<AstNode> has pointers to up to four children, accessed by the
 C<op1p> through C<op4p> methods.  These methods are then abstracted in a
 specific Ast* node class to a more specific name.  For example with the
-C<AstIf> node (for C<if> statements), C<ifsp> calls C<op1p> to give the
-pointer to the AST for the "then" block, while C<elsesp> calls C<op2p> to
+C<AstIf> node (for C<if> statements), C<ifsp> calls C<op2p> to give the
+pointer to the AST for the "then" block, while C<elsesp> calls C<op3p> to
 give the pointer to the AST for the "else" block, or NULL if there is not
 one.

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ are at the top of the tree.
 By convention, each function/method uses the variable C<nodep> as a pointer
 to the C<AstNode> currently being processed.

-=item C<AstNVistor>
+=item C<AstNVisitor>

 The passes are implemented by AST visitor classes (see L</Visitor
 Functions>). These are implemented by subclasses of the abstract class,
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ C<fanout>, C<color> and C<rank>, which may be used in algorithms for ordering
 the graph. A generic C<user>/C<userp> member variable is also provided.

 Virtual methods are provided to specify the name, color, shape and style to be
-used in dot output. Typically users provided derived classes from
+used in dot output. Typically users provide derived classes from
 C<V3GraphVertex> which will reimplement these methods.

 Iterators are provided to access in and out edges. Typically these are used in
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ and optimization passes. This allows separation of the pass algorithm from
 the AST on which it operates. Wikipedia provides an introduction to the
 concept at L<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern>.

-As noted above, all visitors are derived classes of C<AstNvisitor>. All
+As noted above, all visitors are derived classes of C<AstNVisitor>. All
 derived classes of C<AstNode> implement the C<accept> method, which takes
 as argument a reference to an instance or a C<AstNVisitor> derived class
 and applies the visit method of the C<AstNVisitor> to the invoking AstNode
@@ -237,10 +237,10 @@ implementation is not found, the system will look in turn for overloaded
 implementations up the inheritance hierarchy. For example calling C<accept>
 on C<AstIf> will look in turn for:

-  void visit (AstIf* nodep, AstNUser* vup)
-  void visit (AstNodeIf* nodep, AstNUser* vup)
-  void visit (AstNodeStmt* nodep, AstNUser* vup)
-  void visit (AstNode* nodep, AstNUser* vup)
+  void visit (AstIf* nodep)
+  void visit (AstNodeIf* nodep)
+  void visit (AstNodeStmt* nodep)
+  void visit (AstNode* nodep)

 There are three ways data is passed between visitor functions.

@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ exiting the lower for will lose the upper for's setting.
 User attributes.  Each C<AstNode> (B<Note.> The AST node, not the visitor)
 has five user attributes, which may be accessed as an integer using the
 C<user1()> through C<user5()> methods, or as a pointer (of type
-C<AstNuser>) using the C<user1p()> through C<user5p()> methods (a common
+C<AstNUser>) using the C<user1p()> through C<user5p()> methods (a common
 technique lifted from graph traversal packages).

 A visitor first clears the one it wants to use by calling
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ module.

 Parameters can be passed between the visitors in close to the "normal"
 function caller to callee way.  This is the second C<vup> parameter of type
-C<AstNuser> that is ignored on most of the visitor functions.  V3Width does
+C<AstNUser> that is ignored on most of the visitor functions.  V3Width does
 this, but it proved more messy than the above and is deprecated.  (V3Width
 was nearly the first module written.  Someday this scheme may be removed,
 as it slows the program down to have to pass vup everywhere.)
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ as it slows the program down to have to pass vup everywhere.)

 C<AstNode> provides a set of iterators to facilitate walking over the
 tree. Each takes two arguments, a visitor, C<v>, of type C<AstNVisitor> and
-an optional pointer user data, C<vup>, of type C<AstNuser*>. The second is
+an optional pointer user data, C<vup>, of type C<AstNUser*>. The second is
 one of the ways to pass parameters to visitors described in L</Visitor
-Functions>, but its use is no deprecated and should be used for new visitor
-classes.
+Functions>, but its use is now deprecated and should I<not> be used for new
+visitor classes.

 =over 4

@@ -341,6 +341,37 @@ C<op4p> in turn.

 =back

+=head3 Caution on Using Iterators When Child Changes
+
+Visitors often replace one node with another node; V3Width and V3Const are
+major examples.  A visitor which is the parent of such a replacement needs
+to be aware that calling iteration may cause the children to change.  For
+example:
+
+    // nodep->lhsp() is 0x1234000
+    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(...);  // and under covers nodep->lhsp() changes
+    // nodep->lhsp() is 0x5678400
+    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(...);
+
+Will work fine, as even if the first iterate causes a new node to take the
+place of the lhsp(), that edit will update nodep->lhsp() and the second
+call will correctly see the change. Alternatively:
+
+    lp = nodep->lhsp();
+    // nodep->lhsp() is 0x1234000, lp is 0x1234000
+    lp->iterateAndNext(...); **lhsp=NULL;** // and under covers nodep->lhsp() changes
+    // nodep->lhsp() is 0x5678400, lp is 0x1234000
+    lp->iterateAndNext(...);
+
+This will cause bugs or a core dump, as lp is a dangling pointer.  Thus it
+is advisable to set lhsp=NULL shown in the *'s above to make sure these
+dangles are avoided.  Another alternative used in special cases mostly in
+V3Width is to use acceptSubtreeReturnEdits, which operates on a single node
+and returns the new pointer if any.  Note acceptSubtreeReturnEdits does not
+follow nextp() links.
+
+    lp = lp->acceptSubtreeReturnEdits()
+
 =head2 Identifying derived classes

 A common requirement is to identify the specific C<AstNode> class we are
@@ -372,10 +403,22 @@ Verilator primary manual.
 It is important to add tests for failures as well as success (for example to
 check that an error message is correctly triggered).

-Tests that fail should by convenition have the suffix C<_bad> in their name,
+Tests that fail should by convention have the suffix C<_bad> in their name,
 and include C<fails =E<gt> 1> in either their C<compile> or C<execute> step as
 appropriate.

+=head2 Preparing to Run Tests
+
+For all tests to pass you must install the following packages:
+
+* SystemC to compile the SystemC outputs, see http://systemc.org
+
+* Parallel::Forker from CPAN to run tests in parallel, you can install this
+with e.g. "sudo cpan install Parallel::Forker".
+
+* vcddiff to find differences in VCD outputs. See the readme at
+https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff
+
 =head2 Controlling the Test Driver

 Test drivers are written in PERL. All invoke the main test driver script,
@@ -388,7 +431,7 @@ For convenience, a summary of the most commonly used features is provided
 here. All drivers require a call to C<compile> subroutine to compile the
 test. For run-time tests, this is followed by a call to the C<execute>
 subroutine. Both of these functions can optionally be provided with a hash
-table as argument specifying additonal options.
+table as argument specifying additional options.

 The test driver assumes by default that the source Verilog file name
 matches the PERL driver name. So a test whose driver is C<t/t_mytest.pl>
@@ -442,10 +485,10 @@ be warning free.

 =item --enable-longtests

-In addition to the standard C, SystemC and SystemPerl tests also run the
-tests in the C<test_vcs>, C<test_verilated> and C<test_regress> directories
-when using I<make test>.  This is disabled by default as SystemC/SystemPerl
-installation problems would otherwise falsely indicate a Verilator problem.
+In addition to the standard C, SystemC examples, also run the tests in the
+C<test_regress> directory when using I<make test>.  This is disabled by
+default as SystemC installation problems would otherwise falsely indicate a
+Verilator problem.

 =back

@@ -460,12 +503,6 @@ There are some traps to avoid when running regression tests

 =item *

-The regression tests will assume that you have a version of SystemPerl to
-match. Typically if working on Verilator from git, also use SystemPerl from
-git.
-
-=item *
-
 When checking the MANIFEST, the test will barf on unexpected code in the
 Verilator tree. So make sure to keep any such code outside the tree.

@@ -608,8 +645,8 @@ Shows the value of the node's user1p...user5p, if non-NULL.
 Many nodes have an explicit data type.  "@dt=0x..." indicates the address
 of the data type (AstNodeDType) this node uses.

-If a data type is present and is numberic, it then prints the width of the
-item. This field is a squence of flag characters and width data as follows:
+If a data type is present and is numeric, it then prints the width of the
+item. This field is a sequence of flag characters and width data as follows:

 C<s> if the node is signed.

@@ -672,7 +709,7 @@ Start GDB, then C<start> with the remaining arguments.
  Temporary breakpoint 1, main (argc=13, argv=0xbfffefa4, env=0xbfffefdc)
      at ../Verilator.cpp:615
  615         ios::sync_with_stdio();
-  (gdb) 
+  (gdb)

 You can then continue execution with breakpoints as required.

@@ -748,7 +785,7 @@ in C<src/Makefile_obj.in> and reconfigure.

 The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/>.

-Copyright 2008-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2008-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+# Copyright 2007-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+# Copyright 2007-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Displays this message and program version and exits.

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ Displays this message and program version and exits.

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+# Copyright 2007-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -115,7 +115,8 @@ sub write_verilog {

 sub cleanenv {
    foreach my $var (keys %ENV) {
-	if ($var eq "VERILATOR_ROOT") {
+	if ($var eq "VERILATOR_ROOT"
+	    || $var eq "VERILATOR_INCLUDE") {
 	    print "unset $var # Was '$ENV{$var}'\n";
 	    delete $ENV{$var}
 	}
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ Runs a specific test stage (see the script).

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2009-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2009-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ invoke_atsim - Invoke tool under "modules" command

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ invoke_iccr - Invoke tool under "modules" command

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2007-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use strict;
 #======================================================================
 # main

-eval `modulecmd perl add cds-ius`;
+eval `modulecmd perl add cds-ius/latest`;
 exec('ncverilog',@ARGV);

 #######################################################################
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ invoke_ncverilog - Invoke tool under "modules" command

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use strict;
 #======================================================================
 # main

-eval `modulecmd perl add synopsys-vcs`;
+eval `modulecmd perl add synopsys-sim/latest`;
 exec('vcs',@ARGV);

 #######################################################################
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ invoke_vcs - Invoke tool under "modules" command

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
-######################################################################
-#
-# Copyright 2010-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
-# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-# GNU General Public License for more details.
-#
-######################################################################
-
-# DESCRIPTION: Diff Verilator includes against SystemPerl include files
-
-use Getopt::Long;
-use IO::File;
-use strict;
-
-our $Debug;
-our $Bad;
-
-if (! GetOptions (
-	  #"help"	=> \&usage,
-	  "debug"	=> sub { $Debug = 1; },
-    )) {
-    die "usage();"
-}
-
-diff("$ARGV[0]/include/verilated_vcd_c.h",	"$ARGV[1]/src/SpTraceVcdC.h");
-diff("$ARGV[0]/include/verilated_vcd_sc.h",	"$ARGV[1]/src/SpTraceVcd.h");
-diff("$ARGV[0]/include/verilated_vcd_c.cpp",	"$ARGV[1]/src/SpTraceVcdC.cpp");
-diff("$ARGV[0]/include/verilated_vcd_sc.cpp",	"$ARGV[1]/src/SpTraceVcd.cpp");
-
-exit(10) if $Bad;
-
-sub diff {
-    my $a=shift;
-    my $b=shift;
-
-    my $ta = "/tmp/spdiff.$$.a";
-    my $tb = "/tmp/spdiff.$$.b";
-
-    prep($a,$ta);
-    prep($b,$tb);
-
-    system("diff -u -w $ta $tb");
-}
-
-sub prep {
-    my $filename = shift;
-    my $wfilename = shift;
-
-    my $sp;
-    if ($filename =~ m!src/Sp!) {
-	$sp = "Sp";
-    } elsif ($filename =~ m!include/verilated!) {
-    } else {
-	die "%Error: Not sure if Sp/Verilated: $filename,\n";
-    }
-
-    my $fh = IO::File->new("<$filename") or die "%Error: $! $filename";
-    my $fho = IO::File->new(">$wfilename") or die "%Error: $! writing $wfilename";
-
-    my @wf;
-    my $off;
-    while (defined(my $line = $fh->getline)) {
-	if ($line =~ m!// *SPDIFF_OFF!) {
-	    $off = 1;
-	    next;
-	} elsif ($line =~ m!// *SPDIFF_ON!) {
-	    $off = 0;
-	    next;
-	}
-	next if $off;
-
-	next if $line =~ /compile-command:/;
-	$line =~ s/SP_ABORT.*// if $sp;
-	$line =~ s/SP_NOTICE.*// if $sp;
-	$line =~ s/vl_fatal.*// if !$sp;
-	$line =~ s/VL_PRINT.*// if !$sp;
-	$line =~ s/Copyright \d+-\d+/Copyright #-#/g;
-
-	push @wf, $line;
-
-	my $check = $line;
-	$check =~ s/\bspace//i;
-	$check =~ s/\bsplit//i;
-	$check =~ s/"SP_TRACE"//;
-
-	if ($sp && $check =~ /Verilat/i
-	    && $check !~ /and newer/) {
-	    warn "%Warning: $filename:$.: Verilator text in Sp version: $line";
-	    $Bad = 1;
-	} elsif (!$sp && $check =~ /\b(Sp|SP)/
-		 ) {
-	    warn "%Warning: $filename:$.: Sp text in Verilator version: $line";
-	    $Bad = 1;
-	} elsif (!$sp && $check =~ /\<uint[0-9]+_t/) {
-	    warn "%Warning: $filename:$.: uint in Verilator version: $line";
-	    $Bad = 1;
-	}
-    }
-    !$off or die "%Error: $filename: SPDIFF_OFF block never terminated\n";
-
-    my $wholefile = join('',@wf);
-
-    if ($sp) {
-	$wholefile =~ s/SPTRACEVCDC_VERSION/VERILATED_VCD_VERSION/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/SPTRACEVCDC_/VERILATED_VCD_C_/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/SPTRACEVCD_TEST/VERILATED_VCD_TEST/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/SPTRACEVCD_/VERILATED_VCD_SC_/g;
-
-	#
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceFile\b/VerilatedVcdSc/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceFileC\b/VerilatedVcdC/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceVcd\b/VerilatedVcd/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceVcdCFile\b/VerilatedVcdC/g;
-	#
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceCallInfo\b/VerilatedVcdCallInfo/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceCallback_t/VerilatedVcdCallback_t/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceVcd_/VerilatedVcd_/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceVcdSig\b/VerilatedVcdSig/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpScBvExposer/VlScBvExposer/g;
-	#
-	$wholefile =~ s/\b(uint[0-9]+_t)/vl$1/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/%ll/%" VL_PRI64 "/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\(long long unsigned\)n/ n/g;  # printQuad
-	#
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSP_SC_BV/VL_SC_BV/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSP_UNLIKELY/VL_UNLIKELY/g;
-    }
-
-    $fho->print($wholefile);
-}
-
-# Local Variables:
-# compile-command: "./spdiff $SYP $V4"
-# End:
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ Displays this message and program version and exits.

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: GDB startup file with useful defines
 #
-# Copyright 2012-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2012-2018 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -46,24 +46,30 @@ obj_opt:
 obj_dbg:
 	mkdir $@

-.PHONY: ../verilator_bin ../verilator_bin_dbg
+.SUFFIXES:

-opt: ../verilator_bin
+.PHONY: ../bin/verilator_bin ../bin/verilator_bin_dbg ../bin/verilator_coverage_bin_dbg
+
+opt: ../bin/verilator_bin
 ifeq ($(VERILATOR_NO_OPT_BUILD),1)	# Faster laptop development... One build
-../verilator_bin: ../verilator_bin_dbg
+../bin/verilator_bin: ../bin/verilator_bin_dbg
 	-rm -rf $@ $@.exe
 	-cp -p $<$(EXEEXT) $@$(EXEEXT)
 else
-../verilator_bin: obj_opt prefiles
+../bin/verilator_bin: obj_opt prefiles
 	cd obj_opt && $(MAKE) -j 1  TGT=../$@ -f ../Makefile_obj serial
 	cd obj_opt && $(MAKE)       TGT=../$@ -f ../Makefile_obj
 endif

-dbg: ../verilator_bin_dbg
-../verilator_bin_dbg: obj_dbg prefiles
+dbg: ../bin/verilator_bin_dbg ../bin/verilator_coverage_bin_dbg
+../bin/verilator_bin_dbg: obj_dbg prefiles
 	cd obj_dbg && $(MAKE) -j 1  TGT=../$@ VL_DEBUG=1 -f ../Makefile_obj serial
 	cd obj_dbg && $(MAKE)       TGT=../$@ VL_DEBUG=1 -f ../Makefile_obj

+../bin/verilator_coverage_bin_dbg: obj_dbg prefiles
+	cd obj_dbg && $(MAKE)       TGT=../$@ VL_DEBUG=1 VL_VLCOV=1 -f ../Makefile_obj serial_vlcov
+	cd obj_dbg && $(MAKE)       TGT=../$@ VL_DEBUG=1 VL_VLCOV=1 -f ../Makefile_obj
+
 prefiles::
 prefiles:: config_rev.h
 ifneq ($(UNDER_GIT),)	# If local git tree... Else don't burden users
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ CFG_WITH_DEFENV = @CFG_WITH_DEFENV@
 CPPFLAGS += @CPPFLAGS@
 LDFLAGS += @LDFLAGS@
 EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC@
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER@
+# Compiler flags that turn on extra warnings
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA@

 #### End of system configuration section. ####

@@ -71,7 +75,7 @@ TGT = ../../verilator_bin
 #################
 ifeq ($(VL_DEBUG),)
 # Optimize
-COPT = -O
+COPT = -O2
 else
 # Debug
 COPT = -ggdb -DVL_DEBUG
@@ -85,7 +89,8 @@ endif
 #CCMALLOC = /usr/local/lib/ccmalloc-gcc.o -lccmalloc -ldl

 # -lfl not needed as Flex invoked with %nowrap option
-LIBS = -lm
+# -lstdc++ needed for clang, believed harmless with gcc
+LIBS = -lm -lstdc++

 CPPFLAGS += -MMD
 CPPFLAGS += -I. -I$(bldsrc) -I$(srcdir) -I$(incdir)
@@ -94,17 +99,14 @@ CPPFLAGS += -DYYDEBUG 	# Required to get nice error messages
 CPPFLAGS += $(COPT)
 CPPFLAGS += -MP # Only works on recent GCC versions
 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
-CPPFLAGS += -W -Wall -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-char-subscripts -Werror
+CPPFLAGS += -W -Wall $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA) $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC) -Werror
 #CPPFLAGS += -pedantic-errors
+else
+CPPFLAGS += $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)
 endif
-CPPFLAGSWALL   = $(CPPFLAGS)
-CPPFLAGSNOWALL = $(CPPFLAGS) -Wno-unused

-ifneq ($(SYSTEMPERL),)	# Intuit SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE as it's new
- SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE ?= $(SYSTEMPERL)/src
-#else if set, leave as-is.
-#else if SYSTEMPERL="" don't set _INCLUDE so source will figure it out
-endif
+CPPFLAGSWALL   = $(CPPFLAGS)
+CPPFLAGSPARSER = $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER)

 # Allow RPM builds to specify hardcoded data directories
 # To do this:
@@ -113,8 +115,6 @@ ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_DEFENV),yes)
 CPPFLAGS += -DDEFENV_SYSTEMC_ARCH=\"$(SYSTEMC_ARCH)\"
 CPPFLAGS += -DDEFENV_SYSTEMC_INCLUDE=\"$(SYSTEMC_INCLUDE)\"
 CPPFLAGS += -DDEFENV_SYSTEMC_LIBDIR=\"$(SYSTEMC_LIBDIR)\"
- CPPFLAGS += -DDEFENV_SYSTEMPERL=\"$(SYSTEMPERL)\"
- CPPFLAGS += -DDEFENV_SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE=\"$(SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE)\"
 ifeq ($(VERILATOR_ROOT),)	# Use what we're given, or intuit
  CPPFLAGS += -DDEFENV_VERILATOR_ROOT=\"$(pkgdatadir)\"
 else
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ HEADERS = $(wildcard V*.h v*.h)
 ASTGEN = $(srcdir)/astgen
 BISONPRE = $(srcdir)/bisonpre
 FLEXFIX = $(srcdir)/flexfix
+VLCOVGEN = $(srcdir)/vlcovgen

 ######################################################################
 #### Top level
@@ -160,6 +161,7 @@ RAW_OBJS = \
 	V3Begin.o \
 	V3Branch.o \
 	V3Broken.o \
+	V3CCtors.o \
 	V3Case.o \
 	V3Cast.o \
 	V3Cdc.o \
@@ -186,6 +188,7 @@ RAW_OBJS = \
 	V3Error.o \
 	V3Expand.o \
 	V3File.o \
+	V3FileLine.o \
 	V3Gate.o \
 	V3GenClk.o \
 	V3Graph.o \
@@ -210,6 +213,7 @@ RAW_OBJS = \
 	V3Number.o \
 	V3Options.o \
 	V3Order.o \
+	V3Os.o \
 	V3Param.o \
 	V3PreShell.o \
 	V3Premit.o \
@@ -233,26 +237,30 @@ RAW_OBJS = \
 	V3WidthSel.o \

 # Non-concatable
-OBJS += \
+NC_OBJS += \
 	V3ParseImp.o \
 	V3ParseGrammar.o \
 	V3ParseLex.o \
 	V3PreProc.o \

+# verilator_coverage
+VLCOV_OBJS = \
+	VlcMain.o \
+
 #### Linking

-ifeq ($(VL_DEBUG),)
-# Building with fewer objects to better optimize
-#OBJS += V3__CONCAT.o
-OBJS += $(RAW_OBJS)
+ifeq ($(VL_VLCOV),)
+PREDEP_H = V3Ast__gen_classes.h
+OBJS += $(RAW_OBJS) $(NC_OBJS)
 else
-OBJS += $(RAW_OBJS)
+PREDEP_H =
+OBJS += $(VLCOV_OBJS)
 endif

 V3__CONCAT.cpp: $(addsuffix .cpp, $(basename $(RAW_OBJS)))
 	$(PERL) $(srcdir)/../bin/verilator_includer $^ > $@

-$(TGT): V3Ast__gen_classes.h $(OBJS)
+$(TGT): $(PREDEP_H) $(OBJS)
 	@echo "      Linking $@..."
 	-rm -rf $@ [email protected]
 	${LINK} ${LDFLAGS} -o $@ $(OBJS) $(CCMALLOC) ${LIBS}
@@ -271,22 +279,28 @@ V3Number_test: V3Number_test.o
 	$(OBJCACHE) ${CC}  ${CPPFLAGSWALL} -c $<

 V3ParseLex.o:	V3ParseLex.cpp V3Lexer.yy.cpp V3ParseBison.c
-	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSNOWALL} -c $<
+	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSPARSER} -c $<

 V3ParseGrammar.o:	V3ParseGrammar.cpp V3ParseBison.c
-	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSNOWALL} -c $<
+	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSPARSER} -c $<

 V3ParseImp.o:	V3ParseImp.cpp V3ParseBison.c
-	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSNOWALL} -c $<
+	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSPARSER} -c $<

 V3PreProc.o:	V3PreProc.cpp V3PreLex.yy.cpp
-	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSNOWALL} -c $<
+	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSPARSER} -c $<

 #### Generated files

 # Target rule called before parallel build to make generated files
 serial:: V3Ast__gen_classes.h V3ParseBison.c

+serial_vlcov:: vlcovgen.d
+
+vlcovgen.d: $(VLCOVGEN) $(srcdir)/../include/verilated_cov_key.h
+	$(PERL) $(VLCOVGEN) --srcdir $(srcdir)
+	touch $@
+
 V3Ast__gen_classes.h : $(ASTGEN) V3Ast.h V3AstNodes.h
 	$(PERL) $(ASTGEN) -I$(srcdir)  --classes

@@ -311,6 +325,8 @@ V3PreLex_pregen.yy.cpp:	V3PreLex.l $(HEADERS)
 V3PreLex.yy.cpp: V3PreLex_pregen.yy.cpp $(FLEXFIX)
 	$(PERL) $(FLEXFIX) V3PreLex <$< >$@

+.SUFFIXES:
+
 ######################################################################
 ######################################################################

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ private:
 	m_scopep->addActivep(nodep);
    }
    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstScope* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstScope* nodep) {
 	m_scopep = nodep;
 	m_iActivep = NULL;
 	m_cActivep = NULL;
@@ -81,15 +81,15 @@ private:
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	// Don't clear scopep, the namer persists beyond this visit
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstSenTree* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstSenTree* nodep) {
 	// Simplify sensitivity list
-	V3Const::constifyExpensiveEdit(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	V3Const::constifyExpensiveEdit(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
    // Empty visitors, speed things up
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeStmt* nodep, AstNUser*) { }
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeStmt* nodep) { }
    //--------------------
    // Default
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	// Default: Just iterate
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
@@ -163,18 +163,20 @@ public:

 class ActiveDlyVisitor : public ActiveBaseVisitor {
 public:
-    enum CheckType { CT_SEQ, CT_COMBO, CT_INITIAL };
+    enum CheckType { CT_SEQ, CT_COMBO, CT_INITIAL, CT_LATCH };
 private:
    CheckType 	m_check;	// Combo logic or other
    AstNode*	m_alwaysp;	// Always we're under
    AstNode*	m_assignp;	// In assign
    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstAssignDly* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAssignDly* nodep) {
 	if (m_check != CT_SEQ) {
 	    // Convert to a non-delayed assignment
 	    UINFO(5,"    ASSIGNDLY "<<nodep<<endl);
 	    if (m_check == CT_INITIAL) {
 		nodep->v3warn(INITIALDLY,"Delayed assignments (<=) in initial or final block; suggest blocking assignments (=).");
+	    } else if (m_check == CT_LATCH) {
+		// Suppress. Shouldn't matter that the interior of the latch races
 	    } else {
 		nodep->v3warn(COMBDLY,"Delayed assignments (<=) in non-clocked (non flop or latch) block; suggest blocking assignments (=).");
 	    }
@@ -182,10 +184,10 @@ private:
 					   nodep->lhsp()->unlinkFrBack(),
 					   nodep->rhsp()->unlinkFrBack());
 	    nodep->replaceWith(newp);
-	    nodep->deleteTree(); nodep = NULL;
+	    nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	}
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAssign* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAssign* nodep) {
 	if (m_check == CT_SEQ) {
 	    AstNode* las = m_assignp;
 	    m_assignp = nodep;
@@ -193,7 +195,7 @@ private:
 	    m_assignp = las;
 	}
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstVarRef* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstVarRef* nodep) {
 	AstVar* varp=nodep->varp();
 	if (m_check == CT_SEQ
 	    && m_assignp
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ private:
 	}
    }
    //--------------------
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
 public:
@@ -242,7 +244,7 @@ private:
    bool	m_itemSequent;	// Found a SenItem sequential

    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstScope* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstScope* nodep) {
 	// Create required actives and add to scope
 	UINFO(4," SCOPE   "<<nodep<<endl);
 	// Clear last scope's names, and collect this scope's existing names
@@ -250,10 +252,10 @@ private:
 	m_scopeFinalp = NULL;
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstActive* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstActive* nodep) {
 	// Actives are being formed, so we can ignore any already made
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstInitial* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstInitial* nodep) {
 	// Relink to IACTIVE, unless already under it
 	UINFO(4,"    INITIAL "<<nodep<<endl);
 	ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_INITIAL);
@@ -261,37 +263,37 @@ private:
 	nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	wantactivep->addStmtsp(nodep);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAssignAlias* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAssignAlias* nodep) {
 	// Relink to CACTIVE, unless already under it
 	UINFO(4,"    ASSIGNW "<<nodep<<endl);
 	AstActive* wantactivep = m_namer.getCActive(nodep->fileline());
 	nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	wantactivep->addStmtsp(nodep);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAssignW* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAssignW* nodep) {
 	// Relink to CACTIVE, unless already under it
 	UINFO(4,"    ASSIGNW "<<nodep<<endl);
 	AstActive* wantactivep = m_namer.getCActive(nodep->fileline());
 	nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	wantactivep->addStmtsp(nodep);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstCoverToggle* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstCoverToggle* nodep) {
 	// Relink to CACTIVE, unless already under it
 	UINFO(4,"    COVERTOGGLE "<<nodep<<endl);
 	AstActive* wantactivep = m_namer.getCActive(nodep->fileline());
 	nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	wantactivep->addStmtsp(nodep);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstFinal* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstFinal* nodep) {
 	// Relink to CFUNC for the final
 	UINFO(4,"    FINAL "<<nodep<<endl);
 	if (!nodep->bodysp()) { // Empty, Kill it.
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    return;
 	}
 	ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_INITIAL);
 	if (!m_scopeFinalp) {
-	    m_scopeFinalp = new AstCFunc(nodep->fileline(), "_final", m_namer.scopep());
+	    m_scopeFinalp = new AstCFunc(nodep->fileline(), "_final_"+m_namer.scopep()->nameDotless(), m_namer.scopep());
 	    m_scopeFinalp->argTypes(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar());
 	    m_scopeFinalp->addInitsp(new AstCStmt(nodep->fileline(), EmitCBaseVisitor::symTopAssign()+"\n"));
 	    m_scopeFinalp->dontCombine(true);
@@ -302,11 +304,11 @@ private:
 	nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	m_scopeFinalp->addStmtsp(new AstComment(nodep->fileline(), nodep->typeName()));
 	m_scopeFinalp->addStmtsp(nodep->bodysp()->unlinkFrBackWithNext());
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep = NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }

    // METHODS
-    void visitAlways(AstNode* nodep, AstSenTree* oldsensesp) {
+    void visitAlways(AstNode* nodep, AstSenTree* oldsensesp, VAlwaysKwd kwd) {
 	// Move always to appropriate ACTIVE based on its sense list
 	if (oldsensesp
 	    && oldsensesp->sensesp()
@@ -314,24 +316,24 @@ private:
 	    && oldsensesp->sensesp()->castSenItem()->isNever()) {
 	    // Never executing.  Kill it.
 	    if (oldsensesp->sensesp()->nextp()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Never senitem should be alone, else the never should be eliminated.");
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    return;
 	}

 	// Read sensitivitues
 	m_itemCombo = false;
 	m_itemSequent = false;
-	oldsensesp->iterateAndNext(*this);
+	if (oldsensesp) oldsensesp->iterateAndNext(*this);
 	bool combo = m_itemCombo;
 	bool sequent = m_itemSequent;

 	if (!combo && !sequent) combo=true;	// If no list, Verilog 2000: always @ (*)
-#ifndef NEW_ORDERING
 	if (combo && sequent) {
-	    nodep->v3error("Unsupported: Mixed edge (pos/negedge) and activity (no edge) sensitive activity list");
+	    if (!v3Global.opt.bboxUnsup()) {
+		nodep->v3error("Unsupported: Mixed edge (pos/negedge) and activity (no edge) sensitive activity list");
+	    }
 	    sequent = false;
 	}
-#endif

 	AstActive* wantactivep = NULL;
 	if (combo && !sequent) {
@@ -351,7 +353,7 @@ private:

 	// Delete sensitivity list
 	if (oldsensesp) {
-	    oldsensesp->unlinkFrBackWithNext()->deleteTree(); oldsensesp=NULL;
+	    oldsensesp->unlinkFrBackWithNext()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(oldsensesp);
 	}

 	// Move node to new active
@@ -360,31 +362,35 @@ private:

 	// Warn and/or convert any delayed assignments
 	if (combo && !sequent) {
-	    ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_COMBO);
+	    if (kwd == VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS_LATCH) {
+		ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_LATCH);
+	    } else {
+		ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_COMBO);
+	    }
 	}
 	else if (!combo && sequent) {
 	    ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_SEQ);
 	}
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAlways* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAlways* nodep) {
 	// Move always to appropriate ACTIVE based on its sense list
 	UINFO(4,"    ALW   "<<nodep<<endl);
 	//if (debug()>=9) nodep->dumpTree(cout,"  Alw: ");

 	if (!nodep->bodysp()) {
 	    // Empty always.  Kill it.
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    return;
 	}
-	visitAlways(nodep, nodep->sensesp());
+	visitAlways(nodep, nodep->sensesp(), nodep->keyword());
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAlwaysPublic* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAlwaysPublic* nodep) {
 	// Move always to appropriate ACTIVE based on its sense list
 	UINFO(4,"    ALWPub   "<<nodep<<endl);
 	//if (debug()>=9) nodep->dumpTree(cout,"  Alw: ");
-	visitAlways(nodep, nodep->sensesp());
+	visitAlways(nodep, nodep->sensesp(), VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstSenGate* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstSenGate* nodep) {
 	AstSenItem* subitemp = nodep->sensesp();
 	if (subitemp->edgeType() != AstEdgeType::ET_ANYEDGE
 	    && subitemp->edgeType() != AstEdgeType::ET_POSEDGE
@@ -393,12 +399,12 @@ private:
 	}
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstSenItem* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstSenItem* nodep) {
 	if (nodep->edgeType() == AstEdgeType::ET_ANYEDGE) {
 	    m_itemCombo = true;
 	    // Delete the sensitivity
 	    // We'll add it as a generic COMBO SenItem in a moment.
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	} else if (nodep->varrefp()) {
 	    // V3LinkResolve should have cleaned most of these up
 	    if (!nodep->varrefp()->width1()) nodep->v3error("Unsupported: Non-single bit wide signal pos/negedge sensitivity: "
@@ -409,15 +415,15 @@ private:
    }

    // Empty visitors, speed things up
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeMath* nodep, AstNUser*) {}
-    virtual void visit(AstVarScope* nodep, AstNUser*) {}
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeMath* nodep) {}
+    virtual void visit(AstVarScope* nodep) {}
    //--------------------
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    ActiveVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit ActiveVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_scopeFinalp = NULL;
 	m_itemCombo = false;
 	m_itemSequent = false;
@@ -432,4 +438,5 @@ public:
 void V3Active::activeAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    ActiveVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("active", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -65,19 +65,19 @@ private:
    }

    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstTopScope* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstTopScope* nodep) {
 	m_topscopep = nodep;
 	m_finder.main(m_topscopep);
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	m_topscopep = NULL;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep) {
 	// Create required actives and add to module
 	// We can start ordering at a module, or a scope
 	UINFO(4," MOD   "<<nodep<<endl);
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstActive* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstActive* nodep) {
 	UINFO(4,"   ACTIVE "<<nodep<<endl);
 	V3Const::constifyExpensiveEdit(nodep); // Remove duplicate clocks and such; sensesp() may change!
 	AstSenTree* sensesp = nodep->sensesp();
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ private:
 	    && sensesp->sensesp()->castSenItem()->isNever()) {
 	    // Never executing.  Kill it.
 	    if (sensesp->sensesp()->nextp()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Never senitem should be alone, else the never should be eliminated.");
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    return;
 	}
 	// Copy combo tree to settlement tree with duplicated statements
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ private:
 	    // Move the active's contents to the other active
 	    UINFO(4,"   merge active "<<sensesp<<" into "<<wantp<<endl);
 	    if (nodep->sensesStorep()) {
-		if (sensesp != nodep->sensesStorep()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("sensesStore should have been deleted earlier if different\n");
+		if (sensesp != nodep->sensesStorep()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("sensesStore should have been deleted earlier if different");
 		sensesp->unlinkFrBack();
 		// There may be other references to same sense tree,
 		// we'll be removing all references when we get to them,
@@ -120,34 +120,34 @@ private:
 	// No need to do statements under it, they're already moved.
 	//nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstInitial* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstInitial* nodep) {
 	nodep->v3fatalSrc("Node should have been under ACTIVE");
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAssignAlias* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAssignAlias* nodep) {
 	nodep->v3fatalSrc("Node should have been under ACTIVE");
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAssignW* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAssignW* nodep) {
 	nodep->v3fatalSrc("Node should have been under ACTIVE");
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAlways* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAlways* nodep) {
 	nodep->v3fatalSrc("Node should have been under ACTIVE");
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstAlwaysPublic* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstAlwaysPublic* nodep) {
 	nodep->v3fatalSrc("Node should have been under ACTIVE");
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstFinal* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstFinal* nodep) {
 	nodep->v3fatalSrc("Node should have been deleted");
    }
    // Empty visitors, speed things up
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeMath* nodep, AstNUser*) {}
-    virtual void visit(AstVarScope* nodep, AstNUser*) {}
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeMath* nodep) {}
+    virtual void visit(AstVarScope* nodep) {}
    //--------------------
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    ActiveTopVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit ActiveTopVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_topscopep = NULL;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
@@ -160,4 +160,5 @@ public:
 void V3ActiveTop::activeTopAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    ActiveTopVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("activetop", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -56,15 +56,18 @@ private:
 		+":"+cvtToStr(nodep->fileline()->lineno())
 		+": Assertion failed in %m"
 		+((message != "")?": ":"")+message
-		+"\\n");
+		+"\n");
    }
    void replaceDisplay(AstDisplay* nodep, const string& prefix) {
 	nodep->displayType(AstDisplayType::DT_WRITE);
 	nodep->fmtp()->text(assertDisplayMessage(nodep, prefix, nodep->fmtp()->text()));
-	AstNode* timesp = nodep->fmtp()->exprsp(); if (timesp) timesp->unlinkFrBack();
 	// cppcheck-suppress nullPointer
-	timesp = timesp->addNext(new AstTime(nodep->fileline()));
-	nodep->fmtp()->exprsp(timesp);
+	AstNode* timenewp = new AstTime(nodep->fileline());
+	if (AstNode* timesp = nodep->fmtp()->exprsp()) {
+	    timesp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
+	    timenewp->addNext(timesp);
+	}
+	nodep->fmtp()->addExprsp(timenewp);
 	if (!nodep->fmtp()->scopeNamep() && nodep->fmtp()->formatScopeTracking()) {
 	    nodep->fmtp()->scopeNamep(new AstScopeName(nodep->fileline()));
 	}
@@ -73,25 +76,16 @@ private:
    AstNode* newIfAssertOn(AstNode* nodep) {
 	// Add a internal if to check assertions are on.
 	// Don't make this a AND term, as it's unlikely to need to test this.
-	return new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
-			  // If assertions are off, have constant propagation rip them out later
-			  // This allows syntax errors and such to be detected normally.
-			  (v3Global.opt.assertOn()
-			   ? (AstNode*)(new AstCMath(nodep->fileline(), "Verilated::assertOn()", 1))
-			   : (AstNode*)(new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse()))),
-			  nodep, NULL);
-    }
-
-    AstNode* newIfCoverageOn(AstNode* nodep) {
-	// Add a internal if to check coverage is on
-	// Don't make this a AND term, as it's unlikely to need to test this.
-	return new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
-			  // If assertions are off, have constant propagation rip them out later
-			  // This allows syntax errors and such to be detected normally.
-			  (v3Global.opt.coverage()
-			   ? (AstNode*)(new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicTrue()))
-			   : (AstNode*)(new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse()))),
-			  nodep, NULL);
+	AstNode* newp
+	    = new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
+			 // If assertions are off, have constant propagation rip them out later
+			 // This allows syntax errors and such to be detected normally.
+			 (v3Global.opt.assertOn()
+			  ? (AstNode*)(new AstCMath(nodep->fileline(), "Verilated::assertOn()", 1))
+			  : (AstNode*)(new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse()))),
+			 nodep, NULL);
+	newp->user1(true); // Don't assert/cover this if
+	return newp;
    }

    AstNode* newFireAssert(AstNode* nodep, const string& message) {
@@ -122,19 +116,13 @@ private:
 		if (message!="") covincp->declp()->comment(message);
 		bodysp = covincp;
 	    }
-	} else if (nodep->castPslAssert()) {
-	    bodysp = newFireAssert(nodep,message);
-	    // We assert the property is always true... so report when it fails
-	    // (Note this is opposite the behavior of coverage statements.)
-	    // Need: 'never' operator: not hold in current or any future cycle
-	    propp = new AstLogNot (nodep->fileline(), propp);
 	} else {
 	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown node type");
 	}
-	if (stmtsp) bodysp = bodysp->addNext(stmtsp);
+	if (bodysp && stmtsp) bodysp = bodysp->addNext(stmtsp);
 	AstIf* ifp = new AstIf (nodep->fileline(), propp, bodysp, NULL);
 	bodysp = ifp;
-	if (nodep->castPslAssert()) ifp->branchPred(AstBranchPred::BP_UNLIKELY);
+	if (nodep->castVAssert()) ifp->branchPred(AstBranchPred::BP_UNLIKELY);
 	//
 	AstNode* newp = new AstAlways (nodep->fileline(),
 				       VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS,
@@ -150,7 +138,7 @@ private:
 	    nodep->replaceWith(newp);
 	}
 	// Bye
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }

    void newVAssertion(AstVAssert* nodep, AstNode* propp) {
@@ -172,11 +160,70 @@ private:
 	// Install it
 	nodep->replaceWith(newp);
 	// Bye
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
+    }
+
+    virtual void visit(AstIf* nodep) {
+	if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
+	if (nodep->uniquePragma() || nodep->unique0Pragma()) {
+	    AstNodeIf* ifp = nodep;
+	    AstNode* propp = NULL;
+	    bool hasDefaultElse = false;
+	    do {
+		// If this statement ends with 'else if', then nextIf will point to the
+		// nextIf statement.  Otherwise it will be null.
+		AstNodeIf* nextifp = dynamic_cast<AstNodeIf*>(ifp->elsesp());
+		ifp->condp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
+
+		// Recurse into the true case.
+		ifp->ifsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
+
+		// If the last else is not an else if, recurse into that too.
+		if (ifp->elsesp() && !nextifp) {
+		    ifp->elsesp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
+		}
+
+		// Build a bitmask of the true predicates
+	        AstNode* predp = ifp->condp()->cloneTree(false);
+	        if (propp) {
+		    propp = new AstConcat(nodep->fileline(), predp, propp);
+		} else {
+		    propp = predp;
+		}
+
+		// Record if this ends with an 'else' that does not have an if
+		if (ifp->elsesp() && !nextifp) {
+		    hasDefaultElse = true;
+		}
+
+		ifp = nextifp;
+	    } while (ifp);
+
+	    AstNode *newifp = nodep->cloneTree(false);
+	    bool allow_none = nodep->unique0Pragma();
+
+	    // Empty case means no property
+	    if (!propp) propp = new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse());
+
+	    // Note: if this ends with an 'else', then we don't need to validate that one of the
+	    // predicates evaluates to true.
+	    AstNode* ohot = ((allow_none || hasDefaultElse)
+			     ? static_cast<AstNode*>(new AstOneHot0(nodep->fileline(), propp))
+			     : static_cast<AstNode*>(new AstOneHot (nodep->fileline(), propp)));
+	    AstIf* checkifp = new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
+					 new AstLogNot (nodep->fileline(), ohot),
+					 newFireAssert(nodep, "'unique if' statement violated"),
+					 newifp);
+	    checkifp->branchPred(AstBranchPred::BP_UNLIKELY);
+	    nodep->replaceWith(checkifp);
+	    pushDeletep(nodep);
+	} else {
+	    nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	}
    }

    // VISITORS  //========== Case assertions
-    virtual void visit(AstCase* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstCase* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	if (!nodep->user1SetOnce()) {
 	    bool has_default=false;
@@ -201,17 +248,27 @@ private:
 		    AstNode* propp = NULL;
 		    for (AstCaseItem* itemp = nodep->itemsp(); itemp; itemp=itemp->nextp()->castCaseItem()) {
 			for (AstNode* icondp = itemp->condsp(); icondp!=NULL; icondp=icondp->nextp()) {
-			    AstNode* onep = new AstEq(icondp->fileline(),
-						      nodep->exprp()->cloneTree(false),
-						      icondp->cloneTree(false));
+			    AstNode* onep;
+			    if (nodep->casex() || nodep->casez() || nodep->caseInside()) {
+				onep = AstEqWild::newTyped(itemp->fileline(),
+							   nodep->exprp()->cloneTree(false),
+							   icondp->cloneTree(false));
+			    } else {
+				onep = AstEq::newTyped(icondp->fileline(),
+						       nodep->exprp()->cloneTree(false),
+						       icondp->cloneTree(false));
+			    }
 			    if (propp) propp = new AstConcat(icondp->fileline(), onep, propp);
 			    else propp = onep;
 			}
 		    }
+		    // Empty case means no property
+		    if (!propp) propp = new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse());
+
 		    bool allow_none = has_default || nodep->unique0Pragma();
 		    AstNode* ohot = (allow_none
-				     ? (new AstOneHot0(nodep->fileline(), propp))->castNode()
-				     : (new AstOneHot (nodep->fileline(), propp))->castNode());
+				     ? static_cast<AstNode*>(new AstOneHot0(nodep->fileline(), propp))
+				     : static_cast<AstNode*>(new AstOneHot (nodep->fileline(), propp)));
 		    AstIf* ifp = new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
 					    new AstLogNot (nodep->fileline(), ohot),
 					    newFireAssert(nodep, "synthesis parallel_case, but multiple matches found"),
@@ -224,7 +281,7 @@ private:
    }

    // VISITORS  //========== Statements
-    virtual void visit(AstDisplay* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstDisplay* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	// Replace the special types with standard text
 	if (nodep->displayType()==AstDisplayType::DT_INFO) {
@@ -237,33 +294,27 @@ private:
 	}
    }

-    virtual void visit(AstPslCover* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstPslCover* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	if (m_beginp && nodep->name() == "") nodep->name(m_beginp->name());
 	newPslAssertion(nodep, nodep->propp(), nodep->sentreep(),
-			nodep->stmtsp(), nodep->name()); nodep=NULL;
+			nodep->stmtsp(), nodep->name()); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	++m_statAsCover;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstPslAssert* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstVAssert* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	newPslAssertion(nodep, nodep->propp(), nodep->sentreep(),
-			NULL, nodep->name()); nodep=NULL;
-	++m_statAsPsl;
-    }
-    virtual void visit(AstVAssert* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	newVAssertion(nodep, nodep->propp()); nodep=NULL;
+	newVAssertion(nodep, nodep->propp()); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	++m_statAsSV;
    }

-    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep) {
 	m_modp = nodep;
 	//
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	// Reset defaults
 	m_modp = NULL;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstBegin* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstBegin* nodep) {
 	// This code is needed rather than a visitor in V3Begin,
 	// because V3Assert is called before V3Begin
 	AstBegin* lastp = m_beginp;
@@ -274,20 +325,12 @@ private:
 	m_beginp = lastp;
    }

-    // VISITORS  //========== Temporal Layer
-
-    // VISITORS  //========== Boolean Layer
-    virtual void visit(AstPslBool* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	nodep->replaceWith(nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack());
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
-    }
-
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    AssertVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit AssertVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_beginp = NULL;
 	m_modp = NULL;
 	// Process
@@ -307,4 +350,5 @@ public:
 void V3Assert::assertAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    AssertVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("assert", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -73,15 +73,7 @@ private:
    }

    // VISITORS  //========== Statements
-    virtual void visit(AstPslDefClock* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	// Store the new default clock, reset on new module
-	m_seniDefaultp = nodep->sensesp();
-	// Trash it
-	nodep->unlinkFrBack();
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
-    }
-    virtual void visit(AstClocking* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstClocking* nodep) {
 	UINFO(8,"   CLOCKING"<<nodep<<endl);
 	// Store the new default clock, reset on new module
 	m_seniDefaultp = nodep->sensesp();
@@ -91,24 +83,17 @@ private:
 	} else {
 	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	}
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }

-    virtual void visit(AstPslCover* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstPslCover* nodep) {
 	if (nodep->sentreep()) return;  // Already processed
 	clearAssertInfo();
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	nodep->sentreep(newSenTree(nodep));
 	clearAssertInfo();
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstPslAssert* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	if (nodep->sentreep()) return;  // Already processed
-	clearAssertInfo();
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	nodep->sentreep(newSenTree(nodep));
-	clearAssertInfo();
-    }
-    virtual void visit(AstPslClocked* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstPslClocked* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	if (m_senip) {
 	    nodep->v3error("Unsupported: Only one PSL clock allowed per assertion");
@@ -124,20 +109,20 @@ private:
 	// Unlink and just keep a pointer to it, convert to sentree as needed
 	m_senip = nodep->sensesp();
 	nodep->replaceWith(blockp);
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	// Reset defaults
 	m_seniDefaultp = NULL;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }

 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    AssertPreVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit AssertPreVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_seniDefaultp = NULL;
 	clearAssertInfo();
 	// Process
@@ -152,4 +137,5 @@ public:
 void V3AssertPre::assertPreAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    AssertPreVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("assertpre", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2005-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "V3File.h"
 #include "V3Global.h"
 #include "V3Broken.h"
+#include "V3String.h"

 //======================================================================
 // Statics
@@ -79,30 +80,30 @@ void AstNode::init() {
    // Attributes
    m_didWidth = false;
    m_doingWidth = false;
-    m_user1p = NULL;
+    m_user1u = VNUser(0);
    m_user1Cnt = 0;
-    m_user2p = NULL;
+    m_user2u = VNUser(0);
    m_user2Cnt = 0;
-    m_user3p = NULL;
+    m_user3u = VNUser(0);
    m_user3Cnt = 0;
-    m_user4p = NULL;
+    m_user4u = VNUser(0);
    m_user4Cnt = 0;
-    m_user5p = NULL;
+    m_user5u = VNUser(0);
    m_user5Cnt = 0;
 }

 string AstNode::encodeName(const string& namein) {
    // Encode signal name raw from parser, then not called again on same signal
-    const char* start = namein.c_str();
    string out;
-    for (const char* pos = start; *pos; pos++) {
-	if ((pos==start) ? isalpha(pos[0])  // digits can't lead identifiers
+    for (string::const_iterator pos = namein.begin(); pos!=namein.end(); ++pos) {
+	if ((pos==namein.begin()) ? isalpha(pos[0])  // digits can't lead identifiers
 	    : isalnum(pos[0])) {
 	    out += pos[0];
 	} else if (pos[0]=='_') {
 	    if (pos[1]=='_') {
 		out += "_"; out += "__05F";  // hex(_) = 0x5F
-		pos++;
+		++pos;
+		if (pos==namein.end()) break;
 	    } else {
 		out += pos[0];
 	    }
@@ -115,6 +116,10 @@ string AstNode::encodeName(const string& namein) {
 	    out += hex;
 	}
    }
+    // Shorten names
+    // TODO long term use VName in place of "string name"
+    VName vname(out);
+    out = vname.hashedName();
    return out;
 }

@@ -161,40 +166,53 @@ string AstNode::vcdName(const string& namein) {
 }

 string AstNode::prettyName(const string& namein) {
+    // This function is somewhat hot, so we short-circuit some compares
    string pretty;
    pretty = "";
+    pretty.reserve(namein.length());
    for (const char* pos = namein.c_str(); *pos; ) {
-	if (0==strncmp(pos,"__BRA__",7)) {
-	    pretty += "[";
-	    pos += 7;
-	}
-	else if (0==strncmp(pos,"__KET__",7)) {
-	    pretty += "]";
-	    pos += 7;
-	}
-	else if (0==strncmp(pos,"__DOT__",7)) {
+	if (pos[0]=='-' && pos[1]=='>') { // ->
 	    pretty += ".";
-	    pos += 7;
+	    pos += 2;
+	    continue;
 	}
-	else if (0==strncmp(pos,"__PVT__",7)) {
-	    pretty += "";
-	    pos += 7;
-	}
-	else if (pos[0]=='_' && pos[1]=='_' && pos[2]=='0'
-		 && isxdigit(pos[3]) && isxdigit(pos[4])) {
-	    char value = 0;
-	    value += 16*(isdigit(pos[3]) ? (pos[3]-'0') : (tolower(pos[3])-'a'+10));
-	    value +=    (isdigit(pos[4]) ? (pos[4]-'0') : (tolower(pos[4])-'a'+10));
-	    pretty += value;
-	    pos += 5;
-	}
-	else {
-	    pretty += pos[0];
-	    pos++;
+	if (pos[0]=='_' && pos[1]=='_') { // Short-circuit
+	    if (0==strncmp(pos,"__BRA__",7)) {
+		pretty += "[";
+		pos += 7;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (0==strncmp(pos,"__KET__",7)) {
+		pretty += "]";
+		pos += 7;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (0==strncmp(pos,"__DOT__",7)) {
+		pretty += ".";
+		pos += 7;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (0==strncmp(pos,"__PVT__",7)) {
+		pretty += "";
+		pos += 7;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (pos[0]=='_' && pos[1]=='_' && pos[2]=='0'
+		     && isxdigit(pos[3]) && isxdigit(pos[4])) {
+		char value = 0;
+		value += 16*(isdigit(pos[3]) ? (pos[3]-'0') : (tolower(pos[3])-'a'+10));
+		value +=    (isdigit(pos[4]) ? (pos[4]-'0') : (tolower(pos[4])-'a'+10));
+		pretty += value;
+		pos += 5;
+		continue;
+	    }
 	}
+	// Default
+	pretty += pos[0];
+	++pos;
    }
-    if (pretty.substr(0,4) == "TOP.") pretty.replace(0,4,"");
-    if (pretty.substr(0,5) == "TOP->") pretty.replace(0,5,"");
+    if (pretty[0]=='T' && pretty.substr(0,4) == "TOP.") pretty.replace(0,4,"");
+    if (pretty[0]=='T' && pretty.substr(0,5) == "TOP->") pretty.replace(0,5,"");
    return pretty;
 }

@@ -203,31 +221,6 @@ string AstNode::prettyTypeName() const {
    return string(typeName())+" '"+prettyName()+"'";
 }

-string AstNode::quoteName(const string& namein) {
-    // Encode control chars into C style escapes
-    // Reverse is V3Parse::deQuote
-    const char* start = namein.c_str();
-    string out;
-    for (const char* pos = start; *pos; pos++) {
-	if (pos[0]=='\\' || pos[0]=='"') {
-	    out += string("\\")+pos[0];
-	} else if (pos[0]=='\n') {
-	    out += "\\n";
-	} else if (pos[0]=='\r') {
-	    out += "\\r";
-	} else if (pos[0]=='\t') {
-	    out += "\\t";
-	} else if (isprint(pos[0])) {
-	    out += pos[0];
-	} else {
-	    // This will also cover \a etc
-	    char octal[10]; sprintf(octal,"\\%03o",pos[0]);
-	    out += octal;
-	}
-    }
-    return out;
-}
-
 //######################################################################
 // Insertion

@@ -239,6 +232,9 @@ inline void AstNode::debugTreeChange(const char* prefix, int lineno, bool next)
    //if (debug()) cout<<"-treeChange: V3Ast.cpp:"<<lineno<<" Tree Change for "<<prefix<<": "<<(void*)this<<" <e"<<AstNode::s_editCntGbl<<">"<<endl;
    //if (debug()) {
    //	cout<<"-treeChange: V3Ast.cpp:"<<lineno<<" Tree Change for "<<prefix<<endl;
+    //	// Commenting out the section below may crash, as the tree state
+    //	// between edits is not always consistent for printing
+    //	cout<<"-treeChange: V3Ast.cpp:"<<lineno<<" Tree Change for "<<prefix<<endl;
    //	v3Global.rootp()->dumpTree(cout,"-treeChange: ");
    //	if (next||1) this->dumpTreeAndNext(cout, prefix);
    //	else this->dumpTree(cout, prefix);
@@ -248,20 +244,20 @@ inline void AstNode::debugTreeChange(const char* prefix, int lineno, bool next)
 #endif
 }

-AstNode* AstNode::addNext(AstNode* newp) {
+AstNode* AstNode::addNext(AstNode* nodep, AstNode* newp) {
    // Add to m_nextp, returns this
-    UASSERT(newp,"Null item passed to addNext\n");
-    this->debugTreeChange("-addNextThs: ", __LINE__, false);
+    UDEBUGONLY(if (!newp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Null item passed to addNext"););
+    nodep->debugTreeChange("-addNextThs: ", __LINE__, false);
    newp->debugTreeChange("-addNextNew: ", __LINE__, true);
-    if (this == NULL) {
+    if (!nodep) {  // verilog.y and lots of other places assume this
 	return (newp);
    } else {
 	// Find end of old list
-	AstNode* oldtailp = this;
+	AstNode* oldtailp = nodep;
 	if (oldtailp->m_nextp) {
 	    if (oldtailp->m_headtailp) {
 		oldtailp = oldtailp->m_headtailp;  // This=beginning of list, jump to end
-		UASSERT(!oldtailp->m_nextp, "Node had next, but headtail says it shouldn't");
+		UDEBUGONLY(if (oldtailp->m_nextp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Node had next, but headtail says it shouldn't"););
 	    } else {
 		// Though inefficent, we are occasionally passed a addNext in the middle of a list.
 		while (oldtailp->m_nextp != NULL) oldtailp = oldtailp->m_nextp;
@@ -280,21 +276,21 @@ AstNode* AstNode::addNext(AstNode* newp) {
 	newp->editCountInc();
 	if (oldtailp->m_iterpp) *(oldtailp->m_iterpp) = newp;	// Iterate on new item
    }
-    this->debugTreeChange("-addNextOut:", __LINE__, true);
-    return this;
+    nodep->debugTreeChange("-addNextOut:", __LINE__, true);
+    return nodep;
 }

-AstNode* AstNode::addNextNull(AstNode* newp) {
-    if (!newp) return this;
-    return addNext(newp);
+AstNode* AstNode::addNextNull(AstNode* nodep, AstNode* newp) {
+    if (!newp) return nodep;
+    return addNext(nodep, newp);
 }

 void AstNode::addNextHere(AstNode* newp) {
    // Add to m_nextp on exact node passed, not at the end.
    //  This could be at head, tail, or both (single)
    //  New  could be head of single node, or list
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    UASSERT(newp,"Null item passed to addNext");
-    UASSERT(this,"Null base node");
    UASSERT(newp->backp()==NULL,"New node (back) already assigned?");
    this->debugTreeChange("-addHereThs: ", __LINE__, false);
    newp->debugTreeChange("-addHereNew: ", __LINE__, true);
@@ -561,7 +557,7 @@ void AstNode::relink(AstNRelinker* linkerp) {
    if (linkerp->m_iterpp) {
 	// If we're iterating over a next() link, we need to follow links off the
 	// NEW node.  Thus we pass iteration information via a pointer in the node.
-	// This adds a unfortunate 4 bytes to every AstNode, but is faster than passing
+	// This adds a unfortunate hot 8 bytes to every AstNode, but is faster than passing
 	// across every function.
 	// If anyone has a cleaner way, I'd be grateful.
 	*(linkerp->m_iterpp) = newp;
@@ -618,12 +614,12 @@ void AstNode::swapWith (AstNode* bp) {
 // Clone

 AstNode* AstNode::cloneTreeIter() {
-    if (!this) return NULL;
+    // private: Clone single node and children
    AstNode* newp = this->clone();
-    newp->op1p(this->m_op1p->cloneTreeIterList());
-    newp->op2p(this->m_op2p->cloneTreeIterList());
-    newp->op3p(this->m_op3p->cloneTreeIterList());
-    newp->op4p(this->m_op4p->cloneTreeIterList());
+    if (this->m_op1p) newp->op1p(this->m_op1p->cloneTreeIterList());
+    if (this->m_op2p) newp->op2p(this->m_op2p->cloneTreeIterList());
+    if (this->m_op3p) newp->op3p(this->m_op3p->cloneTreeIterList());
+    if (this->m_op4p) newp->op4p(this->m_op4p->cloneTreeIterList());
    newp->m_iterpp = NULL;
    newp->clonep(this);		// Save pointers to/from both to simplify relinking.
    this->clonep(newp);		// Save pointers to/from both to simplify relinking.
@@ -631,10 +627,10 @@ AstNode* AstNode::cloneTreeIter() {
 }

 AstNode* AstNode::cloneTreeIterList() {
-    // Clone list of nodes, set m_headtailp
-    if (!this) return NULL;
+    // private: Clone list of nodes, set m_headtailp
    AstNode* newheadp = NULL;
    AstNode* newtailp = NULL;
+    // Audited to make sure this is never NULL
    for (AstNode* oldp = this; oldp; oldp=oldp->m_nextp) {
 	AstNode* newp = oldp->cloneTreeIter();
 	newp->m_headtailp = NULL;
@@ -649,7 +645,7 @@ AstNode* AstNode::cloneTreeIterList() {
 }

 AstNode* AstNode::cloneTree(bool cloneNextLink) {
-    if (!this) return NULL;
+    if (!this) return NULL;  // verilog.y relies on this
    this->debugTreeChange("-cloneThs: ", __LINE__, cloneNextLink);
    cloneClearTree();
    AstNode* newp;
@@ -670,7 +666,7 @@ AstNode* AstNode::cloneTree(bool cloneNextLink) {
 // Delete

 void AstNode::deleteNode() {
-    if (!this) return;
+    // private: Delete single node. Publicly call deleteTree() instead.
    UASSERT(m_backp==NULL,"Delete called on node with backlink still set\n");
    editCountInc();
    // Change links of old node so we coredump if used
@@ -690,14 +686,15 @@ AstNode::~AstNode() {
 }

 void AstNode::deleteTreeIter() {
-    if (!this) return;
+    // private: Delete list of nodes. Publicly call deleteTree() instead.
+    // Audited to make sure this is never NULL
    for (AstNode* nodep=this, *nnextp; nodep; nodep=nnextp) {
 	nnextp = nodep->m_nextp;
 	// MUST be depth first!
-	nodep->m_op1p->deleteTreeIter();
-	nodep->m_op2p->deleteTreeIter();
-	nodep->m_op3p->deleteTreeIter();
-	nodep->m_op4p->deleteTreeIter();
+	if (nodep->m_op1p) nodep->m_op1p->deleteTreeIter();
+	if (nodep->m_op2p) nodep->m_op2p->deleteTreeIter();
+	if (nodep->m_op3p) nodep->m_op3p->deleteTreeIter();
+	if (nodep->m_op4p) nodep->m_op4p->deleteTreeIter();
 	nodep->m_nextp = NULL;
 	nodep->m_backp = NULL;
 	nodep->deleteNode();
@@ -707,7 +704,6 @@ void AstNode::deleteTreeIter() {
 void AstNode::deleteTree() {
    // deleteTree always deletes the next link, because you must have called
    // unlinkFromBack or unlinkFromBackWithNext as appropriate before calling this.
-    if (!this) return;
    UASSERT(m_backp==NULL,"Delete called on node with backlink still set\n");
    this->debugTreeChange("-delTree:  ", __LINE__, true);
    this->editCountInc();
@@ -720,6 +716,7 @@ void AstNode::deleteTree() {

 #ifdef VL_LEAK_CHECKS
 void* AstNode::operator new(size_t size) {
+    // Optimization note: Aligning to cache line is a loss, due to lost packing
    AstNode* objp = static_cast<AstNode*>(::operator new(size));
    V3Broken::addNewed(objp);
    return objp;
@@ -736,80 +733,94 @@ void AstNode::operator delete(void* objp, size_t size) {
 //======================================================================
 // Iterators

-void AstNode::iterateChildren(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
+void AstNode::iterateChildren(AstNVisitor& v) {
    // This is a very hot function
-    if (!this) return;
+    // Optimization note: Grabbing m_op#p->m_nextp is a net loss
    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op1p);
    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op2p);
    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op3p);
    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op4p);
-    // if () not needed since iterateAndNext accepts null this, but faster with it.
-    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->iterateAndNext(v, vup);
-    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->iterateAndNext(v, vup);
-    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->iterateAndNext(v, vup);
-    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->iterateAndNext(v, vup);
+    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->iterateAndNext(v);
+    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->iterateAndNext(v);
+    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->iterateAndNext(v);
+    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->iterateAndNext(v);
 }

-void AstNode::iterateAndNext(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
+void AstNode::iterateChildrenConst(AstNVisitor& v) {
+    // This is a very hot function
+    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op1p);
+    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op2p);
+    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op3p);
+    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op4p);
+    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->iterateAndNextConst(v);
+    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->iterateAndNextConst(v);
+    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->iterateAndNextConst(v);
+    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->iterateAndNextConst(v);
+}
+
+void AstNode::iterateAndNext(AstNVisitor& v) {
    // This is a very hot function
    // IMPORTANT: If you replace a node that's the target of this iterator,
    // then the NEW node will be iterated on next, it isn't skipped!
-    // if (!this) return;  // Part of for()
    // Future versions of this function may require the node to have a back to be iterated;
    // there's no lower level reason yet though the back must exist.
    AstNode* nodep=this;
 #ifdef VL_DEBUG  // Otherwise too hot of a function for debug
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(nodep && !nodep->m_backp)) nodep->v3fatalSrc("iterateAndNext node has no back");
 #endif
-    while (nodep) {
+    if (nodep) ASTNODE_PREFETCH(nodep->m_nextp);
+    while (nodep) {   // effectively: if (!this) return;  // Callers rely on this
+	if (nodep->m_nextp) ASTNODE_PREFETCH(nodep->m_nextp->m_nextp);
 	AstNode* niterp = nodep;  // This address may get stomped via m_iterpp if the node is edited
-	ASTNODE_PREFETCH(nodep->m_nextp);
+	// Desirable check, but many places where multiple iterations are OK
+	//if (VL_UNLIKELY(niterp->m_iterpp)) niterp->v3fatalSrc("IterateAndNext under iterateAndNext may miss edits");
+	// Optimization note: Doing PREFETCH_RW on m_iterpp is a net even
 	// cppcheck-suppress nullPointer
 	niterp->m_iterpp = &niterp;
-	niterp->accept(v, vup);
+	niterp->accept(v);
 	// accept may do a replaceNode and change niterp on us...
 	//if (niterp != nodep) UINFO(1,"iterateAndNext edited "<<(void*)nodep<<" now into "<<(void*)niterp<<endl);  // niterp maybe NULL, so need cast
-	if (!niterp) return;
+	if (!niterp) return;  // Perhaps node deleted inside accept
 	niterp->m_iterpp = NULL;
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY(niterp!=nodep)) { // Edited it
+	if (VL_UNLIKELY(niterp!=nodep)) { // Edited node inside accept
 	    nodep = niterp;
-	} else {  // Same node, just loop
+	} else {  // Unchanged node, just continue loop
 	    nodep = niterp->m_nextp;
 	}
    }
 }

-void AstNode::iterateListBackwards(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
-    if (!this) return;
+void AstNode::iterateListBackwards(AstNVisitor& v) {
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    AstNode* nodep=this;
    while (nodep->m_nextp) nodep=nodep->m_nextp;
    while (nodep) {
 	// Edits not supported: nodep->m_iterpp = &nodep;
-	nodep->accept(v, vup);
+	nodep->accept(v);
 	if (nodep->backp()->m_nextp == nodep) nodep=nodep->backp();
 	else nodep = NULL;  // else: backp points up the tree.
    }
 }

-void AstNode::iterateChildrenBackwards(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
-    if (!this) return;
-    this->op1p()->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
-    this->op2p()->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
-    this->op3p()->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
-    this->op4p()->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
+void AstNode::iterateChildrenBackwards(AstNVisitor& v) {
+    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->iterateListBackwards(v);
+    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->iterateListBackwards(v);
+    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->iterateListBackwards(v);
+    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->iterateListBackwards(v);
 }

-void AstNode::iterateAndNextIgnoreEdit(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
+void AstNode::iterateAndNextConst(AstNVisitor& v) {
    // Keep following the current list even if edits change it
-    if (!this) return;
-    for (AstNode* nodep=this; nodep; ) {
+    if (!this) return;  // A few cases could be cleaned up, but want symmetry with iterateAndNext
+    for (AstNode* nodep=this; nodep; ) {   // effectively: if (!this) return;  // Callers rely on this
 	AstNode* nnextp = nodep->m_nextp;
-	nodep->accept(v, vup);
+	ASTNODE_PREFETCH(nnextp);
+	nodep->accept(v);
 	nodep = nnextp;
    }
 }

-AstNode* AstNode::acceptSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
+AstNode* AstNode::iterateSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v) {
    // Some visitors perform tree edits (such as V3Const), and may even
    // replace/delete the exact nodep that the visitor is called with.  If
    // this happens, the parent will lose the handle to the node that was
@@ -819,15 +830,15 @@ AstNode* AstNode::acceptSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
    AstNode* nodep = this;  // Note "this" may point to bogus point later in this function
    if (nodep->castNetlist()) {
 	// Calling on top level; we know the netlist won't get replaced
-	nodep->accept(v, vup);
+	nodep->accept(v);
    } else if (!nodep->backp()) {
 	// Calling on standalone tree; insert a shim node so we can keep track, then delete it on completion
 	AstBegin* tempp = new AstBegin(nodep->fileline(),"[EditWrapper]",nodep);
 	{
-	    tempp->stmtsp()->accept(v, vup);  nodep=NULL; // nodep to null as may be replaced
+	    tempp->stmtsp()->accept(v); VL_DANGLING(nodep); // nodep to null as may be replaced
 	}
 	nodep = tempp->stmtsp()->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
-	tempp->deleteTree(); tempp=NULL;
+	tempp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(tempp);
    } else {
 	// Use back to determine who's pointing at us (IE assume new node grafts into same place as old one)
 	AstNode** nextnodepp = NULL;
@@ -838,7 +849,7 @@ AstNode* AstNode::acceptSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
 	else if (this->m_backp->m_nextp == this) nextnodepp = &(this->m_backp->m_nextp);
 	if (!nextnodepp) this->v3fatalSrc("Node's back doesn't point to forward to node itself");
 	{
-	    nodep->accept(v, vup); nodep=NULL; // nodep to null as may be replaced
+	    nodep->accept(v); VL_DANGLING(nodep); // nodep to null as may be replaced
 	}
 	nodep = *nextnodepp;  // Grab new node from point where old was connected
    }
@@ -848,55 +859,62 @@ AstNode* AstNode::acceptSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
 //======================================================================

 void AstNode::cloneRelinkTree() {
-    if (!this) return;
+    // private: Cleanup clone() operation on whole tree. Publicly call cloneTree() instead.
    for (AstNode* nodep=this; nodep; nodep=nodep->m_nextp) {
 	if (m_dtypep && m_dtypep->clonep()) {
-	    m_dtypep = m_dtypep->clonep()->castNodeDType();
+	    m_dtypep = m_dtypep->clonep();
 	}
 	nodep->cloneRelink();
-	nodep->m_op1p->cloneRelinkTree();
-	nodep->m_op2p->cloneRelinkTree();
-	nodep->m_op3p->cloneRelinkTree();
-	nodep->m_op4p->cloneRelinkTree();
+	if (nodep->m_op1p) nodep->m_op1p->cloneRelinkTree();
+	if (nodep->m_op2p) nodep->m_op2p->cloneRelinkTree();
+	if (nodep->m_op3p) nodep->m_op3p->cloneRelinkTree();
+	if (nodep->m_op4p) nodep->m_op4p->cloneRelinkTree();
    }
 }

 //======================================================================
 // Comparison

-bool AstNode::sameTree(AstNode* node2p) {
-    return sameTreeIter(node2p, true);
+bool AstNode::gateTreeIter() {
+    // private: Return true if the two trees are identical
+    if (!isGateOptimizable()) return false;
+    if (m_op1p && !m_op1p->gateTreeIter()) return false;
+    if (m_op2p && !m_op2p->gateTreeIter()) return false;
+    if (m_op3p && !m_op3p->gateTreeIter()) return false;
+    if (m_op4p && !m_op4p->gateTreeIter()) return false;
+    return true;
 }

-bool AstNode::sameTreeIter(AstNode* node2p, bool ignNext) {
-    // Return true if the two trees are identical
-    if (this==NULL && node2p==NULL) return true;
-    if (this==NULL || node2p==NULL) return false;
-    if (this->type() != node2p->type()
-	|| this->dtypep() != node2p->dtypep()
-	|| !this->same(node2p)) {
+bool AstNode::sameTreeIter(AstNode* node1p, AstNode* node2p, bool ignNext, bool gateOnly) {
+    // private: Return true if the two trees are identical
+    if (!node1p && !node2p) return true;
+    if (!node1p || !node2p) return false;
+    if (node1p->type() != node2p->type()
+	|| node1p->dtypep() != node2p->dtypep()
+	|| !node1p->same(node2p)
+	|| (gateOnly && !node1p->isGateOptimizable())) {
 	return false;
    }
-    return (this->op1p()->sameTreeIter(node2p->op1p(),false)
-	    && this->op2p()->sameTreeIter(node2p->op2p(),false)
-	    && this->op3p()->sameTreeIter(node2p->op3p(),false)
-	    && this->op4p()->sameTreeIter(node2p->op4p(),false)
-	    && (ignNext || this->nextp()->sameTreeIter(node2p->nextp(),false))
+    return (sameTreeIter(node1p->m_op1p, node2p->m_op1p,false,gateOnly)
+	    && sameTreeIter(node1p->m_op2p, node2p->m_op2p,false,gateOnly)
+	    && sameTreeIter(node1p->m_op3p, node2p->m_op3p,false,gateOnly)
+	    && sameTreeIter(node1p->m_op4p, node2p->m_op4p,false,gateOnly)
+	    && (ignNext || sameTreeIter(node1p->m_nextp, node2p->m_nextp,false,gateOnly))
 	);
 }

 //======================================================================
 // Static utilities

-ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, V3Hash rhs) {
+ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const V3Hash& rhs) {
    return os<<hex<<setw(2)<<setfill('0')<<rhs.depth()
 	     <<"_"<<setw(6)<<setfill('0')<<rhs.hshval();
 }

 V3Hash::V3Hash(const string& name) {
    uint32_t val = 0;
-    for (const char* c=name.c_str(); *c; c++) {
-	val = val*31 + *c;
+    for (string::const_iterator it = name.begin(); it!=name.end(); ++it) {
+	val = val*31 + *it;
    }
    setBoth(1,val);
 }
@@ -905,6 +923,7 @@ V3Hash::V3Hash(const string& name) {
 // Debugging

 void AstNode::checkTreeIter(AstNode* backp) {
+    // private: Check a tree and children
    if (backp != this->backp()) {
 	this->v3fatalSrc("Back node inconsistent");
    }
@@ -913,15 +932,15 @@ void AstNode::checkTreeIter(AstNode* backp) {
 	if (op1p()||op2p()||op3p()||op4p())
 	    this->v3fatalSrc("Terminal operation with non-terminals");
    }
-    if (op1p()) op1p()->checkTreeIterList(this);
-    if (op2p()) op2p()->checkTreeIterList(this);
-    if (op3p()) op3p()->checkTreeIterList(this);
-    if (op4p()) op4p()->checkTreeIterList(this);
+    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->checkTreeIterList(this);
+    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->checkTreeIterList(this);
+    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->checkTreeIterList(this);
+    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->checkTreeIterList(this);
 }

 void AstNode::checkTreeIterList(AstNode* backp) {
-    // Check a (possible) list of nodes, this is always the head of the list
-    if (!this) v3fatalSrc("Null nodep");
+    // private: Check a (possible) list of nodes, this is always the head of the list
+    // Audited to make sure this is never NULL
    AstNode* headp = this;
    AstNode* tailp = this;
    for (AstNode* nodep=headp; nodep; nodep=nodep->nextp()) {
@@ -935,7 +954,6 @@ void AstNode::checkTreeIterList(AstNode* backp) {
 }

 void AstNode::checkTree() {
-    if (!this) return;
    if (!debug()) return;
    if (this->backp()) {
 	// Linked tree- check only the passed node
@@ -946,17 +964,17 @@ void AstNode::checkTree() {
 }

 void AstNode::dumpGdb() {  // For GDB only
-    if (!this) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
+    if (!dynamic_cast<const AstNode*>(this)) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
    dumpGdbHeader();
    cout<<"  "; dump(cout); cout<<endl;
 }
 void AstNode::dumpGdbHeader() const {  // For GDB only
-    if (!this) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
+    if (!dynamic_cast<const AstNode*>(this)) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
    dumpPtrs(cout);
    cout<<"  Fileline = "<<fileline()<<endl;
 }
 void AstNode::dumpTreeGdb() {  // For GDB only
-    if (!this) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
+    if (!dynamic_cast<const AstNode*>(this)) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
    dumpGdbHeader();
    dumpTree(cout);
 }
@@ -965,6 +983,14 @@ void AstNode::dumpTreeFileGdb(const char* filenamep) {  // For GDB only
    v3Global.rootp()->dumpTreeFile(filename);
 }

+void AstNode::checkIter() const {
+    if (m_iterpp) {
+	dumpPtrs(cout);
+	// Perhaps something forgot to clear m_iterpp?
+	this->v3fatalSrc("Iteration link should be NULL");
+    }
+}
+
 void AstNode::dumpPtrs(ostream& os) const {
    os<<"This="<<typeName()<<" "<<(void*)this;
    os<<" back="<<(void*)backp();
@@ -988,7 +1014,6 @@ void AstNode::dumpPtrs(ostream& os) const {
 }

 void AstNode::dumpTree(ostream& os, const string& indent, int maxDepth) {
-    if (!this) return;
    os<<indent<<" "<<this<<endl;
    if (debug()>8) { os<<indent<<"     "; dumpPtrs(os); }
    if (maxDepth==1) {
@@ -1002,17 +1027,17 @@ void AstNode::dumpTree(ostream& os, const string& indent, int maxDepth) {
 }

 void AstNode::dumpTreeAndNext(ostream& os, const string& indent, int maxDepth) {
-    if (!this) return;
+    // Audited to make sure this is never NULL
    for (AstNode* nodep=this; nodep; nodep=nodep->nextp()) {
 	nodep->dumpTree(os, indent, maxDepth);
    }
 }

-void AstNode::dumpTreeFile(const string& filename, bool append) {
-    if (v3Global.opt.dumpTree()) {
+void AstNode::dumpTreeFile(const string& filename, bool append, bool doDump) {
+    if (doDump) {
 	{   // Write log & close
 	    UINFO(2,"Dumping "<<filename<<endl);
-	    const auto_ptr<ofstream> logsp (V3File::new_ofstream(filename, append));
+	    const vl_unique_ptr<ofstream> logsp (V3File::new_ofstream(filename, append));
 	    if (logsp->fail()) v3fatalSrc("Can't write "<<filename);
 	    *logsp<<"Verilator Tree Dump (format 0x3900) from <e"<<dec<<editCountLast()<<">";
 	    *logsp<<" to <e"<<dec<<editCountGbl()<<">"<<endl;
@@ -1036,8 +1061,16 @@ void AstNode::dumpTreeFile(const string& filename, bool append) {
    editCountSetLast();
 }

+void AstNode::v3errorEndFatal(ostringstream& str) const { v3errorEnd(str); assert(0); }
+
 void AstNode::v3errorEnd(ostringstream& str) const {
-    if (this && m_fileline) {
+    if (!dynamic_cast<const AstNode*>(this)) {
+	// No known cases cause this, but better than a core dump
+	if (debug()) UINFO(0, "-node: NULL. Please report this along with a --gdbbt backtrace as a Verilator bug.\n");
+	V3Error::v3errorEnd(str);
+    } else if (!m_fileline) {
+	V3Error::v3errorEnd(str);
+    } else {
 	ostringstream nsstr;
 	nsstr<<str.str();
 	if (debug()) {
@@ -1045,14 +1078,11 @@ void AstNode::v3errorEnd(ostringstream& str) const {
 	    nsstr<<"-node: "; ((AstNode*)this)->dump(nsstr); nsstr<<endl;
 	}
 	m_fileline->v3errorEnd(nsstr);
-    } else {
-	V3Error::v3errorEnd(str);
    }
 }

 string AstNode::warnMore() const {
-    if (this) return this->fileline()->warnMore();
-    else return V3Error::warnMore();
+    return fileline()->warnMore();
 }

 //======================================================================
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//*************************************************************************
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Ast node structure
+//
+// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+//
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+// Version 2.0.
+//
+// Verilator is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+
+#ifndef _V3ASTCONSTONLY_H_
+#define _V3ASTCONSTONLY_H_ 1
+
+// Include only in visitors that do not not edit nodes, so should use constant iterators
+#define iterateAndNext   error_use_iterateAndNextConst
+#define iterateChildren  error_use_iterateChildrenConst
+
+#define addNext          error_no_addNext_in_ConstOnlyVisitor
+#define replaceWith      error_no_replaceWith_in_ConstOnlyVisitor
+#define deleteTree       error_no_deleteTree_in_ConstOnlyVisitor
+#define unlinkFrBack     error_no_unlinkFrBack_in_ConstOnlyVisitor
+
+#endif // Guard
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <vector>
 #include <algorithm>
+#include VL_INCLUDE_UNORDERED_SET

 #include "V3Ast.h"
 #include "V3File.h"
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ const char* AstNodeVarRef::broken() const {
 }

 void AstNodeVarRef::cloneRelink() {
-    if (m_varp && m_varp->clonep()) { m_varp = m_varp->clonep()->castVar(); }
+    if (m_varp && m_varp->clonep()) { m_varp = m_varp->clonep(); }
 }

 int AstNodeSel::bitConst() const {
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ void AstNodeClassDType::repairMemberCache() {
 }

 const char* AstNodeClassDType::broken() const {
-    set<AstMemberDType*> exists;
+    vl_unordered_set<AstMemberDType*> exists;
    for (AstMemberDType* itemp = membersp(); itemp; itemp=itemp->nextp()->castMemberDType()) {
 	exists.insert(itemp);
    }
@@ -112,6 +113,42 @@ int AstNodeClassDType::widthAlignBytes() const {
    else return 8;
 }

+AstNodeBiop* AstEq::newTyped(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp) {
+    if (lhsp->isDouble() && rhsp->isDouble()) {
+	return new AstEqD(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else {
+	return new AstEq(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    }
+}
+
+AstNodeBiop* AstGte::newTyped(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp) {
+    if (lhsp->isDouble() && rhsp->isDouble()) {
+	return new AstGteD(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else if (lhsp->isSigned() && rhsp->isSigned()) {
+	return new AstGteS(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else {
+	return new AstGte(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    }
+}
+
+AstNodeBiop* AstLte::newTyped(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp) {
+    if (lhsp->isDouble() && rhsp->isDouble()) {
+	return new AstLteD(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else if (lhsp->isSigned() && rhsp->isSigned()) {
+	return new AstLteS(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else {
+	return new AstLte(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    }
+}
+
+AstNodeBiop* AstEqWild::newTyped(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp) {
+    if (lhsp->isDouble() && rhsp->isDouble()) {
+	return new AstEqD(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else {
+	return new AstEqWild(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    }
+}
+
 bool AstVar::isSigPublic() const {
    return (m_sigPublic || (v3Global.opt.allPublic() && !isTemp() && !isGenVar()));
 }
@@ -166,12 +203,14 @@ string AstVar::verilogKwd() const {
 	return "tri";
    } else if (varType()==AstVarType::WIRE) {
 	return "wire";
+    } else if (varType()==AstVarType::WREAL) {
+	return "wreal";
    } else {
 	return dtypep()->name();
    }
 }

-string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
+string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn, bool forFunc) const {
    if (forReturn) named=false;
    if (forReturn) v3fatalSrc("verilator internal data is never passed as return, but as first argument");
    string arg;
@@ -188,7 +227,7 @@ string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
 	arg += "float";
    } else if (strtype) {
 	if (isInOnly()) arg += "const ";
-	arg += "string";
+	arg += "std::string";
    } else if (widthMin() <= 8) {
 	arg += "CData";
    } else if (widthMin() <= 16) {
@@ -200,11 +239,20 @@ string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
    } else if (isWide()) {
 	arg += "WData";  // []'s added later
    }
-    if (isWide() && !strtype) {
-	arg += " (& "+name();
-	arg += ")["+cvtToStr(widthWords())+"]";
+    if (isDpiOpenArray() || (isWide() && !strtype)) {
+        arg += " (& "+name()+")";
+        for (AstNodeDType* dtp=dtypep(); dtp; ) {
+            dtp = dtp->skipRefp();  // Skip AstRefDType/AstTypedef, or return same node
+            if (AstUnpackArrayDType* adtypep = dtp->castUnpackArrayDType()) {
+                arg += "["+cvtToStr(adtypep->declRange().elements())+"]";
+                dtp = adtypep->subDTypep();
+            } else break;
+        }
+        if (isWide() && !strtype) {
+            arg += "["+cvtToStr(widthWords())+"]";
+        }
    } else {
-	if (isOutput() || (strtype && isInput())) arg += "&";
+        if (forFunc && (isOutput() || (strtype && isInput()))) arg += "&";
 	if (named) arg += " "+name();
    }
    return arg;
@@ -236,15 +284,48 @@ string AstVar::vlEnumType() const {
 }

 string AstVar::vlEnumDir() const {
+    string out;
    if (isInout()) {
-	return "VLVD_INOUT";
+        out = "VLVD_INOUT";
    } else if (isInOnly()) {
-	return "VLVD_IN";
+        out = "VLVD_IN";
    } else if (isOutOnly()) {
-	return "VLVD_OUT";
+        out = "VLVD_OUT";
    } else {
-	return "VLVD_NODIR";
+        out = "VLVD_NODIR";
    }
+    //
+    if (isSigUserRWPublic()) out += "|VLVF_PUB_RW";
+    else if (isSigUserRdPublic()) out += "|VLVF_PUB_RD";
+    //
+    if (AstBasicDType* bdtypep = basicp()) {
+        if (bdtypep->keyword().isDpiCLayout()) out += "|VLVF_DPI_CLAY";
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+string AstVar::vlPropInit() const {
+    string out;
+    out = vlEnumType();  // VLVT_UINT32 etc
+    out += ", "+vlEnumDir();  // VLVD_IN etc
+    if (AstBasicDType* bdtypep = basicp()) {
+        out += ", VerilatedVarProps::Packed()";
+        out += ", "+cvtToStr(bdtypep->left())+", "+cvtToStr(bdtypep->right());
+    }
+    bool first = true;
+    for (AstNodeDType* dtp=dtypep(); dtp; ) {
+        dtp = dtp->skipRefp();  // Skip AstRefDType/AstTypedef, or return same node
+        if (AstNodeArrayDType* adtypep = dtp->castNodeArrayDType()) {
+            if (first) {
+                out += ", VerilatedVarProps::Unpacked()";
+                first = false;
+            }
+            out += ", "+cvtToStr(adtypep->declRange().left())+", "+cvtToStr(adtypep->declRange().right());
+            dtp = adtypep->subDTypep();
+        }
+        else break; // AstBasicDType - nothing below
+    }
+    return out;
 }

 string AstVar::cPubArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
@@ -274,8 +355,11 @@ string AstVar::cPubArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
 string AstVar::dpiArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
    if (forReturn) named=false;
    string arg;
-    if (!basicp()) arg = "UNKNOWN";
-    if (basicp()->isBitLogic()) {
+    if (isDpiOpenArray()) {
+        arg = "const svOpenArrayHandle";
+    } else if (!basicp()) {
+        arg = "UNKNOWN";
+    } else if (basicp()->keyword().isDpiBitVal()) {
 	if (widthMin() == 1) {
 	    arg = "unsigned char";
 	    if (!forReturn && isOutput()) arg += "*";
@@ -288,6 +372,19 @@ string AstVar::dpiArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
 		arg = "svBitVecVal*";
 	    }
 	}
+    } else if (basicp()->keyword().isDpiLogicVal()) {
+        if (widthMin() == 1) {
+            arg = "unsigned char";
+            if (!forReturn && isOutput()) arg += "*";
+        } else {
+            if (forReturn) {
+                arg = "svLogicVecVal";
+            } else if (isInOnly()) {
+                arg = "const svLogicVecVal*";
+            } else {
+                arg = "svLogicVecVal*";
+            }
+        }
    } else {
 	arg = basicp()->keyword().dpiType();
 	if (basicp()->keyword().isDpiUnsignable() && !basicp()->isSigned()) {
@@ -321,6 +418,27 @@ string AstVar::scType() const {
    }
 }

+AstVar* AstVar::scVarRecurse(AstNode* nodep) {
+    // See if this is a SC assignment; if so return that type
+    // Historically sc variables are identified by a variable
+    // attribute. TODO it would better be a data type attribute.
+    if (AstVar* anodep = nodep->castVar()) {
+	if (anodep->isSc()) return anodep;
+	else return NULL;
+    }
+    else if (nodep->castVarRef()) {
+	if (nodep->castVarRef()->varp()->isSc()) return nodep->castVarRef()->varp();
+	else return NULL;
+    }
+    else if (nodep->castArraySel()) {
+	if (nodep->op1p()) if (AstVar* p = scVarRecurse(nodep->op1p())) return p;
+	if (nodep->op2p()) if (AstVar* p = scVarRecurse(nodep->op2p())) return p;
+	if (nodep->op3p()) if (AstVar* p = scVarRecurse(nodep->op3p())) return p;
+	if (nodep->op4p()) if (AstVar* p = scVarRecurse(nodep->op4p())) return p;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 AstNodeDType* AstNodeDType::dtypeDimensionp(int dimension) {
    // dimension passed from AstArraySel::dimension
    // Dimension 0 means the VAR itself, 1 is the closest SEL to the AstVar,
@@ -336,6 +454,7 @@ AstNodeDType* AstNodeDType::dtypeDimensionp(int dimension) {
    // TODO this function should be removed in favor of recursing the dtype(),
    // as that allows for more complicated data types.
    int dim = 0;
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    for (AstNodeDType* dtypep=this; dtypep; ) {
 	dtypep = dtypep->skipRefp();  // Skip AstRefDType/AstTypedef, or return same node
 	if (AstNodeArrayDType* adtypep = dtypep->castNodeArrayDType()) {
@@ -370,6 +489,7 @@ AstNodeDType* AstNodeDType::dtypeDimensionp(int dimension) {

 uint32_t AstNodeDType::arrayUnpackedElements() {
    uint32_t entries=1;
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    for (AstNodeDType* dtypep=this; dtypep; ) {
 	dtypep = dtypep->skipRefp();  // Skip AstRefDType/AstTypedef, or return same node
 	if (AstUnpackArrayDType* adtypep = dtypep->castUnpackArrayDType()) {
@@ -388,6 +508,7 @@ pair<uint32_t,uint32_t> AstNodeDType::dimensions(bool includeBasic) {
    // How many array dimensions (packed,unpacked) does this Var have?
    uint32_t packed = 0;
    uint32_t unpacked = 0;
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    for (AstNodeDType* dtypep=this; dtypep; ) {
 	dtypep = dtypep->skipRefp();  // Skip AstRefDType/AstTypedef, or return same node
 	if (AstNodeArrayDType* adtypep = dtypep->castNodeArrayDType()) {
@@ -442,9 +563,9 @@ const char* AstScope::broken() const {
 }

 void AstScope::cloneRelink() {
-    if (m_aboveScopep && m_aboveScopep->clonep()) m_aboveScopep->clonep()->castScope();
-    if (m_aboveCellp && m_aboveCellp->clonep()) m_aboveCellp->clonep()->castCell();
-    if (m_modp && ((AstNode*)m_modp)->clonep()) ((AstNode*)m_modp)->clonep()->castNodeModule();
+    if (m_aboveScopep && m_aboveScopep->clonep()) m_aboveScopep->clonep();
+    if (m_aboveCellp && m_aboveCellp->clonep()) m_aboveCellp->clonep();
+    if (m_modp && ((AstNode*)m_modp)->clonep()) ((AstNode*)m_modp)->clonep();
 }

 string AstScope::nameDotless() const {
@@ -456,9 +577,9 @@ string AstScope::nameDotless() const {
    return out;
 }

-string AstScopeName::scopePrettyName() const {
+string AstScopeName::scopePrettyNameFormatter(AstText* scopeTextp) const {
    string out;
-    for (AstText* textp=scopeAttrp(); textp; textp=textp->nextp()->castText()) {
+    for (AstText* textp=scopeTextp; textp; textp=textp->nextp()->castText()) {
 	out += textp->text();
    }
    // TOP will be replaced by top->name()
@@ -468,9 +589,9 @@ string AstScopeName::scopePrettyName() const {
    return AstNode::prettyName(out);
 }

-string AstScopeName::scopeSymName() const {
+string AstScopeName::scopeNameFormatter(AstText* scopeTextp) const {
    string out;
-    for (AstText* textp=scopeAttrp(); textp; textp=textp->nextp()->castText()) {
+    for (AstText* textp=scopeTextp; textp; textp=textp->nextp()->castText()) {
 	out += textp->text();
    }
    if (out.substr(0,10) == "__DOT__TOP") out.replace(0,10,"");
@@ -486,28 +607,28 @@ string AstScopeName::scopeSymName() const {
    return out;
 }

-bool AstSenTree::hasClocked() {
+bool AstSenTree::hasClocked() const {
    if (!sensesp()) this->v3fatalSrc("SENTREE without any SENITEMs under it");
    for (AstNodeSenItem* senp = sensesp(); senp; senp=senp->nextp()->castNodeSenItem()) {
 	if (senp->isClocked()) return true;
    }
    return false;
 }
-bool AstSenTree::hasSettle() {
+bool AstSenTree::hasSettle() const {
    if (!sensesp()) this->v3fatalSrc("SENTREE without any SENITEMs under it");
    for (AstNodeSenItem* senp = sensesp(); senp; senp=senp->nextp()->castNodeSenItem()) {
 	if (senp->isSettle()) return true;
    }
    return false;
 }
-bool AstSenTree::hasInitial() {
+bool AstSenTree::hasInitial() const {
    if (!sensesp()) this->v3fatalSrc("SENTREE without any SENITEMs under it");
    for (AstNodeSenItem* senp = sensesp(); senp; senp=senp->nextp()->castNodeSenItem()) {
 	if (senp->isInitial()) return true;
    }
    return false;
 }
-bool AstSenTree::hasCombo() {
+bool AstSenTree::hasCombo() const {
    if (!sensesp()) this->v3fatalSrc("SENTREE without any SENITEMs under it");
    for (AstNodeSenItem* senp = sensesp(); senp; senp=senp->nextp()->castNodeSenItem()) {
 	if (senp->isCombo()) return true;
@@ -690,7 +811,10 @@ void AstNode::dump(ostream& str) {
    } else { // V3Broken will throw an error
 	if (dtypep()) str<<" %Error-dtype-exp=null,got="<<(void*)dtypep();
    }
-    if (name()!="") str<<"  "<<AstNode::quoteName(name());
+    if (name()!="") {
+	if (castConst()) str<<"  "<<name();  // Already quoted
+	else str<<"  "<<V3Number::quoteNameControls(name());
+    }
 }

 void AstAlways::dump(ostream& str) {
@@ -698,10 +822,6 @@ void AstAlways::dump(ostream& str) {
    if (keyword() != VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS) str<<" ["<<keyword().ascii()<<"]";
 }

-void AstArraySel::dump(ostream& str) {
-    this->AstNode::dump(str);
-    str<<" [start:"<<start()<<"] [length:"<<length()<<"]";
-}
 void AstAttrOf::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    str<<" ["<<attrType().ascii()<<"]";
@@ -717,6 +837,7 @@ void AstCCast::dump(ostream& str) {
 }
 void AstCell::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (recursive()) str<<" [RECURSIVE]";
    if (modp()) { str<<" -> "; modp()->dump(str); }
    else { str<<" ->UNLINKED:"<<modName(); }
 }
@@ -753,6 +874,13 @@ void AstJumpGo::dump(ostream& str) {
    if (labelp()) { labelp()->dump(str); }
    else { str<<"%Error:UNLINKED"; }
 }
+void AstModportFTaskRef::dump(ostream& str) {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (isExport()) str<<" EXPORT";
+    if (isImport()) str<<" IMPORT";
+    if (ftaskp()) { str<<" -> "; ftaskp()->dump(str); }
+    else { str<<" -> UNLINKED"; }
+}
 void AstModportVarRef::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    str<<" "<<varType();
@@ -765,6 +893,10 @@ void AstPin::dump(ostream& str) {
    else { str<<" ->UNLINKED"; }
    if (svImplicit()) str<<" [.SV]";
 }
+void AstTypedef::dump(ostream& str) {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (attrPublic()) str<<" [PUBLIC]";
+}
 void AstRange::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    if (littleEndian()) str<<" [LITTLE]";
@@ -777,6 +909,7 @@ void AstRefDType::dump(ostream& str) {
 void AstNodeClassDType::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    if (packed()) str<<" [PACKED]";
+    if (isFourstate()) str<<" [4STATE]";
 }
 void AstNodeDType::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
@@ -792,18 +925,21 @@ void AstNodeDType::dumpSmall(ostream& str) {
       <<((isSigned()&&!isDouble())?"s":"")
       <<(isNosign()?"n":"")
       <<(isDouble()?"d":"")
-       <<"w"<<(widthSized()?"":"u")<<width();
+       <<(isString()?"str":"");
+    if (!isDouble() && !isString()) {
+	str<<"w"<<(widthSized()?"":"u")<<width();
+    }
    if (!widthSized()) str<<"/"<<widthMin();
    str<<")";
 }
 void AstNodeArrayDType::dumpSmall(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNodeDType::dumpSmall(str);
    if (castPackArrayDType()) str<<"p"; else str<<"u";
-    str<<"["<<declRange().left()<<":"<<declRange().right()<<"]";
+    str<<declRange();
 }
 void AstNodeArrayDType::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
-    str<<" ["<<declRange().left()<<":"<<declRange().right()<<"]";
+    str<<" "<<declRange();
 }
 void AstNodeModule::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
@@ -811,6 +947,12 @@ void AstNodeModule::dump(ostream& str) {
    if (modPublic()) str<<" [P]";
    if (inLibrary()) str<<" [LIB]";
    if (dead()) str<<" [DEAD]";
+    if (recursiveClone()) str<<" [RECURSIVE-CLONE]";
+    else if (recursive()) str<<" [RECURSIVE]";
+}
+void AstPackageExport::dump(ostream& str) {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    str<<" -> "<<packagep();
 }
 void AstPackageImport::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
@@ -819,10 +961,16 @@ void AstPackageImport::dump(ostream& str) {
 void AstSel::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    if (declRange().ranged()) {
-	str<<" decl["<<declRange().left()<<":"<<declRange().right()<<"]";
+	str<<" decl"<<declRange()<<"]";
 	if (declElWidth()!=1) str<<"/"<<declElWidth();
    }
 }
+void AstSliceSel::dump(ostream& str) {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (declRange().ranged()) {
+        str<<" decl"<<declRange();
+    }
+}
 void AstTypeTable::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    for (int i=0; i<(int)(AstBasicDTypeKwd::_ENUM_MAX); ++i) {
@@ -854,14 +1002,16 @@ void AstTypeTable::dump(ostream& str) {
 	for (DetailedMap::const_iterator it = mapr.begin(); it != mapr.end(); ++it) {
 	    AstBasicDType* dtypep = it->second;
 	    str<<endl;  // Newline from caller, so newline first
-	    stringstream nsstr;
 	    str<<"\t\tdetailed  ->  ";
 	    dtypep->dump(str);
 	}
    }
    // Note get newline from caller too.
 }
-
+void AstUnsizedArrayDType::dumpSmall(ostream& str) {
+    this->AstNodeDType::dumpSmall(str);
+    str<<"[]";
+}
 void AstVarScope::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    if (isCircular()) str<<" [CIRC]";
@@ -908,6 +1058,8 @@ void AstVar::dump(ostream& str) {
    if (attrFileDescr()) str<<" [aFD]";
    if (isFuncReturn()) str<<" [FUNCRTN]";
    else if (isFuncLocal()) str<<" [FUNC]";
+    if (isDpiOpenArray()) str<<" [DPIOPENA]";
+    if (!attrClocker().unknown()) str<<" ["<<attrClocker().ascii()<<"] ";
    str<<" "<<varType();
 }
 void AstSenTree::dump(ostream& str) {
@@ -952,6 +1104,8 @@ void AstNodeFTask::dump(ostream& str) {
    if (prototype()) str<<" [PROTOTYPE]";
    if (dpiImport()) str<<" [DPII]";
    if (dpiExport()) str<<" [DPIX]";
+    if (dpiOpenChild()) str<<" [DPIOPENCHILD]";
+    if (dpiOpenParent()) str<<" [DPIOPENPARENT]";
    if ((dpiImport() || dpiExport()) && cname()!=name()) str<<" [c="<<cname()<<"]";
 }
 void AstBegin::dump(ostream& str) {
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public:
 	m_anyFuncInBegin = false;
    }
    ~BeginState() {}
-    void userMarkChanged(AstNodeFTask* nodep) {
+    void userMarkChanged(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->user1(true);
 	m_anyFuncInBegin = true;
    }
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ private:
    }

    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep) {
 	m_modp = nodep;
 	m_repeatNum = 0;
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	m_modp = NULL;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeFTask* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeFTask* nodep) {
 	UINFO(8,"  "<<nodep<<endl);
 	// Rename it
 	if (m_unnamedScope != "") {
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ private:
 	m_namedScope = oldScope;
 	m_unnamedScope = oldUnnamed;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstBegin* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstBegin* nodep) {
 	// Begin blocks were only useful in variable creation, change names and delete
 	UINFO(8,"  "<<nodep<<endl);
 	string oldScope = m_namedScope;
@@ -160,21 +160,23 @@ private:
 	} else {
 	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	}
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstVar* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstVar* nodep) {
 	if (m_unnamedScope != "") {
 	    // Rename it
 	    nodep->name(m_unnamedScope+"__DOT__"+nodep->name());
+	    m_statep->userMarkChanged(nodep);
 	    // Move to module
 	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	    if (m_ftaskp) m_ftaskp->addStmtsp(nodep);   // Begins under funcs just move into the func
 	    else m_modp->addStmtp(nodep);
 	}
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstCell* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstCell* nodep) {
 	UINFO(8,"   CELL "<<nodep<<endl);
 	if (m_namedScope != "") {
+	    m_statep->userMarkChanged(nodep);
 	    // Rename it
 	    nodep->name(m_namedScope+"__DOT__"+nodep->name());
 	    UINFO(8,"     rename to "<<nodep->name()<<endl);
@@ -182,8 +184,16 @@ private:
 	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	    m_modp->addStmtp(nodep);
 	}
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstScopeName* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstVarXRef* nodep) {
+	UINFO(9, "   VARXREF "<<nodep<<endl);
+	if (m_namedScope != "" && nodep->inlinedDots() == "") {
+	    nodep->inlinedDots(m_namedScope);
+	    UINFO(9, "    rescope to "<<nodep<<endl);
+	}
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstScopeName* nodep) {
 	// If there's a %m in the display text, we add a special node that will contain the name()
 	// Similar code in V3Inline
 	if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;  // Don't double-add text's
@@ -196,13 +206,13 @@ private:
 	}
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstCoverDecl* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstCoverDecl* nodep) {
 	// Don't need to fix path in coverage statements, they're not under
 	// any BEGINs, but V3Coverage adds them all under the module itself.
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
    // VISITORS - LINT CHECK
-    virtual void visit(AstIf* nodep, AstNUser*) { // Note not AstNodeIf; other types don't get covered
+    virtual void visit(AstIf* nodep) { // Note not AstNodeIf; other types don't get covered
 	// Check IFDEPTH warning - could be in other transform files if desire
 	int prevIfDepth = m_ifDepth;
 	if (m_ifDepth == -1 || v3Global.opt.ifDepth()<1) { // Turned off
@@ -215,8 +225,8 @@ private:
 	}
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	m_ifDepth = prevIfDepth;
-     }
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
 public:
@@ -242,15 +252,30 @@ private:
    //   AstNodeFTask::user1p		// Node replaced, rename it

    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeFTaskRef* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeFTaskRef* nodep) {
 	if (nodep->taskp()->user1()) { // It was converted
 	    UINFO(9, "    relinkFTask "<<nodep<<endl);
 	    nodep->name(nodep->taskp()->name());
 	}
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstVarRef* nodep) {
+	if (nodep->varp()->user1()) { // It was converted
+	    UINFO(9, "    relinVarRef "<<nodep<<endl);
+	    nodep->name(nodep->varp()->name());
+	}
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstIfaceRefDType* nodep) {
+	// May have changed cell names
+	// TypeTable is always after all modules, so names are stable
+	UINFO(8,"   IFACEREFDTYPE "<<nodep<<endl);
+	if (nodep->cellp()) nodep->cellName(nodep->cellp()->name());
+	UINFO(8,"       rename to "<<nodep<<endl);
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
    //--------------------
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
 public:
@@ -271,4 +296,5 @@ void V3Begin::debeginAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    if (state.anyFuncInBegin()) {
 	BeginRelinkVisitor brvisitor (nodep,&state);
    }
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("begin", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
 //	At each IF/(IF else).
 //	   Count underneath $display/$stop statements.
 //	   If more on if than else, this branch is unlikely, or vice-versa.
+//	At each FTASKREF,
+//	   Count calls into the function
+//	Then, if FTASK is called only once, add inline attribute
 //
 //*************************************************************************

@@ -40,9 +43,18 @@

 class BranchVisitor : public AstNVisitor {
 private:
+    // NODE STATE
+    // Entire netlist:
+    //  AstFTask::user1()	-> int.  Number of references
+    AstUser1InUse	m_inuser1;
+
+    // TYPES
+    typedef vector<AstCFunc*> CFuncVec;
+
    // STATE
    int		m_likely;	// Excuses for branch likely taken
    int		m_unlikely;	// Excuses for branch likely not taken
+    CFuncVec	m_cfuncsp;	// List of all tasks

    // METHODS
    static int debug() {
@@ -55,9 +67,15 @@ private:
 	m_likely = false;
 	m_unlikely = false;
    }
+    void checkUnlikely(AstNode* nodep) {
+	if (nodep->isUnlikely()) {
+	    UINFO(4,"  UNLIKELY: "<<nodep<<endl);
+	    m_unlikely++;
+	}
+    }

    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstNodeIf* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeIf* nodep) {
 	UINFO(4," IF: "<<nodep<<endl);
 	int lastLikely = m_likely;
 	int lastUnlikely = m_unlikely;
@@ -83,20 +101,37 @@ private:
 	m_likely = lastLikely;
 	m_unlikely = lastUnlikely;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	// Default: Just iterate
-	if (nodep->isUnlikely()) {
-	    UINFO(4,"  UNLIKELY: "<<nodep<<endl);
-	    m_unlikely++;
-	}
+    virtual void visit(AstCCall* nodep) {
+	checkUnlikely(nodep);
+	nodep->funcp()->user1Inc();
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstCFunc* nodep) {
+	checkUnlikely(nodep);
+	m_cfuncsp.push_back(nodep);
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
+	checkUnlikely(nodep);
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
+
+    // METHODS
+    void calc_tasks() {
+	for (CFuncVec::iterator it=m_cfuncsp.begin(); it!=m_cfuncsp.end(); ++it) {
+	    AstCFunc* nodep = *it;
+	    if (!nodep->dontInline()) {
+		nodep->isInline(true);
+	    }
+	}
+    }

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    BranchVisitor(AstNetlist* rootp) {
+    explicit BranchVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	reset();
-	rootp->iterateChildren(*this);
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	calc_tasks();
    }
    virtual ~BranchVisitor() {}
 };
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@

 class V3Branch {
 public:
-    // CREATORS
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
    static void branchAll(AstNetlist* rootp);
 };

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -31,12 +31,15 @@
 #include <cstdarg>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <map>
+#include VL_INCLUDE_UNORDERED_MAP

 #include "V3Global.h"
 #include "V3Broken.h"
 #include "V3Ast.h"

+// This visitor does not edit nodes, and is called at error-exit, so should use constant iterators
+#include "V3AstConstOnly.h"
+
 //######################################################################

 class BrokenTable : public AstNVisitor {
@@ -44,14 +47,14 @@ class BrokenTable : public AstNVisitor {
 private:
    // MEMBERS
    //   For each node, we keep if it exists or not.
-    typedef map<const AstNode*,int> NodeMap;
+    typedef vl_unordered_map<const AstNode*,int> NodeMap;  // Performance matters (when --debug)
    static NodeMap s_nodes;	// Set of all nodes that exist
    // BITMASK
-    static const int FLAG_ALLOCATED	= 0x01;		// new() and not delete()ed
-    static const int FLAG_IN_TREE	= 0x02;		// Is in netlist tree
-    static const int FLAG_LINKABLE	= 0x04;		// Is in netlist tree, can be linked to
-    static const int FLAG_LEAKED	= 0x08;		// Known to have been leaked
-    static const int FLAG_UNDER_NOW	= 0x10;		// Is in tree as parent of current node
+    enum { FLAG_ALLOCATED	= 0x01 };	// new() and not delete()ed
+    enum { FLAG_IN_TREE		= 0x02 };	// Is in netlist tree
+    enum { FLAG_LINKABLE	= 0x04 };	// Is in netlist tree, can be linked to
+    enum { FLAG_LEAKED		= 0x08 };	// Known to have been leaked
+    enum { FLAG_UNDER_NOW	= 0x10 };	// Is in tree as parent of current node
 public:
    // METHODS
    static void deleted(const AstNode* nodep) {
@@ -59,19 +62,24 @@ public:
 	if (debug()>=9) cout<<"-nodeDel:  "<<(void*)(nodep)<<endl;
 	NodeMap::iterator iter = s_nodes.find(nodep);
 	if (iter==s_nodes.end() || !(iter->second & FLAG_ALLOCATED)) {
-	    ((AstNode*)(nodep))->v3fatalSrc("Deleting AstNode object that was never tracked or already deleted\n");
+	    ((AstNode*)(nodep))->v3fatalSrc("Deleting AstNode object that was never tracked or already deleted");
 	}
 	if (iter!=s_nodes.end()) s_nodes.erase(iter);
    }
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 4
+    // GCC 4.4.* compiler warning bug, https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=39390
+# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing"
+#endif
    static void addNewed(const AstNode* nodep) {
 	// Called by operator new on any node - only if VL_LEAK_CHECKS
 	if (debug()>=9) cout<<"-nodeNew:  "<<(void*)(nodep)<<endl;
 	NodeMap::iterator iter = s_nodes.find(nodep);
 	if (iter!=s_nodes.end() || (iter->second & FLAG_ALLOCATED)) {
-	    ((AstNode*)(nodep))->v3fatalSrc("Newing AstNode object that is already allocated\n");
+	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Newing AstNode object that is already allocated");
 	}
 	if (iter == s_nodes.end()) {
-	    s_nodes.insert(make_pair(nodep,FLAG_ALLOCATED));
+	    int flags = FLAG_ALLOCATED;  // This int needed to appease GCC 4.1.2
+	    s_nodes.insert(make_pair(nodep,flags));
 	}
    }
    static void setUnder(const AstNode* nodep, bool flag) {
@@ -90,16 +98,16 @@ public:
 	NodeMap::iterator iter = s_nodes.find(nodep);
 	if (iter == s_nodes.end()) {
 #ifdef VL_LEAK_CHECKS
-	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("AstNode is in tree, but not allocated\n");
+	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("AstNode is in tree, but not allocated");
 #endif
 	} else {
 	    if (!(iter->second & FLAG_ALLOCATED)) {
 #ifdef VL_LEAK_CHECKS
-		nodep->v3fatalSrc("AstNode is in tree, but not allocated\n");
+		nodep->v3fatalSrc("AstNode is in tree, but not allocated");
 #endif
 	    }
 	    if (iter->second & FLAG_IN_TREE) {
-		nodep->v3fatalSrc("AstNode is already in tree at another location\n");
+		nodep->v3fatalSrc("AstNode is already in tree at another location");
 	    }
 	}
 	int or_flags = FLAG_IN_TREE | (linkable?FLAG_LINKABLE:0);
@@ -182,14 +190,18 @@ private:
    // NODE STATE
    //  Nothing!	// This may be called deep inside other routines
    //			// so userp and friends may not be used
-    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    // METHODS
+    void processAndIterate(AstNode* nodep) {
 	BrokenTable::addInTree(nodep, nodep->maybePointedTo());
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	nodep->iterateChildrenConst(*this);
+    }
+    // VISITORS
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
+	processAndIterate(nodep);
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    BrokenMarkVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit BrokenMarkVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~BrokenMarkVisitor() {}
@@ -200,7 +212,13 @@ public:

 class BrokenCheckVisitor : public AstNVisitor {
 private:
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    void checkWidthMin(AstNode* nodep) {
+	if (nodep->width() != nodep->widthMin()
+	    && v3Global.widthMinUsage()==VWidthMinUsage::MATCHES_WIDTH) {
+	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Width != WidthMin");
+	}
+    }
+    void processAndIterate(AstNode* nodep) {
 	BrokenTable::setUnder(nodep,true);
 	if (const char* whyp=nodep->broken()) {
 	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Broken link in node (or something without maybePointedTo): "<<whyp);
@@ -216,24 +234,27 @@ private:
 		if (nodep->dtypep()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("DType on node without hasDType(): "<<nodep->prettyTypeName());
 	    }
 	    if (nodep->getChildDTypep()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("childDTypep() non-null on node after should have removed");
-	    if (AstNodeDType* dnodep = nodep->castNodeDType()) {
-		if (dnodep->width() != dnodep->widthMin()
-		    && v3Global.assertWidthsMatch()) {
-		    dnodep->v3fatalSrc("Width != WidthMin");
-		}
-	    }
+	    if (AstNodeDType* dnodep = nodep->castNodeDType()) checkWidthMin(dnodep);
 	}
-	if (v3Global.assertWidthsMatch()) {
-	    if (nodep->width() != nodep->widthMin()) {
-		nodep->v3fatalSrc("Width != WidthMin");
-	    }
-	}
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	checkWidthMin(nodep);
+	nodep->iterateChildrenConst(*this);
 	BrokenTable::setUnder(nodep,false);
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeAssign* nodep) {
+	processAndIterate(nodep);
+	if (v3Global.assertDTypesResolved()
+	    && nodep->brokeLhsMustBeLvalue()
+	    && nodep->lhsp()->castNodeVarRef()
+	    && !nodep->lhsp()->castNodeVarRef()->lvalue()) {
+	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Assignment LHS is not an lvalue");
+	}
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
+	processAndIterate(nodep);
+    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    BrokenCheckVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit BrokenCheckVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~BrokenCheckVisitor() {}
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//*************************************************************************
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Generate C language constructors and AstCReset nodes.
+//
+// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+//
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+// Version 2.0.
+//
+// Verilator is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+// V3CCtors's Transformations:
+//	Iterates over all modules and
+// 	for all AstVar, create a creates a AstCReset node in an _ctor_var_reset AstCFunc.
+//	for all AstCoverDecl, move the declaration into a _configure_coverage AstCFunc.
+//	For each variable that needs reset, add a AstCReset node.
+//
+//	For primary inputs, add _eval_debug_assertions.
+//
+//	This transformation honors outputSplitCFuncs.
+//*************************************************************************
+#include "config_build.h"
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include "V3Global.h"
+#include "V3EmitCBase.h"
+#include "V3CCtors.h"
+
+class V3CCtorsVisitor {
+private:
+    string 		m_basename;
+    string 		m_argsp;
+    string 		m_callargsp;
+    AstNodeModule*	m_modp;		// Current module
+    AstCFunc*		m_tlFuncp;	// Top level function being built
+    AstCFunc*		m_funcp;	// Current function
+    int			m_numStmts;	// Number of statements output
+    int			m_funcNum;	// Function number being built
+
+public:
+    void add(AstNode* nodep) {
+	if (v3Global.opt.outputSplitCFuncs()
+	    && v3Global.opt.outputSplitCFuncs() < m_numStmts) {
+	    m_funcp = NULL;
+	}
+	if (!m_funcp) {
+	    m_funcp = new AstCFunc(m_modp->fileline(), m_basename + "_" + cvtToStr(++m_funcNum), NULL, "void");
+	    m_funcp->isStatic(false);
+	    m_funcp->declPrivate(true);
+	    m_funcp->slow(true);
+	    m_funcp->argTypes(m_argsp);
+	    m_modp->addStmtp(m_funcp);
+
+	    // Add a top call to it
+	    AstCCall* callp = new AstCCall(m_modp->fileline(), m_funcp);
+	    callp->argTypes(m_callargsp);
+
+	    m_tlFuncp->addStmtsp(callp);
+	    m_numStmts = 0;
+	}
+	m_funcp->addStmtsp(nodep);
+	m_numStmts += 1;
+    }
+
+    V3CCtorsVisitor(AstNodeModule* nodep, string basename, string argsp="", string callargsp="",
+		    const string& stmt="") {
+	m_basename = basename;
+	m_argsp = argsp;
+	m_callargsp = callargsp;
+	m_modp = nodep;
+	m_numStmts = 0;
+	m_funcNum = 0;
+	m_tlFuncp = new AstCFunc(nodep->fileline(), basename, NULL, "void");
+	m_tlFuncp->declPrivate(true);
+	m_tlFuncp->isStatic(false);
+	m_tlFuncp->slow(true);
+	m_tlFuncp->argTypes(m_argsp);
+	if (stmt != "") {
+	    m_tlFuncp->addStmtsp(new AstCStmt(nodep->fileline(), stmt));
+	}
+	m_funcp = m_tlFuncp;
+	m_modp->addStmtp(m_tlFuncp);
+    }
+    ~V3CCtorsVisitor() {}
+private:
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(V3CCtorsVisitor);
+};
+
+//######################################################################
+
+void V3CCtors::evalAsserts() {
+    AstNodeModule* modp = v3Global.rootp()->modulesp();  // Top module
+    AstCFunc* funcp = new AstCFunc(modp->fileline(), "_eval_debug_assertions", NULL, "void");
+    funcp->declPrivate(true);
+    funcp->isStatic(false);
+    funcp->slow(false);
+    funcp->ifdef("VL_DEBUG");
+    modp->addStmtp(funcp);
+    for (AstNode* np = modp->stmtsp(); np; np = np->nextp()) {
+	if (AstVar* varp = np->castVar()) {
+	    if (varp->isPrimaryIn() && !varp->isSc()) {
+		if (AstBasicDType* basicp = varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castBasicDType()) {
+		    int storedWidth = basicp->widthAlignBytes() * 8;
+		    int lastWordWidth = varp->width() % storedWidth;
+		    if (lastWordWidth != 0) {
+			// if (signal & CONST(upper_non_clean_mask)) { fail; }
+			AstNode* newp = new AstVarRef(varp->fileline(), varp, false);
+			if (varp->isWide()) {
+			    newp = new AstWordSel(varp->fileline(), newp,
+						  new AstConst(varp->fileline(), varp->widthWords()-1));
+			}
+			uint64_t value = VL_MASK_Q(storedWidth) & ~VL_MASK_Q(lastWordWidth);
+			V3Number num (varp->fileline(), storedWidth, value);
+			newp = new AstAnd(varp->fileline(), newp,
+					  new AstConst(varp->fileline(), num));
+			AstNodeIf* ifp = new AstIf(varp->fileline(), newp,
+						   new AstCStmt(varp->fileline(), "Verilated::overWidthError(\""+varp->prettyName()+"\");"));
+			ifp->branchPred(AstBranchPred::BP_UNLIKELY);
+			newp = ifp;
+			funcp->addStmtsp(newp);
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+void V3CCtors::cctorsAll() {
+    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
+    evalAsserts();
+    for (AstNodeModule* modp = v3Global.rootp()->modulesp(); modp; modp=modp->nextp()->castNodeModule()) {
+        // Process each module in turn
+        {
+            V3CCtorsVisitor var_reset (modp, "_ctor_var_reset");
+            for (AstNode* np = modp->stmtsp(); np; np = np->nextp()) {
+                if (AstVar* varp = np->castVar()) {
+                    if (!varp->isIfaceParent() && !varp->isIfaceRef()) {
+                        var_reset.add(new AstCReset(varp->fileline(), new AstVarRef(varp->fileline(), varp, true)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (v3Global.opt.coverage()) {
+            V3CCtorsVisitor configure_coverage
+                (modp, "_configure_coverage", EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar()+ ", bool first", "vlSymsp, first",
+                 "if (0 && vlSymsp && first) {} // Prevent unused\n");
+            for (AstNode* np = modp->stmtsp(); np; np = np->nextp()) {
+                if (AstCoverDecl* coverp = np->castCoverDecl()) {
+                    AstNode* backp = coverp->backp();
+                    coverp->unlinkFrBack();
+                    configure_coverage.add(coverp);
+                    np = backp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//*************************************************************************
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Emit CFunc's for class construction and configuration
+//
+// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+//
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+// Version 2.0.
+//
+// Verilator is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+
+#ifndef _V3CCTORS_H_
+#define _V3CCTORS_H_ 1
+#include "config_build.h"
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+#include "V3Error.h"
+#include "V3Ast.h"
+
+//============================================================================
+
+class V3CCtors {
+public:
+    static void cctorsAll();
+private:
+    static void evalAsserts();
+};
+
+
+#endif // Guard
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2018 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ private:
 	return level;
    }

-    virtual void visit(AstNodeCase* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeCase* nodep) {
 	if (nodep->castCase() && nodep->castCase()->casex()) {
 	    nodep->v3warn(CASEX,"Suggest casez (with ?'s) in place of casex (with X's)");
 	}
@@ -90,14 +90,15 @@ private:
 	    m_caseExprp = NULL;
 	}
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstConst* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstConst* nodep) {
 	// See also neverItem
 	if (m_caseExprp && nodep->num().isFourState()) {
 	    if (m_caseExprp->castGenCase()) {
 		nodep->v3error("Use of x/? constant in generate case statement, (no such thing as 'generate casez')");
 	    } else if (m_caseExprp->castCase() && m_caseExprp->castCase()->casex()) {
 		// Don't sweat it, we already complained about casex in general
-	    } else if (m_caseExprp->castCase() && m_caseExprp->castCase()->casez()) {
+	    } else if (m_caseExprp->castCase() && (m_caseExprp->castCase()->casez()
+						   || m_caseExprp->castCase()->caseInside())) {
 		if (nodep->num().isUnknown()) {
 		    nodep->v3warn(CASEWITHX, "Use of x constant in casez statement, (perhaps intended ?/z in constant)");
 		}
@@ -106,12 +107,12 @@ private:
 	    }
 	}
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CaseLintVisitor(AstNodeCase* nodep) {
+    explicit CaseLintVisitor(AstNodeCase* nodep) {
 	m_caseExprp = NULL;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ private:
 	    for (AstNode* icondp = itemp->condsp(); icondp!=NULL; icondp=icondp->nextp()) {
 		//if (debug()>=9) icondp->dumpTree(cout," caseitem: ");
 		AstConst* iconstp = icondp->castConst();
-		if (!iconstp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("above 'can't parse' should have caught this\n");
+		if (!iconstp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("above 'can't parse' should have caught this");
 		if (neverItem(nodep, iconstp)) {
 		    // X in casez can't ever be executed
 		} else {
@@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ private:
 		if (m_valueItem[a] != m_valueItem[b]) { same=false; break; }
 	    }
 	    if (same) {
-		tree1p->deleteTree(); tree1p=NULL;
+		tree1p->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(tree1p);
 		return tree0p;
 	    }

@@ -294,8 +295,8 @@ private:

 	if (ifrootp) nodep->replaceWith(ifrootp);
 	else nodep->unlinkFrBack();
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
-	cexprp->deleteTree(); cexprp=NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
+	cexprp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(cexprp);
 	if (debug()>=9) ifrootp->dumpTree(cout,"    _simp: ");
    }

@@ -322,36 +323,42 @@ private:
 		    icondNextp = icondp->nextp();
 		    icondp->unlinkFrBack();

-		    AstNode* and1p;
-		    AstNode* and2p;
+		    AstNode* condp = NULL;  // Default is to use and1p/and2p
 		    AstConst* iconstp = icondp->castConst();
 		    if (iconstp && neverItem(nodep, iconstp)) {
 			// X in casez can't ever be executed
-			icondp->deleteTree(); icondp=NULL; iconstp=NULL;
+			icondp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(icondp); VL_DANGLING(iconstp);
 			// For simplicity, make expression that is not equal, and let later
 			// optimizations remove it
-			and1p = new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse());
-			and2p = new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), AstConst::LogicTrue());
+			condp = new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse());
+		    } else if (AstInsideRange* irangep = icondp->castInsideRange()) {
+			// Similar logic in V3Width::visit(AstInside)
+			AstNode* ap = AstGte::newTyped(itemp->fileline(),
+						       cexprp->cloneTree(false),
+						       irangep->lhsp()->unlinkFrBack());
+			AstNode* bp = AstLte::newTyped(itemp->fileline(),
+						       cexprp->cloneTree(false),
+						       irangep->rhsp()->unlinkFrBack());
+			condp = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(), ap, bp);
 		    } else if (iconstp && iconstp->num().isFourState()
-			       && (nodep->casex() || nodep->casez())) {
+			       && (nodep->casex() || nodep->casez() || nodep->caseInside())) {
 			V3Number nummask (itemp->fileline(), iconstp->width());
 			nummask.opBitsNonX(iconstp->num());
 			V3Number numval  (itemp->fileline(), iconstp->width());
 			numval.opBitsOne(iconstp->num());
-			and1p = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(), cexprp->cloneTree(false),
-					   new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), nummask));
-			and2p = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(),
-					   new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), numval),
-					   new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), nummask));
-			icondp->deleteTree(); icondp=NULL; iconstp=NULL;
+			AstNode* and1p = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(), cexprp->cloneTree(false),
+						    new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), nummask));
+			AstNode* and2p = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(),
+						    new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), numval),
+						    new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), nummask));
+			icondp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(icondp); VL_DANGLING(iconstp);
+			condp = AstEq::newTyped(itemp->fileline(), and1p, and2p);
 		    } else {
 			// Not a caseX mask, we can simply build CASEEQ(cexpr icond)
-			and1p = cexprp->cloneTree(false);
-			and2p = icondp;
+			AstNode* and1p = cexprp->cloneTree(false);
+			AstNode* and2p = icondp;
+			condp = AstEq::newTyped(itemp->fileline(), and1p, and2p);
 		    }
-		    AstNodeBiop* condp = (and1p->isDouble()
-					  ? (new AstEqD(itemp->fileline(), and1p, and2p))->castNodeBiop()
-					  : (new AstEq(itemp->fileline(), and1p, and2p))->castNodeBiop());
 		    if (!ifexprp) {
 			ifexprp = condp;
 		    } else {
@@ -362,7 +369,7 @@ private:
 		itemp->condsp(ifexprp);
 	    }
 	}
-	cexprp->deleteTree(); cexprp=NULL;
+	cexprp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(cexprp);
 	if (!hadDefault) {
 	    // If there was no default, add a empty one, this greatly simplifies below code
 	    // and constant propagation will just eliminate it for us later.
@@ -401,9 +408,9 @@ private:
 		}
 	    }
 	    {   // Make the new lower IF and attach in the tree
-		AstNode* itemexprp = ifexprp;  ifexprp=NULL;
+		AstNode* itemexprp = ifexprp; VL_DANGLING(ifexprp);
 		if (depth == (CASE_ENCODER_GROUP_DEPTH)) { // End of group - can skip the condition
-		    itemexprp->deleteTree(); itemexprp=NULL;
+		    itemexprp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(itemexprp);
 		    itemexprp = new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), AstConst::LogicTrue());
 		}
 		AstIf* newp = new AstIf(itemp->fileline(), itemexprp, istmtsp, NULL);
@@ -416,10 +423,10 @@ private:
 	// Handle any assertions
 	replaceCaseParallel(nodep, false);
 	// Replace the CASE... with IF...
-	if (debug()>=9) grouprootp->dumpTree(cout,"     _new: ");
+	if (debug()>=9 && grouprootp) grouprootp->dumpTree(cout,"     _new: ");
 	if (grouprootp) nodep->replaceWith(grouprootp);
 	else nodep->unlinkFrBack();
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }

    void replaceCaseParallel(AstCase* nodep, bool noOverlapsAllCovered) {
@@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ private:
    bool neverItem(AstCase* casep, AstConst* itemp) {
 	// Xs in case or casez are impossible due to two state simulations
 	if (casep->casex()) {
-	} else if (casep->casez()) {
+	} else if (casep->casez() || casep->caseInside()) {
 	    if (itemp->num().isUnknown()) return true;
 	} else {
 	    if (itemp->num().isFourState()) return true;
@@ -444,7 +451,7 @@ private:
    }

    // VISITORS
-    virtual void visit(AstCase* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstCase* nodep) {
 	V3Case::caseLint(nodep);
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	if (debug()>=9) nodep->dumpTree(cout," case_old: ");
@@ -452,21 +459,21 @@ private:
 	    // It's a simple priority encoder or complete statement
 	    // we can make a tree of statements to avoid extra comparisons
 	    ++m_statCaseFast;
-	    replaceCaseFast(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	    replaceCaseFast(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	} else {
 	    ++m_statCaseSlow;
-	    replaceCaseComplicated(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	    replaceCaseComplicated(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	}
    }
    //--------------------
    // Default: Just iterate
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CaseVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit CaseVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_caseNoOverlapsAllCovered = false;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
@@ -482,6 +489,7 @@ public:
 void V3Case::caseAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    CaseVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("case", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
 void V3Case::caseLint(AstNodeCase* nodep) {
    UINFO(4,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More