Merge from master for release.

Signed-off-by: Andrii Andrieiev <[email protected]>

.github/actions/artifact-cache/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions composite action
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: Artifact cache
+description: >-
+  Cache a directory across workflow runs using a GitHub Actions artifact instead
+  of actions/cache (useful where artifacts are preferable, e.g. no 10 GB limit
+  on public repos). The base 'key' is scoped automatically: per pull request
+  (<key>-pr-<N>) or per branch (<key>-branch-<name>), and on a PR restore falls
+  back to the target branch's cache. Call once with mode=restore before the work
+  and once with mode=save after, passing the same 'key' and 'path'.
+
+  Branch-scoped restores are provenance-checked (the artifact must come from a
+  same-repo push to that branch) - artifact names are a global, unauthenticated
+  namespace, so otherwise a fork PR could forge one.
+
+  mode=restore calls the GitHub API via 'gh', so the caller's job must grant
+  'actions: read'.
+
+inputs:
+  mode:
+    description: "'restore' or 'save'"
+    required: true
+  path:
+    description: "Directory to cache (archived on save, extracted into on restore)"
+    required: true
+  key:
+    description: "Base artifact name; scoped per PR/branch automatically"
+    required: true
+  retention-days:
+    description: "Artifact retention in days (mode=save)"
+    required: false
+    default: '3'
+  token:
+    description: "Token for the GitHub API (mode=restore); defaults to the job's GITHUB_TOKEN"
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+
+outputs:
+  key:
+    description: "Echoes the input 'key', so a later save can reuse it without repeating the expression"
+    value: ${{ inputs.key }}
+  cache-hit:
+    description: "'true' if an artifact was restored (mode=restore)"
+    value: ${{ steps.restore.outputs.cache-hit }}
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: Check mode
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        MODE: ${{ inputs.mode }}
+      run: |
+        case "$MODE" in
+          restore|save) ;;
+          *) echo "::error::artifact-cache: 'mode' must be 'restore' or 'save' (got '$MODE')"; exit 1 ;;
+        esac
+
+    # Scope the base key: <key>-pr-<N> for pull requests (with the target branch
+    # as fallback), else <key>-branch-<name>. Refs come via env, not ${{ }}
+    # interpolation, so a branch name with shell metacharacters can't inject.
+    - name: Compute artifact name
+      id: name
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        BASE_KEY: ${{ inputs.key }}
+        EVENT_NAME: ${{ github.event_name }}
+        PR_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}
+        BASE_REF: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }}
+        REF_NAME: ${{ github.ref_name }}
+      run: |
+        set -euo pipefail
+        sanitize() { printf '%s' "$1" | tr '/' '-'; }  # artifact names cannot contain '/'
+        if [ "$EVENT_NAME" = pull_request ]; then
+          {
+            echo "primary=${BASE_KEY}-pr-${PR_NUMBER}"
+            echo "primary-branch="
+            echo "fallback=${BASE_KEY}-branch-$(sanitize "$BASE_REF")"
+            echo "fallback-branch=$BASE_REF"
+          } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        else
+          {
+            echo "primary=${BASE_KEY}-branch-$(sanitize "$REF_NAME")"
+            echo "primary-branch=$REF_NAME"
+            echo "fallback="
+            echo "fallback-branch="
+          } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        fi
+
+    - name: Restore artifact cache
+      id: restore
+      if: ${{ inputs.mode == 'restore' }}
+      continue-on-error: true  # a cold start is fine; a restore failure must not fail the caller
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        GH_TOKEN: ${{ inputs.token || github.token }}
+        CACHE_PATH: ${{ inputs.path }}
+        PRIMARY: ${{ steps.name.outputs.primary }}
+        PRIMARY_BRANCH: ${{ steps.name.outputs.primary-branch }}
+        FALLBACK: ${{ steps.name.outputs.fallback }}
+        FALLBACK_BRANCH: ${{ steps.name.outputs.fallback-branch }}
+      run: |
+        set -euo pipefail
+        mkdir -p "$CACHE_PATH"
+        # Newest non-expired artifact named $1 (empty if none). With a non-empty
+        # $2 (branch), require provenance: a same-repo run (head_repository_id ==
+        # repository_id) whose head branch is $2, so a fork cannot forge it.
+        newest_run_id() {
+          want="$1" br="$2" gh api \
+            "/repos/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/actions/artifacts?name=$1&per_page=100" \
+            --jq '.artifacts[]
+                  | select(.expired == false and .name == env.want)
+                  | select(env.br == ""
+                           or (.workflow_run.head_branch == env.br
+                               and .workflow_run.head_repository_id == .workflow_run.repository_id))
+                  | [.created_at, (.workflow_run.id | tostring)] | @tsv' \
+            | sort | tail -n1 | cut -f2
+        }
+        restore() {  # $1=name $2=branch(empty ok); returns 0 on a successful restore
+          local name="$1" br="$2" rid tarball
+          [ -n "$name" ] || return 1
+          rid="$(newest_run_id "$name" "$br")" || return 1
+          [ -n "$rid" ] || return 1
+          echo "Restoring '$CACHE_PATH' from artifact '$name' (run $rid)"
+          gh run download "$rid" -R "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" --name "$name" --dir "$RUNNER_TEMP/artifact-cache-dl" || return 1
+          # Each artifact holds a single tarball; match by extension so the inner
+          # filename is not part of the contract.
+          tarball="$(find "$RUNNER_TEMP/artifact-cache-dl" -name '*.tar.zst' -print -quit)"
+          [ -n "$tarball" ] || return 1
+          tar -I zstd -x -f "$tarball" -C "$CACHE_PATH"
+        }
+        if restore "$PRIMARY" "$PRIMARY_BRANCH"; then
+          echo "Restored from primary key"
+          echo "cache-hit=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        elif restore "$FALLBACK" "$FALLBACK_BRANCH"; then
+          echo "Restored from fallback key"
+          echo "cache-hit=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        else
+          echo "No matching artifact found; starting cold"
+          echo "cache-hit=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        fi
+
+    - name: Pack artifact cache
+      id: pack
+      if: ${{ inputs.mode == 'save' }}
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        CACHE_PATH: ${{ inputs.path }}
+      run: |
+        set -euo pipefail
+        packdir="$(mktemp -d)"  # unique dir so concurrent saves cannot collide
+        tar -I 'zstd -T0' -cf "$packdir/cache.tar.zst" -C "$CACHE_PATH" .
+        echo "tarball=$packdir/cache.tar.zst" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+    - name: Upload artifact cache
+      if: ${{ inputs.mode == 'save' }}
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
+      with:
+        name: ${{ steps.name.outputs.primary }}
+        path: ${{ steps.pack.outputs.tarball }}
+        retention-days: ${{ inputs.retention-days }}
+        overwrite: true
+        compression-level: 0  # tarball is already zstd-compressed

.github/actions/install-deps/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions composite action
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: Install dependencies
+description: >-
+  Install the dependencies of a CI stage with 'ci/ci-install.bash', caching the
+  '.deb' files apt downloads for that stage, so a package is fetched from the
+  network at most once per runner image. On hosts that do not use apt this is
+  just the install, there is nothing to cache.
+
+inputs:
+  repo:
+    description: "Verilator checkout holding the ci/ scripts"
+    required: false
+    default: repo
+  stage:
+    description: "CI stage to install the dependencies of, e.g. 'build'"
+    required: true
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: Compute apt cache key
+      id: cachekey
+      if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
+      shell: bash
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.repo }}
+      env:
+        STAGE: ${{ inputs.stage }}
+      run: |
+        source ci/ci-common.bash
+        host="${DISTRO_ID:-$HOST_OS}${DISTRO_VERSION:+-$DISTRO_VERSION}"
+        echo "key=apt-${host}-${STAGE}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+    - name: Restore apt downloads
+      if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
+      with:
+        path: ${{ runner.temp }}/apt-cache
+        key: ${{ steps.cachekey.outputs.key }}
+        restore-keys: |
+          ${{ steps.cachekey.outputs.key }}-
+
+    - name: Seed apt archive from cache
+      if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        APT_CACHE_DIR: ${{ runner.temp }}/apt-cache
+      run: |
+        set -euo pipefail
+        # Ask apt where it keeps its downloads, rather than assume
+        eval "$(apt-config shell ARCHIVES Dir::Cache::archives/d)"
+        ARCHIVES=${ARCHIVES%/}  # '/d' yields a trailing slash
+        # Wipe the archive first, so that whatever the runner image left behind is not stored
+        sudo apt-get -o DPkg::Lock::Timeout=60 clean
+        # The directory is absent when nothing was restored, e.g. on a cold start
+        if [ -d "$APT_CACHE_DIR" ] &&
+          [ -n "$(find "$APT_CACHE_DIR" -maxdepth 1 -name '*.deb' -print -quit)" ]; then
+          sudo cp "$APT_CACHE_DIR"/*.deb "$ARCHIVES"
+        fi
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      shell: bash
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.repo }}
+      env:
+        STAGE: ${{ inputs.stage }}
+      run: ./ci/ci-install.bash "$STAGE"
+
+    - name: Collect apt downloads
+      id: collect
+      if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        APT_CACHE_DIR: ${{ runner.temp }}/apt-cache
+      run: |
+        set -euo pipefail
+        # Ask apt where it keeps its downloads, rather than assume
+        eval "$(apt-config shell ARCHIVES Dir::Cache::archives/d)"
+        ARCHIVES=${ARCHIVES%/}  # '/d' yields a trailing slash
+        # Sorted names of the '.deb' files in a directory, empty if it has none
+        list-debs() {
+          [ -d "$1" ] || return 0
+          find "$1" -maxdepth 1 -name '*.deb' -printf '%f\n' | sort
+        }
+        # Superseded downloads can no longer be fetched, so drop them
+        sudo apt-get -o DPkg::Lock::Timeout=60 autoclean
+        downloaded=$(list-debs "$ARCHIVES")
+        if [ -z "$downloaded" ]; then
+          echo "Apt kept no '.deb' files, nothing to cache"
+          exit 0
+        fi
+        if [ "$downloaded" = "$(list-debs "$APT_CACHE_DIR")" ]; then
+          echo "Downloads unchanged, keeping the restored cache entry"
+          exit 0
+        fi
+        # Mirror the archive, rather than add to it, so that the cache cannot
+        # grow without bound as package versions churn
+        mkdir -p "$APT_CACHE_DIR"
+        rm -f "$APT_CACHE_DIR"/*.deb
+        sudo cp "$ARCHIVES"/*.deb "$APT_CACHE_DIR"
+        echo "changed=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+    - name: Save apt downloads
+      if: ${{ steps.collect.outputs.changed == 'true' }}
+      uses: actions/cache/save@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
+      with:
+        path: ${{ runner.temp }}/apt-cache
+        key: ${{ steps.cachekey.outputs.key }}-${{ github.run_id }}

.github/actions/setup-venv/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions composite action
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: Set up Python venv
+description: >-
+  Restore, create, and optionally save the make-managed Python venv in a GitHub
+  Actions cache. The cache key combines the venv path (venvs are not
+  relocatable), the host OS and version, the Python major.minor version, and
+  the python-dev-requirements.txt hash, so any of those changing invalidates
+  it. Requires the already-configured Verilator tree to be present in 'repo'.
+
+inputs:
+  repo:
+    description: "Verilator checkout holding the Makefile and .venv"
+    required: false
+    default: repo
+  save:
+    description: "Save the cache on a miss (set true only on trusted branches)"
+    required: false
+    default: 'false'
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: Compute Python venv cache key
+      id: cachekey
+      shell: bash
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.repo }}
+      run: |
+        source ci/ci-common.bash
+        host="${DISTRO_ID:-$HOST_OS}${DISTRO_VERSION:+-$DISTRO_VERSION}"
+        pyver="$(python3 -c 'import sys; print("%d.%d" % sys.version_info[:2])')"
+        reqs="$(sha256sum python-dev-requirements.txt | cut -d' ' -f1)"
+        venv="${PWD#/}/.venv"  # absolute venv path (leading '/' trimmed)
+        echo "key=venv-${host}-py${pyver}-${reqs}-${venv//\//-}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+    - name: Restore Python venv
+      id: venv
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
+      with:
+        path: ${{ inputs.repo }}/.venv
+        key: ${{ steps.cachekey.outputs.key }}
+
+    - name: Create Python venv
+      if: ${{ steps.venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' }}
+      shell: bash
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.repo }}
+      run: make venv
+
+    - name: Save Python venv
+      if: ${{ inputs.save == 'true' && steps.venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' }}
+      uses: actions/cache/save@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
+      with:
+        path: ${{ inputs.repo }}/.venv
+        key: ${{ steps.venv.outputs.cache-primary-key }}

.github/actions/upload-pr-notification/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+---
+# DESCRIPTION: Github actions composite action
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+name: Upload PR notification
+description: >-
+  Upload the 'pr-notification' artifact, holding a comment for 'pages.yml' to
+  post on a pull request. The given directory must hold the content of the
+  comment in 'body.txt', and its single line summary in 'hist.txt'.
+
+inputs:
+  path:
+    description: "Directory holding the notification contents"
+    required: true
+  key:
+    description: "Unique key for combining comments"
+    required: true
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: Validate
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        NOTIFICATION_DIR: ${{ inputs.path }}
+        EVENT_NAME: ${{ github.event_name }}
+      run: |
+        # The notification is posted on the pull request of the triggering event
+        if [ "${EVENT_NAME}" != "pull_request" ]; then
+          echo "This action can only be used on a 'pull_request' run, but event is '${EVENT_NAME}'" >&2
+          exit 1
+        fi
+        # The content of the comment, and its single line summary
+        for f in body.txt hist.txt; do
+          if [ ! -f "${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/${f}" ]; then
+            echo "No '${f}' in '${NOTIFICATION_DIR}'" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+        done
+        # Nothing else, so the artifact holds only what this action puts in it
+        EXTRA=$(find "${NOTIFICATION_DIR}" -mindepth 1 -not -name body.txt -not -name hist.txt)
+        if [ -n "${EXTRA}" ]; then
+          echo "Unexpected content in '${NOTIFICATION_DIR}':" >&2
+          echo "${EXTRA}" >&2
+          exit 1
+        fi
+        # 'ci-pages-notify.bash' stashes 'hist.txt' in an HTML comment, and later
+        # shows it in the history of the notifications superseding this one, so
+        # it must be a single line, and must neither open nor close an HTML comment
+        if [ $(wc -l < "${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/hist.txt") -ne 1 ]; then
+          echo "'hist.txt' must hold exactly one line" >&2
+          exit 1
+        fi
+        if grep -q -e '<!--' -e '-->' "${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/hist.txt"; then
+          echo "'hist.txt' must not contain '<!--' or '-->'" >&2
+          exit 1
+        fi
+
+    - name: Add metadata
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        NOTIFICATION_DIR: ${{ inputs.path }}
+        NOTIFICATION_KEY: ${{ inputs.key }}
+        PR_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}
+      run: |
+        echo "${NOTIFICATION_KEY}" > "${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/key.txt"
+        echo "${PR_NUMBER}" > "${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/pr-number.txt"
+        ls -lsha "${NOTIFICATION_DIR}"
+
+    - name: Upload notification
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
+      with:
+        path: ${{ inputs.path }}
+        name: pr-notification

.github/workflows/build-test.yml

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 ---
 # DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
-# This name is key to badges in README.rst, so we use the name build
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
-name: build-test
+name: Regressions
 
 on:
   push:
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@ on:
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
+  actions: read
 
 defaults:
   run:
@@ -29,272 +29,141 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
 
   build-2604-gcc:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    name: Build | 26.04 | gcc
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
+      cc: gcc
+      runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
       sha: ${{ github.sha }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      os-name: linux
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, asan: 0}
 
   build-2604-clang:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    name: Build | 26.04 | clang
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
+      cc: clang
+      dev-asan: true  # Build (and run) with address sanitizer
+      runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
       sha: ${{ github.sha }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      os-name: linux
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, asan: 1}
 
   build-2404-gcc:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    name: Build | 24.04 | gcc
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
+      cc: gcc
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       sha: ${{ github.sha }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      os-name: linux
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, asan: 0}
 
   build-2404-clang:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    name: Build | 24.04 | clang
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
+      cc: clang
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       sha: ${{ github.sha }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      os-name: linux
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, asan: 0}
 
   build-2204-gcc:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    name: Build | 22.04 | gcc
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
+      cc: gcc
+      runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
       sha: ${{ github.sha }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      os-name: linux
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, asan: 0}
 
-  build-osx-gcc:
+  build-macos-15-clang:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
+    name: Build | macos-15 | clang
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
+      cc: clang
+      runs-on: macos-15
       sha: ${{ github.sha }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      os-name: osx
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: macos-15, cc: gcc, asan: 0}
-
-  build-osx-clang:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}${{ matrix.asan && ' | asan' || '' }}
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
-    with:
-      sha: ${{ github.sha }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      os-name: osx
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-      dev-asan: ${{ matrix.asan }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: macos-15, cc: clang, asan: 0}
 
   build-windows:
-    name: Build | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }}
+    name: Build | windows-2025-vs2026 | msvc
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: windows-2025-vs2026
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {os: windows-2025-vs2026, cc: msvc}
-    env:
-      CI_OS_NAME: win
-      CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
-      CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-      CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
           path: repo
-      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+      - name: Cache win_flex_bison
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
         with:
-          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/win_flex_bison
-          key: msbuild-msvc-cmake
+          key: win_flex_bison
       - name: compile
-        env:
-          WIN_FLEX_BISON: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
         run: ./ci/ci-win-compile.ps1
       - name: test build
         run: ./ci/ci-win-test.ps1
-      - name: Zip up repository
-        run: Compress-Archive -LiteralPath install -DestinationPath verilator.zip
-      - name: Upload zip archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
-        with:
-          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/verilator.zip
-          name: verilator-win.zip
 
   test-2604-gcc:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    name: Test | 26.04 | gcc | ${{ matrix.suite }}
     needs: build-2604-gcc
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
     with:
       archive: ${{ needs.build-2604-gcc.outputs.archive }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: gcc
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
-      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
       suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        include:
+        suite: [dist-vlt-0, dist-vlt-1, dist-vlt-2, dist-vlt-3, vltmt-0, vltmt-1, vltmt-2]
-          # Ubuntu 26.04 gcc
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}
 
   test-2604-clang:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    name: Test | 26.04 | clang | ${{ matrix.suite }}
     needs: build-2604-clang
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
     with:
       archive: ${{ needs.build-2604-clang.outputs.archive }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: clang
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
-      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
       suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        include:
+        suite: [dist-vlt-0, dist-vlt-1, dist-vlt-2, dist-vlt-3, vltmt-0, vltmt-1, vltmt-2]
-          # Ubuntu 26.04 clang
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-26.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}
 
   test-2404-gcc:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    name: Test | 24.04 | gcc | ${{ matrix.suite }}
     needs: build-2404-gcc
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
     with:
       archive: ${{ needs.build-2404-gcc.outputs.archive }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: gcc
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
       suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        include:
+        suite: [dist-vlt-0, dist-vlt-1, dist-vlt-2, dist-vlt-3, vltmt-0, vltmt-1, vltmt-2]
-          # Ubuntu 24.04 gcc
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}
 
   test-2404-clang:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    name: Test | 24.04 | clang | ${{ matrix.suite }}
     needs: build-2404-clang
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
     with:
       archive: ${{ needs.build-2404-clang.outputs.archive }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: clang
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      reloc: true  # Test with relocated installation
-      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        include:
+        suite: [dist-vlt-0, dist-vlt-1, dist-vlt-2, dist-vlt-3, vltmt-0, vltmt-1, vltmt-2]
-          # Ubuntu 24.04 clang
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-24.04, cc: clang, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}
 
   test-2204-gcc:
-    name: Test | ${{ matrix.os }} | ${{ matrix.cc }} | ${{ matrix.reloc && 'reloc | ' || '' }} ${{ matrix.suite }}
+    name: Test | 22.04 | gcc | ${{ matrix.suite }}
     needs: build-2204-gcc
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
     with:
       archive: ${{ needs.build-2204-gcc.outputs.archive }}
-      os: ${{ matrix.os }}
+      cc: gcc
-      cc: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-      reloc: ${{ matrix.reloc }}
       suite: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-      dev-gcov: 0
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        include:
+        suite: [dist-vlt-0, dist-vlt-1, dist-vlt-2, dist-vlt-3, vltmt-0, vltmt-1, vltmt-2]
-          # Ubuntu 22.04 gcc
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-2}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: dist-vlt-3}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-0}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-1}
-          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, reloc: 0, suite: vltmt-2}
 
   lint-py:
     name: Lint Python

.github/workflows/contributor.yml

@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@ jobs:
     name: "'docs/CONTRIBUTORS' was signed"
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
       - run: test_regress/t/t_dist_contributors.py

.github/workflows/coverage.yml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ on:
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
+  actions: read
 
 defaults:
   run:
@@ -38,15 +39,13 @@ jobs:
       (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
+      cc: gcc
+      dev-gcov: true
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       # For pull requests, build the head of the pull request branch, not the
       # merge commit, otherwise patch coverage would include the changes
       # between the root of the pull request and the target branch
       sha: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
-      os: ubuntu-24.04
-      os-name: linux
-      cc: gcc
-      dev-asan: 0
-      dev-gcov: 1
 
   test:
     name: Test | ${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
@@ -54,11 +53,10 @@ jobs:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
     with:
       archive: ${{ needs.build.outputs.archive }}
-      os: ubuntu-24.04
       cc: gcc
-      reloc: 0
+      dev-gcov: true
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       suite: ${{ matrix.test }}${{ matrix.num }}
-      dev-gcov: 1
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
 
       - name: Download code coverage data
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
@@ -106,13 +104,6 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'success') && !cancelled() }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     steps:
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          echo 'set man-db/auto-update false' | sudo debconf-communicate >/dev/null
-          sudo dpkg-reconfigure man-db
-          sudo apt install lcov || \
-          sudo apt install lcov
-
       - name: Download repository archive
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
         with:
@@ -121,9 +112,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Unpack repository archive
         run: |
-          tar -x -z -f ${{ needs.build.outputs.archive }}
+          tar --zstd -x -f ${{ needs.build.outputs.archive }}
           ls -lsha
 
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/install-deps
+        with:
+          stage: coverage
+
       - name: Download code coverage data
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8
         with:
@@ -136,53 +132,30 @@ jobs:
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
         run: |
-          ls -lsha obj_coverage
+          ci/ci-coverage-report.bash \
-          # Combine reports from test jobs
+            ${{ github.run_id }} \
-          nodist/fastcov.py -C obj_coverage/verilator-*.info --lcov -o obj_coverage/verilator.info
+            "${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.number || '' }}" \
-          # For a PR, report patch coverage against the merge-base between the head of the PR and the target branch
+            "${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}" \
+            "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}"
+          # Create the report artifact. Note there is no report if the patch is empty.
+          mkdir ../report-artifact
+          [ ! -d obj_coverage/report ] || mv obj_coverage/report ../report-artifact/
           if [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == "pull_request" ]]; then
-            COVERAGE_BASE=$(git rev-parse --short $(git merge-base ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}))
+            echo ${{ github.event.number }} > ../report-artifact/pr-number.txt
-            make coverage-report COVERAGE_BASE=${COVERAGE_BASE} |& tee ${{ github.workspace }}/make-coverage-report.log
-          else
-            make coverage-report
-          fi
-          # Remove data files
-          rm -f obj_coverage/verilator*.info
-          # Some extra work for PRs only
-          if [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == "pull_request" ]]; then
-            # Save PR number in report
-            echo ${{ github.event.number }} > obj_coverage/pr-number.txt
-            # Generate notification comment content
-            mkdir -p notification
-            echo ${{ github.event.number }} > notification/pr-number.txt
-            NUM=$(gh run view ${{ github.run_id }} --json number --jq ".number")
-            URL=$(gh run view ${{ github.run_id }} --json url    --jq ".url")
-            echo "Patch coverage from PR workflow [#$NUM]($URL) (code coverage of lines changed relative to ${COVERAGE_BASE}):" > notification/body.txt
-            if [[ ! -f obj_coverage/empty-patch ]]; then
-              echo "<pre>" >> notification/body.txt
-              grep -E "(lines|branches)\.*:" ${{ github.workspace }}/make-coverage-report.log | sed "s/\.*:/:/" >> notification/body.txt || true
-              echo "</pre>" >> notification/body.txt
-              echo "Report: [${{ github.run_id }}](https://${{ github.repository_owner }}.github.io/verilator/coverage-reports/${{ github.run_id }}/index.html)" >> notification/body.txt
-              echo "" >> notification/body.txt
-              echo "Please get to 100% line coverage, and understand all branches; see https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/internals.rst#code-coverage-results" >> notification/body.txt
-            else
-              echo "Patch contains no code changes" >> notification/body.txt
-            fi
-            cat notification/body.txt
           fi
 
       - name: Upload report
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
         with:
-          path: repo/obj_coverage
+          path: report-artifact
           name: coverage-report
 
-      - name: Upload notification
+      - name: Upload PR notification
         if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/upload-pr-notification
         with:
           path: repo/notification
-          name: pr-notification
+          key: coverage
 
   # Create GitHub issue for failed scheduled jobs
   # This should always be the last job (we want an issue if anything breaks)

.github/workflows/docker.yml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
 
       - name: Extract context variables
         run: |
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Docker meta
         id: docker_meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@80c7e94dd9b9319bd5eb7a0e0fe9291e23a2a2e9  # v6
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@dc802804100637a589fabce1cb79ff13a1411302  # v6
         with:
           images: |
             ${{ vars.DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE }}/${{ env.image_name }}
@@ -64,21 +64,21 @@ jobs:
             type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ inputs.add_latest_tag == true }}
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@06116385d9baf250c9f4dcb4858b16962ea869c3  # v4
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@96fe6ef7f33517b61c61be40b68a1882f3264fb8  # v4
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d7f5e7f509e45cec5c76c4d5afdd7de93d0b3df5  # v4
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@37fe631027851001ddb9b187196cc803df7f5f0e  # v4
         with:
           buildkitd-flags: --debug
 
       - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@650006c6eb7dba73a995cc03b0b2d7f5ca915bee  # v4
+        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f  # v4
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USER }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Build and Push to Docker
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@f9f3042f7e2789586610d6e8b85c8f03e5195baf  # v7
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@53b7df96c91f9c12dcc8a07bcb9ccacbed38856a  # v7
         if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
         with:
           context: ${{ env.build_context }}

.github/workflows/format.yml

@@ -11,35 +11,47 @@ on:
 permissions:
   contents: write
 
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: repo
+
 jobs:
   format:
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     name: Ubuntu 24.04 | format
-    env:
-      CI_OS_NAME: linux
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-24.04
-      CI_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
+          path: repo
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
       - name: Install packages for build
-        env:
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/install-deps
-          CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
+        with:
+          stage: format
+
+      - name: Configure git identity
         run: |
-          sudo apt install clang-format-18 || \
-          sudo apt install clang-format-18
           git config --global user.email "[email protected]"
           git config --global user.name "github action"
-      - name: Format code
+
+      - name: Configure
         run: |
           autoconf
           ./configure
-          make venv
+
+      - name: Set up Python venv
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/setup-venv
+        with:
+          save: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+
+      - name: Format code
+        run: |
           source .venv/bin/activate
           make -j 4 format CLANGFORMAT=clang-format-18
           git status
+
       - name: Push
         run: |-
           if [ -n "$(git status --porcelain)" ]; then

.github/workflows/pages.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ name: Pages
 on:
   push:
     branches: [master]
-    paths: ["ci/**", ".github/workflows"]
+    paths: ["ci/**", ".github/workflows/**"]
   workflow_dispatch:
   workflow_run:
     workflows: ["Code coverage", "RTLMeter"]
@@ -22,8 +22,11 @@ permissions:
 # Allow only one concurrent deployment, skipping runs queued between the run
 # in-progress and latest queued. However, do NOT cancel in-progress runs as we
 # want to allow these deployments to complete.
+# A skipped-upstream run does no work (see the build job's if:), so put it in its
+# own throwaway group: otherwise, as the newest queued run, it would cancel a
+# pending real run and then deploy nothing.
 concurrency:
-  group: "pages"
+  group: ${{ (github.event_name == 'workflow_run' && github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'skipped') && format('pages-skip-{0}', github.run_id) || 'pages' }}
   cancel-in-progress: false
 
 defaults:
@@ -34,19 +37,21 @@ jobs:
   build:
     name: Build content
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    # A skipped upstream run (e.g. Code coverage / RTLMeter on a branch push)
+    # still fires workflow_run; don't rebuild and redeploy for it. deploy and
+    # notify need this job, so they cascade-skip too.
+    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'workflow_run' || github.event.workflow_run.conclusion != 'skipped' }}
     outputs:
       pr-run-ids: ${{ steps.build.outputs.pr-run-ids }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
       - name: Build pages
         id: build
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
         run: |
           ./ci/ci-pages.bash
-          ls -lsha
-          tree -L 3 pages
       - name: Upload pages artifact
         uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@fc324d3547104276b827a68afc52ff2a11cc49c9  # v5
         with:
@@ -58,9 +63,16 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     environment:
       name: github-pages
-      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
+      url: ${{ steps.deploy-2.outputs.page_url || steps.deploy-1.outputs.page_url }}
     steps:
+      # GitHub's Pages backend intermittently fails a deployment mid-sync, retry
       - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        id: deploy-1
+        continue-on-error: true
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@cd2ce8fcbc39b97be8ca5fce6e763baed58fa128  # v5
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages (retry)
+        id: deploy-2
+        if: steps.deploy-1.outcome == 'failure'
         uses: actions/deploy-pages@cd2ce8fcbc39b97be8ca5fce6e763baed58fa128  # v5
 
   notify:
@@ -70,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ github.repository == 'verilator/verilator' }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
       # Use the Verilator CI app to post the comment
       - name: Generate access token
         id: generate-token
@@ -83,5 +95,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Comment on PR
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+          # Slug of the app the above token belongs to, see 'ci-pages-notify.bash'
+          GH_AUTHOR: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.app-slug }}
           PR_RUN_IDS: ${{ needs.build.outputs.pr-run-ids }}
         run: ./ci/ci-pages-notify.bash

.github/workflows/pr-conflicting.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+# Build and push verilator docker image when tags are pushed to the repository.
+# The following variable(s) must be configured in the github repository:
+# DOCKER_HUB_NAMESPACE: docker hub namespace.
+# The following secrets must be configured in the github repository:
+# DOCKER_HUB_USER: user name for logging into docker hub
+# DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN: docker hub access token.
+name: Maintainance - PR conflict check
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  push:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [synchronize]
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  main:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: write
+    steps:
+      - name: check if prs are dirty
+        uses: eps1lon/actions-label-merge-conflict@0273be72a0bbd58fcd71d0d6c02c209b50d1e5e1  # 3.1.0
+        with:
+          dirtyLabel: "pr-blocked: needs-rebase"
+          repoToken: "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}"

.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml

@@ -7,37 +7,47 @@ name: reusable-build
 on:
   workflow_call:
     inputs:
+      cc:
+        description: "Compiler to use: 'gcc' or 'clang'"
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      ccwarn:
+        description: "Build Verilator with warnings treated as errors (--enable-ccwarn)"
+        required: false
+        default: true
+        type: boolean
+      dev-asan:
+        description: "Build Verilator with the address sanitizer (--enable-dev-asan)"
+        required: false
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
+      dev-gcov:
+        description: "Build Verilator with gcov instrumentation (--enable-dev-gcov)"
+        required: false
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
+      install:
+        description: "Archive the Verilator installation, not the repo tree"
+        required: false
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
+      runs-on:
+        description: "Runner to build on, e.g. ubuntu-24.04"
+        required: true
+        type: string
       sha:
         description: "Commit SHA to build"
         required: true
         type: string
-      os:  # e.g. ubuntu-24.04
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      cc: # 'clang' or 'gcc'
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      os-name: # 'linux' or 'osx'
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      dev-asan:
-        required: true
-        type: number
-      dev-gcov:
-        required: true
-        type: number
     outputs:
       archive:
-        description: "Name of the built repository archive artifact"
+        description: "Name of the built archive artifact"
         value: ${{ jobs.build.outputs.archive }}
 
 env:
-  CI_OS_NAME: ${{ inputs.os-name }}
+  CACHE_BASE_KEY: build-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}${{ inputs.ccwarn && '-ccwarn' || '' }}${{ inputs.dev-asan && '-asan' || '' }}${{ inputs.dev-gcov && '-gcov' || '' }}
-  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
+  CCACHE_COMPILERCHECK: content
   CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
-  INSTALL_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/install
-  RELOC_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/relloc
 
 defaults:
   run:
@@ -48,26 +58,28 @@ jobs:
 
   build:
     name: Build
-    runs-on: ${{ inputs.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}
     outputs:
       archive: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
-    env:
-      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
-      CI_DEV_ASAN: ${{ inputs.dev-asan }}
-      CI_DEV_GCOV: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ inputs.os }}
-      CXX: ${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
-      CACHE_BASE_KEY: build-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
-      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 1000M  # Per build matrix entry (* 5 = 5000M in total)
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
           path: repo
           ref: ${{ inputs.sha }}
-          fetch-depth: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov && '0' || '1' }}  # Coverage flow needs full history
+          # Coverage needs full history; install needs it for the 'git describe'
+          # behind 'verilator --version'
+          fetch-depth: ${{ (inputs.install || inputs.dev-gcov) && '0' || '1' }}
+
+      - name: Configure ccache
+        run: |
+          # ccache is unreliable on macOS, and does nothing with 'gcc --coverage'
+          if [ "${{ startsWith(inputs.runs-on, 'macos') }}" = true ] || [ "${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}" = true ]; then
+            echo "CCACHE_DISABLE=1" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          fi
 
       - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+        if: ${{ env.CCACHE_DISABLE != '1' }}
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
         env:
           CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache
@@ -75,25 +87,46 @@ jobs:
           path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
           key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ inputs.sha }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
+            ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}
 
       - name: Install packages for build
-        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/install-deps
+        with:
+          stage: build
 
       - name: Build
-        run: ./ci/ci-script.bash
+        run: |
+          ./ci/ci-build.bash \
+            --prefix ${{ github.workspace }}/install \
+            --compiler ${{ inputs.cc }} \
+            --light-debug \
+            ${{ inputs.ccwarn && '--ccwarn' || '' }} \
+            ${{ inputs.dev-asan && '--asan' || '' }} \
+            ${{ inputs.dev-gcov && '--gcov' || '' }}
 
-      - name: Create repository archive
+      - name: Install
+        if: ${{ inputs.install }}
+        run: make install
+
+      - name: Create archive
         id: create-archive
         working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
         run: |
-          # Name of the archive must be unique based on the build parameters
+          # Archive name, unique per build; flavour tags mark non-default builds
-          ARCHIVE=verilator-${{ inputs.sha }}-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.dev-asan }}-${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}.tar.gz
+          ARCHIVE="verilator-${{ inputs.sha }}-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}"
-          tar --posix -c -z -f $ARCHIVE repo
+          ARCHIVE="$ARCHIVE${{ inputs.ccwarn && '-ccwarn' || '' }}"
+          ARCHIVE="$ARCHIVE${{ inputs.dev-asan && '-asan' || '' }}"
+          ARCHIVE="$ARCHIVE${{ inputs.dev-gcov && '-gcov' || '' }}"
+          ARCHIVE="$ARCHIVE.tar.zst"
+          # zstd compresses faster than gzip and decompresses far faster in the many downstream jobs
+          ZSTD_NBTHREADS=0 tar --posix --zstd -c -f "$ARCHIVE" ${{ inputs.install && 'install' || 'repo' }}
           echo "archive=$ARCHIVE" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
-      - name: Upload repository archive
+      - name: Upload archive
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
         with:
           path: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
           name: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
+          overwrite: true
+          # Archive is already zstd-compressed; skip upload-artifact's zip pass
+          compression-level: 0

.github/workflows/reusable-lint-py.yml

@@ -7,14 +7,6 @@ name: reusable-lint-py
 on:
   workflow_call:
 
-env:
-  CI_OS_NAME: linux
-  CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: build
-  CI_RUNS_ON: ubuntu-22.04
-  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
-  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
-
 defaults:
   run:
     shell: bash
@@ -27,23 +19,24 @@ jobs:
     name: Sub-lint | Python
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
           path: repo
 
-      - name: Install packages for build
+      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/install-deps
+        with:
+          stage: lint-py
 
       - name: Configure
         run: |
           autoconf
           ./configure --enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn
 
-      - name: Install python dependencies
+      - name: Set up Python venv
-        run: |
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/setup-venv
-          sudo apt install python3-clang || \
+        with:
-          sudo apt install python3-clang
+          save: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
-          make venv
 
       - name: Lint
         run: |-

.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
----
-# DESCRIPTION: Github actions config
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
-name: reusable-rtlmeter-build
-
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-    inputs:
-      runs-on:
-        description: "Runner to use, e.g.: ubuntu-24.04"
-        type: string
-        required: true
-      cc:
-        description: "Compiler to use: 'gcc' or 'clang'"
-        type: string
-        required: true
-      sha:
-        description: "Git SHA to build"
-        type: string
-        required: true
-    outputs:
-      archive:
-        description: "Name of the built installation archive artifact"
-        value: ${{ jobs.build.outputs.archive }}
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-env:
-  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/ccache
-  CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 512M
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    name: Build
-    runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}
-    outputs:
-      archive: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/doc/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
-          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/man/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
-          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
-          sudo apt update || \
-          sudo apt update
-          sudo apt install ccache mold help2man libfl-dev libjemalloc-dev libsystemc-dev || \
-          sudo apt install ccache mold help2man libfl-dev libjemalloc-dev libsystemc-dev
-
-      - name: Use saved ccache
-        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
-        with:
-          path: ccache
-          key: rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.sha }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.sha }}-${{ github.run_id }}
-            rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.sha }}
-            rtlmeter-build-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}
-
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
-        with:
-          path: repo
-          ref: ${{ inputs.sha }}
-          fetch-depth: 0 # Required for 'git describe' used for 'verilator --version'
-
-      - name: Configure
-        working-directory: repo
-        run: |
-          autoconf
-          ./configure --prefix=${{ github.workspace }}/install CXX=${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
-
-      - name: Make
-        working-directory: repo
-        run: make -j $(nproc)
-
-      - name: Install
-        working-directory: repo
-        run: make install
-
-      - name: Tar up installation
-        id: create-archive
-        run: |
-          SHA=$(git -C repo rev-parse HEAD)
-          ARCHIVE=verilator-$SHA-rtlmeter-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}.tar.gz
-          tar --posix -c -z -f $ARCHIVE install
-          echo "archive=$ARCHIVE" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Upload Verilator installation archive
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
-        with:
-          path: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
-          name: ${{ steps.create-archive.outputs.archive }}
-          overwrite: true

.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-run.yml

@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ on:
         type: string
         required: true
       verilator-archive-new:
-        description: "Name of the installation archive artifact from reusable-rtlmeter-build, new version"
+        description: "Name of the installation archive artifact from reusable-build, new version"
         type: string
         required: true
       verilator-archive-old:
-        description: "Name of the installation archive artifact from reusable-rtlmeter-build, old version"
+        description: "Name of the installation archive artifact from reusable-build, old version"
         type: string
         required: false
         default: ""
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ defaults:
     shell: bash
 
 env:
-  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/ccache
+  # RTLMeter measures compile/execute times, so caching must stay off to keep
-  CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 512M
+  # timings representative; ccache is still on PATH but acts as a pass-through
   CCACHE_DISABLE: 1
 
 jobs:
@@ -62,18 +62,21 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}
     name: Run
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout Verilator CI scripts
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
+        with:
+          path: repo
+          sparse-checkout: |
+            .github/actions
+            ci
+
       - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/install-deps
-          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/doc/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+        with:
-          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/man/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
+          stage: rtlmeter-run
-          echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
-          sudo apt update || \
-          sudo apt update
-          sudo apt install ccache mold libfl-dev libjemalloc-dev libsystemc-dev || \
-          sudo apt install ccache mold libfl-dev libjemalloc-dev libsystemc-dev
 
       - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
           repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
           path: rtlmeter
@@ -82,14 +85,6 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: rtlmeter
         run: make venv
 
-      - name: Use saved ccache
-        if: ${{ env.CCACHE_DISABLE == 0 }}
-        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
-        with:
-          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-          key: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
-          restore-keys: rtlmeter-run-ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.cases }}-${{ inputs.compileArgs }}
-
       ########################################################################
       # Run with new Verilator
       ########################################################################
@@ -101,7 +96,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Unpack Verilator installation archive - new
         run: |
-          tar -x -z -f ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-new }}
+          tar --zstd -x -f ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-new }}
           mv install verilator-new
 
       - name: Compile cases - new
@@ -164,7 +159,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Unpack Verilator installation archive - old
         if: ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old != '' }}
         run: |
-          tar -x -z -f ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old }}
+          tar --zstd -x -f ${{ inputs.verilator-archive-old }}
           mv install verilator-old
 
       - name: Compile cases - old

.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml

@@ -11,29 +11,37 @@ on:
         description: "Name of the repository archive artifact from reusable-build"
         required: true
         type: string
-      os:  # e.g. ubuntu-24.04
+      cc:
-        required: true
+        description: "Compiler to use: 'gcc' or 'clang'"
-        type: string
-      cc:  # gcc or clang
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      reloc:  # 0 or 1
-        required: true
-        type: number
-      suite:  # e.g. dist-vlt-0
         required: true
         type: string
       dev-gcov:
+        description: "Collect gcov coverage data from the test run"
+        required: false
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
+      reloc:
+        description: "Relocate the installation before testing"
+        required: false
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
+      runs-on:
+        description: "Runner to test on, e.g. ubuntu-24.04"
         required: true
-        type: number
+        type: string
+      suite:
+        description: "Test suite to run, e.g. dist-vlt-0"
+        required: true
+        type: string
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  actions: read
 
 env:
-  CI_OS_NAME: linux
+  CCACHE_COMPILERCHECK: content
-  CCACHE_COMPRESS: 1
   CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
-  CCACHE_LIMIT_MULTIPLE: 0.95
+  CXX: ${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
-  INSTALL_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/install
-  RELOC_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/relloc
 
 defaults:
   run:
@@ -43,15 +51,8 @@ defaults:
 jobs:
 
   test:
-    runs-on: ${{ inputs.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}
     name: Test
-    env:
-      CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: test
-      CI_RUNS_ON: ${{ inputs.os }}
-      CI_RELOC: ${{inputs.reloc }}
-      CXX: ${{ inputs.cc == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
-      CACHE_BASE_KEY: test-${{ inputs.os }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{inputs.reloc }}-${{ inputs.suite }}
-      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 100M  # Per build per suite (* 5 * 5 = 2500M in total)
     steps:
 
       - name: Download repository archive
@@ -63,32 +64,44 @@ jobs:
       - name: Unpack repository archive
         working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}
         run: |
-          tar -x -z -f ${{ inputs.archive }}
+          tar --zstd -x -f ${{ inputs.archive }}
           ls -lsha
 
-      - name: Cache $CCACHE_DIR
+      - name: Configure ccache
-        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v5
+        run: |
-        env:
+          # ccache is unreliable on macOS, and does nothing with 'gcc --coverage'
-          CACHE_KEY: ${{ env.CACHE_BASE_KEY }}-ccache2
+          if [ "${{ startsWith(inputs.runs-on, 'macos') }}" = true ] || [ "${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}" = true ]; then
+            echo "CCACHE_DISABLE=1" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          fi
+
+      # Test-job ccache is stored as an artifact, not actions/cache
+      - name: Restore ccache
+        id: ccache
+        if: ${{ env.CCACHE_DISABLE != '1' }}
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/artifact-cache
         with:
+          mode: restore
           path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-          key: ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          key: ccache-${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ inputs.cc }}-${{ inputs.suite }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ env.CACHE_KEY }}-
 
       - name: Install test dependencies
-        run: |
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/install-deps
-          ./ci/ci-install.bash
+        with:
-          make venv
+          stage: test
+
+      - name: Set up Python venv
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/setup-venv
+        with:
+          save: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
 
       - name: Test
         id: run-test
         continue-on-error: true
-        env:
-          TESTS: ${{ inputs.suite }}
         run: |
           source .venv/bin/activate
-          ./ci/ci-script.bash
+          ./ci/ci-test.bash \
+            --suite ${{ inputs.suite }} \
+            ${{ inputs.reloc && format('--reloc {0}/reloc', github.workspace) || '' }}
 
       - name: Combine code coverage data
         if: ${{ inputs.dev-gcov }}
@@ -104,6 +117,16 @@ jobs:
           path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo/obj_coverage/verilator-${{ inputs.suite }}.info
           name: code-coverage-${{ inputs.suite }}
 
+      - name: Save ccache
+        if: ${{ env.CCACHE_DISABLE != '1' && !cancelled() }}
+        uses: ./repo/.github/actions/artifact-cache
+        with:
+          mode: save
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: ${{ steps.ccache.outputs.key }}
+          # Keep master's cache around longer; PR/branch caches churn faster
+          retention-days: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' && 7 || 3 }}
+
       - name: Fail job if a test failed
         if: ${{ steps.run-test.outcome == 'failure' && !cancelled() }}
         run: |-

.github/workflows/rtlmeter.yml

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
       cases: ${{ steps.cases.outputs.cases }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
 
       - name: Startup
         id: start
@@ -65,39 +65,47 @@ jobs:
   build-gcc-new:
     name: Build New Verilator - GCC
     needs: start
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
-      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       cc: gcc
+      ccwarn: false
+      install: true
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       sha: ${{ github.sha }}
 
   build-clang-new:
     name: Build New Verilator - Clang
     needs: start
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
-      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       cc: clang
+      ccwarn: false
+      install: true
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       sha: ${{ github.sha }}
 
   build-gcc-old:
     name: Build Old Verilator - GCC
     needs: start
     if: ${{ needs.start.outputs.old-sha != '' }}
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
-      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       cc: gcc
+      ccwarn: false
+      install: true
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       sha: ${{ needs.start.outputs.old-sha }}
 
   build-clang-old:
     name: Build Old Verilator - Clang
     needs: start
     if: ${{ needs.start.outputs.old-sha != '' }}
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rtlmeter-build.yml
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml
     with:
-      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       cc: clang
+      ccwarn: false
+      install: true
+      runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
       sha: ${{ needs.start.outputs.old-sha }}
 
   run-gcc:
@@ -208,7 +216,7 @@ jobs:
         run: echo "tags=$(jq -r 'keys | map(sub("^run-"; "")) | join(" ")' <<< '${{ toJSON(needs) }}')" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
           repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
           path: rtlmeter
@@ -298,7 +306,7 @@ jobs:
           repositories: verilator-rtlmeter-results
           permission-contents: write
       - name: Checkout verilator-rtlmeter-results
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
           repository: "verilator/verilator-rtlmeter-results"
           token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
@@ -331,7 +339,7 @@ jobs:
       actions: read
     steps:
       - name: Checkout RTLMeter
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
           repository: "verilator/rtlmeter"
           path: rtlmeter
@@ -341,7 +349,7 @@ jobs:
         run: make venv
 
       - name: Checkout Verilator
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0  # v7
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7
         with:
           path: verilator
 
@@ -361,10 +369,6 @@ jobs:
           mkdir ../report-artifact
           mv rtlmeter-report/report ../report-artifact/
           echo ${{ github.event.number }} > ../report-artifact/pr-number.txt
-          # Create the notification artifact
-          mkdir ../notification-artifact
-          mv rtlmeter-report/notification.txt ../notification-artifact/body.txt
-          echo ${{ github.event.number }} > ../notification-artifact/pr-number.txt
 
       - name: Upload report
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
@@ -372,11 +376,11 @@ jobs:
           path: report-artifact
           name: rtlmeter-report
 
-      - name: Upload notification
+      - name: Upload PR notification
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7
+        uses: ./verilator/.github/actions/upload-pr-notification
         with:
-          path: notification-artifact
+          path: verilator/rtlmeter-report/notification
-          name: pr-notification
+          key: rtlmeter
 
       - name: Report status
         run: exit ${{ steps.report.outputs.status }}

AGENTS.md

@@ -96,9 +96,15 @@ ______________________________________________________________________
 - [ ] Ran the full regression on at least one OS before submitting. Partial runs
   are fine during development, but the submitted PR is expected to pass every
   test.
+- [ ] Validated the code changes against recommendations in the AGENTS.md files.
 - [ ] Did not edit `docs/CONTRIBUTORS` (humans only) or `Changes` (maintainer
   updates it near release).
 
+## Drafting a PR
+
+- [ ] When creating a pull request message, omit itemized lists of changed
+  files and changes, since reviewers already have access to the diff.
+
 ## Pick the right diagnostic (and its required test)
 
 The API you choose determines which test must accompany the change.

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
 cmake_policy(SET CMP0091 NEW) # Use MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY to select the runtime
 project(
     Verilator
-    VERSION 5.050
+    VERSION 5.052
     HOMEPAGE_URL https://verilator.org
     LANGUAGES CXX
 )
@@ -155,11 +155,12 @@ install(
 foreach(
     program
     verilator
-    verilator_gantt
     verilator_ccache_report
+    verilator_coverage
     verilator_difftree
-    verilator_profcfunc
+    verilator_gantt
     verilator_includer
+    verilator_profcfunc
 )
     install(PROGRAMS bin/${program} TYPE BIN)
 endforeach()

Changes

@@ -10,6 +10,182 @@ The changes in each Verilator version are described below.  The
 contributors that suggested or implemented a given issue are shown in []. Thanks!
 
 
+Verilator 5.052 2026-09-05
+==========================
+
+**Important:**
+
+* Verilator now supports UVM 2020-3.2; see (#1538) for limitations.
+
+**Other:**
+
+* Add comments as a branch description in coverage .info files (#7843). [Eryk Szpotanski]
+* Add --enable-light-debug configure option (#7886). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Add user-provided DPI-C function declarations (#7626) (#7893). [Jakub Michalski]
+* Add error on static virtual functions (#7932). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add error when scalar is passed to array task argument (#7948). [Pawel Klopotek]
+* Add MULTIDRIVENPROC warning for signals driven by multiple plain always blocks (#7968). [Aisha]
+* Add FSM arc and state coverage to verilator_coverage .info output (#7972) (#7973). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add SIMILARNAME warning when variables have names that differ in case (#7992) (#8020) (#8186) (#8226) (#8233). [Paul Campbell]
+* Add Unigen2 constrained randomization algorithm (#8042). [Jakub Wasilewski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Add `+verilator+assert+lock` to ignore RTL assert control statements (#8086). [Sumanth Kadiyala]
+* Add NEVERMATCH warning when an SVA sequence can never match (#8176) (#8183). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Remove and deprecate `--assert-unroll-limit`. (#8096). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support embedded covergroup member references (#7749) (#8015). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Support a sequence used as an event control (#7797) (#7846). [Yilou Wang]
+* Support `[\*N:$]` consecutive repetition (#7940). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support dynamic containers in unique constraints (#7947). [Adam Kostrzewski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support delayed tristate gates (#7960) (#7961). [Patrick Creighton]
+* Support `default clocking` (#7984). [Kamil Danecki, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support embedded covergroup clocking events (#8028). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Support `weak`/`strong` keywords in property expressions (#8054). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support class handle covergroup arguments (#8071). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Support `soft foreach` constraints (#8174). [Kamil Danecki, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support overlong `within` sequences as never-matching (#8177). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support covergroup/function/task (ref/virtual/array) interface arguments (#8180). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Support covergroup events with reference members or ref arguments (#8201). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Support s_until/s_until_with in property expression (#8220). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Support solve before with associative array (#8232). [Kamil Danecki, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize random initialization. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize more always blocks in DFG (#7775). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize assertion NFAs using bit-vector ring buffers (#7885). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize circular logic in DFG (#7902). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize VPI symbol registration and scope construction (#7936). [Nick Brereton]
+* Optimize bounded always properties using ring buffers (#8061) (#8092). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize VL_WORDS_I/VL_BYTES_I (#8095). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize consecutive and goto repetitions using ring buffers (#8096). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize temporary insertion for single bit replicates in DFG (#8110). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize mtask coarsening in multi-threaded scheduling (#8120). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Optimize NFA delay-ring edge traversal, drop complexity to linear (#8145). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Optimize associative constant patterns to fixed point (#8147) (#8209). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix procedural tristate assignment overrides (#6785) (#8130). [Eddie Rydell]
+* Fix $finish continuing event loop (#7267) (#7950). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix continuing on wait(0) (#7372) (#8231). [Szymon Gizler, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix $display accepting streaming concat arguments (#7663) (#7890). [Jaeuk Lee]
+* Fix typedef clocking input sampling (#7688 partial) (#8204). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Fix DFG misoptimizing bound checks (#7755). [Jakub Michalski]
+* Fix unique0 case side effects (#7787). [Pawel Klopotek]
+* Fix mid-window disable iff (#7792) (#7869). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix cleaning purity cache after assertions. [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix uncaught type error leading to invalid C++ output (#7814). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix internal error for coverpoints that reference a covergroup formal parameter (#7853 partial) (#7889). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Fix immediate disable of fork join branches (#7856) (#7931). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Fix self-disable of named blocks with forks (Part of #7857) (#7996) (#8006). [Marco Bartoli]
+* Fix clang++ ambiguous overload of '==' operator (#7863). [Pawel Kojma, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix heap-use-after-free in `VlRNG::VlRNG()` (#7865). [Dragon-Git]
+* Fix mixed-width inside and dist range bounds failing randomization (#7875). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix solve-before over array variables failing randomization (#7876). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix scoped randomize with array members under rand_mode (#7877). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix dist constraint on a frozen variable failing randomization (#7878). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix range delays with parameter bounds (#7882). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix --coverage on labeled inline assert/cover property (#7898) (#7904). [Patrick Creighton]
+* Fix memory leak in VerilatedFst::close() (#7899). [Jakub Michalski]
+* Fix spurious FSM COVERIGN on comparisons (#7900) (#7908). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Fix release of forced port nets (#7901) (#7907). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix independent force of multiply instantiated signals (#7905). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix scheduling of variables written in non-inlined functions in suspendable processes (#7909). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix randomization of unreferenced rand members of unpacked structs (#7910) (#7911). [Philip Axer]
+* Fix VL_TO_STRING function for array of structs (#7912). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix queues falling into wrong template spec (#7914). [Adam Kostrzewski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix type resolution when a local name shadows a type name (#7915). [Pawel Klopotek]
+* Fix crash streaming an unpacked array of unpacked structs (#7917). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix streaming concat as output-port lvalue into unpacked struct (#7918). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix dropping variable writes across opaque calls (#7921) (#7933). [Philip Axer]
+* Fix dynamic array handling in solve...before (#7922). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix unlinked error with function call in derived class parameter (#7923). [Mateusz Gancarz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix scheduling of variables written in non-inlined functions in suspendable processes (#7924). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix class parameter resolution (#7935).
+* Fix FSM detection of coverage-only branches (#7941) (#7942). [Patrick Creighton]
+* Fix use-after-free in V3LinkDotIfaceCapture (#7943). [Nick Brereton]
+* Fix sampled-value clocks in repeated assertions (#7944). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix queued $finish/$stop request thread ordering (#7946 prep) (#7952). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix NFA assertion scheduling to fix outcome counts (#7946). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix DFG nested shifts with overflowing shift amount (#7955) (#7977).
+* Fix timing controls in interface tasks called via virtual interface (#7959). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix lambda parameter types in queue min and max (#7962). [Bartosz Skorowski]
+* Fix solve-before dropping all soft constraints in randomize() (#7963). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix generic interface param resolution in module/cell parameterization (#7970) (#7971). [David Garau]
+* Fix lost writes when select width exceeds variable width (#7975). [Bartosz Skorowski]
+* Fix $fgets being mis-optimized away (#7976). [G-A. Kamendje]
+* Fix SYNCASYNCNET false positive with changed non-edge logic (#7980). [Oron Port]
+* Fix variable scope in unique on dynamic array (#7981). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix table optimization causing not contextually convertible to bool error (#7983). [Jakub Michalski]
+* Fix wait fork trigger temporary split across generated functions (#7985) (#7986). [Marco Brambilla]
+* Fix randc cycling in a class that also uses solve...before (#7991 partial) (#8055). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix solver session stability to avoid breaking randomize (#7991 partial). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix simulation hang when the solver stops answering (#7991 partial) (#8129) (#8136). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix randomize() with a user variable named 'item' (#7993) (#7994).
+* Fix UNSATCONSTR reporting constraint indices above 9 (#7995). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix MULTIDRIVEN/MULTIDRIVENPROC warning suppression via lint_off (#8000). [Gilberto Abram]
+* Fix force not substituted into an unpacked array index (#8002).
+* Fix dist weights ignored when an item is not a literal (#8003).
+* Fix error when forcing an array element read at a run-time index (#8004).
+* Fix FSM coverage on empty reset branches (#8005) (#8064). [Yogish Sekhar]
+* Fix missing verilator_coverage in cmake install (#8008) (#8011).
+* Fix dist inside a foreach nested in a constraint if (#8016).
+* Fix gcov dump on warnings discarding later coverage counts (#8017). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix unique constraint crash, guards, and size (#8018).
+* Fix Linux peak memory stat to use VmHWM (#8022) (#8070). [Tyrone Marhguy]
+* Fix assignment pattern key constant expressions (#8029) (#8030). [Josep Sans]
+* Fix skipping optimization for unpacked data types (#8031). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix gate deduplication with function arguments (#8038). [JOTEGO]
+* Fix conditional expression with parameterized classes (#8039). [Pawel Klopotek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix array size references in constraints (#8040). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix mid-range consecutive repetition rejects (#8041). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix write access to dynamic arrays (#8043). [Bartosz Skorowski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix nondeterminism in trace stage (#8046). [Sumanth Kadiyala]
+* Fix force helpers in multiply instantiated modules (#8047). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix pin to non-existent port with PINNOTFOUND suppressed (#8051) (#8052). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Fix wildcard equality against a 4-state constant in an assertion (#8056) (#8057). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Fix untyped datatype error on sampling functions with property arguments (#8060). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix VPI cbValueChange for 1-bit select (#8063). [Bartłomiej Chmiel, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix NFA assertion crash and mis-counted property if/case (#8074). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix skipping non-constrained enum constraining when inside object of other class (#8075). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix use-after-free of captured interface typedef reference during parameter cloning (#8076). [em2machine]
+* Fix unintended side-effect insertion on associative array read (#8077). [Adam Kostrzewski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix undefined symbol solver error (#8080). [Igor Zaworski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix unpacked array element force with procedural assign (#8084) (#8085). [Nikolai Kumar]
+* Fix reading another parameter resolves to 0 in cloned modules (#8086)  (#8069). [em2machine]
+* Fix hierarchical class scope resolution (#8094). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix segmentation fault on parameters (#8102) (#8149). [Sumanth Kadiyala]
+* Fix the clang compilation using precompiled headers (#8105). [Demin Han]
+* Fix invalid typedef (#8106). [Adam Kostrzewski, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix R/W references to random builtin function seeds (#8112). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix invalid C++ on cast (#8113). [Pawel Klopotek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix COVERIGN on SVA goto repetition (#8118). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix unordered data hazards in multi-threaded scheduling (#8133). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix public table offsets larger than 32 bits (#8135). [Sunimali Rathnayake]
+* Fix 'get-value' for empty constrained arrays (#8138). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix streaming concatenation uninitialized read-modify-write access (#8143). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix unpacked array passing to logic task argument error (#8148). [Pawel Klopotek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix $past in final blocks on a sampling-tick finish (#8153). [Yilou Wang]
+* Fix array reference in reduction constraints (#8158). [Kornel Uriasz, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix VPI force data corruption (#8160). [Jonathan Drolet]
+* Fix sampled-value functions output on the first cycle (#8162). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix null pointer dereference in process destruction (#8171). [Andrii, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix invalid conversion of queue (#8172). [Andrii, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix crash on forward-referencing parameters (#8175). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix crash on empty `#()` parameter list on class instance (#8182). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix crash on multiple missing type parameters (#8184). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix SVA bound limit guard, leave headroom for alignment, respect --max-num-width (#8192). [Artur Bieniek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix internal error on an enum literal inside a `with` lambda body (#8190) (#8193). [Aditya Shevade]
+* Fix internal error on backslash-quoted strings (#8198). [Henry Hsieh]
+* Fix backslash behavior in string literals (#8211). [Pawel Klopotek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix task inout pin resizing error (#8212). [Pawel Klopotek, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix code generation for postponed region (#8218). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix method calls to be a reorder barrier (#8222). [Matthew Ballance]
+* Fix errors on stream connected to instance port (#8234). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix folding of short circuiting operators guarding member access (#8238). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix MULTIDRIVENPROC on static loop induction variables (#8242). [Geza Lore, Testorrent USA, Inc.]
+* Fix multiply undefined behavior on signed int overflow (#8247) (#8248). [Paul Rigge]
+* Fix initial statements with gate optimization (#8250). [Prithayan Barua]
+* Fix segmentation fault on context destruction (#8265).
+* Fix mis-randomizing an unpacked struct member when not rand/randc (#8277) (#8278). [Aditya Shevade]
+* Fix std::randomize() with-clause array index arguments (#8279) (#8280). [Aditya Shevade]
+* Fix incorrect reference to sync/async in SYNCASYNCNET warning (#8281). [Andrii, Antmicro Ltd.]
+* Fix use-after-free of captured interface typedef in deleted generate branch (#8287). [Nick Brereton]
+
+
 Verilator 5.050 2026-07-01
 ==========================
 
@@ -5738,7 +5914,7 @@ Verilator 3.104 2003-04-30
 **Major:**
 
 * Indicate direction of ports with VL_IN and VL_OUT.
-* Allow $c32, etc, to specify width of the $c statement for VCS.
+* Allow $c32, etc, to specify width of the $c statement.
 * Numerous performance improvements, worth about 25%
 
 **Minor:**

Makefile.in

@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ CFG_WITH_DEFENV = @CFG_WITH_DEFENV@
 CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV = @CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV@
 CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS = @CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS@
 CFG_WITH_SOLVER = @CFG_WITH_SOLVER@
+GCOV = @GCOV@
 PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
 
 #### End of system configuration section. ####
@@ -466,9 +467,11 @@ analyzer-include:
 
 # Bash/sh files
 BASH_FILES = \
+  ci/ci-coverage-report.bash \
   ci/ci-install.bash \
   ci/ci-pages-notify.bash \
   ci/ci-pages.bash \
+  ci/ci-rtlmeter-report.bash \
   ci/ci-script.bash \
   ci/docker/run/hooks/post_push \
   ci/docker/run/verilator-docker \
@@ -536,6 +539,7 @@ PY_PROGRAMS = \
   src/vlcovgen \
   test_regress/*.py \
   test_regress/t/*.pf \
+  test_regress/t/randomize_solver_tamper.py \
 
 # Python files, subject to format but not lint
 PY_FILES = \
@@ -695,20 +699,28 @@ COVERAGE_DIR := obj_coverage
 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV),yes)
 
 # Figure out base and head refs for coverage report
-COVERAGE_REF_BASE := $(if $(COVERAGE_BASE),$(shell git rev-parse --short $(COVERAGE_BASE)))
+COVERAGE_REF_BASE := $(if $(COVERAGE_BASE),$(shell git rev-parse --short $(COVERAGE_BASE) 2>/dev/null))
+ifneq ($(COVERAGE_BASE),)
+ ifeq ($(COVERAGE_REF_BASE),)
+  $(error COVERAGE_BASE='$(COVERAGE_BASE)' is not a valid git revision)
+ endif
+endif
 COVERAGE_REF_HEAD := $(shell git rev-parse --short HEAD)
 override undefine COVERAGE_BASE # Use the above variabels instead
 
 # 'fastcov' setup
 FASTCOV := nodist/fastcov.py
 FASTCOV_OPT := -j $(shell nproc)
+FASTCOV_OPT += --gcov $(GCOV)
 FASTCOV_OPT += --lcov
 FASTCOV_OPT += --process-gcno
 FASTCOV_OPT += --branch-coverage
 FASTCOV_OPT += --dump-statistic
 # Files matching the following glob patterns will be excluded from coverage
 FASTCOV_OPT += --exclude-glob
-FASTCOV_OPT += '/usr/*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '/usr/include/*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '/usr/lib*/*'
+FASTCOV_OPT += '/usr/share/*'
 FASTCOV_OPT += '*examples/*'
 FASTCOV_OPT += '*include/fstcpp/*'
 FASTCOV_OPT += '*src/obj_dbg/*'
@@ -749,6 +761,7 @@ GENHTML_OPT += --missed
 GENHTML_OPT += --rc branch_coverage=1
 GENHTML_OPT += --rc genhtml_hi_limit=100
 GENHTML_OPT += --ignore-errors negative
+GENHTML_OPT += --ignore-errors inconsistent
 ifeq ($(COVERAGE_REF_BASE),)
 GENHTML_OPT += --header-title "Code coverage for Verilator $(shell git describe --dirty)"
 else
@@ -780,7 +793,7 @@ $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator-patch.info: $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator.info
 	@echo "####################################################################"
 	rm -f $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch
 	git diff $(COVERAGE_REF_BASE) -- include src > $(COVERAGE_DIR)/filter.patch
-	[ -s $(COVERAGE_DIR)/filter.patch ]] || touch $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch
+	[ -s $(COVERAGE_DIR)/filter.patch ] || touch $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch
 	$(FASTCOV) -C $^ --lcov -o $@ --diff-filter $(COVERAGE_DIR)/filter.patch
 
 # Build coverage report
@@ -789,7 +802,7 @@ $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report/index.html: $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator$(if $(COVERAGE_REF_
 	@echo "# genhtml: Generating coverage report"
 	@echo "####################################################################"
 	@rm -rf $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report
-	[ -f $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch ]] || /usr/bin/time -f "That took %E" \
+	[ -f $(COVERAGE_DIR)/empty-patch ] || /usr/bin/time -f "That took %E" \
 	$(GENHTML) $(GENHTML_OPT) --output-directory $(COVERAGE_DIR)/report $^ || true
 	@# Uncommitted changes not tracked, force rebuild on next run if patch coverage
 	@$(if $(COVERAGE_REF_BASE),mv $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator-patch.info $(COVERAGE_DIR)/verilator-patch-last.info)

README.rst

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
    SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2003-2026 Wilson Snyder
    SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
-|badge1| |badge2| |badge3| |badge4| |badge5| |badge7| |badge8|
+|badge1| |badge2| |badge3| |badge4| |badge5|
+
+|badge7| |badge8|
 
 .. |badge1| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Website-Verilator.org-181717.svg
    :target: https://verilator.org
@@ -21,8 +23,8 @@
 .. |badge5| image:: https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/verilator/verilator
    :target: https://hub.docker.com/r/verilator/verilator
 
-.. |badge7| image:: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/workflows/build/badge.svg
+.. |badge7| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/verilator/verilator/build-test.yml?branch=master&label=regressions
-   :target: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/actions?query=workflow%3Abuild
+   :target: https://github.com/verilator/verilator/actions/workflows/build-test.yml
 
 .. |badge8| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/verilator/verilator/rtlmeter.yml?branch=master&event=schedule&label=benchmarks
    :target: https://verilator.github.io/verilator-rtlmeter-results

bin/verilator

@@ -636,6 +636,7 @@ description of these arguments.
 
 =for VL_SPHINX_EXTRACT "_build/gen/args_verilated.rst"
 
+     +verilator+assert+lock                Lock assertion status changes at startup
      +verilator+coverage+file+<filename>   Set coverage output filename
      +verilator+debug                      Enable debugging
      +verilator+debugi+<value>             Enable debugging at a level

bin/verilator_profcfunc

@@ -51,12 +51,17 @@ def profcfunc(filename: str) -> None:
     # Find modules
     verilated_mods = {}
     for func in funcs:
-        match = re.search(r'(.*)::eval(_step)?\(', func)
+        # Match only the model entry points: 'eval', 'eval_step', 'eval_end_step',
+        # and the 'evalXxx' region entry points, but not e.g. a user's '::evaluate'
+        match = re.match(r'([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)::eval(_step|_end_step|[A-Z][A-Za-z_0-9]*)?\(',
+                         func)
         if match:
             prefix = match.group(1)
+            if prefix.startswith('Verilated'):  # Run-time library, not a model
+                continue
             if Args.debug:
                 print("-got _eval %s   prefix=%s" % (func, prefix))
-            verilated_mods[prefix] = re.compile(r'^' + prefix)
+            verilated_mods[prefix] = re.compile(r'^' + re.escape(prefix))
     # pprint(verilated_mods)
 
     # Sort by Verilog name

ci/ci-build.bash

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI build job script
+#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+################################################################################
+# Executed in the 'build' stage.
+################################################################################
+
+# Destructive to the checkout (reconfigures and rebuilds); never run locally
+if [ "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" != "true" ]; then
+  echo "ERROR: $(basename "$0") must only be run in GitHub Actions CI" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+set -e
+set -x
+
+source "$(dirname "$0")/ci-common.bash"
+
+################################################################################
+# Parse arguments
+
+OPT_ASAN=0
+OPT_CCWARN=0
+OPT_GCOV=0
+OPT_LIGHT_DEBUG=0
+OPT_COMPILER=
+OPT_PREFIX=
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --asan) OPT_ASAN=1 ;;
+    --ccwarn) OPT_CCWARN=1 ;;
+    --compiler)
+      [ $# -ge 2 ] || fatal "--compiler requires an argument"
+      OPT_COMPILER="$2"
+      shift
+      ;;
+    --gcov) OPT_GCOV=1 ;;
+    --light-debug) OPT_LIGHT_DEBUG=1 ;;
+    --prefix)
+      [ $# -ge 2 ] || fatal "--prefix requires an argument"
+      OPT_PREFIX="$2"
+      shift
+      ;;
+    *) fatal "Unknown option: '$1'" ;;
+  esac
+  shift
+done
+
+[ -n "$OPT_COMPILER" ] || fatal "--compiler is required"
+[ -n "$OPT_PREFIX" ] || fatal "--prefix is required"
+
+# Map the compiler name to the executable name configure CXX expects
+case "$OPT_COMPILER" in
+  clang) CXX=clang++ ;;
+  gcc) CXX=g++ ;;
+  *) fatal "Unknown compiler: '$OPT_COMPILER'" ;;
+esac
+
+################################################################################
+# Configure
+
+CONFIGURE_ARGS="--prefix=$OPT_PREFIX --enable-longtests"
+if [ "$OPT_CCWARN" = 1 ]; then
+  CONFIGURE_ARGS="$CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-ccwarn"
+fi
+if [ "$OPT_ASAN" = 1 ]; then
+  CONFIGURE_ARGS="$CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-dev-asan"
+  CXX="$CXX -DVL_LEAK_CHECKS"
+  # Replaces VNUser's union with a std::variant to validate type usage.
+  # Only takes effect when the build is C++17 or newer.
+  CXX="$CXX -DVL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS"
+fi
+if [ "$OPT_GCOV" = 1 ]; then
+  CONFIGURE_ARGS="$CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-dev-gcov"
+fi
+if [ "$OPT_LIGHT_DEBUG" = 1 ]; then
+  CONFIGURE_ARGS="$CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-light-debug"
+fi
+autoconf
+./configure $CONFIGURE_ARGS CXX="$CXX"
+
+################################################################################
+# Build
+
+ccache -z
+BUILD_START=$SECONDS
+"$MAKE" -j "$NPROC" -k
+ccache -svv
+ccache --evict-older-than "$((SECONDS - BUILD_START + 60))s"
+ccache -svv

ci/ci-common.bash

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI common definitions, sourced by the stage scripts
+#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+################################################################################
+# Common definitions sourced by the CI stage scripts; not executed directly.
+################################################################################
+
+fatal() {
+  echo "ERROR: $(basename "$0"): $1" >&2; exit 1;
+}
+
+case "$(uname -s)" in
+  Linux)
+    HOST_OS=linux
+    MAKE=make
+    NPROC=$(nproc)
+    # Distro id/version; subshell keeps os-release out of our namespace
+    if [ -r /etc/os-release ]; then
+      DISTRO_ID=$(. /etc/os-release; echo "$ID")
+      DISTRO_VERSION=$(. /etc/os-release; echo "$VERSION_ID")
+    fi
+    ;;
+  Darwin)
+    HOST_OS=macOS
+    MAKE=make
+    NPROC=$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
+    ;;
+  *)
+    fatal "Unknown host OS: '$(uname -s)'"
+    ;;
+esac
+
+export MAKE

ci/ci-coverage-report.bash

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI script for 'coverage.yml' results
+#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+# This script combines the code coverage data gathered by the test jobs into
+# the HTML report published on GitHub Pages, and for a pull request, builds the
+# content of the response comment posted on it.
+
+# Developer note: You should be able to run this script in your local checkout
+# if you have GitHub CLI (command 'gh') setup, authenticated ('gh auth login'),
+# and have set a default repository ('gh repo set-default').
+
+set -eo pipefail
+
+# Trace when running in the CI
+[ "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" != "true" ] || set -x
+
+# Arguments:
+#  1. run ID
+#  2. number of the pull request, or empty for a non-pull-request run
+#  3. base SHA of the pull request (pull requests only)
+#  4. head SHA of the pull request (pull requests only)
+RUN_ID=$1
+PR_NUMBER=$2
+PR_BASE_SHA=$3
+PR_HEAD_SHA=$4
+
+# Coverage data and report directory, uploaded as the 'coverage-report' artifact
+COVERAGE_DIR=obj_coverage
+ls -lsha ${COVERAGE_DIR}
+
+# Combine the reports from the test jobs
+nodist/fastcov.py -C ${COVERAGE_DIR}/verilator-*.info --lcov -o ${COVERAGE_DIR}/verilator.info
+
+# Create the report. For a pull request, report patch coverage against the
+# merge-base between the head of the pull request and the target branch. The
+# summary quoted in the notification below is only in the log of 'make'.
+MAKE_LOG=make-coverage-report.log
+if [ -n "${PR_NUMBER}" ]; then
+  COVERAGE_BASE=$(git rev-parse --short $(git merge-base ${PR_BASE_SHA} ${PR_HEAD_SHA}))
+  make coverage-report COVERAGE_BASE=${COVERAGE_BASE} |& tee ${MAKE_LOG}
+else
+  make coverage-report
+fi
+
+# Remove the data files, only the HTML report is published
+rm -f ${COVERAGE_DIR}/verilator*.info
+
+# The rest is for pull requests only
+if [ -z "${PR_NUMBER}" ]; then
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+# Get some metadata about the run
+RUN_NUM=$(gh run view ${RUN_ID} --json number --jq ".number")
+RUN_URL=$(gh run view ${RUN_ID} --json url    --jq ".url")
+
+# Repository owner and name of the default repository, used to build the
+# GitHub Pages URL of the report. The owner is lowercased, as required for the
+# '<owner>.github.io' Pages domain.
+PAGES_OWNER=$(gh repo view --json owner --jq '.owner.login' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+PAGES_NAME=$(gh repo view --json name --jq '.name')
+
+REPORT_URL=https://${PAGES_OWNER}.github.io/${PAGES_NAME}/coverage-reports/${RUN_ID}/index.html
+
+###############################################################################
+# Create the PR notification
+###############################################################################
+
+NOTIFICATION_DIR=notification
+mkdir -p ${NOTIFICATION_DIR}
+
+cat > ${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/body.txt <<NOTIFICATION_TEMPLATE
+Patch coverage from PR workflow [#${RUN_NUM}](${RUN_URL}) (code coverage of lines changed relative to ${COVERAGE_BASE}):
+NOTIFICATION_TEMPLATE
+
+if [ -f ${COVERAGE_DIR}/empty-patch ]; then
+  # Patch is empty
+  cat >> ${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/body.txt <<SUMMARY_TEMPLATE
+Patch contains no code changes
+SUMMARY_TEMPLATE
+
+  echo "Workflow [#${RUN_NUM}](${RUN_URL}): patch contains no code changes" > ${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/hist.txt
+
+else
+  # Patch contains code changes
+
+  cat >> ${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/body.txt <<SUMMARY_TEMPLATE
+<pre>
+$(grep -E "(lines|branches)\.*:" ${MAKE_LOG} | sed "s/\.*:/:/" || true)
+</pre>
+Report: [${RUN_ID}](${REPORT_URL})
+
+Please get to 100% line coverage, and understand all branches; see the [developer docs](https://github.com/verilator/verilator/blob/master/docs/internals.rst#code-coverage-results)
+SUMMARY_TEMPLATE
+
+  echo "Workflow [#${RUN_NUM}](${RUN_URL}) report: [${RUN_ID}](${REPORT_URL})" > ${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/hist.txt
+fi

ci/ci-install.bash

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI dependency install script
 #
-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Geza Lore
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
 
 ################################################################################
@@ -10,141 +10,211 @@
 # required by the particular build stage.
 ################################################################################
 
+# Installs system packages with sudo; never run locally
+if [ "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" != "true" ]; then
+  echo "ERROR: $(basename "$0") must only be run in GitHub Actions CI" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
 set -e
 set -x
 
 cd $(dirname "$0")/..
 
-# Avoid occasional cpan failures "Issued certificate has expired."
+source "$(dirname "$0")/ci-common.bash"
-export PERL_LWP_SSL_VERIFY_HOSTNAME=0
-echo "check_certificate = off" >> ~/.wgetrc
 
-fatal() {
+################################################################################
-  echo "ERROR: $(basename "$0"): $1" >&2; exit 1;
+# Parse arguments
+
+# Which stage to install dependencies for
+STAGE="$1"
+
+################################################################################
+# Install dependencies
+
+if [ "$HOST_OS" = "macOS" ]; then
+  # The macos runner image ships an untrusted third-party tap we don't use;
+  # untap it so brew stops emitting a tap-trust warning. Force + '|| true' since
+  # untap fails if a formula was installed from it, which is harmless here.
+  brew untap --force aws/tap || true
+fi
+
+# Run 'sudo apt-get', with timeout, retrying if failed
+apt-get-retry() {
+  local _attempt
+  for _attempt in 1 2 3; do
+    [ "$_attempt" -eq 1 ] || sleep $((15 * _attempt))
+    sudo timeout --kill-after=30s 5m env DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
+      apt-get -o DPkg::Lock::Timeout=60 "$@" && return 0
+  done
+  fatal "'apt-get $*' failed on all attempts"
 }
 
-if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+# Run 'brew', retrying if failed
-  MAKE=make
+brew-retry() {
-elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+  local _attempt
-  MAKE=make
+  for _attempt in 1 2 3; do
-elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
+    [ "$_attempt" -eq 1 ] || sleep $((15 * _attempt))
-  MAKE=gmake
+    brew "$@" && return 0
-else
+  done
-  fatal "Unknown CI_OS_NAME: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
+  fatal "'brew $*' failed on all attempts"
-fi
+}
-
-if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
-  # Avoid slow "processing triggers for man db"
-  echo "path-exclude /usr/share/doc/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
-  echo "path-exclude /usr/share/man/*"  | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
-  echo "path-exclude /usr/share/info/*" | sudo tee -a /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01_nodoc
-fi
 
 install-wavediff() {
   source ci/docker/buildenv/wavetools.conf
   local _base_url="https://github.com/hudson-trading/wavetools/releases/download/${WAVETOOLS_VERSION}"
   local _platform
-  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+  if [ "$HOST_OS" = "linux" ]; then
     _platform="linux-x86_64"
-  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+  elif [ "$HOST_OS" = "macOS" ]; then
     _platform="macos-arm64"
-  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "windows" ]; then
-    _platform="windows-x86_64"
   else
-    echo "WARNING: No wavetools binary available for CI_OS_NAME=$CI_OS_NAME, skipping"
+    echo "WARNING: No wavetools binary available for HOST_OS=$HOST_OS, skipping"
     return 0
   fi
   local _tmpdir
   _tmpdir=$(mktemp -d)
   local _archive="wavetools-${WAVETOOLS_VERSION}-${_platform}"
-  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "windows" ]; then
+  wget -q -O "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.tar.gz" "${_base_url}/${_archive}.tar.gz"
-    wget -q -O "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.zip" "${_base_url}/${_archive}.zip"
+  tar -xzf "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.tar.gz" -C "${_tmpdir}"
-    unzip -o "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.zip" -d "${_tmpdir}"
-  else
-    wget -q -O "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.tar.gz" "${_base_url}/${_archive}.tar.gz"
-    tar -xzf "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}.tar.gz" -C "${_tmpdir}"
-  fi
   sudo cp "${_tmpdir}/${_archive}/wavediff" /usr/local/bin/wavediff
   rm -rf "${_tmpdir}"
 }
 
-if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
+if [ "$STAGE" = "build" ]; then
   ##############################################################################
   # Dependencies of jobs in the 'build' stage, i.e.: packages required to
   # build Verilator
 
-  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+  if [ "$HOST_OS" = "linux" ]; then
-    sudo apt-get update ||
+    if [ "$DISTRO_ID" = "ubuntu" ]; then
-    sudo apt-get update
+      PACKAGES=(
-    sudo apt-get install --yes ccache help2man libfl-dev ||
+        bear
-    sudo apt-get install --yes ccache help2man libfl-dev
+        ccache
-    if [[ ! "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]]; then
+        help2man
-      # Some conflict of libunwind verison on 22.04, can live without it for now
+        libfl-dev
-      sudo apt-get install --yes libjemalloc-dev ||
+        libsystemc-dev
-      sudo apt-get install --yes libjemalloc-dev
+        mold
-    fi
+      )
-    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-26.04" ]]; then
+      # libunwind conflict on 22.04, can live without libjemalloc there
-      if [[ ! "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "-riscv" ]]; then
+      if [ "$DISTRO_VERSION" != "22.04" ]; then
-        sudo apt-get install --yes libsystemc libsystemc-dev ||
+        PACKAGES+=(libjemalloc-dev)
-        sudo apt-get install --yes libsystemc libsystemc-dev
       fi
+      apt-get-retry update
+      apt-get-retry install --yes "${PACKAGES[@]}"
     fi
-    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-26.04" ]]; then
+  elif [ "$HOST_OS" = "macOS" ]; then
-      sudo apt-get install --yes bear mold ||
+    PACKAGES=(
-      sudo apt-get install --yes bear mold
+      autoconf
-    fi
+      bison
-  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+      ccache
-    brew update ||
+      flex
-    brew update
+      gperftools
-    brew install ccache perl gperftools autoconf bison flex help2man ||
+      help2man
-    brew install ccache perl gperftools autoconf bison flex help2man
+      perl
-  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
+    )
-    sudo pkg install -y autoconf bison ccache gmake perl5
+    brew-retry update
+    brew-retry install "${PACKAGES[@]}"
   else
-    fatal "Unknown CI_OS_NAME: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
+    fatal "Unknown HOST_OS: '$HOST_OS'"
   fi
-
+elif [ "$STAGE" = "test" ]; then
-  if [ -n "$CCACHE_DIR" ]; then
-    mkdir -p "$CCACHE_DIR"
-  fi
-elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
   ##############################################################################
   # Dependencies of jobs in the 'test' stage, i.e.: packages required to
   # run the tests
 
-  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+  if [ "$HOST_OS" = "linux" ]; then
-    sudo apt-get update ||
+    if [ "$DISTRO_ID" = "ubuntu" ]; then
-    sudo apt-get update
+      PACKAGES=(
-    # libfl-dev needed for internal coverage's test runs
+        ccache
-    sudo apt-get install --yes gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3 ||
+        gdb
-    sudo apt-get install --yes gdb gtkwave lcov libfl-dev ccache jq z3
+        jq
-    # Required for test_regress/t/t_dist_attributes.py
+        lcov
-    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-26.04" ]]; then
+        libfl-dev
-      sudo apt-get install --yes python3-clang mold ||
+        libsystemc-dev
-      sudo apt-get install --yes python3-clang mold
+        mold
+        python3-clang
+        z3
+      )
+      apt-get-retry update
+      apt-get-retry install --yes "${PACKAGES[@]}"
     fi
-    if [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-22.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-24.04" ]] || [[ "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "ubuntu-26.04" ]]; then
+  elif [ "$HOST_OS" = "macOS" ]; then
-      if [[ ! "$CI_RUNS_ON" =~ "-riscv" ]]; then
+    PACKAGES=(
-        sudo apt-get install --yes libsystemc libsystemc-dev ||
+      ccache
-        sudo apt-get install --yes libsystemc libsystemc-dev
+      jq
-      fi
+      perl
-    fi
+      z3
-  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+    )
-    brew update
+    brew-retry update
-    # brew cask install gtkwave # fst2vcd hangs at launch, so don't bother
+    brew-retry install "${PACKAGES[@]}"
-    brew install ccache perl jq z3
-  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
-    # fst2vcd fails with "Could not open '<input file>', exiting."
-    sudo pkg install -y ccache gmake perl5 python3 jq z3
   else
-    fatal "Unknown CI_OS_NAME: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
+    fatal "Unknown HOST_OS: '$HOST_OS'"
   fi
   # Common installs
   install-wavediff
   # Workaround -fsanitize=address crash
   sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_rnd_bits=28
+elif [ "$STAGE" = "lint-py" ]; then
+  ##############################################################################
+  # Dependencies for nodist/clang_check_attributes
+
+  if [ "$HOST_OS" = "linux" ] && [ "$DISTRO_ID" = "ubuntu" ]; then
+    PACKAGES=(
+      python3-clang  # Not run, but importers are linted
+    )
+    apt-get-retry update
+    apt-get-retry install --yes "${PACKAGES[@]}"
+  fi
+elif [ "$STAGE" = "format" ]; then
+  ##############################################################################
+  # Dependencies of 'make format'
+
+  if [ "$HOST_OS" = "linux" ] && [ "$DISTRO_ID" = "ubuntu" ]; then
+    PACKAGES=(
+      clang-format-18  # Version pinned, so all of CI formats alike
+    )
+    apt-get-retry update
+    apt-get-retry install --yes "${PACKAGES[@]}"
+  fi
+elif [ "$STAGE" = "coverage" ]; then
+  ##############################################################################
+  # Dependencies of the coverage report job, which only collates what the
+  # 'test' stage jobs measured
+
+  if [ "$HOST_OS" = "linux" ] && [ "$DISTRO_ID" = "ubuntu" ]; then
+    PACKAGES=(
+      lcov
+    )
+    apt-get-retry update
+    apt-get-retry install --yes "${PACKAGES[@]}"
+  fi
+elif [ "$STAGE" = "rtlmeter-run" ]; then
+  ##############################################################################
+  # Dependencies of the RTLMeter jobs, which compile and run designs with an
+  # already built Verilator, so they need its runtime prerequisites only
+
+  if [ "$HOST_OS" = "linux" ] && [ "$DISTRO_ID" = "ubuntu" ]; then
+    PACKAGES=(
+      ccache
+      libfl-dev
+      libjemalloc-dev
+      libsystemc-dev
+      mold
+    )
+    apt-get-retry update
+    apt-get-retry install --yes "${PACKAGES[@]}"
+  fi
 else
   ##############################################################################
   # Unknown build stage
-  fatal "Unknown CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: '$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME'"
+  fatal "Unknown stage '$STAGE'"
 fi
+
+# Report where the tools we may have installed live (ok if some are missing)
+set +x
+echo "Tools:"
+for bin in autoconf bear bison ccache flex gdb help2man jq lcov mold perl wavediff z3; do
+  echo -n "  $bin: "
+  which "$bin" || echo "Not found"
+done

ci/ci-pages-notify.bash

@@ -6,37 +6,162 @@
 
 # Notify PRs via comment that their workflow reports are available
 
-# Get the current repo URL - might differ on a fork
+# Note this deliberately does not 'set -e'. A run that cannot be notified, say
-readonly REPO_URL=$(gh repo view --json url --jq .url)
+# because its pull request was locked, must not hold up the notification of all
+# the others, so each failure below moves on to the next run instead. Its
+# artifact is then left in place, so it is retried on the next run of 'pages.yml'.
+
+# The account we post as, which is how we tell our own earlier notifications
+# from anybody else's comments. 'pages.yml' sets this to the slug of the app the
+# token belongs to. Set it to your own login when running this by hand. The 'jq'
+# filter below picks it up from the environment.
+if [ -z "${GH_AUTHOR:-}" ]; then
+  echo "GH_AUTHOR must hold the account we post as" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+echo "Posting as '${GH_AUTHOR}'"
+
+# Marker line separating the report from the history of the older reports
+readonly HISTORY_MARKER='<!-- Verilator CI notification history -->'
+# Opening line of the HTML comment stashing the history entry of the report
+# itself. It is not shown in its own history, only inherited by the ones
+# superseding it, hence it is kept out of sight until then.
+readonly NEXTHIST_MARKER='<!-- Verilator CI notification entry'
 
 # Create artifacts root directory
 ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts
 mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}
 
 for RUN_ID in ${PR_RUN_IDS//,/ }; do
-  echo "@@@ Processing run ${RUN_ID}"
-
   # Create workflow artifacts directory
   ARTIFACTS_DIR=${ARTIFACTS_ROOT}/${RUN_ID}
   mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
 
   # Download artifact of this run, if exists
-  gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name pr-notification --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} || true
+  gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name pr-notification --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} &> /dev/null || true
-  ls -lsha ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
 
   # Move on if no notification is required
   if [ ! -f ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt ]; then
-    echo "No notification found"
     continue
   fi
-  echo "Posting notification found"
 
-  cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/body.txt
+  PR_NUMBER=$(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt)
-  gh pr comment $(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/pr-number.txt) --body-file ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/body.txt
+  echo "@@@ Run ${RUN_ID}: notifying PR #${PR_NUMBER}"
 
-  # Get the artifact ID
+  # Everything below is created and validated by the 'upload-pr-notification'
-  ARTIFACT_ID=$(gh api "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/runs/${RUN_ID}/artifacts" --jq '.artifacts[] | select(.name == "pr-notification") | .id')
+  # action. Move on if this artifact was not made by it, e.g. it is left over
+  # from an earlier version of the CI, so it does not hold up the other runs.
+  for f in body.txt key.txt hist.txt; do
+    if [ ! -f ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/${f} ]; then
+      echo "Notification has no '${f}'" >&2
+      continue 2  # Note: continues the enclosing 'RUN_ID' loop
+    fi
+  done
 
-  # Delete it, so we only notify once
+  # 'key.txt' holds the key naming the source of the notification. It goes on the
-  gh api --method DELETE "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/artifacts/${ARTIFACT_ID}"
+  # first line of the comment as an HTML comment, so it is invisible when
+  # rendered, and is used below to find the stale notifications with the same
+  # key, which are then superseded by the new one and deleted.
+  COMMENT_MARKER="<!-- Verilator CI notification: $(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/key.txt) -->"
+
+  # Find the stale notifications from the same source on this PR. That is, our
+  # own comments with the same marker on their first line. Oldest first, as
+  # returned by the API. An app posts as '<slug>[bot]', so drop that suffix to
+  # compare against the slug. Move on if they cannot be listed, as without them
+  # we would post a duplicate instead of superseding them.
+  if ! COMMENT_MARKER="${COMMENT_MARKER}" \
+      gh api --paginate "repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues/${PR_NUMBER}/comments" \
+        --jq '.[]
+              | select((.user.login | rtrimstr("[bot]")) == env.GH_AUTHOR)
+              | select((.body | split("\n") | .[0] | rtrimstr("\r")) == env.COMMENT_MARKER)
+              | {id, body}' > ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/stale.json; then
+    echo "Failed to list the comments of PR #${PR_NUMBER}" >&2
+    continue
+  fi
+
+  # Inherit the history of the newest stale notification. There should only ever
+  # be one, and it holds the whole history anyway, as each notification inherits
+  # the history of the one it superseded. Any older ones are only deleted below.
+  STALE_COUNT=$(wc -l < ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/stale.json)
+  if [ ${STALE_COUNT} -gt 1 ]; then
+    echo "Found ${STALE_COUNT} stale notifications, only the newest is inherited from"
+  fi
+
+  HISTORY=${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/history.txt
+  touch ${HISTORY}
+  if [ ${STALE_COUNT} -gt 0 ]; then
+    tail -n 1 ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/stale.json | jq -r '.body' | tr -d '\r' > ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/stale-body.txt
+    # Its own entry, stashed in an HTML comment
+    awk -v marker="${NEXTHIST_MARKER}" '
+      $0 == marker { inside = 1; next }
+      !inside { next }
+      $0 == "-->" { exit }
+      NF { print }
+    ' ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/stale-body.txt >> ${HISTORY}
+    # Followed by its history, without the enclosing '<details>' markup
+    awk -v marker="${HISTORY_MARKER}" '
+      $0 == marker { inside = 1; next }
+      !inside { next }
+      $0 == "<details>" || /^<summary>/ { next }
+      $0 == "</details>" { exit }
+      NF { print }
+    ' ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/stale-body.txt >> ${HISTORY}
+  fi
+
+  # Assemble the comment. Starts with the marker and the report.
+  COMMENT=${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/comment.txt
+  cat > ${COMMENT} <<COMMENT_TEMPLATE
+${COMMENT_MARKER}
+$(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/body.txt)
+COMMENT_TEMPLATE
+
+  # Then the history inherited from the notifications this one supersedes, so
+  # the older reports remain reachable from the only remaining comment.
+  if [ -s ${HISTORY} ]; then
+    echo "History holds $(wc -l < ${HISTORY}) entries"
+    cat >> ${COMMENT} <<HISTORY_TEMPLATE
+${HISTORY_MARKER}
+<details>
+<summary>PR history</summary>
+
+$(cat ${HISTORY})
+</details>
+HISTORY_TEMPLATE
+  fi
+
+  # Finally this report's own history entry, stashed out of sight until a later
+  # notification inherits it.
+  cat >> ${COMMENT} <<NEXTHIST_TEMPLATE
+${NEXTHIST_MARKER}
+$(cat ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/hist.txt)
+-->
+NEXTHIST_TEMPLATE
+
+  # Post it. Move on if this failed, without deleting anything below, otherwise
+  # the history held by the stale notifications would be lost.
+  if ! jq -Rs '{body: .}' ${COMMENT} \
+      | gh api --method POST "repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues/${PR_NUMBER}/comments" \
+          --input - > ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/posted.json; then
+    echo "Failed to post this notification on PR #${PR_NUMBER}:" >&2
+    cat ${COMMENT} >&2
+    continue
+  fi
+  echo "Posted $(jq -r '.html_url' ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/posted.json)"
+
+  # Delete the stale notifications, so only the new one remains
+  for COMMENT_ID in $(jq -r '.id' ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/stale.json); do
+    echo "Deleting stale comment ${COMMENT_ID}"
+    gh api --method DELETE "repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues/comments/${COMMENT_ID}"
+  done
+
+  # Get the artifact IDs. Note there can be more than one artifact named
+  # 'pr-notification' for a single run, as the artifacts endpoint lists
+  # artifacts across all run attempts, and a re-run uploads a new one while
+  # keeping the previous attempt's artifact.
+  ARTIFACT_IDS=$(gh api "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/runs/${RUN_ID}/artifacts" --jq '.artifacts[] | select(.name == "pr-notification") | .id')
+
+  # Delete them all, so we only notify once
+  for ARTIFACT_ID in ${ARTIFACT_IDS}; do
+    gh api --method DELETE "repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/artifacts/${ARTIFACT_ID}"
+  done
 done

ci/ci-pages.bash

@@ -35,13 +35,10 @@ compile_coverage_reports() {
 
   # Gather all coverage workflow runs within the time window
   gh run list -w coverage.yml --limit 1000 --created ">=${OLDEST}" --json "databaseId,event,status,conclusion,createdAt,number" > recentRuns.json
-  echo @@@ Recent runs:
-  jq "." recentRuns.json
 
   # Select completd runs that were not cancelled or skipped, sort by descending run number
   jq 'sort_by(-.number) | map(select(.status == "completed" and (.conclusion == "success" or .conclusion == "failure")))' recentRuns.json > completedRuns.json
-  echo @@@ Completed with success or failure:
+  echo "@@@ $(jq length completedRuns.json) of $(jq length recentRuns.json) runs since ${OLDEST} completed with success or failure"
-  jq "." completedRuns.json
 
   # Create artifacts root directory
   local ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts-coverage
@@ -64,11 +61,8 @@ compile_coverage_reports() {
 
     # For each worfklow run that was triggered by this event type
     for RUN_ID in $(jq ".[] | select(.event == \"${EVENT}\") |.databaseId" completedRuns.json); do
-      echo "@@@ Processing run ${RUN_ID}"
-
       # Extract the info of this run
       jq ".[] | select(.databaseId == $RUN_ID)" completedRuns.json > workflow.json
-      jq "." workflow.json
 
       # Record run ID of PR job
       [[ $EVENT != "pull_request" ]] || PR_RUN_IDS="$PR_RUN_IDS $RUN_ID"
@@ -78,15 +72,13 @@ compile_coverage_reports() {
       mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
 
       # Download artifacts of this run, if exists
-      gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name coverage-report --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} || true
+      gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name coverage-report --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} &> /dev/null || true
-      ls -lsha ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
 
       # Move on if no coverage report is available
       if [ ! -d ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/report ]; then
-        echo "No coverage report found"
         continue
       fi
-      echo "Coverage report found"
+      echo "@@@ Run ${RUN_ID}: coverage report found"
 
       # Emit section header
       if [[ -n $EMIT_SECTION_HEADER ]]; then
@@ -159,13 +151,10 @@ compile_rtlmeter_reports() {
 
   # Gather all RTLMeter workflow runs within the time window
   gh run list -w rtlmeter.yml --limit 1000 --created ">=${OLDEST}" --json "databaseId,event,status,conclusion,createdAt,number" > recentRuns.json
-  echo @@@ Recent runs:
-  jq "." recentRuns.json
 
   # Select completd runs that were not cancelled or skipped, sort by descending run number
   jq 'sort_by(-.number) | map(select(.status == "completed" and (.conclusion == "success" or .conclusion == "failure")))' recentRuns.json > completedRuns.json
-  echo @@@ Completed with success or failure:
+  echo "@@@ $(jq length completedRuns.json) of $(jq length recentRuns.json) runs since ${OLDEST} completed with success or failure"
-  jq "." completedRuns.json
 
   # Create artifacts root directory
   local ARTIFACTS_ROOT=artifacts-rtlmeter
@@ -188,11 +177,8 @@ compile_rtlmeter_reports() {
 
     # For each worfklow run that was triggered by this event type
     for RUN_ID in $(jq ".[] | select(.event == \"${EVENT}\") |.databaseId" completedRuns.json); do
-      echo "@@@ Processing run ${RUN_ID}"
-
       # Extract the info of this run
       jq ".[] | select(.databaseId == $RUN_ID)" completedRuns.json > workflow.json
-      jq "." workflow.json
 
       # Record run ID of PR job
       [[ $EVENT != "pull_request" ]] || PR_RUN_IDS="$PR_RUN_IDS $RUN_ID"
@@ -202,15 +188,13 @@ compile_rtlmeter_reports() {
       mkdir -p ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
 
       # Download artifacts of this run, if exists
-      gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name rtlmeter-report --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} || true
+      gh run download ${RUN_ID} --name rtlmeter-report --dir ${ARTIFACTS_DIR} &> /dev/null || true
-      ls -lsha ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}
 
       # Move on if no RTLMeter report is available
       if [ ! -d ${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/report ]; then
-        echo "No RTLMeter report found"
         continue
       fi
-      echo "RTLMeter report found"
+      echo "@@@ Run ${RUN_ID}: RTLMeter report found"
 
       # Emit section header
       if [[ -n $EMIT_SECTION_HEADER ]]; then

ci/ci-rtlmeter-cases.py

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ CASES = {
         ("BlackParrot:2x2:*",                    14),
         ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",                    25),
         ("Caliptra:default:*",                   19),
+        ("HummingbirdV2-E203:default:*",         3),
+        ("HummingbirdV2-E203:nodelay:*",         3),
         ("NVDLA:*",                              29),
         ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",                      4),
         ("OpenPiton:2x2:*",                      7),
@@ -57,13 +59,15 @@ CASES = {
         ("BlackParrot:2x2:*",                    9),
         ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",                    12),
         ("Caliptra:default:*",                   16),
+        ("HummingbirdV2-E203:default:*",         10),
+        ("HummingbirdV2-E203:nodelay:*",         10),
         ("NVDLA:*",                              28),
         ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",                      5),
         ("OpenPiton:2x2:*",                      6),
         ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",                      8),
         ("OpenTitan:*",                          10),
-        ("Servant:qerv:*",                       17),
+        ("Servant:qerv:phil",                    17),
-        ("Servant:serv:*",                       15),
+        ("Servant:serv:phil",                    15),
         ("VeeR-EH1:asic:*",                      6),
         ("VeeR-EH1:default:*",                   8),
         ("VeeR-EH1:hiperf:*",                    5),
@@ -107,6 +111,8 @@ CASES_PR = {
         ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",                    25),
         ("Caliptra:default:*",                   19),
         ("NVDLA:*",                              29),
+        ("HummingbirdV2-E203:default:*",         3),
+        ("HummingbirdV2-E203:nodelay:*",         3),
         ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",                      4),
         ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",                      10),
         ("OpenTitan:*",                          16),
@@ -137,11 +143,13 @@ CASES_PR = {
         ("BlackParrot:4x4:*",                    12),
         ("Caliptra:default:*",                   16),
         ("NVDLA:*",                              28),
+        ("HummingbirdV2-E203:default:*",         10),
+        ("HummingbirdV2-E203:nodelay:*",         10),
         ("OpenPiton:1x1:*",                      5),
         ("OpenPiton:4x4:*",                      8),
         ("OpenTitan:*",                          10),
-        ("Servant:qerv:*",                       17),
+        ("Servant:qerv:phil",                    17),
-        ("Servant:serv:*",                       15),
+        ("Servant:serv:phil",                    15),
         ("VeeR-EH1:asic:*",                      6),
         ("VeeR-EH1:default:*",                   8),
         ("VeeR-EH1:hiperf:*",                    5),

ci/ci-rtlmeter-report.bash

@@ -88,9 +88,16 @@ venv/bin/python3 $SCRIPT_DIR/ci-rtlmeter-report.py ${SUMMARY_ARGS[@]} > $TMP_DIR
 # Print it
 cat $TMP_DIR/summary.txt
 
-# Create notification comment content
+REPORT_URL=https://${PAGES_OWNER}.github.io/${PAGES_NAME}/rtlmeter-reports/${RUN_ID}/index.html
-NOTIFICATION=$TMP_DIR/notification.txt
+
-cat > $NOTIFICATION <<NOTIFICATION_TEMPLATE
+###############################################################################
+# Create the PR notification
+###############################################################################
+
+NOTIFICATION_DIR=$TMP_DIR/notification
+mkdir -p $NOTIFICATION_DIR
+
+cat > ${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/body.txt <<NOTIFICATION_TEMPLATE
 Performance metrics for PR workflow [#$RUN_NUM]($RUN_URL), comparing:
 - target branch commit [${REF_SHA:0:9}](https://github.com/${PAGES_OWNER}/${PAGES_NAME}/commit/${REF_SHA}) (A)
 - with PR merge commit [${RUN_SHA:0:9}](https://github.com/${PAGES_OWNER}/${PAGES_NAME}/commit/${RUN_SHA}) (B)
@@ -106,10 +113,15 @@ The reported numbers are the geometric means of the ratios of the metrics over a
 less than 1 is a regression, greater than 1 is an improvement.
 The jobs run on variable and noisy runners, so some variance is expected between runs.
 
-Detailed report: [${RUN_ID}](https://${PAGES_OWNER}.github.io/${PAGES_NAME}/rtlmeter-reports/${RUN_ID}/index.html)
+Detailed report: [${RUN_ID}](${REPORT_URL})
 NOTIFICATION_TEMPLATE
 
+echo "Workflow [#$RUN_NUM]($RUN_URL) report: [${RUN_ID}](${REPORT_URL})" > ${NOTIFICATION_DIR}/hist.txt
+
+###############################################################################
 # Create detailed report
+###############################################################################
+
 REPORT=$TMP_DIR/body.html
 cat > $REPORT <<SUMMARY_TEMPLATE
 <h3>Summary of all runs</h3>

ci/ci-script.bash

@@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI main job script
-#
-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Geza Lore
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
-
-################################################################################
-# This is the main script executed in the 'script' phase by all jobs. We use a
-# single script to keep the CI setting simple. We pass job parameters via
-# environment variables using 'env' keys.
-################################################################################
-
-set -e
-set -x
-
-fatal() {
-  echo "ERROR: $(basename "$0"): $1" >&2; exit 1;
-}
-
-if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
-  export MAKE=make
-  NPROC=$(nproc)
-elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
-  export MAKE=make
-  NPROC=$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
-  # Disable ccache, doesn't always work in GitHub Actions
-  export OBJCACHE=
-elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
-  export MAKE=gmake
-  NPROC=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
-else
-  fatal "Unknown CI_OS_NAME: '$CI_OS_NAME'"
-fi
-NPROC=$(expr $NPROC '+' 1)
-
-if [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "build" ]; then
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Build verilator
-
-  autoconf
-  CONFIGURE_ARGS="--enable-longtests --enable-ccwarn"
-  if [ "$CI_DEV_ASAN" = 1 ]; then
-    CONFIGURE_ARGS="$CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-dev-asan"
-    CXX="$CXX -DVL_LEAK_CHECKS"
-  fi
-  if [ "$CI_DEV_GCOV" = 1 ]; then
-    CONFIGURE_ARGS="$CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-dev-gcov"
-  fi
-  ./configure $CONFIGURE_ARGS --prefix="$INSTALL_DIR"
-  ccache -z
-  "$MAKE" -j "$NPROC" -k
-  # 22.04: ccache -s -v
-  ccache -s
-  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
-    file bin/verilator_bin
-    file bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-    md5 bin/verilator_bin
-    md5 bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-    stat bin/verilator_bin
-    stat bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-  fi
-elif [ "$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME" = "test" ]; then
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Run tests
-
-  export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_CONTRIBUTORS=1  # Separate workflow check
-  export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_LINT_PY=1  # Separate workflow check
-
-  if [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
-    export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GDB=1  # Pain to get GDB to work on OS X
-    # TODO below may no longer be required as configure checks for -pg
-    export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GPROF=1  # Apple Clang has no -pg
-    # export PATH="/Applications/gtkwave.app/Contents/Resources/bin:$PATH" # fst2vcd
-    file bin/verilator_bin
-    file bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-    md5 bin/verilator_bin
-    md5 bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-    stat bin/verilator_bin
-    stat bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-    # For some reason, the dbg exe is corrupted by this point ('file' reports
-    # it as data rather than a Mach-O). Unclear if this is an OS X issue or
-    # CI's. Remove the file and re-link...
-    rm bin/verilator_bin_dbg
-    "$MAKE" -j "$NPROC" -k
-  elif [ "$CI_OS_NAME" = "freebsd" ]; then
-    export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GDB=1 # Disable for now, ideally should run
-    # TODO below may no longer be required as configure checks for -pg
-    export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GPROF=1 # gprof is a bit different on FreeBSD, disable
-  fi
-
-  TEST_REGRESS=test_regress
-  if [ "$CI_RELOC" == 1 ]; then
-    # Testing that the installation is relocatable.
-    "$MAKE" install
-    mkdir -p "$RELOC_DIR"
-    mv "$INSTALL_DIR" "$RELOC_DIR/relocated-install"
-    export VERILATOR_ROOT="$RELOC_DIR/relocated-install/share/verilator"
-    TEST_REGRESS="$RELOC_DIR/test_regress"
-    mv test_regress "$TEST_REGRESS"
-    NODIST="$RELOC_DIR/nodist"
-    mv nodist "$NODIST"
-    # Feeling brave?
-    find . -delete
-    ls -la .
-  fi
-
-  # Run the specified test
-  ccache -z
-  case $TESTS in
-    dist-vlt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/4
-      ;;
-    dist-vlt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/4
-      ;;
-    dist-vlt-2)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/4
-      ;;
-    dist-vlt-3)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/4
-      ;;
-    vltmt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/3
-      ;;
-    vltmt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/3
-      ;;
-    vltmt-2)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/3
-      ;;
-    coverage-dist)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist"
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-2)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-3)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-4)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=4/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-5)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=5/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-6)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=6/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-7)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=7/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-8)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=8/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vlt-9)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=9/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-0)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-1)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-2)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-3)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-4)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=4/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-5)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=5/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-6)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=6/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-7)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=7/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-8)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=8/10
-      ;;
-    coverage-vltmt-9)
-      "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=9/10
-      ;;
-    *)
-      fatal "Unknown TESTS: $TESTS"
-      ;;
-  esac
-
-  # To see load average (1 minute, 5 minute, 15 minute)
-  uptime
-  # 22.04: ccache -s -v
-  ccache -s
-
-else
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Unknown build stage
-  fatal "Unknown CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME: '$CI_BUILD_STAGE_NAME'"
-fi

ci/ci-test.bash

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# DESCRIPTION: Verilator: CI test job script
+#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+
+################################################################################
+# Executed in the 'test' stage.
+################################################################################
+
+# Destructive to the checkout (wipes most of it); never run locally
+if [ "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" != "true" ]; then
+  echo "ERROR: $(basename "$0") must only be run in GitHub Actions CI" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+set -e
+set -x
+
+source "$(dirname "$0")/ci-common.bash"
+
+################################################################################
+# Parse arguments
+
+OPT_RELOC=
+OPT_SUITE=
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --reloc)
+      [ $# -ge 2 ] || fatal "--reloc requires an argument"
+      OPT_RELOC="$2"
+      shift
+      ;;
+    --suite)
+      [ $# -ge 2 ] || fatal "--suite requires an argument"
+      OPT_SUITE="$2"
+      shift
+      ;;
+    *) fatal "Unknown option: '$1'" ;;
+  esac
+  shift
+done
+
+[ -n "$OPT_SUITE" ] || fatal "--suite is required"
+
+################################################################################
+# Run tests
+
+export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_CONTRIBUTORS=1  # Separate workflow check
+export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_LINT_PY=1  # Separate workflow check
+
+if [ "$HOST_OS" = "macOS" ]; then
+  export VERILATOR_TEST_NO_GDB=1  # No working GDB on macOS
+fi
+
+TEST_REGRESS=test_regress
+if [ -n "$OPT_RELOC" ]; then
+  # Testing that the installation is relocatable.
+  "$MAKE" install
+  # Install prefix, as configured into the Makefile at build time
+  INSTALL_DIR=$(sed -n 's/^prefix = //p' Makefile)
+  mkdir -p "$OPT_RELOC"
+  mv "$INSTALL_DIR" "$OPT_RELOC/relocated-install"
+  export VERILATOR_ROOT="$OPT_RELOC/relocated-install/share/verilator"
+  TEST_REGRESS="$OPT_RELOC/test_regress"
+  mv test_regress "$TEST_REGRESS"
+  NODIST="$OPT_RELOC/nodist"
+  mv nodist "$NODIST"
+  # Delete everything else, but keep the CI infrastructure
+  find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .github ! -name ci -exec rm -rf {} +
+  ls -la .
+fi
+
+# Run the specified suite
+ccache -z
+TEST_START=$SECONDS
+case $OPT_SUITE in
+  dist-vlt-0)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/4
+    ;;
+  dist-vlt-1)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/4
+    ;;
+  dist-vlt-2)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/4
+    ;;
+  dist-vlt-3)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist --vlt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/4
+    ;;
+  vltmt-0)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/3
+    ;;
+  vltmt-1)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/3
+    ;;
+  vltmt-2)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt --driver-clean" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/3
+    ;;
+  coverage-dist)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--dist"
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-0)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-1)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-2)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-3)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-4)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=4/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-5)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=5/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-6)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=6/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-7)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=7/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-8)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=8/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vlt-9)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vlt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=9/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-0)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=0/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-1)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=1/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-2)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=2/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-3)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=3/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-4)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=4/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-5)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=5/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-6)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=6/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-7)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=7/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-8)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=8/10
+    ;;
+  coverage-vltmt-9)
+    "$MAKE" -C "$TEST_REGRESS" SCENARIOS="--vltmt" DRIVER_HASHSET=--hashset=9/10
+    ;;
+  *)
+    fatal "Unknown suite: $OPT_SUITE"
+    ;;
+esac
+ccache -svv
+ccache --evict-older-than "$((SECONDS - TEST_START + 60))s"
+ccache -svv
+uptime # To see load average

ci/ci-win-compile.ps1

@@ -6,19 +6,33 @@
 
 Set-PSDebug -Trace 1
 
-if (-Not (Test-Path $PWD/../.ccache/win_bison.exe)) {
+$NPROC = $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS
+
+# Absolute path for the win_flex_bison install; CMake reads this from the environment
+$env:WIN_FLEX_BISON = "$(Resolve-Path ..)/win_flex_bison"
+
+if (-Not (Test-Path $env:WIN_FLEX_BISON/win_bison.exe)) {
     git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/lexxmark/winflexbison
     cd winflexbison
     mkdir build
     cd build
-    cmake .. --install-prefix $PWD/../../../.ccache
+    cmake .. --install-prefix $env:WIN_FLEX_BISON
-    cmake --build . --config Release -j 3
+    cmake --build . --config Release -j $NPROC
-    cmake --install . --prefix $PWD/../../../.ccache
+    cmake --install . --prefix $env:WIN_FLEX_BISON
     cd ../..
 }
 
+# Enter the MSVC developer shell so cl/link are on PATH for the Ninja generator
+$VsPath = & "${env:ProgramFiles(x86)}/Microsoft Visual Studio/Installer/vswhere.exe" -latest -products * -property installationPath
+Import-Module "$VsPath/Common7/Tools/Microsoft.VisualStudio.DevShell.dll"
+Enter-VsDevShell -VsInstallPath $VsPath -SkipAutomaticLocation -DevCmdArguments "-arch=x64 -host_arch=x64"
+
 mkdir build
 cd build
-cmake .. --install-prefix $PWD/../install
+# Ninja saturates all cores; the MSBuild generator only parallelizes across
-cmake --build . --config Release -j 3
+# projects and Verilator is a single target, so it compiles serially. /Od skips
+# optimization: this job only checks that Verilator builds and can verilate an
+# example, so an optimized binary is not needed and the codegen time dominates.
+cmake .. -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release --install-prefix $PWD/../install "-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE=/Od /DNDEBUG"
+cmake --build .
 cmake --install . --prefix $PWD/../install

ci/ci-win-test.ps1

@@ -7,13 +7,17 @@
 
 Set-PSDebug -Trace 1
 
+$NPROC = $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS
+
 cd install
 $Env:VERILATOR_ROOT=$PWD
 cd examples/cmake_tracing_c
 mkdir build
 cd build
-cmake ..
+# /Od skips optimization; this only checks the example verilates and builds, so
-cmake --build . --config Release -j 3
+# an optimized binary is not needed (see ci-win-compile.ps1).
+cmake .. "-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE=/Od /DNDEBUG"
+cmake --build . --config Release -j $NPROC
 
 # TODO put this back in, see issue# 5163
 # Release/example.exe

configure.ac

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # Then 'make maintainer-dist'
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### YYYY-MM-DD])
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### devel])
-AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.050 2026-07-01],
+AC_INIT([Verilator],[5.052 2026-09-05],
         [https://verilator.org],
         [verilator],[https://verilator.org])
 
@@ -129,6 +129,21 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([dev-gcov],
 AC_SUBST(CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV)
 AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV)
 
+# Flag to reduce the debug info in the debug executable to minimize its size
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to reduce debug info in the debug executable)
+AC_ARG_ENABLE([light-debug],
+              [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-light-debug],
+                              [Reduce the amount of debug information in the debug
+                               Verilator executable to minimize its size. Enable
+                               slight optimization. Enough for backtraces only.])],
+              [case "${enableval}" in
+                yes) CFG_WITH_LIGHT_DEBUG=yes ;;
+                no)  CFG_WITH_LIGHT_DEBUG=no ;;
+                *)   AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value '${enableval}' for --enable-light-debug]) ;;
+               esac],
+               CFG_WITH_LIGHT_DEBUG=no)
+AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_WITH_LIGHT_DEBUG)
+
 # Special Substitutions - CFG_WITH_DEFENV
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to use hardcoded paths)
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([defenv],
@@ -432,6 +447,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_SET],
 
 # Add the coverage flags early as they influence later checks.
 if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV" = "yes"; then
+  CFG_GCOV_CXX="$CXX"
   _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,--coverage)
   # Otherwise inline may not show as uncovered
   #  If we use this then e.g. verilated.h functions properly show up
@@ -453,8 +469,32 @@ if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV" = "yes"; then
   _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-fprofile-abs-path)
   # Define so compiled code can know
   _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CXX,-DVL_GCOV)
-  AC_DEFINE([HAVE_DEV_GCOV],[1],[Defined if compiled with code coverage collection for gcov])]
+  AC_DEFINE([HAVE_DEV_GCOV],[1],[Defined if compiled with code coverage collection for gcov])
+  if test "x$GCOV" = "x"; then GCOV=gcov; fi
+  AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $GCOV reads coverage data from $CFG_GCOV_CXX])
+  CFG_GCOV_DIR=conftest.gcov.dir
+  rm -rf $CFG_GCOV_DIR
+  AS_MKDIR_P([$CFG_GCOV_DIR])
+  echo 'int main() { return 0; }' > $CFG_GCOV_DIR/conftest_gcov.cpp
+  CFG_GCOV_RES=no
+  if (cd $CFG_GCOV_DIR \
+      && $CFG_GCOV_CXX --coverage -o conftest_gcov conftest_gcov.cpp \
+      && ./conftest_gcov) >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    (cd $CFG_GCOV_DIR && $GCOV conftest_gcov.gcda) >/dev/null 2>&1
+    if test -s $CFG_GCOV_DIR/conftest_gcov.cpp.gcov; then CFG_GCOV_RES=yes; fi
+  else
+    CFG_GCOV_RES=untested
+  fi
+  rm -rf $CFG_GCOV_DIR
+  AC_MSG_RESULT($CFG_GCOV_RES)
+  if test "$CFG_GCOV_RES" = "no"; then
+    AC_MSG_ERROR(['$GCOV' cannot read coverage data written by '$CFG_GCOV_CXX'.
+  Coverage collection would silently produce no data.
+  Pass a matching tool, e.g. GCOV=gcov-<version>
+  or configure without --enable-dev-gcov.])
+  fi
 fi
+AC_SUBST(GCOV)
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_DEV_GCOV)
 
 # Compiler flags to enable profiling
@@ -492,6 +532,11 @@ _MY_CXX_CHECK_CORO_SET(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES,-std=gnu++20)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES)
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_COROUTINES)
 
+# Check if the C++ compiler supports ThreadSanitizer
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_IFELSE(-fsanitize=thread,
+  [AC_DEFINE([HAVE_TSAN],[1],[Defined if ThreadSanitizer is supported by $CXX])])
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_TSAN)
+
 # Flags for compiling Verilator internals including parser always
 if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_ASAN" = "yes"; then
   _MY_CXX_CHECK_IFELSE(-fsanitize=address -DVL_ASAN,
@@ -518,15 +563,27 @@ _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-unused)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER)
 
 # Flags for compiling the debug version of Verilator (in addition to above CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)
-if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV" = "no"; then # Do not optimize for the coverage build
+if test "$CFG_WITH_LIGHT_DEBUG" = "yes"; then
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-Og)
+  # Slight optimization and minimal compressed debug info. This is enough for
+  # --gdb/--gdbbt backtraces, but omits the bulk of the debug info, which
+  # significantly reduces object file sizes. For CI or release builds.
+  if test "$CFG_WITH_DEV_GCOV" = "no"; then # Do not optimize for the coverage build
+    _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-Og)
+  fi
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-ggdb1)
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-fdebug-info-for-profiling) # For fully-qualified names with clang
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-gz)
+else
+  # Full debug: no optimization, full debug info, for development.
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-O0)
+  _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-ggdb)
 fi
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-ggdb)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG,-gz)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_DBG)
 
 # Flags for linking the debug version of Verilator (in addition to above CFG_LDFLAGS_SRC)
-_MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_DBG,-gz)
+if test "$CFG_WITH_LIGHT_DEBUG" = "yes"; then
+  _MY_LDLIBS_CHECK_OPT(CFG_LDFLAGS_DBG,-gz)
+fi
 AC_SUBST(CFG_LDFLAGS_DBG)
 
 # Flags for compiling the optimized version of Verilator (in addition to above CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)

docs/CONTRIBUTORS

@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ contribution terms including the AI policy in ``docs/CONTRIBUTING.rst``.
 
 Please see the Verilator manual for 200+ additional contributors. Thanks to all.
 
+24bit-xjkp
 404allen404
 Adam Bagley
 Adam Kostrzewski
+Aditya Shevade
 Adrian Sampson
 Adrien Le Masle
 أحمد المحمودي (Ahmed El-Mahmoudy)
 Aidan McNay
+Aisha Salimgereyeva
 Aleksander Kiryk
 Alex Chadwick
 Alex Solomatnikov
@@ -26,16 +29,20 @@ Andrei Kostovski
 Andrew Miloradovsky
 Andrew Nolte
 Andrew Voznytsa
+Andrii Andrieiev
 anonkey
 Anthony Donlon
 Anthony Moore
+apocelipes
 Arkadiusz Kozdra
 Arthur Rosa
 Artur Bieniek
 AUDIY
 Aylon Chaim Porat
+Bartosz Skorowski
 Bartłomiej Chmiel
 Benjamin Collier
+BRDR LIFE
 Brian Li
 Cameron Kirk
 Cameron Waite
@@ -53,27 +60,36 @@ Dan Ruelas-Petrisko
 Daniel Bates
 Danny Oler
 Dave Sargeant
+David Garau
 David Horton
 David Ledger
 David Metz
 David Stanford
 David Turner
+dependabot[bot]
 Dercury
+Demin Han
 Diego Roux
 Dominick Grochowina
 Don Williamson
+Dragon-Git
 Drew Ranck
 Drew Taussig
 Driss Hafdi
 Edgar E. Iglesias
+Eddie Rydell
+em2machine
+emmettifelts
 Eric Mejdrich
 Eric Müller
 Eric Rippey
-Eunseo Song
+Eryk Szpotański
 Ethan Sifferman
+Eunseo Song
 Eyck Jentzsch
 Fabian Keßler-Schulz
 Fan Shupei
+february cozzocrea
 Felix Neumärker
 Felix Yan
 Frans Skarman
@@ -108,6 +124,8 @@ Ilya Barkov
 Iru Cai
 Ivan Vnučec
 Iztok Jeras
+JAEUK LEE
+Jaeuk Lee (이재욱)
 Jake Merdich
 Jakub Michalski
 Jakub Wasilewski
@@ -122,6 +140,8 @@ Jamie Iles
 Jan Van Winkel
 Jean Berniolles
 Jean-Nicolas Strauss
+Jeffrey Song
+jeffrey.song
 Jens Yuechao Liu
 Jeremy Bennett
 Jesse Taube
@@ -147,6 +167,7 @@ Josep Sans
 Joseph Nwabueze
 Josh Redford
 Joshua Leahy
+JOTEGO (Jose Tejada)
 Julian Carrier
 Julian Daube
 Julie Schwartz
@@ -183,6 +204,7 @@ Maarten De Braekeleer
 Maciej Sobkowski
 Marcel Chang
 Marco Bartoli
+Marco Brambilla
 Marco Widmer
 Mariusz Glebocki
 Markus Krause
@@ -208,6 +230,7 @@ Mladen Slijepcevic
 Morten Borup Petersen
 Mostafa Gamal
 Moubarak Jeje
+Muzaffer Kal
 Nandu Raj
 Natan Kreimer
 Nathan Graybeal
@@ -218,8 +241,11 @@ Nikolai Kumar
 Nikolay Puzanov
 Nolan Poe
 Oleh Maksymenko
+Patrick Creighton
 Patrick Stewart
 Paul Bowen-Huggett
+Paul Campbell
+Paul Rigge
 Paul Swirhun
 Paul Wright
 Pawel Jewstafjew
@@ -262,15 +288,19 @@ Sergey Chusov
 Sergey Fedorov
 Sergi Granell
 Seth Pellegrino
+Shashvat Prabhu
 Shogo Yamazaki
 Shou-Li Hsu
+spomatasmd
 Srinivasan Venkataramanan
 Stefan Wallentowitz
 Stephen Henry
 Steven Hugg
 Stuart Morris
+sumpster
 Szymon Gizler
 Sören Tempel
+Sumanth Kadiyala
 Teng Huang
 Thomas Aldrian
 Thomas Brown
@@ -291,6 +321,7 @@ Tracy Narine
 Trung Nguyen
 Tudor Timi
 Tymoteusz Blazejczyk
+Tyrone Marhguy
 Udaya Raj Subedi
 Udi Finkelstein
 Unai Martinez-Corral
@@ -308,9 +339,11 @@ Wolfgang Mayerwieser
 Xi Zhang
 Yan Xu
 Yangyu Chen
+Yilin Li
 Yilou Wang
 Yinan Xu
 Yoda Lee
+Yogish Sekhar
 Yossi Nivin
 Yu-Sheng Lin
 Yuri Victorovich
@@ -321,17 +354,7 @@ Zhen Yan
 Zhou Shen
 Zhouyi Shen
 Zixi Li
-apocelipes
+Zubin Jain
-dependabot[bot]
-february cozzocrea
-sumpster
-em2machine
-emmettifelts
 Àlex Torregrosa
 Ícaro Lima
-Yogish Sekhar
+Sunimali Rathnayake
-24bit-xjkp
-Zubin Jain
-Muzaffer Kal
-Yilin Li
-Shashvat Prabhu

docs/gen/ex_DIDNOTCONVERGE_msg.rst

@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 .. code-block::
 
    -V{t#,#}         'stl' region trigger index 0 is active: @([hybrid] a)
-   %Error-DIDNOTCONVERGE: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge after '--converge-limit' of 10000 tries
+   %Error-DIDNOTCONVERGE: Settle region did not converge after '--converge-limit' of 10000 tries

docs/gen/ex_DIDNOTCONVERGE_nodbg_msg.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 .. comment: generated by t_lint_didnotconverge_nodbg_bad
 .. code-block::
 
-   %Error-DIDNOTCONVERGE: t/t_lint_didnotconverge_bad.v:7: Settle region did not converge after '--converge-limit' of 10000 tries
+   %Error-DIDNOTCONVERGE: Settle region did not converge after '--converge-limit' of 10000 tries

docs/gen/ex_MULTIDRIVENPROC_faulty.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_multidriven_proc_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+
+     always @(posedge clk) q <= d;
+     always @(posedge clk) q <= ~d;

docs/gen/ex_MULTIDRIVENPROC_loopidx.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_multidriven_proc_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+
+     integer i;
+
+     always @(posedge clk) begin
+       for (i = 0; i < 4; i = i + 1) q1[i] <= d[i];
+     end
+
+     always @(posedge clk) begin
+       for (i = 0; i < 4; i = i + 1) q2[i] <= ~d[i];
+     end

docs/gen/ex_MULTIDRIVENPROC_msg.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_multidriven_proc_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Warning-MULTIDRIVENPROC: example.v:1:25 Variable written to in always block also written by another always block: 'q'
+                                                                  : ... note: In instance 't.u1'
+                             example.v:1:25
+      54 |   always @(posedge clk) q <= ~d;
+         |                         ^

docs/gen/ex_SIMILARNAME_faulty.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_similarname_bad
+.. code-block:: sv
+   :linenos:
+
+     reg i;
+     wire I;

docs/gen/ex_SIMILARNAME_msg.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+.. comment: generated by t_lint_similarname_bad
+.. code-block::
+
+   %Warning-SIMILARNAME: example.v:1:8 Declaration overlaps another with different case: 'I'
+      13 |   wire I;
+         |        ^
+                         example.v:1:7 ... Location of original declaration
+      12 |   reg i;
+         |       ^

docs/guide/connecting.rst

@@ -92,13 +92,17 @@ model.
 Refer to ``examples/make_tracing_c`` in the distribution for a detailed
 commented example.
 
-Top level IO signals are read and written as members of the model. You call
+Top level IO signals are read and written as members of the model. All
-the model's ``eval()`` method to evaluate the model. When the simulation is
+inputs must be sanitized, that is have no bits set above those
-complete call the model's ``final()`` method to execute any SystemVerilog
+corresponding to the width of the Verilog construct;
-final blocks, and complete any assertions. If using :vlopt:`--timing`,
+:vlopt:`--runtime-debug` will assert this is correct.
-there are two additional functions for checking if there are any events
+
-pending in the simulation due to delays, and for retrieving the simulation
+Call the model's ``eval()`` method to evaluate the model. When the
-time of the next delayed event. See :ref:`Evaluation Loop`.
+simulation is complete call the model's ``final()`` method to execute any
+SystemVerilog final blocks, and complete any assertions. If using
+:vlopt:`--timing`, there are two additional functions for checking if there
+are any events pending in the simulation due to delays, and for retrieving
+the simulation time of the next delayed event. See :ref:`Evaluation Loop`.
 
 
 Connecting to SystemC
@@ -179,7 +183,7 @@ DPI Example
 In the SYSTEMC example above, if you wanted to import C++ functions into
 Verilog, put in our.v:
 
-.. code-block:: sv
+.. code-block::
 
    import "DPI-C" function int add (input int a, input int b);
 
@@ -211,7 +215,7 @@ Verilator extends the DPI format to allow using the same scheme to
 efficiently add system functions. Use a dollar-sign prefixed system
 function name for the import, but note it must be escaped.
 
-.. code-block:: sv
+.. code-block::
 
    import "DPI-C" function integer \$myRand;
 

docs/guide/exe_sim.rst

@@ -21,6 +21,13 @@ Summary:
 
 Options:
 
+.. option:: +verilator+assert+lock
+
+   Only allow command line options to disable / enable assertions.
+   Disables RTL from changing assertion handling via ``$asserton``,
+   ``$assertoff``, and ``$assertcontrol``. Also prevents ``VerilatedContext*``
+   assertion control functions from updating assertion handling.
+
 .. option:: +verilator+coverage+file+<filename>
 
    When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--coverage`, sets the filename
@@ -114,7 +121,7 @@ Options:
    When a model was Verilated using :vlopt:`--x-initial unique
    <--x-initial>`, sets the simulation runtime initialization technique. 0
    = Reset to zeros. 1 = Reset to all-ones. 2 = Randomize. See
-   :ref:`Unknown States`.
+   :ref:`Unknown States`.  Default is 0.
 
 .. option:: +verilator+seed+<value>
 

docs/guide/exe_verilator.rst

@@ -116,6 +116,10 @@ Summary:
 
 .. option:: --assert-unroll-limit <iterations>
 
+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.052:
+
    Rarely needed. Specifies the maximum repetition or range count Verilator
    will unroll inside an SVA concurrent assertion (e.g. ``[*N]``, ``[->M:N]``,
    ``always[lo:hi]``). Beyond this, the assertion is rejected with an error
@@ -715,6 +719,10 @@ Summary:
 
 .. option:: -fno-dfg-break-cycles
 
+   Deprecated and has no effect (ignored).
+
+   In versions before 5.052:
+
    Rarely needed. Disable breaking combinational cycles during DFG.
 
 .. option:: -fno-dfg-peephole
@@ -936,7 +944,7 @@ Summary:
    :file:`*.mk` files.
 
    Feature may be one of the following: COROUTINES, DEV_ASAN, DEV_GCOV,
-   SYSTEMC.
+   SYSTEMC, TSAN.
 
 .. option:: --getenv <variable>
 
@@ -1219,6 +1227,8 @@ Summary:
 .. option:: --max-num-width <value>
 
    Set the maximum number literal width (e.g., in 1024'd22 the 1024).
+   This also limits SVA cycle delay and temporal bound values.
+
    Defaults to 64K.
 
 .. option:: --Mdir <directory>

docs/guide/exe_verilator_coverage.rst

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ verilator_coverage Arguments
 
 .. option:: --filter-type <regex>
 
-   Skips records of coverage types that matches with <regex>
+   Keeps records of coverage types that matches with <regex>
    Possible values are `toggle`, `line`, `branch`, `expr`, `covergroup`,
    `user`, `fsm_state`, `fsm_arc` and a wildcard with `\*` or `?`. The
    default value is `\*`.

docs/guide/extensions.rst

@@ -294,6 +294,25 @@ or "`ifdef`"'s may break other tools.
    (if appropriate :vlopt:`--coverage` flags are passed) after being
    disabled earlier with :option:`/*verilator&32;coverage_off*/`.
 
+.. option:: /*verilator&32;dpi_c_decl "<C function declaration>"*/
+
+   Specifies C function declaration that will be emitted for given DPI-C
+   function into the Verilator-generated __Dpi.h header, replacing the declaration
+   that Verilator would build by default using the Verilog function signature.
+
+   This enables use of C functions with types not specified in the
+   standard. For example, it enables use of functions that return ``char*``:
+
+   .. code-block:: sv
+
+      module t;
+        import "DPI-C" function string getenv(input string arg) /*verilator dpi_c_decl "char* getenv(const char*)"*/;
+
+        initial begin
+          $display("%s", getenv("HOME"));
+        end
+      endmodule
+
 .. option:: /*verilator&32;fargs <arguments>*/
 
    For Verilator developers only. When a source file containing these `fargs`

docs/guide/simulating.rst

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ The information in this report is:
 
 .. describe:: "allocated 123 MB"
 
-   Total memory used during simulation in megabytes.
+   Peak resident memory used during simulation in megabytes.
 
 
 .. _benchmarking & optimization:

docs/guide/verilating.rst

@@ -623,5 +623,5 @@ The information in this report is:
 
 .. describe:: "allocated 123 MB"
 
-   Total memory used during build by Verilator executable (excludes
+   Peak resident memory used by the Verilator executable during build
-   :vlopt:`--build` compiler's usage) in megabytes.
+   (excludes :vlopt:`--build` compiler's usage) in megabytes.

docs/guide/warnings.rst

@@ -1469,11 +1469,54 @@ List Of Warnings
         q <= d;
       end
 
+   A further case is when a signal named as a clocking block ``output`` is
+   also driven by a continuous assignment, or is named as an ``output`` of a
+   second clocking block. The clocking block drives the signal, so the design
+   and the testbench contend for it and the synchronous drive may be silently
+   lost. Declare the clocking block ``input`` if the intent is only to
+   observe the signal.
+
    Ignoring this warning may hide clock domain crossing, timing, or
    portability bugs. It may also cause longer simulation runtimes due to
    reduced optimizations.
 
 
+.. option:: MULTIDRIVENPROC
+
+   Warns that the whole of a variable is driven by more than one plain
+   ``always`` block. Unlike the :option:`MULTIDRIVEN` cases, plain
+   ``always`` blocks carry no ``always_comb``/``always_ff`` intent, so this
+   is legal SystemVerilog rather than an IEEE 1800 violation. It is,
+   however, typically a synthesis error: hardware cannot have a signal
+   driven by two separate sequential blocks, so the design usually will not
+   behave as the RTL simulation suggests.
+
+   Disabled by default as this is a code-style warning; it will simulate
+   correctly.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_MULTIDRIVENPROC_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_MULTIDRIVENPROC_msg.rst
+
+   Also warns when a signal named as a clocking block ``output`` is driven
+   by a plain ``always`` block. Driving a signal from both a clocking block
+   and a plain ``always`` block is a deliberate idiom in some testbenches,
+   so it is reported as MULTIDRIVENPROC rather than under the on-by-default
+   :option:`MULTIDRIVEN`.
+
+   To fix, drive the signal from a single ``always`` block, or use
+   ``always_ff``/``always_comb`` if the intent is a single specialized
+   process.
+
+   Does not warn for static variables used as loop induction variables:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_MULTIDRIVENPROC_loopidx.rst
+
+
 .. option:: MULTITOP
 
    .. TODO better example
@@ -1517,6 +1560,19 @@ List Of Warnings
    (neither :vlopt:`--timing` nor :vlopt:`--no-timing` option was provided).
 
 
+.. option:: NEVERMATCH
+
+   Warns that an SVA sequence is statically known to never match. Such a
+   sequence is legal SystemVerilog and is fully supported, the warning
+   only highlights a potential problem. For example, using the sequence as
+   the antecedent of an implication causes the implication to pass
+   vacuously. For an intersect sequence, ensure its operands can match
+   over a common length (IEEE 1800-2023 16.9.6).
+
+   Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check; it will
+   simulate correctly.
+
+
 .. option:: NEWERSTD
 
    Warns that a feature requires a newer standard of Verilog or SystemVerilog
@@ -2089,6 +2145,32 @@ List Of Warnings
    simulators.
 
 
+.. option:: SIMILARNAME
+
+   Warns that an entity name only differs from another in lexical case.
+
+   Faulty example:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_SIMILARNAME_faulty.rst
+
+   Results in:
+
+   .. include:: ../../docs/gen/ex_SIMILARNAME_msg.rst
+
+   Only declarations that can reach a downstream VLSI tool as a name are
+   checked, that is nets, variables, instances, named blocks (``begin``,
+   ``fork``, and generate blocks), functions and tasks. All of these can form
+   part of a flattened signal or scope name.  Other declarations, such as
+   parameters, localparams, genvars and typedefs, are elaborated away, and so
+   are not checked.
+
+   Disabled by default as this is a code-style warning; it will simulate
+   correctly.
+
+   This is a warning as some downstream VLSI tools do
+   not distinguish net and gate names with the same case.
+
+
 .. option:: SPECIFYIGN
 
    Warns that Verilator does not support certain constructs in

docs/internals.rst

@@ -425,8 +425,9 @@ logic.
 
 To achieve this, we invoke ``V3Order::order`` on all of the combinational
 and hybrid logic, and iterate the resulting evaluation function until no
-more hybrid logic is triggered. This yields the `_eval_settle` function,
+more hybrid logic is triggered. This yields the `_eval_stl` function, which
-which is invoked at the beginning of simulation after the `_eval_initial`.
+the runtime event loop iterates at the beginning of simulation, after the
+`_eval_initial`.
 
 
 Partitioning logic for correct NBA updates
@@ -500,51 +501,66 @@ and clock signals on separate evaluations, as was necessary with earlier
 versions of Verilator).
 
 
-Constructing the top level `_eval` function
+Constructing the region evaluation functions
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-To construct the top level `_eval` function, which updates the state of the
+To update the state of the circuit to the end of the current time step, we
-circuit to the end of the current time step, we invoke ``V3Order::order``
+invoke ``V3Order::order`` separately on the 'ico', 'act' and 'nba' logic,
-separately on the 'ico', 'act' and 'nba' logic, which yields the
+which yields the `_eval_body__ico`, `_eval_body__act`, and
-`_eval_ico`, `_eval_act`, and `_eval_nba` functions. We then put these all
+`_eval_body__nba` functions. Each of these is then combined with the
-together with the corresponding functions that compute the respective
+function computing the respective trigger expressions into a single entry
-trigger expressions into the top level `_eval` function, which on the high
+point per region, `_eval_ico`, `_eval_act` and `_eval_nba`. A region entry
-level has the form:
+point evaluates one iteration of its region, and returns whether it did any
+work, meaning the region has not converged yet and must be evaluated again.
+On the high level, `_eval_act` has the form:
 
 .. code-block:: C++
 
-   void _eval() {
+   bool _eval_act() {
-      // Update combinational logic dependent on top level inputs ('ico' region)
+      _eval_triggers_vec__act();
-      while (true) {
+      // Remember what 'act' triggers were active, 'nba' uses the same
-        _eval__triggers__ico();
+      latch_act_triggers_for_nba();
-        // If no 'ico' region trigger is active
+      const bool execute = act_triggers.any();
-        if (!ico_triggers.any()) break;
+      // Compute all derived clocks updated in the Active scheduling region,
-        _eval_ico();
+      // but do not commit any NBAs that executed in 'act' region logic.
-      }
+      if (execute) _eval_body__act();
-
+      return execute;
-      // Iterate 'act' and 'nba' regions together
-      while (true) {
-
-        // Iterate 'act' region, this computes all derived clocks updaed in the
-        // Active scheduling region, but does not commit any NBAs that executed
-        // in 'act' region logic.
-        while (true) {
-          _eval__triggers__act();
-          // If no 'act' region trigger is active
-          if (!act_triggers.any()) break;
-          // Remember what 'act' triggers were active, 'nba' uses the same
-          latch_act_triggers_for_nba();
-          _eval_act();
-        }
-
-        // If no 'nba' region trigger is active
-        if (!nba_triggers.any()) break;
-
-        // Evaluate all other Active region logic, and commit NBAs
-        _eval_nba();
-      }
    }
 
+The loops iterating these regions are not generated. They live in the
+runtime library, in ``VerilatedEvalLoop``, and the model exposes its region
+entry points to it as virtual methods of ``VerilatedModel``. The generated
+model holds a ``VerilatedEvalLoop`` as a member, which its ``eval_step``
+runs, and which on the high level has the form:
+
+.. code-block:: C++
+
+   void VerilatedEvalLoop::evalImpl() {
+      // Update combinational logic dependent on top level inputs ('ico' region)
+      uint32_t icoIterCount = 0;
+      do {
+        if (++icoIterCount > m_convergeLimit) didNotConverge("Input combinational");
+      } while (m_model.evalIco(icoIterCount == 1));
+
+      // Iterate 'act' and 'nba' regions together
+      uint32_t nbaIterCount = 0;
+      do {
+        if (++nbaIterCount > m_convergeLimit) didNotConverge("NBA");
+        // Iterate the 'act' region to convergence
+        uint32_t actIterCount = 0;
+        do {
+          if (++actIterCount > m_convergeLimit) didNotConverge("Active");
+        } while (m_model.evalAct());
+        // Evaluate all other Active region logic, and commit NBAs
+      } while (m_model.evalNba());
+   }
+
+The remaining regions ('inact', 'obs' and 'react') nest around these in the
+same manner, each iterating the loops of all regions that precede it in the
+SystemVerilog scheduling order. The runtime event loop calls every region
+unconditionally, so scheduling emits an entry point for each one even when
+the design has no logic in it. Such an entry point immediately returns
+false, ending its loop after a single iteration.
 
 Timing
 ------
@@ -730,7 +746,8 @@ they wouldn't be evaluated and next coroutine after resumption would fire
 the event `a` then it is impossible to get to know whether await or fire on
 event `a` was called first - which is necessary to know.
 
-There are two functions for managing timing logic called by ``_eval()``:
+There are two functions for managing timing logic called by the 'act'
+region:
 
 - ``_timing_ready()``, which commits all coroutines whose triggers were not
   set in the current iteration,
@@ -751,36 +768,27 @@ Thanks to this separation a coroutine:
   (``test_regress/t/t_event_control_double_lost.v``) - which is possible
   when triggers are not evaluated right before awaiting.
 
-All coroutines are committed and resumed in the 'act' eval loop. With
+All coroutines are committed and resumed in the 'act' region. With timing
-timing features enabled, the ``_eval()`` function takes this form:
+features enabled, the 'act' region entry point takes this form:
 
 ::
 
-   void _eval() {
+   bool _eval_act() {
-     while (true) {
+     _eval_triggers_vec__act();
-       _eval__triggers__ico();
+
-       if (!ico_triggers.any()) break;
+     // Commit all non-triggered coroutines
-       _eval_ico();
+     _timing_commit();
-     }
+
-
+     const bool execute = act_triggers.any();
-     while (true) {
+     if (execute) {
-       while (true) {
+       latch_act_triggers_for_nba();
-         _eval__triggers__act();
+
-
+       // Resume all triggered coroutines
-         // Commit all non-triggered coroutines
+       _timing_resume();
-         _timing_commit();
+
-
+       _eval_body__act();
-         if (!act_triggers.any()) break;
-         latch_act_triggers_for_nba();
-
-         // Resume all triggered coroutines
-         _timing_resume();
-
-         _eval_act();
-       }
-       if (!nba_triggers.any()) break;
-       _eval_nba();
      }
+     return execute;
    }
 
 Forks
@@ -1082,9 +1090,17 @@ solver gets a setup query, then the definition of variables, then all the
 constraints (SMT assertions) about the variables. Since the solver has no
 information about the class' PRNG state, if the problem is satisfiable, the
 solution space is further constrained by adding extra random constraints,
-and querying the values satisfying the problem statement. The constraint is
+and querying the values satisfying the problem statement. The constraints
-currently constructed as fixing a simple xor of randomly chosen bits of the
+are currently built by the UniGen2 algorithm ("On Parallel Scalable Uniform
-variables being randomized.
+SAT Witness Generation", Chakraborty et al.). It first works out how many
+random xor equations are needed to split the solution space into cells of a
+size worth enumerating, then draws one cell and enumerates it, which gives
+a near-uniform sample of the whole space. Both the estimate and the
+leftover solutions are cached, so the following calls are answered without
+asking the solver again. Cases outside its assumptions, such as ``randc``
+variables or soft constraints, fall back to pinning every free bit to a
+random value, or, when arrays are involved, to asserting four random xor
+equations in a row.
 
 The runtime classes used for handling the randomization are defined in
 ``verilated_random.h`` and ``verilated_random.cpp``.

docs/spelling.txt

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ Bagri
 Balboni
 Baltazar
 Bardsley
+Barua
 Benchmarking
 Berman
 Bhagavatula
@@ -198,6 +199,7 @@ Holme
 Homebrew
 Hornung
 Hossell
+Hsieh
 Hsu
 Huggett
 Hutt
@@ -389,6 +391,7 @@ Preprocess
 Pretet
 Pretl
 Pringlemeir
+Prithayan
 Priyadharshini
 Pullup
 Pulver
@@ -477,6 +480,7 @@ Syms
 Synopsys
 SystemC
 SystemVerilog
+Szpotanski
 Takatsukasa
 Tambe
 Tarik
@@ -512,6 +516,7 @@ Ueno
 Uints
 Undefine
 Undefines
+Unigen
 Unsized
 Uppal
 Urbach
@@ -537,6 +542,7 @@ Verilog
 Vighnesh
 Viktor
 Vilp
+VlRNG
 VlWide
 Vlip
 Vm
@@ -644,6 +650,7 @@ casez
 casted
 castro
 cb
+cbValueChange
 ccache
 ccall
 cdc
@@ -707,6 +714,7 @@ de
 dearray
 deassign
 debugi
+deduplication
 defenv
 defname
 defparam
@@ -947,6 +955,7 @@ misconnected
 misconversion
 misdetecting
 misoptimized
+misoptimizing
 missized
 mk
 mno
@@ -995,6 +1004,7 @@ noprivate
 noreturn
 notif
 nullptr
+num
 numactl
 onehot
 ooo
@@ -1174,6 +1184,7 @@ tcmalloc
 tcmalloc
 tenghtt
 testbench
+testbenches
 threadsafe
 threashold
 timeInc

include/fstcpp/fstcpp.h

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ static inline constexpr unsigned bitPerEncodedBit(EncodingType type) {
 [[maybe_unused]]
 static const char* kEncodedBitToCharTable = (
 	"01" // Binary
-	"xzhu" // Verilog
+	"zxhu" // Verilog
 	"wl-?    " // Vhdl (padded with ' ')
 );
 

include/fstcpp/fstcpp_variable_info.h

@@ -423,18 +423,26 @@ public:
 
 	void emitValueChange(uint64_t current_time_index, const uint32_t *val, EncodingType encoding) {
 		auto wh = emitValueChangeCommonPart(current_time_index, encoding);
-		for (unsigned i = 0; i < bitPerEncodedBit(encoding); ++i) {
+		// C++17: replace this with if constexpr
-			// C++17: replace this with if constexpr
+		if (sizeof(T) == 8) {
-			if (sizeof(T) == 8) {
+			if (encoding == EncodingType::VERILOG) {
+				uint64_t v = val[2];  // high bits
+				v <<= 32;
+				v |= val[0];  // low bits
+				wh.template write<uint64_t>(v);
+				v = val[3];  // high bits
+				v <<= 32;
+				v |= val[1];  // low bits
+				wh.template write<uint64_t>(v);
+			} else {
 				uint64_t v = val[1];  // high bits
 				v <<= 32;
 				v |= val[0];  // low bits
 				wh.template write<uint64_t>(v);
-				val += 2;
-			} else {
-				wh.template write<T>(val[0]);
-				val += 1;
 			}
+		} else {
+			wh.template write<T>(val[0]);
+			if (encoding == EncodingType::VERILOG) wh.template write<T>(val[1]);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -517,7 +525,7 @@ public:
 				} else {
 					unsigned val = 0;
 					for (unsigned i = 0; i < num_element; ++i) {
-						val |= rh.peek<T>(i);
+						val |= rh.peek<T>(i) << i;
 					}
 					uint64_t delta_time_index = time_index - prev_time_index;
 					prev_time_index = time_index;
@@ -525,8 +533,8 @@ public:
 						// clang-format off
 					case 0: delta_time_index = (delta_time_index<<2) | (0<<1) | 0; break; // '0'
 					case 1: delta_time_index = (delta_time_index<<2) | (1<<1) | 0; break; // '1'
-					case 2: delta_time_index = (delta_time_index<<4) | (0<<1) | 1; break; // 'X'
+					case 2: delta_time_index = (delta_time_index<<4) | (1<<1) | 1; break; // 'Z'
-					case 3: delta_time_index = (delta_time_index<<4) | (1<<1) | 1; break; // 'Z'
+					case 3: delta_time_index = (delta_time_index<<4) | (0<<1) | 1; break; // 'X'
 					// Not supporting VHDL now
 					// LCOV_EXCL_START
 					case 4: delta_time_index = (delta_time_index<<4) | (2<<1) | 1; break; // 'H'
@@ -556,13 +564,29 @@ public:
 				if (first) {
 					first = false;
 				} else {
-					FST_CHECK(enc == EncodingType::BINARY);  // TODO
-					const bool has_non_binary = enc != EncodingType::BINARY;
 					const uint64_t delta_time_index = time_index - prev_time_index;
 					prev_time_index = time_index;
-					h  //
+					switch (enc) {
-						.writeLEB128((delta_time_index << 1) | has_non_binary)
+					case EncodingType::BINARY: {
-						.writeUIntPartialForValueChange(rh.peek<T>(), bitwidth);
+						h  //
+							.writeLEB128(delta_time_index << 1)
+							.writeUIntPartialForValueChange(rh.peek<T>(), bitwidth);
+					} break;
+					case EncodingType::VERILOG: {
+						h.writeLEB128((delta_time_index << 1) | 1);
+						const T val = rh.peek<T>();
+						const T xz = rh.peek<T>(1);
+						for (int j = bitwidth; j > 0;) {
+							--j;
+							h.writeUIntBE(
+								kEncodedBitToCharTable[(((xz >> j) << 1) & 2) | ((val >> j) & 1)]
+							);
+						}
+					} break;
+					[[unlikely]] case EncodingType::VHDL: {
+						FST_FAIL_STRING("VHDL format is unsupported with wide values");
+					} break;
+					}
 				}
 				rh.skip(num_byte);
 			}
@@ -573,16 +597,26 @@ public:
 class VariableInfoLongInt {
 	VariableInfo &info;
 	unsigned num_words() const { return (info.bitwidth() + 63) / 64; }
+	unsigned num_words32() const { return (info.bitwidth() + 31) / 32; }
 
 public:
 	VariableInfoLongInt(VariableInfo &info_) : info(info_) {}
 
 public:
+	size_t computeBytesNeededNoHeader(EncodingType encoding) const {
+		switch (encoding) {
+		case EncodingType::BINARY:
+			return num_words() * sizeof(uint64_t);
+		case EncodingType::VERILOG:
+			return num_words32() * sizeof(uint32_t) * 2;
+		[[unlikely]] case EncodingType::VHDL:
+			FST_FAIL_STRING("VHDL format is unsupported with wide values");
+		}
+		FST_UNREACHABLE;
+	}
+
 	size_t computeBytesNeeded(EncodingType encoding) const {
-		return (
+		return kEmitTimeIndexAndEncodingSize + computeBytesNeededNoHeader(encoding);
-			kEmitTimeIndexAndEncodingSize +
-			num_words() * sizeof(uint64_t) * bitPerEncodedBit(encoding)
-		);
 	}
 
 	EmitWriterHelper emitValueChangeCommonPart(uint64_t current_time_index, EncodingType encoding) {
@@ -600,13 +634,12 @@ public:
 
 public:
 	void construct() {
-		const size_t nw = num_words();
+		const size_t nw = num_words32();
 		info.resize(computeBytesNeeded(EncodingType::VERILOG));
 		EmitWriterHelper wh(info.data_ptr());
 		wh  //
 			.writeTimeIndexAndEncoding(0, EncodingType::VERILOG)
-			.fill(uint64_t(0), nw)
+			.fill(static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) << 32, nw);
-			.fill(uint64_t(-1), nw);
 	}
 
 	void emitValueChange(uint64_t current_time_index, const uint64_t val) {
@@ -616,12 +649,12 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	void emitValueChange(uint64_t current_time_index, const uint32_t *val, EncodingType encoding) {
-		const unsigned nw32 = (info.bitwidth() + 31) / 32;
+		const unsigned nw32 = num_words32();
-		const unsigned bpb = bitPerEncodedBit(encoding);
 
 		auto wh = emitValueChangeCommonPart(current_time_index, encoding);
 
-		for (unsigned i = 0; i < bpb; ++i) {
+		switch (encoding) {
+		case EncodingType::BINARY: {
 			for (unsigned j = 0; j < nw32 / 2; ++j) {
 				uint64_t v = val[1];  // high bits
 				v <<= 32;
@@ -634,13 +667,25 @@ public:
 				wh.write(v);
 				val += 1;
 			}
+		} break;
+		case EncodingType::VERILOG: {
+			for (unsigned j = 0; j < nw32; ++j) {
+				uint64_t v = val[1];  // high bits
+				v <<= 32;
+				v |= val[0];  // low bits
+				wh.write(v);
+				val += 2;
+			}
+		} break;
+		[[unlikely]] case EncodingType::VHDL:
+			FST_FAIL_STRING("VHDL format is unsupported with wide values");
 		}
 	}
 
 	void emitValueChange(uint64_t current_time_index, const uint64_t *val, EncodingType encoding) {
-		const unsigned nw_encoded = num_words() * bitPerEncodedBit(encoding);
 		auto wh = emitValueChangeCommonPart(current_time_index, encoding);
-		wh.write(val, nw_encoded);
+		FST_CHECK(encoding == EncodingType::BINARY);
+		wh.write(val, num_words());
 	}
 
 	void dumpInitialBits(std::vector<uint8_t> &buf) const {
@@ -663,15 +708,16 @@ public:
 			break;
 		}
 		case EncodingType::VERILOG: {
-			for (unsigned word_index = nw; word_index-- > 0;) {
+			for (unsigned word_index = num_words32(); word_index-- > 0;) {
-				const uint64_t v0 = rh.peek<uint64_t>(nw * 0 + word_index);
+				const uint64_t val = rh.peek<uint64_t>(word_index);
-				const uint64_t v1 = rh.peek<uint64_t>(nw * 1 + word_index);
+				const uint32_t aval = static_cast<uint32_t>(val);
+				const uint32_t bval = static_cast<uint32_t>(val >> 32);
 				const unsigned num_bit =
-					(word_index * 64 + 64 > info.bitwidth()) ? (info.bitwidth() % 64) : 64;
+					(word_index * 32 + 32 > info.bitwidth()) ? (info.bitwidth() % 32) : 32;
 				for (unsigned bit_index = num_bit; bit_index-- > 0;) {
-					const bool b0 = ((v0 >> bit_index) & uint64_t(1));
+					const bool a = ((aval >> bit_index) & 1);
-					const bool b1 = ((v1 >> bit_index) & uint64_t(1));
+					const bool b = ((bval >> bit_index) & 1);
-					const char c = kEncodedBitToCharTable[(b1 << 1) | b0];
+					const char c = kEncodedBitToCharTable[(b << 1) | a];
 					buf.push_back(c);
 				}
 			}
@@ -717,33 +763,58 @@ public:
 			FST_DCHECK_GT(tail, rh.ptr);
 			const auto time_index = rh.read<uint64_t>();
 			const auto enc = rh.read<EncodingType>();
-			const auto num_element = bitPerEncodedBit(enc);
+			const auto num_byte = computeBytesNeededNoHeader(enc);
-			const auto num_byte = num_element * nw * sizeof(uint64_t);
 			if (first) {
 				// Note: [0] is initial value, which is already dumped in dumpInitialBits()
 				first = false;
 			} else {
-				FST_CHECK(enc == EncodingType::BINARY);  // TODO
-				const bool has_non_binary = enc != EncodingType::BINARY;
 				const uint64_t delta_time_index = time_index - prev_time_index;
 				prev_time_index = time_index;
-				h.writeLEB128((delta_time_index << 1) | has_non_binary);
+				switch (enc) {
-				if (bitwidth % 64 != 0) {
+				case EncodingType::BINARY: {
-					const unsigned remaining = bitwidth % 64;
+					h.writeLEB128((delta_time_index << 1));
-					uint64_t hi64 = rh.peek<uint64_t>(nw - 1);
+					if (bitwidth % 64 != 0) {
-					// write from nw-1 to 1
+						const unsigned remaining = bitwidth % 64;
-					for (unsigned j = nw - 1; j > 0; --j) {
+						uint64_t hi64 = rh.peek<uint64_t>(nw - 1);
-						uint64_t lo64 = rh.peek<uint64_t>(j - 1);
+						// write from nw-1 to 1
-						h.writeUIntBE((hi64 << (64 - remaining)) | (lo64 >> remaining));
+						for (unsigned j = nw - 1; j > 0; --j) {
-						hi64 = lo64;
+							uint64_t lo64 = rh.peek<uint64_t>(j - 1);
+							h.writeUIntBE((hi64 << (64 - remaining)) | (lo64 >> remaining));
+							hi64 = lo64;
+						}
+						// write 0
+						h.writeUIntPartialForValueChange(hi64, remaining);
+					} else {
+						// write from nw-1 to 0
+						for (unsigned j = nw; j-- > 0;) {
+							h.writeUIntBE(rh.peek<uint64_t>(j));
+						}
 					}
-					// write 0
+				} break;
-					h.writeUIntPartialForValueChange(hi64, remaining);
+				case EncodingType::VERILOG: {
-				} else {
+					h.writeLEB128((delta_time_index << 1) | 1);
-					// write from nw-1 to 0
+					const int fullWords = (bitwidth / 32);
-					for (unsigned j = nw; j-- > 0;) {
+					if (int j = bitwidth % 32) {
-						h.writeUIntBE(rh.peek<uint64_t>(j));
+						const uint64_t val = rh.peek<uint64_t>(fullWords);
+						while (j > 0) {
+							--j;
+							const uint64_t v = val >> j;
+							h.writeUIntBE(kEncodedBitToCharTable[((v >> 31) & 2) | (v & 1)]);
+						}
 					}
+					for (size_t i = fullWords; i > 0;) {
+						--i;
+						const uint64_t val = rh.peek<uint64_t>(i);
+						for (int j = 32; j > 0;) {
+							--j;
+							const uint64_t v = val >> j;
+							h.writeUIntBE(kEncodedBitToCharTable[((v >> 31) & 2) | (v & 1)]);
+						}
+					}
+				} break;
+				[[unlikely]] case EncodingType::VHDL: {
+					FST_FAIL_STRING("VHDL format is unsupported with wide values");
+				} break;
 				}
 			}
 			rh.skip(num_byte);

include/fstcpp/fstcpp_writer.cpp

@@ -268,26 +268,55 @@ void Writer::emitValueChange(Handle handle, const char *val) {
 
 	// For normal integer handles, const char* is "01xz..." (1B per bit)
 	const uint32_t bitwidth{var_info.bitwidth()};
+	const bool hasXZ =  // Detects A-Z and a-z but not 0-9 and NOT `-` `?`
+		(std::accumulate(val, val + bitwidth, 0, [](int a, char b) { return a | b; }) & (1 << 6)) !=
+		0;
 	FST_DCHECK_NE(bitwidth, 0);
 
 	val += bitwidth;
 	const unsigned num_words{(bitwidth + 63) / 64};
-	m_packed_value_buffer_.assign(num_words, 0);
+	m_packed_value_buffer_.assign(num_words << (hasXZ ? 1 : 0), 0);
 	for (unsigned i = 0; i < num_words; ++i) {
 		const char *start{val - std::min((i + 1) * 64, bitwidth)};
 		const char *end{val - 64 * i};
 		m_packed_value_buffer_[i] = 0;
 		for (const char *p = start; p < end; ++p) {
 			// No checking for invalid characters, follow original C implementation
-			m_packed_value_buffer_[i] <<= 1;
+			if (hasXZ) {
-			m_packed_value_buffer_[i] |= static_cast<uint64_t>(*p - '0');
+				const size_t j = i << 1;
+				m_packed_value_buffer_[j] <<= 1;
+				m_packed_value_buffer_[j | 1] <<= 1;
+				switch (*p) {
+				case '0':
+					break;
+				case '1': {
+					m_packed_value_buffer_[i] |= 1;
+				} break;
+				case 'X':
+				case 'x': {
+					m_packed_value_buffer_[i] |= 1;
+				}  // FALLTHROUGH
+				case 'Z':
+				case 'z': {
+					m_packed_value_buffer_[j | 1] |= 1;
+				} break;
+				[[unlikely]] default: { FST_FAIL_STRING("Unexpected char"); } break;
+				}
+			} else {
+				m_packed_value_buffer_[i] <<= 1;
+				m_packed_value_buffer_[i] |= static_cast<uint64_t>(*p - '0');
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (bitwidth <= 64) {
+	if (bitwidth <= 64 && !hasXZ) {
 		emitValueChange(handle, m_packed_value_buffer_.front());
 	} else {
-		emitValueChange(handle, m_packed_value_buffer_.data(), EncodingType::BINARY);
+		emitValueChange(
+			handle,
+			m_packed_value_buffer_.data(),
+			hasXZ ? EncodingType::VERILOG : EncodingType::BINARY
+		);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -605,7 +634,7 @@ void detail::ValueChangeData::writeEncodedPositions(
 			}
 
 			// encode as signed (value << 1) | 1 and write as signed LEB128
-			h.writeLEB128Signed((value_to_encode << 1) | 1);
+			h.writeLEB128Signed((static_cast<uint64_t>(value_to_encode) << 1) | 1);
 
 			++i;
 		}
@@ -695,7 +724,7 @@ void Writer::flushValueChangeDataConstPart_(
 		(void)count;
 		return std::make_pair(positions, memory_usage);
 	}();
-	const std::vector<int64_t> positions{p_tmp2.first};
+	const std::vector<int64_t> positions{std::move(p_tmp2.first)};
 	const size_t memory_usage{p_tmp2.second};
 
 	// 4. Position Section

include/verilated.cpp

@@ -243,20 +243,32 @@ void vl_warn(const char* filename, int linenum, const char* hier, const char* ms
 // Wrapper to call certain functions via messages when multithreaded
 
 void VL_FINISH_MT(const char* filename, int linenum, const char* hier) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedContext* const contextp = Verilated::threadContextp();
+    contextp->finishPendingInc();
     VerilatedThreadMsgQueue::post(VerilatedMsg{[=]() {  //
         vl_finish(filename, linenum, hier);
+        contextp->finishPendingDec();
     }});
 }
 
 void VL_STOP_MT(const char* filename, int linenum, const char* hier, bool maybe) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    // Classify now, so a queued request is pending from the moment it is posted
+    VerilatedContext* const contextp = Verilated::threadContextp();
+    const bool stop = contextp->stopRequestReserve(maybe);
+    if (stop) contextp->finishPendingInc();
     VerilatedThreadMsgQueue::post(VerilatedMsg{[=]() {  //
         vl_stop_maybe(filename, linenum, hier, maybe);
+        contextp->stopRequestRelease();
+        if (stop) contextp->finishPendingDec();
     }});
 }
 
 void VL_FATAL_MT(const char* filename, int linenum, const char* hier, const char* msg) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    VerilatedContext* const contextp = Verilated::threadContextp();
+    contextp->finishPendingInc();
     VerilatedThreadMsgQueue::post(VerilatedMsg{[=]() {  //
         vl_fatal(filename, linenum, hier, msg);
+        contextp->finishPendingDec();
     }});
 }
 
@@ -563,9 +575,10 @@ IData VL_URANDOM_SEEDED_II(IData seed) VL_MT_SAFE {
 }
 
 IData VL_SCOPED_RAND_RESET_I(int obits, uint64_t scopeHash, uint64_t salt) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() == 0) return 0;
+    const int randReset = Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset();
+    if (randReset == 0) return 0;
     IData data = ~0;
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() != 1) {  // if 2, randomize
+    if (randReset != 1) {  // if 2, randomize
         VlRNG rng{Verilated::threadContextp()->randSeed() ^ scopeHash ^ salt};
         data = rng.rand64();
     }
@@ -574,9 +587,10 @@ IData VL_SCOPED_RAND_RESET_I(int obits, uint64_t scopeHash, uint64_t salt) VL_MT
 }
 
 QData VL_SCOPED_RAND_RESET_Q(int obits, uint64_t scopeHash, uint64_t salt) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() == 0) return 0;
+    const int randReset = Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset();
+    if (randReset == 0) return 0;
     QData data = ~0ULL;
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() != 1) {  // if 2, randomize
+    if (randReset != 1) {  // if 2, randomize
         VlRNG rng{Verilated::threadContextp()->randSeed() ^ scopeHash ^ salt};
         data = rng.rand64();
     }
@@ -586,10 +600,17 @@ QData VL_SCOPED_RAND_RESET_Q(int obits, uint64_t scopeHash, uint64_t salt) VL_MT
 
 WDataOutP VL_SCOPED_RAND_RESET_W(int obits, WDataOutP outwp, uint64_t scopeHash,
                                  uint64_t salt) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() != 2) { return VL_RAND_RESET_W(obits, outwp); }
+    const int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
-    VlRNG rng{Verilated::threadContextp()->randSeed() ^ scopeHash ^ salt};
+    const int randReset = Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset();
-    for (int i = 0; i < VL_WORDS_I(obits) - 1; ++i) outwp[i] = rng.rand64();
+    if (randReset == 0) {
-    outwp[VL_WORDS_I(obits) - 1] = rng.rand64() & VL_MASK_E(obits);
+        VL_MEMSET_ZERO_W(outwp, words);
+    } else if (randReset == 1) {
+        VL_MEMSET_ONES_W(outwp, words);
+    } else {
+        VlRNG rng{Verilated::threadContextp()->randSeed() ^ scopeHash ^ salt};
+        for (int i = 0; i < words; ++i) outwp[i] = rng.rand64();
+    }
+    outwp[words - 1] &= VL_MASK_E(obits);
     return outwp;
 }
 
@@ -614,30 +635,14 @@ WDataOutP VL_SCOPED_RAND_RESET_ASSIGN_W(int obits, WDataOutP outwp, uint64_t sco
 }
 
 IData VL_RAND_RESET_I(int obits) VL_MT_SAFE {
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() == 0) return 0;
+    const int randReset = Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset();
+    if (randReset == 0) return 0;
     IData data = ~0;
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() != 1) {  // if 2, randomize
+    if (randReset != 1) data = VL_RANDOM_I();  // if 2, randomize
-        data = VL_RANDOM_I();
-    }
     data &= VL_MASK_I(obits);
     return data;
 }
 
-QData VL_RAND_RESET_Q(int obits) VL_MT_SAFE {
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() == 0) return 0;
-    QData data = ~0ULL;
-    if (Verilated::threadContextp()->randReset() != 1) {  // if 2, randomize
-        data = VL_RANDOM_Q();
-    }
-    data &= VL_MASK_Q(obits);
-    return data;
-}
-
-WDataOutP VL_RAND_RESET_W(int obits, WDataOutP outwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
-    for (int i = 0; i < VL_WORDS_I(obits) - 1; ++i) outwp[i] = VL_RAND_RESET_I(32);
-    outwp[VL_WORDS_I(obits) - 1] = VL_RAND_RESET_I(32) & VL_MASK_E(obits);
-    return outwp;
-}
 WDataOutP VL_ZERO_RESET_W(int obits, WDataOutP outwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     // Not inlined to speed up compilation of slowpath code
     return VL_ZERO_W(obits, outwp);
@@ -3067,9 +3072,11 @@ VerilatedContext::VerilatedContext()
 
 // Must declare here not in interface, as otherwise forward declarations not known
 VerilatedContext::~VerilatedContext() {
+    Verilated::threadContextp(this);  // In unlikely case some other destructor needs it
     checkMagic(this);
     m_magic = 0x1;  // Arbitrary but 0x1 is what Verilator src uses for a deleted pointer
     logRestoreOutput();
+    Verilated::threadContextp(nullptr);
 }
 
 void VerilatedContext::checkMagic(const VerilatedContext* contextp) {
@@ -3087,6 +3094,7 @@ VerilatedContext::Serialized::Serialized() {
 
 bool VerilatedContext::assertOn() const VL_MT_SAFE { return m_s.m_assertOn; }
 void VerilatedContext::assertOn(bool flag) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    if (assertCtlsLocked()) return;
     // Set all assert and directive types when true, clear otherwise.
     m_s.m_assertOn = VL_MASK_I(ASSERT_ON_WIDTH) * flag;
 }
@@ -3105,16 +3113,22 @@ uint32_t VerilatedContext::assertOnMask(VerilatedAssertType_t types,
 }
 void VerilatedContext::assertOnSet(VerilatedAssertType_t types,
                                    VerilatedAssertDirectiveType_t directives) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    if (assertCtlsLocked()) return;
     m_s.m_assertOn |= assertOnMask(types, directives);
 }
 void VerilatedContext::assertOnClear(VerilatedAssertType_t types,
                                      VerilatedAssertDirectiveType_t directives) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    if (assertCtlsLocked()) return;
     m_s.m_assertOn &= ~assertOnMask(types, directives);
 }
+bool VerilatedContext::assertCtlsLocked() const VL_MT_SAFE { return m_ns.m_assertCtlsLocked; }
+void VerilatedContext::assertCtlsLocked(bool flag) VL_MT_SAFE { m_ns.m_assertCtlsLocked = flag; }
 void VerilatedContext::assertCtl(uint32_t controlType, VerilatedAssertType_t types,
                                  VerilatedAssertDirectiveType_t directives) VL_MT_SAFE {
     // IEEE 1800-2023 Table 20-5 control_type. Lock freezes the On/Off state of the
     // selected bits until Unlock; On/Off/Kill leave locked bits unchanged.
+    // +verilator+assert+lock freezes everything, including Lock/Unlock itself.
+    if (assertCtlsLocked()) return;
     const uint32_t mask = assertOnMask(types, directives);
     const uint32_t lockedMask = mask & ~m_s.m_assertLock;
     switch (controlType) {
@@ -3286,6 +3300,15 @@ void VerilatedContext::gotFinish(bool flag) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const VerilatedLockGuard lock{m_mutex};
     m_s.m_gotFinish = flag;
 }
+bool VerilatedContext::stopRequestReserve(bool maybe) VL_MT_SAFE {
+    const VerilatedLockGuard lock{m_mutex};
+    const int reserved = ++m_ns.m_stopReserved;
+    return !maybe || m_s.m_errorCount + reserved >= m_s.m_errorLimit;
+}
+void VerilatedContext::stopRequestRelease() VL_MT_SAFE {
+    const VerilatedLockGuard lock{m_mutex};
+    --m_ns.m_stopReserved;
+}
 bool VerilatedContext::executingFinal() const VL_MT_SAFE {
     const VerilatedLockGuard lock{m_mutex};
     return m_ns.m_executingFinal;
@@ -3556,7 +3579,9 @@ void VerilatedContextImp::commandArgVl(const std::string& arg) {
     if (0 == std::strncmp(arg.c_str(), "+verilator+", std::strlen("+verilator+"))) {
         std::string str;
         uint64_t u64;
-        if (commandArgVlString(arg, "+verilator+coverage+file+", str)) {
+        if (arg == "+verilator+assert+lock") {
+            assertCtlsLocked(true);
+        } else if (commandArgVlString(arg, "+verilator+coverage+file+", str)) {
             coverageFilename(str);
         } else if (arg == "+verilator+debug") {
             Verilated::debug(4);
@@ -3575,7 +3600,8 @@ void VerilatedContextImp::commandArgVl(const std::string& arg) {
             logFilename(str);
             logOutputToFile(false /* append */);
         } else if (arg == "+verilator+noassert") {
-            assertOn(false);
+            // Set directly on to avoid conflicts with +verilator+assert+lock
+            m_s.m_assertOn = 0;
         } else if (commandArgVlUint64(arg, "+verilator+prof+exec+start+", u64)) {
             profExecStart(u64);
         } else if (commandArgVlUint64(arg, "+verilator+prof+exec+window+", u64, 1)) {
@@ -3891,7 +3917,7 @@ void Verilated::runFlushCallbacks() VL_MT_SAFE {
     // When running internal code coverage (gcc --coverage, as opposed to
     // verilator --coverage), dump coverage data to properly cover failing
     // tests.
-    VL_GCOV_DUMP();
+    VL_GCOV_DUMP_RESET();
 }
 
 void Verilated::addExitCb(VoidPCb cb, void* datap) VL_MT_SAFE { addCbExit(cb, datap); }
@@ -4012,6 +4038,106 @@ void VerilatedImp::versionDump() VL_MT_SAFE {
     VL_PRINTF_MT("  Version: %s %s\n", Verilated::productName(), Verilated::productVersion());
 }
 
+//===========================================================================
+// VerilatedEvalLoop:: Methods
+
+void VerilatedEvalLoop::didNotConverge(const char* namep,
+                                       void (VerilatedModel::*dumpTriggersp)()) {
+    if (dumpTriggersp) (m_model.*dumpTriggersp)();
+    const std::string msg = "DIDNOTCONVERGE: "s + namep
+                            + " region did not converge after '--converge-limit' of "
+                            + std::to_string(m_convergeLimit) + " tries";
+    VL_FATAL_MT("", 0, "", msg.c_str());
+    VL_UNREACHABLE;  // VL_FATAL_MT does not return
+}
+
+template <bool Profiling>
+void VerilatedEvalLoop::evalImpl() {
+    VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF("+ Eval\n"););
+
+    if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) {
+        // Advance the profiling window
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_profTopLevel)) m_profilerp->configure();
+        m_profilerp->sectionPush("eval");
+    }
+
+    m_model.evalBegin();
+
+    // Initialization on first time step only
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!m_model.m_didInit)) {
+        VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF("+ Initial\n"););
+        // Static initializers
+        m_model.evalStatic();
+        // Initial blocks
+        m_model.evalInitial();
+        // The 'Settle' region, iterated until it converges
+        uint32_t stlIterCount = 0;
+        do {
+            checkConvergence(++stlIterCount, "Settle", &VerilatedModel::dumpTriggersStl);
+        } while (m_model.evalStl(stlIterCount == 1));
+        m_model.m_didInit = true;
+    }
+
+    // Sampled values are collected before anything can read them
+    m_model.evalSample();
+
+    // The 'Input combinational' region updates combinational logic driven from primary inputs
+    {
+        if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPush("loop ico");
+        uint32_t icoIterCount = 0;
+        do {
+            checkConvergence(++icoIterCount, "Input combinational",
+                             &VerilatedModel::dumpTriggersIco);
+        } while (m_model.evalIco(icoIterCount == 1));
+        if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPop();  // loop ico
+    }
+
+    // The remaining regions are nested: each iteration of a region's loop
+    // re-runs the loops of all regions that precede it in the scheduling order.
+    if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPush("loop react");
+    uint32_t reactIterCount = 0;
+    do {
+        checkConvergence(++reactIterCount, "Reactive", &VerilatedModel::dumpTriggersReact);
+        if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPush("loop obs");
+        uint32_t obsIterCount = 0;
+        do {
+            checkConvergence(++obsIterCount, "Observed", &VerilatedModel::dumpTriggersObs);
+            if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPush("loop nba");
+            uint32_t nbaIterCount = 0;
+            do {
+                checkConvergence(++nbaIterCount, "NBA", &VerilatedModel::dumpTriggersNba);
+                if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPush("loop inact");
+                uint32_t inactIterCount = 0;
+                do {
+                    checkConvergence(++inactIterCount, "Inactive");
+                    if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPush("loop act");
+                    uint32_t actIterCount = 0;
+                    do {
+                        checkConvergence(++actIterCount, "Active",
+                                         &VerilatedModel::dumpTriggersAct);
+                    } while (m_model.evalAct());
+                    if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPop();  // loop act
+                } while (m_model.evalInact());
+                if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPop();  // loop inact
+            } while (m_model.evalNba());
+            if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPop();  // loop nba
+        } while (m_model.evalObs());
+        if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPop();  // loop obs
+    } while (m_model.evalReact());
+    if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPop();  // loop react
+
+    // The 'Postponed' region runs once, at the end of the time step
+    m_model.evalPostponed();
+
+    m_model.evalEnd();
+
+    if VL_CONSTEXPR_CXX17 (Profiling) m_profilerp->sectionPop();  // eval
+}
+
+// Template instantiations
+template void VerilatedEvalLoop::evalImpl<false>();
+template void VerilatedEvalLoop::evalImpl<true>();
+
 //===========================================================================
 // VerilatedModel:: Methods
 
@@ -4078,12 +4204,12 @@ VerilatedScope::VerilatedScope(VerilatedSyms* symsp, const char* suffixp, const
     , m_defnamep{defnamep}
     , m_timeunit{timeunit}
     , m_type{type} {
-    Verilated::threadContextp()->impp()->scopeInsert(this);
+    contextp()->impp()->scopeInsert(this);
 }
 
 VerilatedScope::~VerilatedScope() {
     // Memory cleanup - not called during normal operation
-    Verilated::threadContextp()->impp()->scopeErase(this);
+    contextp()->impp()->scopeErase(this);
     VL_DO_DANGLING(delete[] m_namep, m_namep);
     VL_DO_DANGLING(delete[] m_callbacksp, m_callbacksp);
     VL_DO_DANGLING(delete m_varsp, m_varsp);
@@ -4142,6 +4268,50 @@ VerilatedVar* VerilatedScope::varInsert(const char* namep, void* datap, bool isP
     return &(m_varsp->find(namep)->second);
 }
 
+void VerilatedScope::varsInsertFromTable(const VlVarTableEntry* entp, size_t n,
+                                         void* basep) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+    // Table-driven equivalent of a run of varInsert()/varInsertSized() calls; see VlVarTableEntry.
+    if (!m_varsp) m_varsp = new VerilatedVarNameMap;
+    uint8_t* const base = static_cast<uint8_t*>(basep);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        const VlVarTableEntry& e = entp[i];
+        void* const datap = base + e.byteOffset;
+        const VerilatedVarFlags vlflags = static_cast<VerilatedVarFlags>(e.vlflags);
+        VerilatedVar var{e.namep, datap, e.vltype, vlflags, e.udims, e.pdims, /*isParam=*/false};
+        for (int d = 0; d < e.udims; ++d) {
+            var.m_unpacked[d].m_left = e.dims[2 * d];
+            var.m_unpacked[d].m_right = e.dims[2 * d + 1];
+        }
+        for (int d = 0; d < e.pdims; ++d) {
+            var.m_packed[d].m_left = e.dims[2 * (e.udims + d)];
+            var.m_packed[d].m_right = e.dims[2 * (e.udims + d) + 1];
+        }
+        // Recompute the flattened DPI packed range now dims are known (see
+        // VerilatedVarProps::initPacked)
+        if (e.pdims == 1) {
+            var.m_packedDpi = var.m_packed.front();
+        } else if (e.pdims > 1) {
+            int packedSize = 1;
+            for (int d = 0; d < e.pdims; ++d) packedSize *= var.m_packed[d].elements();
+            var.m_packedDpi = VerilatedRange{packedSize - 1, 0};
+        }
+        m_varsp->emplace(e.namep, std::move(var));
+    }
+}
+
+void VerilatedScope::scopesConstructFromTable(const VlScopeTableEntry* entp, size_t n,
+                                              VerilatedSyms* symsp) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+    // Table-driven equivalent of a run of 'new VerilatedScope{...}' statements; see
+    // VlScopeTableEntry. The generated Syms class derives VerilatedSyms as its sole primary
+    // base at offset 0, so symsp doubles as the base for the offsetof-baked member addresses.
+    uint8_t* const base = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(symsp);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        const VlScopeTableEntry& e = entp[i];
+        VerilatedScope** const slotp = reinterpret_cast<VerilatedScope**>(base + e.ptrOffset);
+        *slotp = new VerilatedScope{symsp, e.namep, e.identp, e.defnamep, e.timeunit, e.type};
+    }
+}
+
 VerilatedVar* VerilatedScope::varInsertSized(const char* namep, void* datap, bool isParam,
                                              VerilatedVarType vltype, int vlflags, int udims,
                                              uint32_t entSize...) VL_MT_UNSAFE {

include/verilated.h

@@ -160,6 +160,21 @@ enum VerilatedVarFlags : uint32_t {
     VLVF_NET = (1 << 15)  // Net object
 };
 
+// One VPI-visible variable, consumed by VerilatedScope::varsInsertFromTable();
+// replaces per-variable varInsert() calls, which compiles faster at scale.
+struct VlVarTableEntry final {
+    static constexpr int kMaxDims = 3;  // Max packed+unpacked dims a table row holds
+    const char* namep;  // VPI-facing (protected) variable name, string literal
+    size_t byteOffset;  // offsetof of storage member from module instance base
+    VerilatedVarType vltype;
+    uint32_t vlflags;  // Direction + flags (VLVD_*/VLVF_*)
+    uint8_t udims;  // udims + pdims <= kMaxDims
+    uint8_t pdims;
+    // (left,right) pairs: unpacked dims first, then packed; int32_t since large
+    // unpacked memories exceed int16 range
+    int32_t dims[kMaxDims * 2];
+};
+
 // IEEE 1800-2023 Table 20-6
 enum class VerilatedAssertType : uint8_t {
     ASSERT_TYPE_CONCURRENT = (1 << 0),
@@ -286,6 +301,8 @@ public:
 #endif
 };
 
+class VlExecutionProfilerBase;
+
 //=========================================================================
 /// Base class of a Verilator generated (Verilated) model.
 ///
@@ -298,6 +315,8 @@ class VerilatedModel VL_NOT_FINAL {
     VerilatedContext& m_context;  // The VerilatedContext this model is instantiated under
 
 protected:
+    bool m_didInit = false;  // Time 0 initialization has run
+
     explicit VerilatedModel(VerilatedContext& context);
     virtual ~VerilatedModel() = default;
 
@@ -316,8 +335,82 @@ private:
     // The following are for use by Verilator internals only
     template <typename, typename>
     friend class VerilatedTrace;
+    friend class VerilatedEvalLoop;
+
     // Run-time trace configuration requested by this model
     virtual std::unique_ptr<VerilatedTraceConfig> traceConfig() const;
+
+    // Entry points called by VerilatedEvalLoop
+    virtual void evalBegin() = 0;
+    virtual void evalEnd() = 0;
+    virtual void evalStatic() = 0;
+    virtual void evalInitial() = 0;
+    virtual void evalSample() = 0;
+    virtual bool evalStl(bool firstIteration) = 0;
+    virtual bool evalIco(bool firstIteration) = 0;
+    virtual bool evalAct() = 0;
+    virtual bool evalInact() = 0;
+    virtual bool evalNba() = 0;
+    virtual bool evalObs() = 0;
+    virtual bool evalReact() = 0;
+    virtual void evalPostponed() = 0;
+    virtual void dumpTriggersStl() = 0;
+    virtual void dumpTriggersIco() = 0;
+    virtual void dumpTriggersAct() = 0;
+    virtual void dumpTriggersNba() = 0;
+    virtual void dumpTriggersObs() = 0;
+    virtual void dumpTriggersReact() = 0;
+
+    // Runs 'final' blocks at the end of the simulation
+    virtual void evalFinal() = 0;
+};
+
+//=========================================================================
+/// Evaluation loop calling a VerilatedModel's entry points
+
+class VerilatedEvalLoop final {
+    VL_UNCOPYABLE(VerilatedEvalLoop);
+
+    // MEMBERS
+    VerilatedModel& m_model;  // The model this loop evaluates
+    const uint32_t m_convergeLimit;  // --converge-limit from compiler command line
+    // Where to record --prof-exec sections, or null if not profiling
+    VlExecutionProfilerBase* m_profilerp = nullptr;
+    // Whether this is the top level model during profiling
+    bool m_profTopLevel = false;
+
+public:
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VerilatedEvalLoop(VerilatedModel& model, uint32_t convergeLimit)
+        : m_model{model}
+        , m_convergeLimit{convergeLimit} {}
+
+    // METHODS
+    // Evaluate a single time step of the SV scheduling model
+    void eval() {
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_profilerp)) {
+            evalImpl<true>();
+        } else {
+            evalImpl<false>();
+        }
+    }
+    // Set --prof-exec profiler
+    void profiler(VlExecutionProfilerBase* profilerp, bool topLevel) {
+        m_profilerp = profilerp;
+        m_profTopLevel = topLevel;
+    }
+
+private:
+    // Evaluate a time step, recording --prof-exec sections iff 'Profiling'.
+    template <bool Profiling>
+    void evalImpl();
+    // Check the iteration convergence
+    void checkConvergence(uint32_t iterCount, const char* namep,
+                          void (VerilatedModel::*dumpTriggersp)() = nullptr) {
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(iterCount > m_convergeLimit)) didNotConverge(namep, dumpTriggersp);
+    }
+    // Dump the region's triggers, if it has any, then report non-convergence and abort
+    void didNotConverge(const char* namep, void (VerilatedModel::*dumpTriggersp)());
 };
 
 //=========================================================================
@@ -342,6 +435,23 @@ public:
     virtual ~VerilatedVirtualBase() = default;
 };
 
+//===========================================================================
+// Internal: Base of the '--prof-exec' execution profiler
+//
+// Implemented by VlExecutionProfiler, see verilated_profiler.h. Declared here
+// so the evaluation loop can drive the profiler without naming it, as it is
+// only linked when Verilated with --prof-exec.
+
+class VlExecutionProfilerBase VL_NOT_FINAL : public VerilatedVirtualBase {
+public:
+    // Mark the beginning of a section of execution
+    virtual void sectionPush(const char* namep) = 0;
+    // Mark the end of the innermost open section
+    virtual void sectionPop() = 0;
+    // Advance the profiling window at the start of a time step
+    virtual void configure() = 0;
+};
+
 //===========================================================================
 /// Verilator simulation context
 ///
@@ -372,6 +482,8 @@ private:
     static uint32_t assertOnMask(VerilatedAssertType_t types,
                                  VerilatedAssertDirectiveType_t directives) VL_PURE;
     static constexpr size_t ASSERT_CONTROL_SLOT_COUNT = ASSERT_ON_WIDTH - 1;
+    // No termination request has stamped m_finishPendingTime yet
+    static constexpr uint64_t TIME_UNSET = ~0ULL;
 
 protected:
     // TYPES
@@ -430,6 +542,12 @@ protected:
     struct NonSerialized final {  // Non-serialized information
         // These are reloaded from on command-line settings, so do not need to persist
         // Fast path
+        // A worker queues $finish before the main thread callback can set m_gotFinish.
+        std::atomic<uint32_t> m_finishPending{0};  // Number of queued $finish callbacks
+        std::atomic<uint64_t> m_finishPendingTime{TIME_UNSET};  // Time of the first callback
+        std::atomic<bool> m_assertCtlsLocked{
+            false};  // When true, all assertion-control updates are ignored
+        int m_stopReserved = 0;  // Posted $stop requests not yet executed
         bool m_executingFinal = false;  // Running generated final() code
         uint64_t m_profExecStart = 1;  // +prof+exec+start time
         uint32_t m_profExecWindow = 2;  // +prof+exec+window size
@@ -510,6 +628,12 @@ public:
     /// Clear enabled status for given assertion types
     void assertOnClear(VerilatedAssertType_t types,
                        VerilatedAssertDirectiveType_t directives) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    /// Return if assertion-control updates are locked. When locked, RTL assert
+    // control statements ($asserton/$assertoff/$assertcontrol) are ignored, as
+    // are updates from the C++ API.
+    bool assertCtlsLocked() const VL_MT_SAFE;
+    /// Lock/unlock assertion-control updates.
+    void assertCtlsLocked(bool flag) VL_MT_SAFE;
     /// Apply assertion control for given control, assertion, and directive types
     void assertCtl(uint32_t controlType, VerilatedAssertType_t types,
                    VerilatedAssertDirectiveType_t directives) VL_MT_SAFE;
@@ -669,6 +793,27 @@ public:
 
     // METHODS - public but for internal use only
 
+    // Internal: Track $finish/$stop callbacks queued by worker threads
+    bool finishPending() const VL_MT_SAFE { return m_ns.m_finishPending.load() != 0; }
+    void finishPendingInc() VL_MT_SAFE {
+        ++m_ns.m_finishPending;
+        uint64_t unset = TIME_UNSET;
+        m_ns.m_finishPendingTime.compare_exchange_strong(unset, time());
+    }
+    void finishPendingDec() VL_MT_SAFE {
+        const uint32_t previous = m_ns.m_finishPending.fetch_sub(1);
+        assert(previous > 0);
+        if (previous == 1 && !gotFinish()) m_ns.m_finishPendingTime = TIME_UNSET;
+    }
+    // Internal: Time of the first termination request, else the current time
+    uint64_t finishPendingTime() const VL_MT_SAFE {
+        const uint64_t stamped = m_ns.m_finishPendingTime.load();
+        return stamped == TIME_UNSET ? time() : stamped;
+    }
+    // Internal: Reserve a posted $stop, returning true if it reaches the termination limit
+    bool stopRequestReserve(bool maybe) VL_MT_SAFE;
+    void stopRequestRelease() VL_MT_SAFE;
+
     // Internal: access to implementation class
     VerilatedContextImp* impp() VL_MT_SAFE { return reinterpret_cast<VerilatedContextImp*>(this); }
     const VerilatedContextImp* impp() const VL_MT_SAFE {
@@ -756,6 +901,8 @@ public:  // But for internal use only
 // Verilator scope information class
 // Used for internal VPI implementation, and introspection into scopes
 
+struct VlScopeTableEntry;  // Defined below VerilatedScope; used by scopesConstructFromTable()
+
 class VerilatedScope final {
 public:
     enum Type : uint8_t {
@@ -792,6 +939,9 @@ public:  // But internals only - called from verilated modules, VerilatedSyms
                                      void* forceReadSignalData, const char* forceReadSignalName,
                                      std::pair<VerilatedVar*, VerilatedVar*> forceControlSignals,
                                      int udims, int pdims...) VL_MT_UNSAFE;
+    void varsInsertFromTable(const VlVarTableEntry* entp, size_t n, void* basep) VL_MT_UNSAFE;
+    static void scopesConstructFromTable(const VlScopeTableEntry* entp, size_t n,
+                                         VerilatedSyms* symsp) VL_MT_UNSAFE;
     // ACCESSORS
     const char* name() const VL_MT_SAFE_POSTINIT { return m_namep; }
     const char* identifier() const VL_MT_SAFE_POSTINIT { return m_identifierp; }
@@ -805,6 +955,18 @@ public:  // But internals only - called from verilated modules, VerilatedSyms
     static void* exportFindNullError(int funcnum) VL_MT_SAFE;
     static void* exportFind(const VerilatedScope* scopep, int funcnum) VL_MT_SAFE;
     Type type() const { return m_type; }
+    VerilatedContext* contextp() const { return m_symsp->_vm_contextp__; }
+};
+
+// One scope, consumed by VerilatedScope::scopesConstructFromTable(); replaces
+// per-scope 'new VerilatedScope{...}' statements, which compiles faster at scale.
+struct VlScopeTableEntry final {
+    size_t ptrOffset;  // offsetof of the target __Vscopep_* member within the Syms object
+    const char* namep;  // Scope suffix name (protected), string literal
+    const char* identp;  // Identifier with escapes removed (protected)
+    const char* defnamep;  // Definition name (SCOPE_MODULE only), else "<null>"
+    int8_t timeunit;  // Timeunit in negative power-of-10
+    VerilatedScope::Type type;
 };
 
 class VerilatedHierarchy final {

include/verilated.mk.in

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA@
 # Compiler flags that enable coroutine support
 CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_COROUTINES@
 # Compiler flags when creating a precompiled header
-CFG_CXXFLAGS_PCH = -x c++-header
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_PCH = -c -x c++-header
 # Compiler option to put in front of filename to read precompiled header
 CFG_CXXFLAGS_PCH_I = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_PCH_I@
 # Compiler's filename prefix for precompiled headers, .gch if clang, empty if GCC

include/verilated_cov.h

@@ -75,24 +75,24 @@ class VerilatedCovImp;
         ccontextp->_insertp("hier", name, __VA_ARGS__); \
     } while (false)
 
-static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_ST_I(const int width, uint32_t* covp, const IData newData,
+inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_ST_I(const int width, uint32_t* covp, const IData newData,
-                                          const IData oldData) {
+                                   const IData oldData) {
     const IData chgData = newData ^ oldData;
     for (int i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
         *(covp + 2 * i + ((newData >> i) & 1)) += (chgData >> i) & 1;
     }
 }
 
-static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_ST_Q(const int width, uint32_t* covp, const QData newData,
+inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_ST_Q(const int width, uint32_t* covp, const QData newData,
-                                          const QData oldData) {
+                                   const QData oldData) {
     const QData chgData = newData ^ oldData;
     for (int i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
         *(covp + 2 * i + ((newData >> i) & 1)) += (chgData >> i) & 1;
     }
 }
 
-static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_ST_W(const int width, uint32_t* covp, WDataInP newData,
+inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_ST_W(const int width, uint32_t* covp, WDataInP newData,
-                                          WDataInP oldData) {
+                                   WDataInP oldData) {
     for (int i = 0; i < VL_WORDS_I(width); ++i) {
         const EData chgData = newData[i] ^ oldData[i];
         if (chgData) {
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_ST_W(const int width, uint32_t* covp, WData
     }
 }
 
-static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_MT_I(const int width, std::atomic<uint32_t>* covp,
+inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_MT_I(const int width, std::atomic<uint32_t>* covp,
-                                          const IData newData, const IData oldData) VL_MT_SAFE {
+                                   const IData newData, const IData oldData) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const IData chgData = newData ^ oldData;
     for (int i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
         if (VL_BITISSET_I(chgData, i)) {
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_MT_I(const int width, std::atomic<uint32_t>
     }
 }
 
-static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_MT_Q(const int width, std::atomic<uint32_t>* covp,
+inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_MT_Q(const int width, std::atomic<uint32_t>* covp,
-                                          const QData newData, const QData oldData) VL_MT_SAFE {
+                                   const QData newData, const QData oldData) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const QData chgData = newData ^ oldData;
     for (int i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
         if (VL_BITISSET_Q(chgData, i)) {
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_MT_Q(const int width, std::atomic<uint32_t>
     }
 }
 
-static inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_MT_W(const int width, std::atomic<uint32_t>* covp,
+inline void VL_COV_TOGGLE_CHG_MT_W(const int width, std::atomic<uint32_t>* covp, WDataInP newData,
-                                          WDataInP newData, WDataInP oldData) VL_MT_SAFE {
+                                   WDataInP oldData) VL_MT_SAFE {
     for (int i = 0; i < VL_WORDS_I(width); ++i) {
         const EData chgData = newData[i] ^ oldData[i];
         if (chgData) {

include/verilated_cov_model.h

@@ -41,9 +41,13 @@ enum class VlCovBinKind : uint8_t {
 
 //=============================================================================
 // VlCoverpointIf
-/// Read-side view of a coverpoint.  The writer queries bins by index; the
+/// Read-side view of a coverpoint -- a named, index-addressable set of bins
-/// implementor computes names/kinds on demand.  Bounded bin count, so random
+/// with a coverage fraction.  A cross is also a coverpoint from this view: its
-/// access by index is the primary usage.
+/// auto cross bins (one per element of the Cartesian product of the feeding
+/// coverpoints' Normal bins) are all Normal, and their names are built on
+/// demand by concatenating the feeding coverpoints' bin names.  The writer
+/// queries bins by index; the implementor computes names/kinds on demand.
+/// Bounded bin count, so random access by index is the primary usage.
 
 class VlCoverpointIf VL_NOT_FINAL {
 public:
@@ -51,11 +55,11 @@ public:
     virtual ~VlCoverpointIf() = default;
 
     // METHODS
-    // All bins, across every set; index range [0, binCount())
+    // All bins, across every set; index range [0, binCount()).
-    virtual int binCount() const = 0;
+    virtual uint32_t binCount() const = 0;
-    // Bin name in declaration order (e.g. "myBin" or "b[3]")
+    // Bin name in declaration order (e.g. "myBin" or "b[3]"); for a cross,
-    virtual std::string binName(int i) const = 0;
+    // the concatenated cross bin name (e.g. "b1_x_b2_x_b3")
-    virtual VlCovBinKind binKind(int i) const = 0;
+    virtual std::string binName(uint32_t i) const = 0;
     // Bins covered / effective total (Normal set only) for the coverage calc
     virtual void coverageParts(double& covered, double& total) const = 0;
 };

include/verilated_covergroup.cpp

@@ -23,34 +23,57 @@
 
 #include "verilated_covergroup.h"
 
+#include "verilated.h"
+
+// This file is compiled whenever covergroups are used, with or without
+// "verilator --coverage" (see V3Global::verilatedCppFiles).  Bin counts are
+// members of the covergroup objects themselves, so sampling, bin naming, and
+// coverage queries such as get_inst_coverage() all work with no coverage
+// database present.  VL_COVER_INSERT does not copy a count; it hands the
+// database the address of a counter to read at write time.  Only that
+// publication step needs verilated_cov.cpp, which is compiled solely under
+// --coverage, so only the registerBins() bodies are gated on VM_COVERAGE.
 #if VM_COVERAGE
 #include "verilated_cov.h"
 #endif
 
-void VlCoverpoint::init(const char* hier, uint32_t atLeast, int nBins) {
+void VlCoverpoint::init(const char* hier, uint32_t atLeast, uint32_t nBins) {
     m_hier = hier;
     m_atLeast = atLeast;
     m_total = nBins;
     m_counts.assign(nBins, 0);
+    m_crossIdx.assign(nBins, -1);
+    m_crossToBin.clear();
 }
 
-void VlCoverpoint::addNamer(VlCovBinKind set, int count, VlCovBinNaming naming, const char* name,
+void VlCoverpoint::addNamer(VlCovBinKind set, uint32_t count, VlCovBinNaming naming,
-                            const char* file, int line, int col) {
+                            const char* name, const char* file, int line, int col) {
     m_namers.emplace_back(set, count, m_nextBase, naming, name, file, line, col);
+    if (set == VlCovBinKind::KIND_NORMAL) {
+        // Assign each Normal bin a cross index, and record the inverse map.
+        for (uint32_t b = m_nextBase; b < m_nextBase + count; ++b) {
+            m_crossIdx[b] = static_cast<int>(m_crossToBin.size());
+            m_crossToBin.push_back(b);
+        }
+        m_normal += count;
+    }
     m_nextBase += count;
-    if (set == VlCovBinKind::KIND_NORMAL) m_normal += count;
 }
 
-const VlCovNamer& VlCoverpoint::namerFor(int i) const {
+std::string VlCoverpoint::normalBinName(uint32_t crossIdx) const {
-    // Namers are appended in ascending, contiguous index order covering [0, m_total),
+    // Build the bin name based on the bin index
-    // and i is always a valid bin index, so the matching namer always exists.
+    return binName(m_crossToBin[crossIdx]);
+}
+
+const VlCovNamer& VlCoverpoint::namerFor(uint32_t i) const {
+    // Namers are appended in ascending order covering [0, m_total),
     for (const VlCovNamer& nm : m_namers) {
         if (i < nm.base() + nm.count()) return nm;
     }
-    VL_UNREACHABLE;
+    VL_UNREACHABLE;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
 }
 
-std::string VlCoverpoint::binName(int i) const {
+std::string VlCoverpoint::binName(uint32_t i) const {
     const VlCovNamer& nm = namerFor(i);
     std::string name = nm.name();
     if (nm.naming() == VlCovBinNaming::Array) name += '[' + std::to_string(i - nm.base()) + ']';
@@ -59,7 +82,7 @@ std::string VlCoverpoint::binName(int i) const {
 
 #if VM_COVERAGE
 void VlCoverpoint::registerBins(VerilatedCovContext* covcontextp, const char* page) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < binCount(); ++i) {
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < binCount(); ++i) {
         const VlCovNamer& nm = namerFor(i);
         const VlCovBinKind kind = binKind(i);
         const std::string binp = binName(i);
@@ -81,3 +104,89 @@ void VlCoverpoint::registerBins(VerilatedCovContext* covcontextp, const char* pa
     }
 }
 #endif  // VM_COVERAGE
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VlCoverCross
+
+void VlCoverCross::init(const char* hier, uint32_t dims, VlCoverpoint* const* cps,
+                        const char* file, int line, int col) {
+    m_hier = hier;
+    m_file = file;
+    m_line = line;
+    m_col = col;
+    m_dims = dims;
+    m_cps.assign(cps, cps + dims);
+    m_cpBinCounts.resize(dims);
+    // Accumulate in 64 bits so the overflow check itself cannot overflow.
+    uint64_t product = 1;
+    for (uint32_t d = 0; d < dims; ++d) {
+        m_cpBinCounts[d] = cps[d]->normalBinCount();
+        product *= m_cpBinCounts[d];
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(product > UINT32_MAX)) {  // LCOV_EXCL_START
+            VL_FATAL_MT(file, line, "", "Cross has too many auto bins to represent");
+        }  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+    }
+    m_numAutoBins = static_cast<uint32_t>(product);
+    // stride[d] = product of the Normal bin counts of all dimensions after d.
+    // Counts down with an offset so the unsigned index never wraps below zero.
+    m_stride.assign(dims, 1);
+    for (uint32_t d = dims; d > 1; --d) m_stride[d - 2] = m_stride[d - 1] * m_cpBinCounts[d - 1];
+    m_flatCounts.assign(m_numAutoBins, 0);
+}
+
+void VlCoverCross::iterateProduct(VlCoverpoint* const* cps, uint32_t dim, uint32_t baseIdx) {
+    const uint32_t hits = cps[dim]->hitCount();
+    const uint32_t* const list = cps[dim]->hitList();
+    const bool last = (dim == m_dims - 1);
+    const uint32_t stride = m_stride[dim];
+    for (uint32_t hit = 0; hit < hits; ++hit) {
+        const uint32_t idx = baseIdx + list[hit] * stride;
+        if (last) {
+            incrementTuple(idx);
+        } else {
+            iterateProduct(cps, dim + 1, idx);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void VlCoverCross::sample(VlCoverpoint* const* cps) {
+    // Fast path: if any dimension had no Normal-bin hit, the cross cannot hit.
+    for (uint32_t d = 0; d < m_dims; ++d) {
+        if (cps[d]->hitCount() == 0) return;
+    }
+    iterateProduct(cps, 0, 0);
+}
+
+std::string VlCoverCross::binName(uint32_t flat) const {
+    // Built on demand by concatenating each coverpoint's own bin name.
+    std::string name;
+    for (uint32_t d = 0; d < m_dims; ++d) {
+        const uint32_t crossIdx = (flat / m_stride[d]) % m_cpBinCounts[d];
+        if (d > 0) name += "_x_";
+        name += m_cps[d]->normalBinName(crossIdx);
+    }
+    return name;
+}
+
+#if VM_COVERAGE
+void VlCoverCross::registerBins(VerilatedCovContext* covcontextp, const char* page) {
+    // Register every auto cross bin (zero-count bins included), so the report
+    // shows the full Cartesian product of cross bins.  Names are built on the fly.
+    const std::string lineStr = std::to_string(m_line);
+    const std::string colStr = std::to_string(m_col);
+    for (uint32_t flat = 0; flat < binCount(); ++flat) {
+        const std::string bin = binName(flat);  // "b1_x_b2_x_..."
+        // cross_bins metadata: the same components joined by ',' (not read by the report)
+        std::string crossBins;
+        for (uint32_t d = 0; d < m_dims; ++d) {
+            const uint32_t crossIdx = (flat / m_stride[d]) % m_cpBinCounts[d];
+            if (d > 0) crossBins += ",";
+            crossBins += m_cps[d]->normalBinName(crossIdx);
+        }
+        const std::string full = m_hier + "." + bin;
+        VL_COVER_INSERT(covcontextp, full.c_str(), &m_flatCounts[flat], "page", page, "filename",
+                        m_file, "lineno", lineStr.c_str(), "column", colStr.c_str(), "bin",
+                        bin.c_str(), "cross", "1", "cross_bins", crossBins.c_str());
+    }
+}
+#endif  // VM_COVERAGE

include/verilated_covergroup.h

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 /// it in the constructor (init + add*Namer), increments bins from sample(),
 /// and registers via registerBins().
 ///
+/// Collection and coverage queries are always available; only registerBins(),
+/// which publishes bin counters to the coverage database, requires VM_COVERAGE.
+///
 //=============================================================================
 
 #ifndef VERILATOR_VERILATED_COVERGROUP_H_
@@ -49,8 +52,8 @@ enum class VlCovBinNaming : uint8_t {
 class VlCovNamer final {
     // MEMBERS
     VlCovBinKind m_set;  // which set the bins belong to
-    int m_count;  // bins this namer covers (1 for Single)
+    uint32_t m_count;  // bins this namer covers (1 for Single)
-    int m_base;  // first bin index (declaration order), assigned on append
+    uint32_t m_base;  // first bin index (declaration order), assigned on append
     VlCovBinNaming m_naming;  // how bin names are built
     const char* m_name;  // bin name (Single) or array base name (Array)
     const char* m_file;  // declaration file
@@ -59,8 +62,8 @@ class VlCovNamer final {
 
 public:
     // CONSTRUCTORS
-    VlCovNamer(VlCovBinKind set, int count, int base, VlCovBinNaming naming, const char* name,
+    VlCovNamer(VlCovBinKind set, uint32_t count, uint32_t base, VlCovBinNaming naming,
-               const char* file, int line, int col)
+               const char* name, const char* file, int line, int col)
         : m_set{set}
         , m_count{count}
         , m_base{base}
@@ -72,8 +75,8 @@ public:
 
     // METHODS
     VlCovBinKind set() const { return m_set; }
-    int count() const { return m_count; }
+    uint32_t count() const { return m_count; }
-    int base() const { return m_base; }
+    uint32_t base() const { return m_base; }
     VlCovBinNaming naming() const { return m_naming; }
     const char* name() const { return m_name; }
     const char* file() const { return m_file; }
@@ -87,19 +90,30 @@ public:
 /// bin's set/name come from the owning namer.  coverage() is computed on demand
 /// by scanning bin counts, keeping the sample() hot path a plain counter bump.
 
-class VlCoverpoint final : public VlCoverpointIf {
+// Base coverpoint runtime (read side + collection logic, no hit-list storage).
-    // MEMBERS
+// VlCoverpointT<MaxHits> adds the inline hit-list array and the incrementBin write
+// path; the cross holds VlCoverpoint* and reads via hitCount()/hitList().
+class VlCoverpoint VL_NOT_FINAL : public VlCoverpointIf {
+protected:
+    // MEMBERS (protected so VlCoverpointT::incrementBin can update them)
     std::string m_hier;  // "covergroup.coverpoint"
     uint32_t m_atLeast = 1;  // option.at_least (coverpoint-wide)
-    int m_total = 0;  // bins across all sets
+    uint32_t m_total = 0;  // bins across all sets
-    int m_normal = 0;  // Normal bins (coverage denominator)
+    uint32_t m_normal = 0;  // Normal bins (coverage denominator)
-    int m_nextBase = 0;  // running append cursor
+    uint32_t m_nextBase = 0;  // running append cursor
     std::vector<uint32_t> m_counts;  // [m_total], one per bin
     std::vector<VlCovNamer> m_namers;  // appended in declaration order
+    // [m_total] full bin idx -> cross idx (Normal-only), -1 otherwise.  The only
+    // signed index here: -1 marks a non-Normal bin, which incrementBin filters on.
+    std::vector<int> m_crossIdx;
+    // [m_normal] inverse of m_crossIdx: cross idx -> full bin idx, appended in cross-index order
+    std::vector<uint32_t> m_crossToBin;
+    uint32_t m_hitCount = 0;  // entries valid in the hit list this sample
 
+private:
     // PRIVATE METHODS
-    const VlCovNamer& namerFor(int i) const;  // obtain the bin-specific name producer
+    const VlCovNamer& namerFor(uint32_t i) const;  // obtain the bin-specific name producer
-    void addNamer(VlCovBinKind set, int count, VlCovBinNaming naming, const char* name,
+    void addNamer(VlCovBinKind set, uint32_t count, VlCovBinNaming naming, const char* name,
                   const char* file, int line, int col);
 
 public:
@@ -108,31 +122,44 @@ public:
 
     // METHODS
     // ---- configuration (from generated constructor) ----
-    void init(const char* hier, uint32_t atLeast, int nBins);
+    void init(const char* hier, uint32_t atLeast, uint32_t nBins);
     void addSingleNamer(VlCovBinKind set, const char* name, const char* file, int line, int col) {
         addNamer(set, 1, VlCovBinNaming::Single, name, file, line, col);
     }
-    void addArrayNamer(VlCovBinKind set, int count, const char* name, const char* file, int line,
+    void addArrayNamer(VlCovBinKind set, uint32_t count, const char* name, const char* file,
-                       int col) {
+                       int line, int col) {
         addNamer(set, count, VlCovBinNaming::Array, name, file, line, col);
     }
     void registerBins(VerilatedCovContext* covcontextp, const char* page);
 
     // ---- hot path (from generated sample()) ----
-    void incrementBin(int i) { ++m_counts[i]; }  // Normal bin: count only
+    // Clear the hit list at the start of each sample() for a cross-fed coverpoint.
-    void recordHit(int i) { ++m_counts[i]; }  // Ignore/Illegal/Default: count only
+    void clearHitList() { m_hitCount = 0; }
+    // Ignore/Illegal/Default: count only; never propagates to cross coverage.
+    void recordHit(uint32_t i) { ++m_counts[i]; }
+    // incrementBin (Normal bin: count + hit-list append) lives in VlCoverpointT<MaxHits>,
+    // where MaxHits is the gen-time max per-sample bin overlap.
+
+    // ---- cross support (read by VlCoverCross) ----
+    uint32_t hitCount() const { return m_hitCount; }
+    virtual const uint32_t* hitList() const = 0;  // provided by VlCoverpointT
+    uint32_t normalBinCount() const { return m_normal; }  // cross dimension size (Normal bins)
+    std::string normalBinName(uint32_t crossIdx) const;  // name of the crossIdx-th Normal bin
 
     // ---- VlCoverpointIf ----
-    int binCount() const override { return m_total; }
+    uint32_t binCount() const override { return m_total; }
-    std::string binName(int i) const override;
+    std::string binName(uint32_t i) const override;
-    VlCovBinKind binKind(int i) const override { return namerFor(i).set(); }
+    // Deliberately not on VlCoverpointIf: only registerBins() needs it, via the
+    // concrete coverpoint.  A cross has all-Normal bins and exposes no kind, so the
+    // interface omits it; add it back only if a writer needs it polymorphically.
+    VlCovBinKind binKind(uint32_t i) const { return namerFor(i).set(); }
     void coverageParts(double& covered, double& total) const override {
         // Count Normal bins that reached option.at_least on demand, so the hot
         // path (incrementBin) stays a plain counter bump.
-        int numCovered = 0;
+        uint32_t numCovered = 0;
         for (const VlCovNamer& nm : m_namers) {
             if (nm.set() != VlCovBinKind::KIND_NORMAL) continue;
-            for (int i = nm.base(); i < nm.base() + nm.count(); ++i) {
+            for (uint32_t i = nm.base(); i < nm.base() + nm.count(); ++i) {
                 if (m_counts[i] >= m_atLeast) ++numCovered;
             }
         }
@@ -141,4 +168,90 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+//=============================================================================
+// VlCoverpointT
+/// Concrete coverpoint with an inline hit-list array sized to MaxHits -- the
+/// gen-time maximum number of Normal bins one sample value can match (1 for the
+/// common non-overlapping case).  The bound is a compile-time constant, so for
+/// MaxHits == 1 incrementBin collapses to a single store.  Generated code holds
+/// the coverpoint as VlCoverpointT<K> and calls incrementBin via the concrete
+/// type; the cross reads it polymorphically through VlCoverpoint*.
+
+template <uint32_t MaxHits>
+class VlCoverpointT final : public VlCoverpoint {
+    // MEMBERS
+    uint32_t m_hits[MaxHits];  // cross indices of Normal bins hit this sample
+
+public:
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VlCoverpointT() = default;
+
+    // METHODS
+    // Normal bin: bump count and append the bin's cross index to the hit list.
+    // m_hitCount can never exceed MaxHits (the gen-time overlap bound), so no hit
+    // is ever dropped; the bound check is a compile-time-folded safety net.
+    void incrementBin(uint32_t i) {
+        ++m_counts[i];
+        // m_crossIdx is signed only to carry the -1 "not a Normal bin" marker;
+        // the >= 0 test below is what makes every stored hit index unsigned-safe.
+        const int cx = m_crossIdx[i];
+        if (cx >= 0 && m_hitCount < MaxHits) m_hits[m_hitCount++] = static_cast<uint32_t>(cx);
+    }
+    const uint32_t* hitList() const override { return m_hits; }
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VlCoverCross
+/// Per-instance auto cross runtime.  Holds flat uint32_t[] storage over the
+/// Cartesian product of the feeding coverpoints' Normal bins.  Each sample()
+/// walks the coverpoint hit lists (O(hits), not O(product)).  Bin names are
+/// built on demand from the coverpoints, so no per-bin name is stored.
+
+class VlCoverCross final : public VlCoverpointIf {
+    // MEMBERS
+    std::string m_hier;  // "covergroup.cross"
+    const char* m_file = nullptr;  // Cross declaration file (registration metadata)
+    int m_line = 0;  // Cross declaration line
+    int m_col = 0;  // Cross declaration column
+    uint32_t m_dims = 0;  // Number of feeding coverpoints
+    // Cross bin indexes are unsigned, like the coverpoint bin indexes they are
+    // built from.  init() fatals if the product would exceed UINT32_MAX, so every
+    // index computed here provably fits.  That bound is far beyond anything
+    // storable anyway: m_flatCounts alone would need 16GB.
+    uint32_t m_numAutoBins = 0;  // Product of per-dim Normal bin counts
+    uint32_t m_numCovered = 0;  // Distinct bins hit >= 1 (maintained incrementally)
+    std::vector<uint32_t> m_cpBinCounts;  // [m_dims] Normal bin count per dimension
+    std::vector<uint32_t> m_stride;  // [m_dims] Flat-index stride per dimension
+    std::vector<uint32_t> m_flatCounts;  // [m_numAutoBins] Per-bin hit counts
+    std::vector<VlCoverpoint*> m_cps;  // Feeding coverpoints (the only name source)
+
+    // PRIVATE METHODS
+    void iterateProduct(VlCoverpoint* const* cps, uint32_t dim, uint32_t baseIdx);
+    void incrementTuple(uint32_t idx) {
+        if (m_flatCounts[idx]++ == 0) ++m_numCovered;
+    }
+
+public:
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VlCoverCross() = default;
+
+    // METHODS
+    // ---- configuration (from generated constructor, after coverpoints init'd) ----
+    void init(const char* hier, uint32_t dims, VlCoverpoint* const* cps, const char* file,
+              int line, int col);
+    void registerBins(VerilatedCovContext* covcontextp, const char* page);
+
+    // ---- hot path (from generated sample(), after all coverpoints sampled) ----
+    void sample(VlCoverpoint* const* cps);
+
+    // ---- VlCoverpointIf ----
+    // A cross is a coverpoint whose bins are the auto cross bins (all Normal).
+    uint32_t binCount() const override { return m_numAutoBins; }
+    std::string binName(uint32_t flat) const override;
+    void coverageParts(double& covered, double& total) const override {
+        covered = m_numCovered;
+        total = m_numAutoBins;
+    }
+};
+
 #endif  // Guard

include/verilated_dpi.h

@@ -37,68 +37,68 @@
 // SETTING OPERATORS
 
 // Convert svBitVecVal to Verilator internal data
-static inline void VL_SET_W_SVBV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_W_SVBV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
     for (int i = 0; i < words - 1; ++i) owp[i] = lwp[i];
     owp[words - 1] = lwp[words - 1] & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_Q_SVBV(int obits, QData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_Q_SVBV(int obits, QData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     out = VL_MASK_Q(obits) & VL_SET_QII(lwp[1], lwp[0]);
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_I_SVBV(int obits, IData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_I_SVBV(int obits, IData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0];
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_S_SVBV(int obits, SData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_S_SVBV(int obits, SData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0];
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_C_SVBV(int obits, CData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_C_SVBV(int obits, CData& out, const svBitVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0];
 }
 
 // Convert Verilator internal data to svBitVecVal
-static inline void VL_SET_SVBV_W(int obits, svBitVecVal* owp, const WDataInP lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_SVBV_W(int obits, svBitVecVal* owp, const WDataInP lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
     for (int i = 0; i < words - 1; ++i) owp[i] = lwp[i];
     owp[words - 1] = lwp[words - 1] & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_SVBV_I(int, svBitVecVal* owp, const IData ld) VL_MT_SAFE { owp[0] = ld; }
+inline void VL_SET_SVBV_I(int, svBitVecVal* owp, const IData ld) VL_MT_SAFE { owp[0] = ld; }
-static inline void VL_SET_SVBV_Q(int, svBitVecVal* owp, const QData ld) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_SVBV_Q(int, svBitVecVal* owp, const QData ld) VL_MT_SAFE {
     VL_SET_WQ(WDataOutP::external(owp), ld);
 }
 
 // Convert svLogicVecVal to Verilator internal data
 // Note these functions ignore X/Z in svLogicVecVal
-static inline void VL_SET_W_SVLV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_W_SVLV(int obits, WDataOutP owp, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
     for (int i = 0; i < words - 1; ++i) owp[i] = lwp[i].aval;
     owp[words - 1] = lwp[words - 1].aval & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_Q_SVLV(int obits, QData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_Q_SVLV(int obits, QData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     out = VL_MASK_Q(obits) & VL_SET_QII(lwp[1].aval, lwp[0].aval);
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_I_SVLV(int obits, IData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_I_SVLV(int obits, IData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0].aval;
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_S_SVLV(int obits, SData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_S_SVLV(int obits, SData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0].aval;
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_C_SVLV(int obits, CData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_C_SVLV(int obits, CData& out, const svLogicVecVal* lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     out = VL_MASK_I(obits) & lwp[0].aval;
 }
 
 // Convert Verilator internal data to svLogicVecVal
 // Note these functions never create X/Z in svLogicVecVal
-static inline void VL_SET_SVLV_W(int obits, svLogicVecVal* owp, const WDataInP lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_SVLV_W(int obits, svLogicVecVal* owp, const WDataInP lwp) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const int words = VL_WORDS_I(obits);
     for (int i = 0; i < words; ++i) owp[i].bval = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < words - 1; ++i) owp[i].aval = lwp[i];
     owp[words - 1].aval = lwp[words - 1] & VL_MASK_I(obits);
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_SVLV_I(int, svLogicVecVal* owp, const IData ld) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_SVLV_I(int, svLogicVecVal* owp, const IData ld) VL_MT_SAFE {
     owp[0].aval = ld;
     owp[0].bval = 0;
 }
-static inline void VL_SET_SVLV_Q(int, svLogicVecVal* owp, const QData ld) VL_MT_SAFE {
+inline void VL_SET_SVLV_Q(int, svLogicVecVal* owp, const QData ld) VL_MT_SAFE {
     VlWide<2> lwp;
     VL_SET_WQ(lwp, ld);
     owp[0].aval = lwp[0];

include/verilated_fst_c.cpp

@@ -98,8 +98,10 @@ void VerilatedFst::close() VL_MT_SAFE_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {
     const VerilatedLockGuard lock{m_mutex};
     Super::closeBase();
     emitTimeChangeMaybe();
-    if (m_fst) m_fst->close();  // LCOV_EXCL_BR_LINE
+    if (m_fst) {
-    m_fst = nullptr;
+        m_fst->close();
+        VL_DO_CLEAR(delete m_fst, m_fst = nullptr);
+    }
 }
 
 void VerilatedFst::flush() VL_MT_SAFE_EXCLUDES(m_mutex) {

include/verilated_probdist.cpp

@@ -90,23 +90,26 @@ static double _vl_dbase_chi_square(IData& seedr, int32_t deg_of_free) VL_MT_SAFE
     return x;
 }
 
+static IData _vl_round_to_int32(double r) VL_PURE {
+    int32_t i;
+    if (r >= 0) {
+        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
+    } else {
+        r = -r;
+        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
+        i = -i;
+    }
+    return static_cast<IData>(i);
+}
+
 IData VL_DIST_CHI_SQUARE(IData& seedr, IData udf) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const int32_t df = static_cast<int32_t>(udf);
     if (VL_UNLIKELY(df <= 0)) {
         // Chi_square distribution must have positive degree of freedom
         return 0;
     }
-    double r = _vl_dbase_chi_square(seedr, df);
+    const double r = _vl_dbase_chi_square(seedr, df);
-    int32_t i;
+    return _vl_round_to_int32(r);
-    if (r >= 0) {
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
-    } else {
-        r = -r;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(
-            r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        i = -i;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-    return static_cast<IData>(i);
 }
 
 IData VL_DIST_ERLANG(IData& seedr, IData uk, IData umean) VL_MT_SAFE {
@@ -120,16 +123,8 @@ IData VL_DIST_ERLANG(IData& seedr, IData uk, IData umean) VL_MT_SAFE {
     for (int32_t i = 1; i <= k; ++i) x = x * _vl_dbase_uniform(seedr, 0, 1);
     const double a = static_cast<double>(mean);
     const double b = static_cast<double>(k);
-    double r = -a * log(x) / b;
+    const double r = -a * log(x) / b;
-    int32_t i;
+    return _vl_round_to_int32(r);
-    if (r >= 0) {
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
-    } else {
-        r = -r;
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
-        i = -i;
-    }
-    return static_cast<IData>(i);
 }
 
 IData VL_DIST_EXPONENTIAL(IData& seedr, IData umean) VL_MT_SAFE {
@@ -139,31 +134,15 @@ IData VL_DIST_EXPONENTIAL(IData& seedr, IData umean) VL_MT_SAFE {
         return 0;
     }
     int32_t i;
-    double r = _vl_dbase_exponential(seedr, mean);
+    const double r = _vl_dbase_exponential(seedr, mean);
-    if (r >= 0) {
+    return _vl_round_to_int32(r);
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
-    } else {
-        r = -r;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(
-            r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        i = -i;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-    return static_cast<IData>(i);
 }
 
 IData VL_DIST_NORMAL(IData& seedr, IData umean, IData usd) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const int32_t mean = static_cast<int32_t>(umean);
     const int32_t sd = static_cast<int32_t>(usd);
-    double r = _vl_dbase_normal(seedr, mean, sd);
+    const double r = _vl_dbase_normal(seedr, mean, sd);
-    int32_t i;
+    return _vl_round_to_int32(r);
-    if (r >= 0) {
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
-    } else {
-        r = -r;
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
-        i = -i;
-    }
-    return static_cast<IData>(i);
 }
 
 IData VL_DIST_POISSON(IData& seedr, IData umean) VL_MT_SAFE {
@@ -192,16 +171,8 @@ IData VL_DIST_T(IData& seedr, IData udf) VL_MT_SAFE {
     const double chi2 = _vl_dbase_chi_square(seedr, df);
     const double div = chi2 / static_cast<double>(df);
     const double root = std::sqrt(div);
-    double r = _vl_dbase_normal(seedr, 0, 1) / root;
+    const double r = _vl_dbase_normal(seedr, 0, 1) / root;
-    int32_t i;
+    return _vl_round_to_int32(r);
-    if (r >= 0) {
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
-    } else {
-        r = -r;
-        i = static_cast<int32_t>(r + 0.5);  // cppcheck-suppress bugprone-incorrect-rounding
-        i = -i;
-    }
-    return static_cast<IData>(i);
 }
 
 IData VL_DIST_UNIFORM(IData& seedr, IData ustart, IData uend) VL_MT_SAFE {

include/verilated_profiler.h

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<VlExecutionRecord>::value,
 //=============================================================================
 // VlExecutionProfiler is for collecting profiling data about model execution
 
-class VlExecutionProfiler final : public VerilatedVirtualBase {
+class VlExecutionProfiler final : public VlExecutionProfilerBase {
     // CONSTANTS
 
     // In order to try to avoid dynamic memory allocations during the actual profiling phase,
@@ -193,8 +193,15 @@ public:
         t_trace.emplace_back();
         return t_trace.back();
     }
-    // Configure profiler (called in beginning of 'eval')
+    // Record the beginning/end of a section, for the run-time library
-    void configure();
+    void sectionPush(const char* namep) override {
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_enabled)) addRecord().sectionPush(namep);
+    }
+    void sectionPop() override {
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_enabled)) addRecord().sectionPop();
+    }
+    // Advance the profiling window, called by the run-time evaluation loop
+    void configure() override;
     // Setup profiling on a particular thread;
     void setupThread(uint32_t threadId);
     // Clear all profiling data

include/verilated_random.h

@@ -79,10 +79,14 @@ public:
     virtual void* datap(int /*idx*/) const { return m_datap; }
     std::uint32_t randModeIdx() const { return m_randModeIdx; }
     bool randModeIdxNone() const { return randModeIdx() == std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max(); }
-    bool set(const std::string& idx, const std::string& val) const;
+    void set(const std::string& idx, const std::string& val) const;
     virtual void emitGetValue(std::ostream& s) const;
     virtual void emitExtract(std::ostream& s, int i) const;
     virtual void emitType(std::ostream& s) const;
+    // Emit the expression referring to element j as a whole (the full var
+    // for scalars, "(select arr idx...)" for array element j). Used by BSAT
+    // to query/re-assert one whole element's value, not a single bit.
+    virtual void emitElement(std::ostream& s, int j) const;
     // Emit the current runtime value as an SMT bit-vector literal (#b...).
     // Used by randomize(null) to pin a var to its existing value.
     virtual void emitConcreteValue(std::ostream& s) const;
@@ -104,13 +108,32 @@ public:
         count_cache[base_name] = count;
         return count;
     }
+    bool hasMatchingElements(const ArrayInfoMap& arr_vars, const std::string& base_name) const {
+        return arr_vars.find(base_name + "0") != arr_vars.end();
+    }
+};
+// SMT key width per associative-array level (string = 128, integral = 8 * sizeof).
+template <typename T>
+struct VlRandomAssocKeyWidths final {
+    static void push(std::vector<size_t>&) {}
+};
+template <typename T_Key, typename T_Value>
+struct VlRandomAssocKeyWidths<VlAssocArray<T_Key, T_Value>> final {
+    static void push(std::vector<size_t>& widths) {
+        widths.push_back(std::is_same<T_Key, std::string>::value ? 128 : sizeof(T_Key) * 8);
+        VlRandomAssocKeyWidths<T_Value>::push(widths);
+    }
 };
 template <typename T>
 class VlRandomArrayVarTemplate final : public VlRandomVar {
+    // Static key widths per level for the empty-array declaration fallback
+    const std::vector<size_t> m_fallbackIdxWidths;
+
 public:
     VlRandomArrayVarTemplate(const std::string& name, int width, void* datap, int dimension,
-                             std::uint32_t randModeIdx)
+                             std::uint32_t randModeIdx, const std::vector<size_t>& idxWidths = {})
-        : VlRandomVar{name, width, datap, dimension, randModeIdx} {}
+        : VlRandomVar{name, width, datap, dimension, randModeIdx}
+        , m_fallbackIdxWidths{idxWidths} {}
     void* datap(int idx) const override {
         const std::string indexed_name = name() + std::to_string(idx);
         const auto it = m_arrVarsRefp->find(indexed_name);
@@ -175,7 +198,13 @@ public:
             }
         } else {
             if (dimension() > 0) {
-                for (int i = 0; i < dimension(); ++i) s << "(Array (_ BitVec 32) ";
+                // Empty array: declare from the static key widths, not a 32-bit default.
+                for (int i = 0; i < dimension(); ++i) {
+                    const size_t idxWidth = i < static_cast<int>(m_fallbackIdxWidths.size())
+                                                ? m_fallbackIdxWidths[i]
+                                                : 32;
+                    s << "(Array (_ BitVec " << idxWidth << ") ";
+                }
                 s << "(_ BitVec " << width() << ")";
                 for (int i = 0; i < dimension(); ++i) s << ")";
             } else {
@@ -188,6 +217,20 @@ public:
         const int elementCounts = countMatchingElements(*m_arrVarsRefp, name());
         return width() * elementCounts;
     }
+    void emitElement(std::ostream& s, int j) const override {
+        const std::string indexed_name = name() + std::to_string(j);
+        const auto it = m_arrVarsRefp->find(indexed_name);
+        // Callers take j from totalWidth(), which counts these same keys, so the element
+        // should always be there
+        if (VL_UNCOVERABLE(it == m_arrVarsRefp->end())) {
+            // LCOV_EXCL_START
+            VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__, __LINE__, "randomize", "indexed_name not found in m_arr_vars");
+            return;
+            // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+        }
+        s << ' ';
+        emitSelect(s, it->second->m_indices, it->second->m_idxWidths);
+    }  // LCOV_EXCL_BR_LINE
     void emitExtract(std::ostream& s, int i) const override {
         const int j = i / width();
         i = i % width();
@@ -205,6 +248,8 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+class VlSolverSession;
+
 //=============================================================================
 // Object holding constraints and variable references.
 class VlRandomizer VL_NOT_FINAL {
@@ -217,8 +262,7 @@ class VlRandomizer VL_NOT_FINAL {
     std::set<std::string> m_disabledVars;  // Variables with rand_mode off (skip write-back)
                                            // variables
     ArrayInfoMap m_arr_vars;  // Tracks each element in array structures for iteration
-    std::vector<std::string> m_unique_arrays;
+    std::vector<std::string> m_unique_arrays;  // Arrays whose elements must be distinct
-    std::map<std::string, uint32_t> m_unique_array_sizes;
     const VlQueue<CData>* m_randmodep = nullptr;  // rand_mode state;
     const VlQueue<CData>* m_static_randmodep = nullptr;  // Static rand_mode state (shared)
     std::unordered_set<std::string> m_staticVars;  // Names of static rand vars
@@ -230,17 +274,88 @@ class VlRandomizer VL_NOT_FINAL {
     std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>
         m_solveBefore;  // Solve-before ordering pairs (beforeVar, afterVar)
     bool m_checkOnly = false;  // Set for randomize(null)
+    bool isFrozenVar(const std::string& name,
+                     const VlRandomVar& var) const;  // true if this var is currently frozen
+    bool hasFrozenVar() const;  // true if any var is currently rand_mode(0)-frozen
 
     // PRIVATE METHODS
     void randomConstraint(std::ostream& os, VlRNG& rngr, int bits);
-    bool parseSolution(std::iostream& os, bool log = false);
+    // Fetch the model and write it into the registered variables.
-    bool checkSat(std::iostream& os);
+    bool applyModel(VlSolverSession& sess);
+    bool parseModel(std::istream& is, size_t requested);
+    // Assert the maximal compatible soft-constraint set onto the open session.
+    void relaxSoftConstraints(VlSolverSession& sess);
     // Indices of the "a<N>" literals named by (get-unsat-assumptions).
-    std::vector<int> readUnsatAssumptions(std::iostream& os);
+    std::vector<int> readUnsatAssumptions(VlSolverSession& sess);
+    void reportUnsatSetup(VlSolverSession& sess, const std::vector<std::string>& uniqueExprs);
+    void reportUnsatCore(VlSolverSession& sess);
     void emitRandcExclusions(std::ostream& os) const;  // Emit randc exclusion constraints
     void recordRandcValues();  // Record solved randc values for future exclusion
-    size_t hashConstraints() const;
+    size_t hashConstraints(const std::vector<std::string>& extras) const;
-    bool nextPhased(VlRNG& rngr);  // Phased solving for solve...before
+    bool nextRandomize(VlRNGReseeds& rngr, bool checkOnly);
+    // "(distinct ...)" expression per unique-constrained array
+    std::vector<std::string> buildUniqueExprs() const;
+    void emitDefines(std::ostream& os) const;
+    void emitDeclares(std::ostream& os, bool pinCurrent) const;
+    void emitAsserts(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<std::string>& extras, bool named) const;
+    bool nextFlat(VlRNG& rngr, VlSolverSession& sess, const std::vector<std::string>& uniqueExprs);
+
+    // --- UniGen2 (a near-uniform constrained randomization sampler) fields ---
+    // Implementation based on the following paper:
+    // "On Parallel Scalable Uniform SAT Witness Generation", Chakraborty et al.
+
+    using Witness = std::map<std::string, std::map<int, std::string>>;  // One sampled solution
+
+    // Sample one random solution. False if a sample couldn't be produced
+    bool unigen2(VlRNG& rngr, VlSolverSession& sess, const std::vector<std::string>& uniqueExprs);
+    // Find out how finely to cut the solution space, and what cell size to accept
+    bool estimateParameters(VlSolverSession& sess, VlRNG& rngr);
+    // Collect up to `bound` different solutions of whatever is asserted right now.
+    // diversifyRngp adds a randomization step that spreads the solutions apart
+    int bsat(VlSolverSession& sess, size_t bound, std::vector<Witness>& witnesses,
+             VlRNG* diversifyRngp = nullptr);
+    // Add `bits` random XOR equations, which cut the solution space into cells holding
+    // roughly 1/2**bits of all the solutions
+    void unigenXors(std::iostream& os, VlRNG& rngr, int bits);
+    // Draw a cell and refill the batch of solutions from it
+    bool generateSamples(VlSolverSession& sess, VlRNG& rngr);
+    // Copy one solution into the SV variables
+    void writeBackWitness(const Witness& witness);
+
+    // UniGen2: sampling state
+    struct Unigen2State final {
+        std::vector<Witness> loThreshWitnesses;  // Consumable batch of solutions: loThresh random
+                                                 // picks out of the cell BSAT enumerated
+        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> bsatOrder;  // (var, element) query order
+        bool isLargeSpace = false;  // Large solution space (more than 61 * 2^10 solutions)
+        // Below properties are what estimateParameters worked out, kept until the constraints
+        // change so the expensive search is not repeated on every call.
+        bool paramsValid = false;  // Whether the values below are set
+        size_t paramHash = 0;  // Constraint set they were computed for
+        int hashBits = 0;  // How many XOR equations to cut the space with
+        int loThresh = 0;  // Smallest usable cell, and how many samples to take
+        int hiThresh = 0;  // First cell size counted as too big
+        uint64_t rngReseeds = 0;  // rngr.reseeds() as of the last call
+        int lastSuccessI = -1;  // Hash-bit count that worked last time, -1 if none
+    };
+    Unigen2State m_ug2;
+
+    void solveDiversity(VlRNG& rngr, VlSolverSession& sess);
+    void solveDiversityPins(VlRNG& rngr, VlSolverSession& sess);
+    void solveDiversityXor(VlRNG& rngr, VlSolverSession& sess);
+    // Layers of solve...before variables in dependency order
+    bool buildSolveLayers(std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>& layersr);
+    const char* phasedLogic() const;
+    bool nextPhased(VlRNG& rngr, VlSolverSession& sess,
+                    const std::vector<std::string>& uniqueExprs);
+    bool solvePhases(VlRNG& rngr, VlSolverSession& sess,
+                     const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>& layers,
+                     const std::vector<std::string>& uniqueExprs, bool& exhaustedr);
+    bool solvePhaseValues(VlSolverSession& sess, VlRNG& rngr,
+                          const std::vector<std::string>& layerVars,
+                          std::map<std::string, std::string>& solvedValuesr);
+    bool readPhaseValues(VlSolverSession& sess, std::map<std::string, std::string>& solvedValuesr);
+    bool parsePhaseValues(std::istream& is, std::map<std::string, std::string>& solvedValuesr);
 
 public:
     // CONSTRUCTORS
@@ -249,10 +364,10 @@ public:
 
     // METHODS
     // Finds the next solution satisfying the constraints
-    bool next(VlRNG& rngr);
+    bool next(VlRNGReseeds& rngr);
     // Validate the constraints against the current runtime values of every
     // registered rand variable without picking new ones.
-    bool next_check_only(VlRNG& rngr);
+    bool next_check_only(VlRNGReseeds& rngr);
 
     // ---  Process the key for associative array  ---
 
@@ -377,12 +492,12 @@ public:
     }
 
     // Register queue of non-struct types
-    template <typename T>
+    template <typename T, size_t N_MaxSize>
     typename std::enable_if<!VlContainsCustomStruct<T>::value, void>::type
-    write_var(VlQueue<T>& var, int width, const char* name, int dimension,
+    write_var(VlQueue<T, N_MaxSize>& var, int width, const char* name, int dimension,
               std::uint32_t randmodeIdx = std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max()) {
         if (m_vars.find(name) == m_vars.end()) {
-            m_vars[name] = std::make_shared<const VlRandomArrayVarTemplate<VlQueue<T>>>(
+            m_vars[name] = std::make_shared<const VlRandomArrayVarTemplate<VlQueue<T, N_MaxSize>>>(
                 name, width, &var, dimension, randmodeIdx);
         }
         if (dimension > 0) {
@@ -394,9 +509,9 @@ public:
     }
 
     // Register queue of structs
-    template <typename T>
+    template <typename T, size_t N_MaxSize>
     typename std::enable_if<VlContainsCustomStruct<T>::value, void>::type
-    write_var(VlQueue<T>& var, int width, const char* name, int dimension,
+    write_var(VlQueue<T, N_MaxSize>& var, int width, const char* name, int dimension,
               std::uint32_t randmodeIdx = std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max()) {
         if (dimension > 0) record_struct_arr(var, name, dimension, {}, {});
     }
@@ -433,9 +548,11 @@ public:
     write_var(VlAssocArray<T_Key, T_Value>& var, int width, const char* name, int dimension,
               std::uint32_t randmodeIdx = std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max()) {
         if (m_vars.find(name) == m_vars.end()) {
+            std::vector<size_t> keyWidths;
+            VlRandomAssocKeyWidths<VlAssocArray<T_Key, T_Value>>::push(keyWidths);
             m_vars[name]
                 = std::make_shared<const VlRandomArrayVarTemplate<VlAssocArray<T_Key, T_Value>>>(
-                    name, width, &var, dimension, randmodeIdx);
+                    name, width, &var, dimension, randmodeIdx, keyWidths);
         }
         if (dimension > 0) {
             m_index = 0;
@@ -465,11 +582,10 @@ public:
         ++m_index;
     }
 
-    // This is the "Sender" API for the generated code
+    // This is the "Sender" API for the generated code.
-    void rand_unique(const std::string& name, uint32_t size) {
+    // The elements to make distinct are taken from the array element table at
-        m_unique_arrays.push_back(name);
+    // solve time, so a container resized by the solver is handled correctly.
-        m_unique_array_sizes[name] = size;
+    void rand_unique(const std::string& name) { m_unique_arrays.push_back(name); }
-    }
 
     // Recursively record all elements in an unpacked array
     template <typename T, std::size_t N_Depth>
@@ -488,8 +604,8 @@ public:
     }
 
     // Recursively record all elements in a queue
-    template <typename T>
+    template <typename T, size_t N_MaxSize>
-    void record_arr_table(VlQueue<T>& var, const std::string& name, int dimension,
+    void record_arr_table(VlQueue<T, N_MaxSize>& var, const std::string& name, int dimension,
                           std::vector<IData> indices, std::vector<size_t> idxWidths) {
         if ((dimension > 0) && (var.size() != 0)) {
             idxWidths.push_back(32);
@@ -522,7 +638,8 @@ public:
                 idxWidths.push_back(idx_width);
                 indices.insert(indices.end(), integral_index.begin(), integral_index.end());
 
-                record_arr_table(var.at(key), indexed_name, dimension - 1, indices, idxWidths);
+                record_arr_table(var.atWrite(key), indexed_name, dimension - 1, indices,
+                                 idxWidths);
 
                 // Cleanup indices and widths
                 idxWidths.pop_back();
@@ -562,8 +679,8 @@ public:
     }
 
     // Recursively process VlQueue of structs
-    template <typename T>
+    template <typename T, size_t N_MaxSize>
-    void record_struct_arr(VlQueue<T>& var, const std::string& name, int dimension,
+    void record_struct_arr(VlQueue<T, N_MaxSize>& var, const std::string& name, int dimension,
                            std::vector<IData> indices, std::vector<size_t> idxWidths) {
         if ((dimension > 0) && (var.size() != 0)) {
             idxWidths.push_back(32);
@@ -596,7 +713,7 @@ public:
 
                 std::string result = oss.str();
                 result.insert(result.begin(), int(idx_width / 4) - result.size(), '0');
-                record_struct_arr(var.at(key), name + "." + result, dimension - 1, indices,
+                record_struct_arr(var.atWrite(key), name + "." + result, dimension - 1, indices,
                                   idxWidths);
             }
         }
@@ -666,7 +783,7 @@ public:
 // Light wrapper for RNG used by std::randomize() to support scope-level randomization.
 class VlStdRandomizer final : public VlRandomizer {
     // MEMBERS
-    VlRNG m_rng;  // Random number generator
+    VlRNGReseeds m_rng;  // Random number generator
 
 public:
     // CONSTRUCTORS
@@ -724,11 +841,20 @@ public:
     bool basicStdRandomization(VlAssocArray<T_Key, T_Value>& value, size_t width) {
         T_Key key;
         for (int exists = value.first(key); exists; exists = value.next(key)) {
-            basicStdRandomization(value.at(key), width);
+            basicStdRandomization(value.atWrite(key), width);
         }
         return true;
     }
     bool next() { return VlRandomizer::next(m_rng); }
 };
 
+//======================================================================
+//Helper method for dynamic array handling in SMT expressions
+
+inline std::string vlToSolverHex(const IData& value) {
+    std::ostringstream oss;
+    oss << std::hex << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(8) << value;
+    return oss.str();
+}
+
 #endif  // Guard

include/verilated_save.h

@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ VerilatedDeserialize& operator>>(VerilatedDeserialize& os, VlAssocArray<T_Key, T
         T_Value value;
         os >> index;
         os >> value;
-        rhs.at(index) = value;
+        rhs.atWrite(index) = value;
     }
     return os;
 }

include/verilated_std.sv

@@ -196,7 +196,8 @@ package std;
     static task killQueue(ref process processQueue[$]);
 `ifdef VERILATOR_TIMING
       repeat (processQueue.size()) begin
-        processQueue.pop_front().kill();
+        process p = processQueue.pop_front();
+        if (p) p.kill();
       end
 `endif
     endtask

include/verilated_timing.cpp

@@ -284,13 +284,13 @@ void VlDynamicTriggerScheduler::dump() const {
 //======================================================================
 // VlForkSync:: Methods
 
-void VlProcess::forkSyncOnKill(VlForkSyncState* forkSyncp) {
+void VlProcess::forkSyncOnKill(std::shared_ptr<VlForkSyncState> forkSyncp) {
     m_forkSyncOnKillp = forkSyncp;
     m_forkSyncOnKillDone = false;
 }
 
 void VlProcess::forkSyncOnKillClear(VlForkSyncState* forkSyncp) {
-    if (m_forkSyncOnKillp != forkSyncp) return;
+    if (m_forkSyncOnKillp.get() != forkSyncp) return;
     m_forkSyncOnKillp = nullptr;
     m_forkSyncOnKillDone = false;
 }
@@ -301,19 +301,15 @@ void VlProcess::state(int s) {
         m_forkSyncOnKillDone = true;
         m_state = s;
         m_forkSyncOnKillp->done();
+        m_forkSyncOnKillp = nullptr;
         return;
     }
     m_state = s;
 }
 
-VlForkSyncState::~VlForkSyncState() {
-    for (const VlProcessRef& processp : m_onKillProcessps) processp->forkSyncOnKillClear(this);
-}
-
 void VlForkSync::onKill(VlProcessRef process) {
     if (!process) return;
-    m_state->m_onKillProcessps.emplace_back(process);
+    process->forkSyncOnKill(m_state);
-    process->forkSyncOnKill(m_state.get());
 }
 
 void VlForkSyncState::done(const char* filename, int lineno) {
@@ -337,16 +333,18 @@ void VlForkSyncState::done(const char* filename, int lineno) {
 }
 
 //======================================================================
-// VlCoroutine:: Methods
+// VlPromise:: Methods
 
-VlCoroutine::VlPromise::~VlPromise() {
+VlCoroutine VlPromise::get_return_object() { return {this}; }
+
+VlPromise::~VlPromise() {
     // Indicate to the return object that the coroutine has finished or been destroyed
     if (m_corop) m_corop->m_promisep = nullptr;
     // If there is a continuation, destroy it
     if (m_continuation) m_continuation.destroy();
 }
 
-std::suspend_never VlCoroutine::VlPromise::final_suspend() noexcept {
+std::suspend_never VlPromise::final_suspend() noexcept {
     // Indicate to the return object that the coroutine has finished
     if (m_corop) {
         m_corop->m_promisep = nullptr;

include/verilated_timing.h

@@ -99,11 +99,34 @@ public:
 // cleared, as we assume that either the coroutine has finished and deleted itself, or, if it got
 // suspended, another VlCoroutineHandle was created to manage it.
 
+class VlCoroutine;
+
+struct VlPromise final {
+    std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise>
+        m_continuation;  // Coroutine to resume after this one finishes
+    VlCoroutine* m_corop = nullptr;  // Pointer to the coroutine return object
+    bool m_forever = false;  // Coroutine suspended forever
+
+    ~VlPromise();
+
+    VlCoroutine get_return_object();
+
+    // Never suspend at the start of the coroutine
+    std::suspend_never initial_suspend() const { return {}; }
+
+    // Never suspend at the end of the coroutine (thanks to this, the coroutine will clean up
+    // after itself)
+    std::suspend_never final_suspend() noexcept;
+
+    void unhandled_exception() const { std::abort(); }  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    void return_void() const {}
+};
+
 class VlCoroutineHandle final {
     VL_UNCOPYABLE(VlCoroutineHandle);
 
     // MEMBERS
-    std::coroutine_handle<> m_coro;  // The wrapped coroutine handle
+    std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise> m_coro;  // The wrapped coroutine handle
     VlProcessRef m_process;  // Data of the suspended process, null if not needed
     VlFileLineDebug m_fileline;
 
@@ -117,7 +140,8 @@ public:
         , m_process{process} {
         if (m_process) m_process->state(VlProcess::WAITING);
     }
-    VlCoroutineHandle(std::coroutine_handle<> coro, VlProcessRef process, VlFileLineDebug fileline)
+    VlCoroutineHandle(std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise> coro, VlProcessRef process,
+                      VlFileLineDebug fileline)
         : m_coro{coro}
         , m_process{process}
         , m_fileline{fileline} {
@@ -135,10 +159,11 @@ public:
         // Usually these coroutines should get resumed; we only need to clean up if we destroy a
         // model with some coroutines suspended
         if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_coro)) {
-            m_coro.destroy();
+            if (m_process && m_process->state() != VlProcess::KILLED
-            if (m_process && m_process->state() != VlProcess::KILLED) {
+                && !m_coro.promise().m_forever) {
                 m_process->state(VlProcess::FINISHED);
             }
+            m_coro.destroy();
         }
     }
     // METHODS
@@ -173,7 +198,13 @@ class VlDelayScheduler final {
     std::vector<VlCoroutineHandle> m_zeroDelayed;  // Coroutines waiting for #0
     // Coroutines that waited for #0 and are being resumed now. As member to avoid reallocations
     std::vector<VlCoroutineHandle> m_zeroDelayesSwap;
-
+    std::vector<VlCoroutineHandle>
+        m_forevered;  // Coroutines, that called wait(0), and are to be freed.
+    // Their callers are freed recursively through m_continuation.
+    //
+    // NOTE: it would be possible to clean up forevered coroutines immedietely without storing
+    // them, but it involves a lot of nasty edge cases. Defering cleanup to end of eval step
+    // simplifies logic a lot by ensuring that whole "coroutine stack" was already suspended.
 public:
     // CONSTRUCTORS
     explicit VlDelayScheduler(VerilatedContext& context)
@@ -195,6 +226,7 @@ public:
     }
     // Are there coroutines to resume in the inactive region after a #0 delay?
     bool awaitingZeroDelay() const { return !m_context.gotFinish() && !m_zeroDelayed.empty(); }
+    void cleanupForevered() { m_forevered.clear(); };
 #ifdef VL_DEBUG
     void dump() const;
 #endif
@@ -210,7 +242,7 @@ public:
             const VlFileLineDebug fileline;
 
             bool await_ready() const { return false; }  // Always suspend
-            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<> coro) {
+            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise> coro) {
                 // Both active delays and fork..join_none #0 are resumed out of the time queue.
                 if (phase != VlDelayPhase::INACTIVE) {
                     queue.emplace(delay, VlCoroutineHandle{coro, process, fileline});
@@ -233,6 +265,26 @@ public:
                          m_zeroDelayed, m_context.time() + delay,
                          phase,         VlFileLineDebug{filename, lineno}};
     }
+
+    // Helper awaitable func for suspending coroutines forever.
+    // Used for constant wait statements.
+    auto waitForever(VlProcessRef process, const char* filename = VL_UNKNOWN, int lineno = 0) {
+        VL_DEBUG_IF(
+            VL_DBG_MSGF("             Awaiting join of fork at: %s:%d\n", filename, lineno););
+        struct Awaitable final {
+            VlProcessRef process;  // Data of the suspended process, null if not needed
+            std::vector<VlCoroutineHandle>& forevered;
+            VlFileLineDebug fileline;
+
+            bool await_ready() { return false; }
+            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise> coro) {
+                coro.promise().m_forever = true;
+                forevered.emplace_back(VlCoroutineHandle{coro, process, fileline});
+            }
+            void await_resume() const {}  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        };
+        return Awaitable{process, m_forevered, VlFileLineDebug{filename, lineno}};
+    }
 };
 
 //=============================================================================
@@ -280,7 +332,7 @@ public:
             VlFileLineDebug fileline;
 
             bool await_ready() const { return false; }  // Always suspend
-            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<> coro) {
+            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise> coro) {
                 suspended.emplace_back(coro, process, fileline);
             }
             void await_resume() const {}
@@ -327,7 +379,7 @@ class VlDynamicTriggerScheduler final {
             VlFileLineDebug fileline;
 
             bool await_ready() const { return false; }  // Always suspend
-            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<> coro) {
+            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise> coro) {
                 suspended.emplace_back(coro, process, fileline);
             }
             void await_resume() const {}
@@ -371,16 +423,6 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
-//=============================================================================
-// VlForever is a helper awaitable type for suspending coroutines forever. Used for constant
-// wait statements.
-
-struct VlForever final {
-    bool await_ready() const { return false; }  // Always suspend
-    void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<> coro) const { coro.destroy(); }
-    void await_resume() const {}
-};
-
 //=============================================================================
 // VlForkSync is used to manage fork..join and fork..join_any constructs.
 
@@ -393,11 +435,9 @@ public:
     size_t m_pendingDones = 0;  // done() calls seen before init() (e.g. early killed branch)
     bool m_inDone = false;  // Guard against re-entrant resume recursion from nested kills
     bool m_resumePending = false;  // Join reached zero again while inside done()
-    std::vector<VlProcessRef> m_onKillProcessps;  // Branches registered for kill hooks
 
     VlForkSyncState()  // Construct with a null coroutine handle
         : m_susp{VlProcessRef{}} {}
-    ~VlForkSyncState();
     void done(const char* filename = VL_UNKNOWN, int lineno = 0);
 };
 
@@ -431,7 +471,7 @@ public:
             VlFileLineDebug fileline;
 
             bool await_ready() { return state->m_counter == 0; }  // Suspend if join still exists
-            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<> coro) {
+            void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise> coro) {
                 state->m_susp = {coro, process, fileline};
             }
             void await_resume() const {}
@@ -445,31 +485,10 @@ public:
 // Return value of a coroutine. Used for chaining coroutine suspension/resumption.
 
 class VlCoroutine final {
-private:
+public:
-    // TYPES
-    struct VlPromise final {
-        std::coroutine_handle<> m_continuation;  // Coroutine to resume after this one finishes
-        VlCoroutine* m_corop = nullptr;  // Pointer to the coroutine return object
-
-        ~VlPromise();
-
-        VlCoroutine get_return_object() { return {this}; }
-
-        // Never suspend at the start of the coroutine
-        std::suspend_never initial_suspend() const { return {}; }
-
-        // Never suspend at the end of the coroutine (thanks to this, the coroutine will clean up
-        // after itself)
-        std::suspend_never final_suspend() noexcept;
-
-        void unhandled_exception() const { std::abort(); }
-        void return_void() const {}
-    };
-
     // MEMBERS
     VlPromise* m_promisep;  // The promise created for this coroutine
 
-public:
     // TYPES
     using promise_type = VlPromise;  // promise_type has to be public
 
@@ -495,7 +514,13 @@ public:
     // Suspend the awaiter if the coroutine is suspended (the promise exists)
     bool await_ready() const noexcept { return !m_promisep; }
     // Set the awaiting coroutine as the continuation of the current coroutine
-    void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<> coro) { m_promisep->m_continuation = coro; }
+    // If the current coroutine is suspended forever, propagate that to the awaiting coroutine
+    // In that case, m_continuation will be used for cleaning up the whole suspended coroutine
+    // stack
+    void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<VlPromise> awaiting_coro) {
+        if (m_promisep->m_forever) awaiting_coro.promise().m_forever = true;
+        m_promisep->m_continuation = awaiting_coro;
+    }
     void await_resume() const noexcept {}
 };
 

include/verilated_trace_imp.h

@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ void VerilatedTrace<VL_SUB_T, VL_BUF_T>::initLib(const std::string& name) VL_MT_
 // All of these take a destination pointer where the string will be emitted,
 // and a value to convert. There are a couple of variants for efficiency.
 
-static inline void cvtCDataToStr(char* dstp, CData value) {
+inline void cvtCDataToStr(char* dstp, CData value) {
 #ifdef VL_HAVE_SSE2
     // Similar to cvtSDataToStr but only the bottom 8 byte lanes are used
     const __m128i a = _mm_cvtsi32_si128(value);
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ static inline void cvtCDataToStr(char* dstp, CData value) {
 #endif
 }
 
-static inline void cvtSDataToStr(char* dstp, SData value) {
+inline void cvtSDataToStr(char* dstp, SData value) {
 #ifdef VL_HAVE_SSE2
     // We want each bit in the 16-bit input value to end up in a byte lane
     // within the 128-bit XMM register. Note that x86 is little-endian and we
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ static inline void cvtSDataToStr(char* dstp, SData value) {
 #endif
 }
 
-static inline void cvtIDataToStr(char* dstp, IData value) {
+inline void cvtIDataToStr(char* dstp, IData value) {
 #ifdef VL_HAVE_AVX2
     // Similar to cvtSDataToStr but the bottom 16-bits are processed in the
     // top half of the YMM registers
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ static inline void cvtIDataToStr(char* dstp, IData value) {
 #endif
 }
 
-static inline void cvtQDataToStr(char* dstp, QData value) {
+inline void cvtQDataToStr(char* dstp, QData value) {
     cvtIDataToStr(dstp, value >> 32);
     cvtIDataToStr(dstp + 32, value);
 }

include/verilated_types.h

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ public:
 };
 static_assert(sizeof(WDataInP) == sizeof(EData*), "WDataInP should be a single pointer");
 
-static int _vl_cmp_w(int words, WDataInP const lwp, WDataInP const rwp) VL_PURE;
+inline int _vl_cmp_w(int words, WDataInP const lwp, WDataInP const rwp) VL_PURE;
 
 template <std::size_t N_Words>
 bool VlWide<N_Words>::operator<(const VlWide<N_Words>& rhs) const VL_PURE {
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ constexpr IData VL_CLOG2_CE_Q(QData lhs) VL_PURE {
 // Random
 
 // Random Number Generator with internal state
-class VlRNG final {
+class VlRNG VL_NOT_FINAL {
     std::array<uint64_t, 2> m_state;
 
 public:
@@ -295,6 +295,22 @@ public:
     static VlRNG& vl_thread_rng() VL_MT_SAFE;
 };
 
+// VlRNG that also counts how often it was reseeded, for randomize() to notice.
+class VlRNGReseeds final : public VlRNG {
+    uint64_t m_reseeds = 0;  // Times the state was set from outside
+
+public:
+    void srandom(uint64_t n) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+        VlRNG::srandom(n);
+        ++m_reseeds;
+    }
+    void set_randstate(const std::string& state) VL_MT_UNSAFE {
+        VlRNG::set_randstate(state);
+        ++m_reseeds;
+    }
+    uint64_t reseeds() const VL_MT_UNSAFE { return m_reseeds; }
+};
+
 //===================================================================
 // Metadata of processes
 using VlProcessRef = std::shared_ptr<VlProcess>;
@@ -306,7 +322,7 @@ class VlProcess final {
     int m_state;  // Current state of the process
     VlProcessRef m_parentp = nullptr;  // Parent process, if exists
     std::set<VlProcess*> m_children;  // Active child processes
-    VlForkSyncState* m_forkSyncOnKillp
+    std::shared_ptr<VlForkSyncState> m_forkSyncOnKillp
         = nullptr;  // Optional fork..join counter to decrement on kill
     bool m_forkSyncOnKillDone = false;  // Ensure on-kill callback fires only once
     VlRNG m_rng;  // Per-process RNG (IEEE 1800-2023 18.14)
@@ -337,6 +353,7 @@ public:
 
     ~VlProcess() {
         if (m_parentp) m_parentp->detach(this);
+        if (t_currentp == this) t_currentp = m_parentp.get();
     }
 
     void attach(VlProcess* childp) { m_children.insert(childp); }
@@ -347,13 +364,14 @@ public:
     void disable() {
         state(KILLED);
         disableFork();
+        m_forkSyncOnKillp = nullptr;
     }
     void disableFork() {
         // childp->disable() may resume coroutines and mutate m_children
         const std::set<VlProcess*> children = m_children;
         for (VlProcess* childp : children) childp->disable();
     }
-    void forkSyncOnKill(VlForkSyncState* forkSyncp);
+    void forkSyncOnKill(std::shared_ptr<VlForkSyncState> forkSyncp);
     void forkSyncOnKillClear(VlForkSyncState* forkSyncp);
     bool completed() const { return state() == FINISHED || state() == KILLED; }
     bool completedFork() const {
@@ -931,7 +949,7 @@ public:
     VlQueue min(T_Func with_func) const {
         if (m_deque.empty()) return VlQueue{};
         const auto it = std::min_element(m_deque.cbegin(), m_deque.cend(),
-                                         [&with_func](const IData& a, const IData& b) {
+                                         [&with_func](const T_Value& a, const T_Value& b) {
                                              return with_func(0, a) < with_func(0, b);
                                          });
         return VlQueue::consV(*it);
@@ -945,7 +963,7 @@ public:
     VlQueue max(T_Func with_func) const {
         if (m_deque.empty()) return VlQueue{};
         const auto it = std::max_element(m_deque.cbegin(), m_deque.cend(),
-                                         [&with_func](const IData& a, const IData& b) {
+                                         [&with_func](const T_Value& a, const T_Value& b) {
                                              return with_func(0, a) < with_func(0, b);
                                          });
         return VlQueue::consV(*it);
@@ -1119,9 +1137,7 @@ public:
         return 1;
     }
     // Setting. Verilog: assoc[index] = v
-    // Can't just overload operator[] or provide a "at" reference to set,
+    T_Value& atWrite(const T_Key& index) {
-    // because we need to be able to insert only when the value is set
-    T_Value& at(const T_Key& index) {
         const auto it = m_map.find(index);
         if (it == m_map.end()) {
             std::pair<typename Map::iterator, bool> pit = m_map.emplace(index, m_defaultValue);
@@ -1137,7 +1153,7 @@ public:
     }
     // Setting as a chained operation
     VlAssocArray& set(const T_Key& index, const T_Value& value) {
-        at(index) = value;
+        atWrite(index) = value;
         return *this;
     }
     VlAssocArray& setDefault(const T_Value& value) {
@@ -1394,7 +1410,7 @@ void VL_READMEM_N(bool hex, int bits, const std::string& filename,
         QData addr;
         std::string data;
         if (rmem.get(addr /*ref*/, data /*ref*/)) {
-            rmem.setData(&(obj.at(addr)), data);
+            rmem.setData(&(obj.atWrite(addr)), data);
         } else {
             break;
         }
@@ -2069,8 +2085,24 @@ struct VlNull final {
     operator T*() const {
         return nullptr;
     }
+    template <class T>
+    bool operator==(T* rhs) const {
+        return !rhs;
+    }
+    template <class T>
+    bool operator==(const T* rhs) const {
+        return !rhs;
+    }
 };
-inline bool operator==(const void* ptr, VlNull) { return !ptr; }
+
+template <class T>
+inline bool operator==(T* lhs, VlNull) {
+    return !lhs;
+}
+template <class T>
+inline bool operator==(const T* lhs, VlNull) {
+    return !lhs;
+}
 
 //===================================================================
 // Verilog class reference container
@@ -2223,7 +2255,7 @@ public:
 };
 
 template <typename T_Lhs, typename T_Out>
-static inline bool VL_CAST_DYNAMIC(VlClassRef<T_Lhs> in, VlClassRef<T_Out>& outr) {
+inline bool VL_CAST_DYNAMIC(VlClassRef<T_Lhs> in, VlClassRef<T_Out>& outr) {
     if (!in) {
         outr = VlNull{};
         return true;
@@ -2237,7 +2269,7 @@ static inline bool VL_CAST_DYNAMIC(VlClassRef<T_Lhs> in, VlClassRef<T_Out>& outr
 }
 
 template <typename T_Lhs>
-static inline bool VL_CAST_DYNAMIC(VlNull, VlClassRef<T_Lhs>& outr) {
+inline bool VL_CAST_DYNAMIC(VlNull, VlClassRef<T_Lhs>& outr) {
     outr = VlNull{};
     return true;
 }

include/verilated_vpi.cpp

@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ public:
         for (auto idx : index()) m_fullname += "[" + std::to_string(idx) + "]";
         return m_fullname.c_str();
     }
-    void* prevDatap() const { return m_prevDatap; }
+    uint8_t* prevDatap() const { return m_prevDatap; }
     void* varDatap() const override { return m_varDatap; }
     void createPrevDatap() {
         if (VL_UNLIKELY(!m_prevDatap)) {
@@ -1027,6 +1027,26 @@ struct VerilatedVpiTimedCbsCmp final {
 class VerilatedVpiError;
 void vl_vpi_put_word(const VerilatedVpioVar* vop, QData word, size_t bitCount, size_t addOffset);
 
+// Information about how to access packed array data.
+// If underlying type is multi-word (VLVT_WDATA), the packed element might straddle word
+// boundaries, in which case m_maskHi != 0.
+template <typename T>
+struct VarAccessInfo final {
+    T* m_datap;  // Typed pointer to packed array base address
+    size_t m_bitOffset;  // Data start location (bit offset)
+    size_t m_wordOffset;  // Data start location (word offset, VLVT_WDATA only)
+    T m_maskLo;  // Access mask for m_datap[m_wordOffset]
+    T m_maskHi;  // Access mask for m_datap[m_wordOffset + 1] (VLVT_WDATA only)
+};
+template <typename T>
+VarAccessInfo<T> vl_vpi_var_access_info(const VerilatedVpioVarBase* vop, size_t bitCount,
+                                        size_t addOffset);
+template <typename T>
+T vl_vpi_get_word_gen(VarAccessInfo<T> info);
+
+template <typename T>
+void vl_vpi_put_word_gen(VarAccessInfo<T> info, T word);
+
 class VerilatedVpiImp final {
     enum { CB_ENUM_MAX_VALUE = cbAtEndOfSimTime + 1 };  // Maximum callback reason
     using VpioCbList = std::list<VerilatedVpiCbHolder>;
@@ -1169,6 +1189,72 @@ public:
         s().m_cbCallList.clear();
         return called;
     }
+    template <typename T>
+    static bool valueDiffersFromPrev(VerilatedVpioVar* varop) {
+        VL_DEBUG_IF_PLI(VL_DBG_MSGF("- vpi: value_test %s v[0]=%d/%d %p %p size=%d\n",
+                                    varop->fullname(), *(static_cast<CData*>(varop->varDatap())),
+                                    *(varop->prevDatap()), varop->varDatap(), varop->prevDatap(),
+                                    varop->entSize()););
+        if (varop->bitSize() == 1) {
+            T* const prevDatap = reinterpret_cast<T*>(
+                varop->prevDatap());  // Was malloced when we added the callback
+            const VarAccessInfo<T> currInfo
+                = vl_vpi_var_access_info<T>(varop, varop->bitSize(), 0);
+            VarAccessInfo<T> prevInfo = currInfo;
+            prevInfo.m_datap = prevDatap;
+            return vl_vpi_get_word_gen(currInfo) != vl_vpi_get_word_gen(prevInfo);
+        }
+        return std::memcmp(varop->prevDatap(), varop->varDatap(), varop->entSize()) != 0;
+    }
+    static bool valueDiffersFromPrev(VerilatedVpioVar* varop) {
+        switch (varop->varp()->vltype()) {
+        case VLVT_UINT8: return valueDiffersFromPrev<CData>(varop);
+        case VLVT_UINT16: return valueDiffersFromPrev<SData>(varop);
+        case VLVT_UINT32: return valueDiffersFromPrev<IData>(varop);
+        case VLVT_UINT64: return valueDiffersFromPrev<QData>(varop);
+        case VLVT_WDATA:
+            return valueDiffersFromPrev<EData>(varop);
+            // LCOV_EXCL_START - Would require earlier type check to not catch that
+        default:
+            const std::string msg
+                = "Unsupported type (" + std::to_string(varop->varp()->vltype()) + ")";
+            VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__, __LINE__, "", msg.c_str());
+            return true;
+            // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+        }
+    }
+    template <typename T>
+    static void updatePrev(const VerilatedVpioVar* const varop) {
+        if (varop->bitSize() == 1) {
+            const VarAccessInfo<T> currInfo
+                = vl_vpi_var_access_info<T>(varop, varop->bitSize(), 0);
+            VarAccessInfo<T> prevInfo = currInfo;
+            T* const prevDatap = reinterpret_cast<T*>(varop->prevDatap());
+            prevInfo.m_datap = prevDatap;
+            const T currWord = vl_vpi_get_word_gen(currInfo);
+            vl_vpi_put_word_gen(prevInfo, currWord);
+            assert(std::memcmp(varop->prevDatap(), varop->varDatap(), varop->entSize()) == 0);
+        } else {
+            std::memcpy(varop->prevDatap(), varop->varDatap(), varop->entSize());
+        }
+    }
+    static void updatePrev(const VerilatedVpioVar* const varop) {
+        switch (varop->varp()->vltype()) {
+        case VLVT_UINT8: updatePrev<CData>(varop); break;
+        case VLVT_UINT16: updatePrev<SData>(varop); break;
+        case VLVT_UINT32: updatePrev<IData>(varop); break;
+        case VLVT_UINT64: updatePrev<QData>(varop); break;
+        case VLVT_WDATA:
+            updatePrev<EData>(varop);
+            break;
+            // LCOV_EXCL_START - Would require earlier type check to not catch that
+        default:
+            const std::string msg
+                = "Unsupported type (" + std::to_string(varop->varp()->vltype()) + ")";
+            VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__, __LINE__, "", msg.c_str());
+            // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+        }
+    }
     static bool callValueCbs() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE {
         assertOneCheck();
         VpioCbList& cbObjList = s().m_cbCurrentLists[cbValueChange];
@@ -1187,15 +1273,10 @@ public:
             VerilatedVpiCbHolder& ho = *it++;
             VerilatedVpioVar* const varop
                 = reinterpret_cast<VerilatedVpioVar*>(ho.cb_datap()->obj);
-            void* const newDatap = varop->varDatap();
+            if (valueDiffersFromPrev(varop)) {
-            void* const prevDatap = varop->prevDatap();  // Was malloced when we added the callback
-            VL_DEBUG_IF_PLI(VL_DBG_MSGF("- vpi: value_test %s v[0]=%d/%d %p %p\n",
-                                        varop->fullname(), *(static_cast<CData*>(newDatap)),
-                                        *(static_cast<CData*>(prevDatap)), newDatap, prevDatap););
-            if (std::memcmp(prevDatap, newDatap, varop->entSize()) != 0) {
                 VL_DEBUG_IF_PLI(VL_DBG_MSGF("- vpi: value_callback %" PRId64 " %s v[0]=%d\n",
                                             ho.id(), varop->fullname(),
-                                            *(static_cast<CData*>(newDatap))););
+                                            *(static_cast<CData*>(varop->varDatap()))););
                 update.insert(varop);
                 vpi_get_value(ho.cb_datap()->obj, ho.cb_datap()->value);
                 (ho.cb_rtnp())(ho.cb_datap());
@@ -1203,9 +1284,7 @@ public:
             }
             if (was_last) break;
         }
-        for (const VerilatedVpioVar* const ip : update) {
+        for (const VerilatedVpioVar* const varop : update) updatePrev(varop);
-            std::memcpy(ip->prevDatap(), ip->varDatap(), ip->entSize());
-        }
         return called;
     }
     static void dumpCbs() VL_MT_UNSAFE_ONE;
@@ -2410,7 +2489,7 @@ vpiHandle vpi_register_cb(p_cb_data cb_data_p) {
         return vop->castVpiHandle();
     }
     default:
-        VL_VPI_WARNING_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported callback type %s", __func__,
+        VL_VPI_WARNING_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported callback type '%s'", __func__,
                         VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiCallbackReason(reason));
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -2856,7 +2935,7 @@ vpiHandle vpi_handle(PLI_INT32 type, vpiHandle object) {
             return (new VerilatedVpioConst{vop->rangep()->left()})->castVpiHandle();
         }
         VL_VPI_WARNING_(__FILE__, __LINE__,
-                        "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle (%p) for type %s, nothing will be returned",
+                        "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle '%p' for type '%s', nothing will be returned",
                         __func__, object, VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiMethod(type));
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -2870,7 +2949,7 @@ vpiHandle vpi_handle(PLI_INT32 type, vpiHandle object) {
             return (new VerilatedVpioConst{vop->rangep()->right()})->castVpiHandle();
         }
         VL_VPI_WARNING_(__FILE__, __LINE__,
-                        "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle (%p) for type %s, nothing will be returned",
+                        "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle '%p' for type '%s', nothing will be returned",
                         __func__, object, VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiMethod(type));
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -3031,8 +3110,9 @@ PLI_INT32 vpi_get(PLI_INT32 property, vpiHandle object) {
         [[fallthrough]];
     }
     default:
-        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported property %s, nothing will be returned",
+        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__,
-                      __func__, VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiProp(property));
+                      "%s: Unsupported property '%s', nothing will be returned", __func__,
+                      VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiProp(property));
         return vpiUndefined;
     }
 }
@@ -3195,18 +3275,6 @@ static void vl_strprintf(std::string& buffer, char const* fmt, ...) {
     va_end(args);
 }
 
-// Information about how to access packed array data.
-// If underlying type is multi-word (VLVT_WDATA), the packed element might straddle word
-// boundaries, in which case m_maskHi != 0.
-template <typename T>
-struct VarAccessInfo final {
-    T* m_datap;  // Typed pointer to packed array base address
-    size_t m_bitOffset;  // Data start location (bit offset)
-    size_t m_wordOffset;  // Data start location (word offset, VLVT_WDATA only)
-    T m_maskLo;  // Access mask for m_datap[m_wordOffset]
-    T m_maskHi;  // Access mask for m_datap[m_wordOffset + 1] (VLVT_WDATA only)
-};
-
 template <typename T>
 VarAccessInfo<T> vl_vpi_var_access_info(const VerilatedVpioVarBase* vop, size_t bitCount,
                                         size_t addOffset) {
@@ -3262,21 +3330,25 @@ VarAccessInfo<T> vl_vpi_var_access_info(const VerilatedVpioVarBase* vop, size_t
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-T vl_vpi_get_word_gen(const VerilatedVpioVarBase* vop, size_t bitCount, size_t addOffset) {
+T vl_vpi_get_word_gen(VarAccessInfo<T> info) {
     const size_t wordBits = sizeof(T) * 8;
-    const VarAccessInfo<T> info = vl_vpi_var_access_info<T>(vop, bitCount, addOffset);
+    if (info.m_maskHi) {
-    if (info.m_maskHi)
         return ((info.m_datap[info.m_wordOffset] & info.m_maskLo) >> info.m_bitOffset)
                | ((info.m_datap[info.m_wordOffset + 1] & info.m_maskHi)
                   << (wordBits - info.m_bitOffset));
+    }
     return (info.m_datap[info.m_wordOffset] & info.m_maskLo) >> info.m_bitOffset;
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-void vl_vpi_put_word_gen(const VerilatedVpioVar* vop, T word, size_t bitCount, size_t addOffset) {
+T vl_vpi_get_word_gen(const VerilatedVpioVarBase* vop, size_t bitCount, size_t addOffset) {
-    const size_t wordBits = sizeof(T) * 8;
     const VarAccessInfo<T> info = vl_vpi_var_access_info<T>(vop, bitCount, addOffset);
+    return vl_vpi_get_word_gen(info);
+}
 
+template <typename T>
+void vl_vpi_put_word_gen(VarAccessInfo<T> info, T word) {
+    const size_t wordBits = sizeof(T) * 8;
     if (info.m_maskHi) {
         info.m_datap[info.m_wordOffset + 1]
             = (info.m_datap[info.m_wordOffset + 1] & ~info.m_maskHi)
@@ -3287,6 +3359,12 @@ void vl_vpi_put_word_gen(const VerilatedVpioVar* vop, T word, size_t bitCount, s
                                       | ((word << info.m_bitOffset) & info.m_maskLo);
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+void vl_vpi_put_word_gen(const VerilatedVpioVar* vop, T word, size_t bitCount, size_t addOffset) {
+    const VarAccessInfo<T> info = vl_vpi_var_access_info<T>(vop, bitCount, addOffset);
+    vl_vpi_put_word_gen(info, word);
+}
+
 // bitCount: maximum number of bits to read, will stop earlier if it reaches the var bounds
 // addOffset: additional read bitoffset
 QData vl_vpi_get_word(const VerilatedVpioVarBase* vop, size_t bitCount, size_t addOffset) {
@@ -3500,7 +3578,7 @@ void vpi_get_value(vpiHandle object, p_vpi_value valuep) {
                       VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiVal(valuep->format), vop->fullname());
         return;
     }
-    VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle (%p)", __func__, object);
+    VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle '%p'", __func__, object);
 }
 
 vpiHandle vpi_put_value(vpiHandle object, p_vpi_value valuep, p_vpi_time /*time_p*/,
@@ -3841,7 +3919,7 @@ vpiHandle vpi_put_value(vpiHandle object, p_vpi_value valuep, p_vpi_time /*time_
                         __func__, vop->fullname());
         return nullptr;
     }
-    VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle (%p)", __func__, object);
+    VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle '%p'", __func__, object);
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -4236,13 +4314,13 @@ void vpi_get_value_array(vpiHandle object, p_vpi_arrayvalue arrayvalue_p, PLI_IN
 
     const VerilatedVpioVar* const vop = VerilatedVpioVar::castp(object);
     if (VL_UNLIKELY(!vop)) {
-        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle (%p)", __func__, object);
+        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle '%p'", __func__, object);
         return;
     }
 
     if (vop->type() != vpiRegArray) {
-        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported type (%p, %s)", __func__, object,
+        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported type '%s' for '%s'", __func__,
-                      VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiObjType(vop->type()));
+                      VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiObjType(vop->type()), vop->name());
         return;
     }
 
@@ -4418,13 +4496,13 @@ void vpi_put_value_array(vpiHandle object, p_vpi_arrayvalue arrayvalue_p, PLI_IN
 
     const VerilatedVpioVar* const vop = VerilatedVpioVar::castp(object);
     if (VL_UNLIKELY(!vop)) {
-        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle (%p)", __func__, object);
+        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle '%p'", __func__, object);
         return;
     }
 
     if (vop->type() != vpiRegArray) {
-        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported type (%p, %s)", __func__, object,
+        VL_VPI_ERROR_(__FILE__, __LINE__, "%s: Unsupported vpiHandle type '%s' for '%s'", __func__,
-                      VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiObjType(vop->type()));
+                      VerilatedVpiError::strFromVpiObjType(vop->type()), vop->name());
         return;
     }
 

include/verilatedos.h

@@ -332,10 +332,19 @@
 
 #ifdef VL_GCOV
 extern "C" void __gcov_dump();
+extern "C" void __gcov_reset();
 // Dump internal code coverage data before e.g. std::abort()
 # define VL_GCOV_DUMP() __gcov_dump()
+// Dump, then re-arm dumping; dumping is one-shot, so without the reset a dump
+// on a nonfatal path would silently discard everything counted after it
+# define VL_GCOV_DUMP_RESET() \
+        do { \
+            __gcov_dump(); \
+            __gcov_reset(); \
+        } while (false)
 #else
 # define VL_GCOV_DUMP()
+# define VL_GCOV_DUMP_RESET()
 #endif
 
 //=========================================================================
@@ -368,6 +377,7 @@ extern "C" void __gcov_dump();
 #define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
 
 // Now that C++ requires these standard types the vl types are deprecated
+#include <cstddef>  // offsetof (used by generated VlVarTableEntry tables)
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <cmath>
@@ -460,6 +470,7 @@ using ssize_t = uint32_t;  ///< signed size_t; returned from read()
 // Integer size macros
 
 #define VL_BYTESIZE 8  ///< Bits in a CData / byte
+#define VL_BYTESIZE_LOG2 3  ///< log2(VL_BYTESIZE)
 #define VL_SHORTSIZE 16  ///< Bits in a SData / short
 #define VL_IDATASIZE 32  ///< Bits in an IData / word
 #define VL_QUADSIZE 64  ///< Bits in a QData / quadword
@@ -472,9 +483,9 @@ using ssize_t = uint32_t;  ///< signed size_t; returned from read()
 #endif
 
 /// Return number of bytes argument-number of bits needs (1 bit=1 byte)
-#define VL_BYTES_I(nbits) (((nbits) + (VL_BYTESIZE - 1)) / VL_BYTESIZE)
+#define VL_BYTES_I(nbits) (((nbits) + (VL_BYTESIZE - 1)) >> VL_BYTESIZE_LOG2)
 /// Return Words/EDatas in argument-number of bits needs (1 bit=1 word)
-#define VL_WORDS_I(nbits) (((nbits) + (VL_EDATASIZE - 1)) / VL_EDATASIZE)
+#define VL_WORDS_I(nbits) (((nbits) + (VL_EDATASIZE - 1)) >> VL_EDATASIZE_LOG2)
 // Number of Words/EDatas a quad requires
 #define VL_WQ_WORDS_E VL_WORDS_I(VL_QUADSIZE)
 
@@ -536,10 +547,10 @@ using ssize_t = uint32_t;  ///< signed size_t; returned from read()
 // #defines, to avoid requiring math.h on all compile runs
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-static inline double VL_TRUNC(double n) {
+inline double VL_TRUNC(double n) {
     return (n < 0) ? std::ceil(n) : std::floor(n);
 }
-static inline double VL_ROUND(double n) {
+inline double VL_ROUND(double n) {
     return (n < 0) ? std::ceil(n-0.5) : std::floor(n + 0.5);
 }
 #else
@@ -608,6 +619,8 @@ static inline double VL_ROUND(double n) {
 # define VL_CPU_RELAX() asm volatile("lr 0,0" ::: "memory")
 #elif defined(__sparc__)
 # define VL_CPU_RELAX() asm volatile("rd %%ccr, %%g0" ::: "memory")
+#elif defined(__wasm__)  // Wasm has no spin-wait hint, and no inline asm
+# define VL_CPU_RELAX()
 #elif defined(VL_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_ARCH)
 # define VL_CPU_RELAX()
 #else

include/verilatedos_c.h

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ double DeltaCpuTime::gettime() VL_MT_SAFE {
                                    | static_cast<uint64_t>(lpUserTime.dwHighDateTime) << 32ULL)
                * 1e-7;
     }
-#else
+#elif !defined(__wasi__)  // WASI has no CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init)
     timespec ts;
     if (0 == clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &ts))  // MT-Safe  // LCOV_EXCL_BR_LINE
@@ -169,17 +169,19 @@ void memUsageBytes(uint64_t& peakr, uint64_t& currentr) VL_MT_SAFE {
     }
 #else
     // Highly unportable. Sorry
+    // Use VmHWM (peak resident), matching Windows PeakWorkingSetSize and macOS resident_size_max.
+    // VmHWM excludes pages swapped out before the peak; /proc has no peak-(RSS+Swap) counter.
     std::ifstream is{"/proc/self/status"};
     if (!is) return;
     std::string line;
-    uint64_t vmPeak = 0;
+    uint64_t vmHwm = 0;
     uint64_t vmRss = 0;
     uint64_t vmSwap = 0;
     std::string field;
     while (std::getline(is, line)) {
-        if (line.rfind("VmPeak:", 0) == 0) {
+        if (line.rfind("VmHWM:", 0) == 0) {
             std::stringstream ss{line};
-            ss >> field >> vmPeak;
+            ss >> field >> vmHwm;
         } else if (line.rfind("VmRSS:", 0) == 0) {
             std::stringstream ss{line};
             ss >> field >> vmRss;
@@ -188,7 +190,7 @@ void memUsageBytes(uint64_t& peakr, uint64_t& currentr) VL_MT_SAFE {
             ss >> field >> vmSwap;
         }
     }
-    peakr = vmPeak * 1024;
+    peakr = vmHwm * 1024;
     currentr = (vmRss + vmSwap) * 1024;
 #endif
 }

nodist/verilog_format

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Wilson Snyder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 
+# These flags tested against verible-v0.0-4080-ga0a8d8eb
+
 verible-verilog-format \
     --inplace \
     --wrap_end_else_clauses  \

python-dev-requirements.txt

@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ sphinxcontrib-spelling==8.0.2
 yamlfix==1.19.1
 yapf==0.43.0
 
-git+https://github.com/antmicro/astsee.git
+git+https://github.com/antmicro/astsee.git@222480a8ec13b312809ea4acc08c81b4c0f4da2f

src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ set(HEADERS
     V3Cast.h
     V3Cfg.h
     V3Class.h
+    V3ClassGraph.h
     V3Clean.h
     V3Clock.h
     V3Combine.h
@@ -149,6 +150,7 @@ set(HEADERS
     V3OrderGraph.h
     V3OrderInternal.h
     V3OrderMoveGraph.h
+    V3OrderMTaskGraph.h
     V3Os.h
     V3PairingHeap.h
     V3Param.h
@@ -156,6 +158,7 @@ set(HEADERS
     V3ParseImp.h
     V3PchAstMT.h
     V3PchAstNoMT.h
+    V3PoolAllocator.h
     V3PreExpr.h
     V3PreLex.h
     V3PreProc.h
@@ -170,7 +173,6 @@ set(HEADERS
     V3Sampled.h
     V3Sched.h
     V3Scope.h
-    V3Scoreboard.h
     V3SenExprBuilder.h
     V3SenTree.h
     V3Simulate.h
@@ -229,6 +231,7 @@ set(COMMON_SOURCES
     V3CfgBuilder.cpp
     V3CfgLiveVariables.cpp
     V3Class.cpp
+    V3ClassGraph.cpp
     V3Clean.cpp
     V3Clock.cpp
     V3Combine.cpp
@@ -319,6 +322,9 @@ set(COMMON_SOURCES
     V3Order.cpp
     V3OrderGraphBuilder.cpp
     V3OrderMoveGraph.cpp
+    V3OrderMTaskContraction.cpp
+    V3OrderMTaskFixHazards.cpp
+    V3OrderMTaskGraph.cpp
     V3OrderParallel.cpp
     V3OrderProcessDomains.cpp
     V3OrderSerial.cpp
@@ -346,7 +352,6 @@ set(COMMON_SOURCES
     V3SchedUtil.cpp
     V3SchedVirtIface.cpp
     V3Scope.cpp
-    V3Scoreboard.cpp
     V3Slice.cpp
     V3Split.cpp
     V3SplitVar.cpp

src/Makefile_obj.in

@@ -105,6 +105,9 @@ CPPFLAGS += -I. -I$(bldsrc) -I$(srcdir) -I$(incdir) -I../../include
 #CPPFLAGS += -DVL_ALLOC_RANDOM_CHECKS  # To allow --debug-new-random
 #CPPFLAGS += -DVL_LEAK_CHECKS  # If running valgrind or other hunting tool
 CPPFLAGS += -MP # Only works on recent GCC versions
+# Replaces VNUser's union with a std::variant to validate int vs void* usage
+# Ignored unless the build is C++17 or newer
+#CPPFLAGS += -DVL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS
 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)  # Local... Else don't burden users
   CPPFLAGS += -W -Wall $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_WEXTRA) $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC) -Werror
   #CPPFLAGS += -pedantic-errors
@@ -244,6 +247,7 @@ RAW_OBJS_PCH_ASTNOMT = \
   V3CfgBuilder.o \
   V3CfgLiveVariables.o \
   V3Class.o \
+  V3ClassGraph.o \
   V3Clean.o \
   V3Clock.o \
   V3Combine.o \
@@ -309,6 +313,9 @@ RAW_OBJS_PCH_ASTNOMT = \
   V3Order.o \
   V3OrderGraphBuilder.o \
   V3OrderMoveGraph.o \
+  V3OrderMTaskContraction.o \
+  V3OrderMTaskFixHazards.o \
+  V3OrderMTaskGraph.o \
   V3OrderParallel.o \
   V3OrderProcessDomains.o \
   V3OrderSerial.o \
@@ -330,7 +337,6 @@ RAW_OBJS_PCH_ASTNOMT = \
   V3SchedUtil.o \
   V3SchedVirtIface.o \
   V3Scope.o \
-  V3Scoreboard.o \
   V3Slice.o \
   V3Split.o \
   V3SplitVar.o \

src/V3Active.cpp

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "V3Graph.h"
 
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 VL_DEFINE_DEBUG_FUNCTIONS;
 
@@ -670,6 +671,32 @@ public:
 //######################################################################
 // Pass 2: inject automatic sample() calls for covergroup instances
 
+class CovergroupEventBindVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
+    AstVarScope* const m_instancep;  // Variable scope for the covergroup instance being sampled
+    std::unordered_set<const AstVar*> m_memberps;  // Non-static variables in the covergroup class
+
+    void visit(AstVarRef* nodep) override {
+        if (!m_memberps.count(nodep->varp())) return;
+        FileLine* const fl = nodep->fileline();
+        AstMemberSel* const selp
+            = new AstMemberSel{fl, new AstVarRef{fl, m_instancep, VAccess::READ}, nodep->varp()};
+        selp->access(nodep->access());
+        nodep->replaceWith(selp);
+        VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
+    }
+    void visit(AstNode* nodep) override { iterateChildren(nodep); }
+
+public:
+    CovergroupEventBindVisitor(AstSenTree* eventp, AstClass* classp, AstVarScope* instancep)
+        : m_instancep{instancep} {
+        classp->foreachMember([&](AstClass* const, AstVar* const varp) {
+            if (!varp->isStatic()) m_memberps.emplace(varp);
+        });
+        iterate(eventp);
+    }
+    ~CovergroupEventBindVisitor() override = default;
+};
+
 class CovergroupInjectVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
     // NODE STATE  (set by CovergroupCollectVisitor, consumed here)
     //  AstClass::user1p()  -> AstCFunc*.    The sample() CFunc for this covergroup class
@@ -719,10 +746,11 @@ class CovergroupInjectVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
         cmethodCallp->dtypeSetVoid();
         cmethodCallp->argTypes("vlSymsp");
 
-        // Clone the sensitivity for this active block.
+        // Clone the sensitivity for this active block. References to covergroup members need
-        // V3Scope has already resolved all VarRefs in eventp, so the clone
+        // to select through this particular instance; all other VarRefs retain the VarScopes
-        // inherits correct varScopep values with no fixup needed.
+        // resolved by V3Scope.
         AstSenTree* senTreep = eventp->cloneTree(false);
+        CovergroupEventBindVisitor{senTreep, classp, nodep};
 
         // Get or create the AstActive node for this sensitivity
         // senTreep is a template used by getActive() which clones it into the AstActive;

src/V3ActiveTop.cpp

@@ -36,11 +36,13 @@ VL_DEFINE_DEBUG_FUNCTIONS;
 // Active class functions
 
 class ActiveTopVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
+    // NODE STATE
+    // AstVarScope::user1()  // bool.  Processed
+
     // STATE
     SenTreeFinder m_finder;  // Find global sentree's / add them under the AstTopScope
 
     // METHODS
-
     static bool isInitial(AstNode* nodep) {
         const VNUser1InUse user1InUse;
         // Return true if no variables that read.

src/V3Assert.cpp

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "V3AstUserAllocator.h"
 #include "V3Stats.h"
+#include "V3UniqueNames.h"
 
 VL_DEFINE_DEBUG_FUNCTIONS;
 
@@ -89,6 +90,58 @@ public:
     explicit DefaultDisablePropagateVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) { iterate(nodep); }
 };
 
+// Lower a sequence used as an event control ('@seq', IEEE 1800-2023 9.4.2.4) into a
+// synthesized event fired by an internal 'cover sequence' on each end-of-match
+class SeqEventLowerVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
+    // STATE
+    AstNodeModule* m_modp = nullptr;  // Current module
+    V3UniqueNames m_names{"__VseqEvent"};  // Synthesized event names
+
+    // VISITORS
+    void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep) override {
+        VL_RESTORER(m_modp);
+        m_modp = nodep;
+        iterateChildren(nodep);
+    }
+    void visit(AstSenItem* nodep) override {
+        AstFuncRef* const funcrefp = VN_CAST(nodep->sensp(), FuncRef);
+        if (funcrefp && VN_IS(funcrefp->taskp(), Sequence)) {
+            FileLine* const flp = nodep->fileline();
+            AstVar* const eventp = new AstVar{flp, VVarType::MODULETEMP, m_names.get(nodep),
+                                              m_modp->findBasicDType(VBasicDTypeKwd::EVENT)};
+            eventp->lifetime(VLifetime::STATIC_EXPLICIT);
+            m_modp->addStmtsp(eventp);
+            v3Global.setHasEvents();
+            funcrefp->unlinkFrBack();
+            nodep->sensp(new AstVarRef{flp, eventp, VAccess::READ});
+            const bool automaticActual = funcrefp->exists([](const AstNodeVarRef* refp) {
+                return refp->varp() && refp->varp()->lifetime().isAutomatic();
+            });
+            if (automaticActual) {
+                nodep->v3error("Arguments to a sequence used as an event control must be"
+                               " static (IEEE 1800-2023 9.4.2.4)");
+                VN_AS(funcrefp->taskp(), Sequence)->isReferenced(false);
+                VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(funcrefp), funcrefp);
+                return;
+            }
+            AstFireEvent* const firep
+                = new AstFireEvent{flp, new AstVarRef{flp, eventp, VAccess::WRITE}, false};
+            AstCover* const coverp
+                = new AstCover{flp, new AstPropSpec{flp, nullptr, nullptr, funcrefp}, firep,
+                               VAssertType::CONCURRENT};
+            coverp->isCoverSeq(true);
+            coverp->isSeqEvent(true);
+            m_modp->addStmtsp(coverp);
+            return;
+        }
+        iterateChildren(nodep);
+    }
+    void visit(AstNode* nodep) override { iterateChildren(nodep); }
+
+public:
+    explicit SeqEventLowerVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) { iterate(nodep); }
+};
+
 }  // namespace
 
 void V3AssertCommon::collectDefaultDisable(AstNetlist* nodep) {
@@ -96,6 +149,11 @@ void V3AssertCommon::collectDefaultDisable(AstNetlist* nodep) {
     { DefaultDisablePropagateVisitor{nodep}; }
 }
 
+void V3AssertCommon::lowerSequenceEvents(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    { SeqEventLowerVisitor{nodep}; }
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("assertseqevent", 0, dumpTreeEitherLevel() >= 3);
+}
+
 //######################################################################
 // AssertDeFutureVisitor
 // If any AstFuture, then move all non-future varrefs to be one cycle behind,
@@ -188,6 +246,41 @@ public:
     ~AssertDeFutureVisitor() = default;
 };
 
+// Prepare one default sampled expression.
+class DefaultSampledValueVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
+    // METHODS
+    static AstConst* newTypeDefault(AstNodeExpr* nodep) {
+        AstConst* const constp
+            = new AstConst{nodep->fileline(), AstConst::DTyped{}, nodep->dtypep()};
+        if (nodep->dtypep()->isFourstate()) constp->num().setAllBitsX();
+        constp->dtypeFrom(nodep);
+        return constp;
+    }
+
+    // VISITORS
+    void visit(AstCMethodHard* nodep) override {
+        if (nodep->method() == VCMethod::EVENT_IS_TRIGGERED) {
+            nodep->replaceWith(new AstConst{nodep->fileline(), AstConst::BitFalse{}});
+            VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
+        } else {
+            iterateChildren(nodep);
+        }
+    }
+    void visit(AstNodeVarRef* nodep) override {
+        AstVar* const varp = nodep->varp();
+        if (varp->isParam()
+            || (!varp->isNet() && varp->lifetime().isStatic() && varp->hasUserInit())) {
+            return;
+        }
+        nodep->replaceWith(newTypeDefault(nodep));
+        VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
+    }
+    void visit(AstNode* nodep) override { iterateChildren(nodep); }
+
+public:
+    explicit DefaultSampledValueVisitor(AstNode* nodep) { iterate(nodep); }
+};
+
 //######################################################################
 // AssertVisitor
 
@@ -228,9 +321,17 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
     AstNode* m_failsp = nullptr;  // Current fail statement
     AstNodeCoverOrAssert* m_assertp = nullptr;  // Current assertion
     AstFinal* m_finalp = nullptr;  // Current final block
-    // Map from (expression, senTree) to AstAlways that computes delayed values of the expression
+    VDouble0 m_statLiftedCaseExprs;  // Count of purified case expressions
+    AstNodeFTask* m_ftaskp = nullptr;  // Current function/task
+    V3UniqueNames m_caseTempNames{"__VCase"};
+    // Maps from (expression, senTree) to the AstAlways that computes its delayed values.
     std::unordered_map<VNRef<AstNodeExpr>, std::unordered_map<VNRef<AstSenTree>, AstAlways*>>
         m_modExpr2Sen2DelayedAlwaysp;
+    // Source sampled-value history is initialized, unlike internal property-lowering history.
+    std::unordered_map<VNRef<AstNodeExpr>, std::unordered_map<VNRef<AstSenTree>, AstAlways*>>
+        m_modExpr2Sen2DefaultDelayedAlwaysp;
+    // Map from delayed-value AstAlways to its last-sampling-tick time variable
+    std::unordered_map<const AstAlways*, AstVar*> m_delayedAlways2TickTimep;
 
     // METHODS
     static string assertCtlGetCall(const char* query, VAssertType type,
@@ -326,8 +427,7 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
         }
     }
     AstSampled* newSampledExpr(AstNodeExpr* nodep) {
-        AstSampled* const sampledp = new AstSampled{nodep->fileline(), nodep, nodep->dtypep()};
+        return new AstSampled{nodep->fileline(), nodep, nodep->dtypep(), true};
-        return sampledp;
     }
     AstVarRef* newMonitorNumVarRefp(const AstNode* nodep, VAccess access) {
         if (!m_monitorNumVarp) {
@@ -437,12 +537,18 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
         return bodysp;
     }
 
-    AstVar* createDelayedVar(const std::string& name, AstAlways* alwaysp, AstNodeExpr* exprp) {
+    AstVar* createDelayedVar(const std::string& name, AstAlways* alwaysp, AstNodeExpr* exprp,
+                             AstNodeExpr* initp) {
         FileLine* const flp = exprp->fileline();
         AstVar* const varp = new AstVar{flp, VVarType::MODULETEMP, name, exprp->dtypep()};
         // TODO: this lifetime seems nonsene (can't have NBAs to automatics), but is as before
         varp->lifetime(VLifetime::AUTOMATIC_EXPLICIT);
         m_modp->addStmtsp(varp);
+        // Before enough clock ticks, $past returns the expression's default sampled value.
+        if (initp) {
+            m_modp->addStmtsp(new AstInitialStatic{
+                flp, new AstAssign{flp, new AstVarRef{flp, varp, VAccess::WRITE}, initp}});
+        }
         ++m_statPastVars;
         // Actually set the delayed value
         AstNodeExpr* const lhsp = new AstVarRef{flp, varp, VAccess::WRITE};
@@ -455,8 +561,10 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
         return varp;
     }
 
-    AstAlways* getDelayedAlways(AstNodeExpr* exprp, AstSenTree* senTreep) {
+    AstAlways* getDelayedAlways(AstNodeExpr* exprp, AstNodeExpr* initp, AstSenTree* senTreep) {
-        AstAlways*& alwayspr = m_modExpr2Sen2DelayedAlwaysp[*exprp][*senTreep];
+        auto& expr2Sen2Alwaysr
+            = initp ? m_modExpr2Sen2DefaultDelayedAlwaysp : m_modExpr2Sen2DelayedAlwaysp;
+        AstAlways*& alwayspr = expr2Sen2Alwaysr[*exprp][*senTreep];
         if (!alwayspr) {
             FileLine* const flp = exprp->fileline();
             // Create the always block that computes the delayed values
@@ -464,36 +572,64 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
             m_modp->addStmtsp(alwayspr);
             // Create the once-delayed variable
             const std::string name = "_Vpast_" + cvtToStr(m_modPastNum++) + "_1";
-            AstVar* const varp = createDelayedVar(name, alwayspr, exprp);
+            AstVar* const varp = createDelayedVar(name, alwayspr, exprp, initp);
             // Add it to delayed variable vector
             m_delayed(alwayspr).emplace_back(varp);
         } else {
             // Reusing exiting, not needed
             VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(exprp), exprp);
+            if (initp) VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(initp), initp);
             VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(senTreep), senTreep);
         }
         return alwayspr;
     }
 
-    AstNodeExpr* getPastValue(AstNodeExpr* exprp, AstSenTree* senTreep, uint32_t ticks) {
+    AstNodeExpr* getPastValue(AstNodeExpr* exprp, AstNodeExpr* initp, AstSenTree* senTreep,
+                              uint32_t ticks) {
         UASSERT_OBJ(ticks > 0, exprp, "Delay must be > 0");
-        AstAlways* const alwaysp = getDelayedAlways(exprp, senTreep);
+        FileLine* const flp = exprp->fileline();
+        AstAlways* const alwaysp
+            = getDelayedAlways(exprp, initp ? initp->cloneTreePure(false) : nullptr, senTreep);
+        AstNodeExpr* const resultp = pastValueRef(alwaysp, flp, ticks, initp);
+        if (initp) VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(initp), initp);
+        return resultp;
+    }
+
+    AstNodeExpr* pastValueRef(AstAlways* alwaysp, FileLine* flp, uint32_t ticks,
+                              AstNodeExpr* initp) {
         std::vector<AstVar*>& delayedr = m_delayed(alwaysp);
         // Ensure the required delay exists
         while (delayedr.size() < ticks) {
             AstVar* const firstp = delayedr.front();
-            FileLine* const flp = firstp->fileline();
+            FileLine* const varFlp = firstp->fileline();
             // Create once more delayed value
             std::string name = firstp->name();
             name.resize(name.size() - 1);
             name += std::to_string(delayedr.size() + 1);
-            AstNodeExpr* const prevp = new AstVarRef{flp, delayedr.back(), VAccess::READ};
+            AstNodeExpr* const prevp = new AstVarRef{varFlp, delayedr.back(), VAccess::READ};
-            AstVar* const varp = createDelayedVar(name, alwaysp, prevp);
+            AstVar* const varp = createDelayedVar(name, alwaysp, prevp,
+                                                  initp ? initp->cloneTreePure(false) : nullptr);
             // Add it to delayed variable vector
             delayedr.emplace_back(varp);
         }
         // Return a reference to the appropriately delayed variable
-        return new AstVarRef{exprp->fileline(), delayedr.at(ticks - 1), VAccess::READ};
+        return new AstVarRef{flp, delayedr.at(ticks - 1), VAccess::READ};
+    }
+
+    // Time of the pipeline's last sampling tick, for end-of-simulation readers
+    AstVar* getPastTickTimeVar(AstAlways* alwaysp) {
+        AstVar*& varpr = m_delayedAlways2TickTimep[alwaysp];
+        if (!varpr) {
+            FileLine* const flp = alwaysp->fileline();
+            varpr = new AstVar{flp, VVarType::MODULETEMP,
+                               "_Vpast_" + cvtToStr(m_modPastNum++) + "_t",
+                               m_modp->findUInt64DType()};
+            m_modp->addStmtsp(varpr);
+            AstNodeExpr* const timep = new AstCExpr{flp, "vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->time()", 64};
+            alwaysp->addStmtsp(
+                new AstAssign{flp, new AstVarRef{flp, varpr, VAccess::WRITE}, timep});
+        }
+        return varpr;
     }
 
     void visitAssertionIterate(AstNodeCoverOrAssert* nodep, AstNode* failsp) {
@@ -542,14 +678,19 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
 
         bool selfDestruct = false;
         bool passspGated = false;
-        if (const AstCover* const snodep = VN_CAST(nodep, Cover)) {
+        const AstCover* const coverp = VN_CAST(nodep, Cover);
+        // A sequence event control is not an assertion directive; no assertion control
+        const bool seqEvent = coverp && coverp->isSeqEvent();
+        if (coverp) {
             ++m_statCover;
-            if (!v3Global.opt.coverageUser()) {
+            if (seqEvent) {
+                // Keep the event-fire action, with no coverage bucket
+            } else if (!v3Global.opt.coverageUser()) {
                 selfDestruct = true;
             } else {
                 // V3Coverage assigned us a bucket to increment.
-                AstCoverInc* const covincp = VN_AS(snodep->coverincsp(), CoverInc);
+                AstCoverInc* const covincp = VN_AS(coverp->coverincsp(), CoverInc);
-                UASSERT_OBJ(covincp, snodep, "Missing AstCoverInc under assertion");
+                UASSERT_OBJ(covincp, coverp, "Missing AstCoverInc under assertion");
                 covincp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();  // next() might have  AstAssign for trace
                 if (message != "") covincp->declp()->comment(message);
                 if (passsp) {
@@ -584,26 +725,51 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
 
         AstNode* propExprp;
         AstNodeExpr* disablep = nullptr;
+        AstNodeExpr* matchCountp = nullptr;
         if (AstPropSpec* const specp = VN_CAST(nodep->propp(), PropSpec)) {
             propExprp = specp->propp()->unlinkFrBack();
             if (specp->disablep()) disablep = specp->disablep()->unlinkFrBack();
+            matchCountp = specp->matchCountp();
         } else {
             propExprp = nodep->propp()->unlinkFrBack();
         }
         FileLine* const flp = nodep->fileline();
         bool passspAlreadyGated = false;
         if (passsp && VN_IS(passsp, If)) passspAlreadyGated = VN_AS(passsp, If)->user1();
-        if (passsp && !passspGated && !passspAlreadyGated && !VN_IS(propExprp, PExpr)) {
+        if (passsp && !passspGated && !passspAlreadyGated && !VN_IS(propExprp, PExpr)
+            && !seqEvent) {
             passsp = newIfAssertPassOn(passsp, nodep->directive(), nodep->userType(),
                                        /*vacuous=*/false);
         }
         if (failsp && !VN_IS(propExprp, PExpr)) {
             failsp = newIfAssertFailOn(failsp, nodep->directive(), nodep->userType());
         }
+        if (coverp && matchCountp && passsp) {
+            // Convert the match count into a loop that decrements a temporary variable until it
+            // reaches zero.
+            matchCountp->unlinkFrBack();
+            AstVar* const remainingp = new AstVar{
+                flp, VVarType::BLOCKTEMP, "__VnfaRemainingMatchCount", matchCountp->dtypep()};
+            remainingp->lifetime(VLifetime::AUTOMATIC_EXPLICIT);
+            AstBegin* const replayp = new AstBegin{flp, "", remainingp, true};
+            replayp->addStmtsp(
+                new AstAssign{flp, new AstVarRef{flp, remainingp, VAccess::WRITE}, matchCountp});
+            AstLoop* const loopp = new AstLoop{flp};
+            loopp->addStmtsp(
+                new AstLoopTest{flp, loopp, new AstVarRef{flp, remainingp, VAccess::READ}});
+            loopp->addStmtsp(passsp);
+            loopp->addStmtsp(
+                new AstAssign{flp, new AstVarRef{flp, remainingp, VAccess::WRITE},
+                              new AstSub{flp, new AstVarRef{flp, remainingp, VAccess::READ},
+                                         new AstConst{flp, AstConst::WidthedValue{},
+                                                      remainingp->dtypep()->width(), 1}}});
+            replayp->addStmtsp(loopp);
+            passsp = replayp;
+        }
         AstNode* bodysp = assertBody(nodep, propExprp, passsp, failsp);
         if (disablep) bodysp = new AstIf{flp, new AstLogNot{flp, disablep}, bodysp};
         // Add assertOn check last, for better combining
-        bodysp = newIfAssertOn(bodysp, nodep->directive(), nodep->userType());
+        if (!seqEvent) bodysp = newIfAssertOn(bodysp, nodep->directive(), nodep->userType());
         if (sentreep) bodysp = new AstAlways{flp, VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS, sentreep, bodysp};
 
         if (passsp && !passsp->backp()) VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(passsp), passsp);
@@ -755,6 +921,28 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
 
     //========== Case assertions
     void visit(AstCase* nodep) override {
+        // Introduce temporary variable for AstCase if needed - it is done here and not in V3Case
+        // because this phase is before V3Scope and V3Case is not. Doing it before V3Scope ensures
+        // that V3Scope will take care of a scope creation
+        // We also need to do it before V3Begin, co that pragmas like `unique0` also work correctly
+        if (!nodep->exprp()->isPure()) {
+            ++m_statLiftedCaseExprs;
+            FileLine* const fl = nodep->exprp()->fileline();
+            AstVar* const varp = new AstVar{fl, VVarType::BLOCKTEMP, m_caseTempNames.get(nodep),
+                                            nodep->exprp()->dtypep()};
+            AstNodeExpr* const origp = nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack();
+            nodep->addHereThisAsNext(
+                new AstAssign{fl, new AstVarRef{fl, varp, VAccess::WRITE}, origp});
+            nodep->exprp(new AstVarRef{fl, varp, VAccess::READ});
+            if (m_ftaskp) {
+                varp->funcLocal(true);
+                varp->lifetime(VLifetime::AUTOMATIC_EXPLICIT);
+                m_ftaskp->stmtsp()->addHereThisAsNext(varp);
+            } else {
+                m_modp->stmtsp()->addHereThisAsNext(varp);
+            }
+            VIsCached::clearCacheTree();
+        }
         iterateChildren(nodep);
         if (!nodep->user1SetOnce()) {
             bool has_default = false;
@@ -878,6 +1066,11 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
 
     //========== Past
     void visit(AstPast* nodep) override {
+        if (!nodep->propertyTiming()) {
+            nodep->initp(nodep->exprp()->cloneTreePure(false));
+            { DefaultSampledValueVisitor{nodep->initp()}; }
+        }
+        AstNodeExpr* const initp = nodep->initp() ? nodep->initp()->unlinkFrBack() : nullptr;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
         uint32_t ticks = 1;
         if (nodep->ticksp()) {
@@ -887,7 +1080,27 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
         }
         UASSERT_OBJ(ticks >= 1, nodep, "0 tick should have been checked in V3Width");
         AstNodeExpr* const exprp = newSampledExpr(nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack());
-        AstNodeExpr* inp = getPastValue(exprp, nodep->sentreep()->unlinkFrBack(), ticks);
+        AstSenTree* const senTreep = nodep->sentreep()->unlinkFrBack();
+        AstNodeExpr* inp = nullptr;
+        // Deliberately emitted for every ftask $past; calls outside final take the normal stage
+        if (VN_IS(m_procedurep, Final) || m_ftaskp) {
+            // A sampling-tick finish reads one stage deeper (IEEE 1800-2023 16.9.3).
+            FileLine* const flp = nodep->fileline();
+            AstAlways* const alwaysp
+                = getDelayedAlways(exprp, initp ? initp->cloneTreePure(false) : nullptr, senTreep);
+            AstNodeExpr* const betweenTicksp = pastValueRef(alwaysp, flp, ticks, initp);
+            AstNodeExpr* const onTickp = pastValueRef(alwaysp, flp, ticks + 1, initp);
+            if (initp) VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(initp), initp);
+            AstNodeExpr* const onTickCondp = new AstLogAnd{
+                flp, new AstCExpr{flp, "vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->executingFinal()", 1},
+                new AstEq{flp, new AstVarRef{flp, getPastTickTimeVar(alwaysp), VAccess::READ},
+                          new AstCExpr{flp, "vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->finishPendingTime()", 64}}};
+            AstCond* const condp = new AstCond{flp, onTickCondp, onTickp, betweenTicksp};
+            condp->dtypeFrom(onTickp);
+            inp = condp;
+        } else {
+            inp = getPastValue(exprp, initp, senTreep, ticks);
+        }
         nodep->replaceWith(inp);
         VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
     }
@@ -983,11 +1196,7 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
                         = new AstSenItem{fl, VEdgeType::ET_CHANGED,
                                          // Clone so get VarRef or VarXRef as needed
                                          varrefp->cloneTree(false)};
-                    if (!monSenItemsp) {
+                    monSenItemsp = AstNode::addNextNull(monSenItemsp, senItemp);
-                        monSenItemsp = senItemp;
-                    } else {
-                        monSenItemsp->addNext(senItemp);
-                    }
                 });
             }
 
@@ -1047,9 +1256,9 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
 
         bool assertTypeConst = true;
         if (!nodep->assertTypesp()) {
-            nodep->ctlAssertTypes(VAssertType{ALL_ASSERT_TYPES});
+            nodep->assertTypes(VAssertType{ALL_ASSERT_TYPES});
         } else if (const AstConst* const assertTypesp = VN_CAST(nodep->assertTypesp(), Const)) {
-            nodep->ctlAssertTypes(VAssertType{assertTypesp->toSInt()});
+            nodep->assertTypes(VAssertType{assertTypesp->toSInt()});
         } else {
             assertTypeConst = false;
         }
@@ -1069,9 +1278,9 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
             VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
             return;
         }
-        if (assertTypeConst && nodep->ctlAssertTypes() != ALL_ASSERT_TYPES
+        if (assertTypeConst && nodep->assertTypes() != ALL_ASSERT_TYPES
-            && nodep->ctlAssertTypes().containsAny(VAssertType::UNIQUE | VAssertType::UNIQUE0
+            && nodep->assertTypes().containsAny(VAssertType::UNIQUE | VAssertType::UNIQUE0
-                                                   | VAssertType::PRIORITY)) {
+                                                | VAssertType::PRIORITY)) {
             nodep->v3warn(E_UNSUPPORTED, "Unsupported: assert control assertion_type");
             VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep->unlinkFrBack()), nodep);
             return;
@@ -1079,11 +1288,11 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
 
         bool directiveTypeConst = true;
         if (!nodep->directiveTypesp()) {
-            nodep->ctlDirectiveTypes(VAssertDirectiveType::ASSERT | VAssertDirectiveType::ASSUME
+            nodep->directiveTypes(VAssertDirectiveType::ASSERT | VAssertDirectiveType::ASSUME
-                                     | VAssertDirectiveType::COVER);
+                                  | VAssertDirectiveType::COVER);
         } else if (const AstConst* const directiveTypesp
                    = VN_CAST(nodep->directiveTypesp(), Const)) {
-            nodep->ctlDirectiveTypes(VAssertDirectiveType{directiveTypesp->toSInt()});
+            nodep->directiveTypes(VAssertDirectiveType{directiveTypesp->toSInt()});
         } else {
             directiveTypeConst = false;
         }
@@ -1105,7 +1314,7 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
         } else {
             newp->add(std::to_string(ALL_ASSERT_TYPES));
         }
-        newp->add(", " + std::to_string(nodep->ctlDirectiveTypes()) + ");\n");
+        newp->add(", " + std::to_string(nodep->directiveTypes()) + ");\n");
         nodep->replaceWith(newp);
         VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
     }
@@ -1127,12 +1336,13 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
         VL_RESTORER(m_modp);
         VL_RESTORER(m_modPastNum);
         VL_RESTORER(m_modStrobeNum);
-        VL_RESTORER(m_modExpr2Sen2DelayedAlwaysp);
         VL_RESTORER(m_finalp);
+        VL_RESTORER_CLEAR(m_modExpr2Sen2DelayedAlwaysp);
+        VL_RESTORER_CLEAR(m_modExpr2Sen2DefaultDelayedAlwaysp);
+        VL_RESTORER_CLEAR(m_delayedAlways2TickTimep);
         m_modp = nodep;
         m_modPastNum = 0;
         m_modStrobeNum = 0;
-        m_modExpr2Sen2DelayedAlwaysp.clear();
         m_finalp = nullptr;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
     }
@@ -1141,6 +1351,11 @@ class AssertVisitor final : public VNVisitor {
         m_procedurep = nodep;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
     }
+    void visit(AstNodeFTask* nodep) override {
+        VL_RESTORER(m_ftaskp);
+        m_ftaskp = nodep;
+        iterateChildren(nodep);
+    }
     void visit(AstGenBlock* nodep) override {
         // This code is needed rather than a visitor in V3Begin,
         // because V3Assert is called before V3Begin
@@ -1180,6 +1395,9 @@ public:
         V3Stats::addStat("Assertions, $past variables", m_statPastVars);
         V3Stats::addStat("Assertions, assertOn checks combined", m_statAssertOnCombined);
         V3Stats::addStat("Assertions, assertOn checks hoisted", m_statAssertOnHoisted);
+        V3Stats::addStat("Assertions, lifted impure case expressions", m_statLiftedCaseExprs);
+        // Rewrites can change purity, e.g. by compiling out assertion statements with --no-assert
+        VIsCached::clearCacheTree();
     }
 };
 

src/V3Assert.h

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 class V3AssertCommon final {
 public:
     static void collectDefaultDisable(AstNetlist* nodep) VL_MT_DISABLED;
+    static void lowerSequenceEvents(AstNetlist* nodep) VL_MT_DISABLED;
 };
 
 class V3Assert final {

src/V3AssertPre.cpp

@@ -79,6 +79,14 @@ private:
 
     // METHODS
 
+    static void checkSamplingFuncDType(AstNodeExpr* nodep, const AstNode* exprp) {
+        const AstNodeDType* const dtypep = exprp->dtypep()->skipRefp();
+        if (!dtypep->isIntegralOrPacked()) {
+            nodep->v3error("Expected numeric type, but got a " << dtypep->prettyDTypeNameQ()
+                                                               << " data type");
+        }
+    }
+
     AstSenTree* newSenTree(AstNode* nodep, AstSenTree* useTreep = nullptr,
                            AstNodeCoverOrAssert* cassertp = nullptr) {
         // Create sentree based on clocked or default clock
@@ -372,7 +380,7 @@ private:
                 // #1step means the value that is sampled is always the signal's last value
                 // before the clock edge (IEEE 1800-2023 14.4)
                 AstSampled* const sampledp
-                    = new AstSampled{flp, exprp->cloneTreePure(false), exprp->dtypep()};
+                    = new AstSampled{flp, exprp->cloneTreePure(false), exprp->dtypep(), true};
                 AstAssign* const assignp = new AstAssign{flp, refp, sampledp};
                 m_clockingp->addNextHere(new AstAlways{
                     flp, VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS,
@@ -683,6 +691,7 @@ private:
     void visit(AstFalling* nodep) override {
         if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
+        checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
         FileLine* const fl = nodep->fileline();
         AstNodeExpr* exprp = nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack();
         if (exprp->width() > 1) exprp = new AstSel{fl, exprp, 0, 1};
@@ -696,6 +705,7 @@ private:
     void visit(AstFell* nodep) override {
         if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
+        checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
         FileLine* const fl = nodep->fileline();
         AstNodeExpr* exprp = nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack();
         if (exprp->width() > 1) exprp = new AstSel{fl, exprp, 0, 1};
@@ -712,11 +722,13 @@ private:
     void visit(AstFuture* nodep) override {
         if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
+        checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
         AstSenTree* const sentreep = nodep->sentreep();
         if (sentreep) VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(sentreep->unlinkFrBack()), sentreep);
         nodep->sentreep(newSenTree(nodep));
     }
     void visit(AstPast* nodep) override {
+        checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
         if (nodep->sentreep()) return;  // Already processed
         iterateChildren(nodep);
         nodep->sentreep(newSenTree(nodep));
@@ -774,6 +786,7 @@ private:
     void visit(AstRising* nodep) override {
         if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
+        checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
         FileLine* const fl = nodep->fileline();
         AstNodeExpr* exprp = nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack();
         if (exprp->width() > 1) exprp = new AstSel{fl, exprp, 0, 1};
@@ -787,6 +800,7 @@ private:
     void visit(AstRose* nodep) override {
         if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
+        checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
         FileLine* const fl = nodep->fileline();
         AstNodeExpr* exprp = nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack();
         if (exprp->width() > 1) exprp = new AstSel{fl, exprp, 0, 1};
@@ -849,7 +863,8 @@ private:
 
         // Assertion condition check
         AstLoop* const loopp = new AstLoop{flp};
-        AstNodeExpr* const condp = new AstSampled{flp, nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack(), nullptr};
+        AstSampled* const condp
+            = new AstSampled{flp, nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack(), nullptr, true};
         loopp->addStmtsp(new AstLoopTest{flp, loopp, new AstLogNot{flp, condp}});
         loopp->addStmtsp(new AstEventControl{flp, sentreep, nullptr});
 
@@ -916,6 +931,7 @@ private:
     void visit(AstStable* nodep) override {
         if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
+        checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
         FileLine* const fl = nodep->fileline();
         AstNodeExpr* exprp = nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack();
         AstSenTree* sentreep = nodep->sentreep();
@@ -931,6 +947,7 @@ private:
     void visit(AstSteady* nodep) override {
         if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
         iterateChildren(nodep);
+        checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
         FileLine* const fl = nodep->fileline();
         AstNodeExpr* exprp = nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack();
         if (exprp->width() > 1) exprp = new AstSel{fl, exprp, 0, 1};
@@ -941,6 +958,10 @@ private:
         nodep->replaceWith(exprp);
         VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
     }
+    void visit(AstSampled* nodep) override {
+        iterateChildren(nodep);
+        if (!nodep->internal()) checkSamplingFuncDType(nodep, nodep->exprp());
+    }
 
     // Validate repetition count: must be a non-negative elaboration-time constant.
     // Shared by goto [->N] and nonconsecutive [=N] repetition.
@@ -952,7 +973,7 @@ private:
             nodep->v3error("Repetition count is not an elaboration-time constant"
                            " (IEEE 1800-2023 16.9.2)");
             VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(countp), countp);
-            nodep->replaceWith(new AstConst{nodep->fileline(), AstConst::BitFalse{}});
+            nodep->replaceWith(new AstConst{nodep->fileline(), AstConst::BitFalseErroring{}});
             VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -960,7 +981,7 @@ private:
             nodep->v3error("Repetition count must be non-negative"
                            " (IEEE 1800-2023 16.9.2)");
             VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(countp), countp);
-            nodep->replaceWith(new AstConst{nodep->fileline(), AstConst::BitFalse{}});
+            nodep->replaceWith(new AstConst{nodep->fileline(), AstConst::BitFalseErroring{}});
             VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -1203,11 +1224,7 @@ private:
                     AstNode* const nextp = stmtp->nextp();
                     if (AstAssign* const assignp = VN_CAST(stmtp, Assign)) {
                         assignp->unlinkFrBack();
-                        if (!matchAssignsp) {
+                        matchAssignsp = AstNode::addNextNull(matchAssignsp, assignp);
-                            matchAssignsp = assignp;
-                        } else {
-                            matchAssignsp->addNext(assignp);
-                        }
                     }
                     stmtp = nextp;
                 }
@@ -1233,11 +1250,7 @@ private:
                         AstNodeExpr* const assignRhsp = assignp->rhsp()->unlinkFrBack();
                         AstAssignDly* const dlyp = new AstAssignDly{flp, assignLhsp, assignRhsp};
                         VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(assignp), assignp);
-                        if (!matchAssignsp) {
+                        matchAssignsp = AstNode::addNextNull(matchAssignsp, dlyp);
-                            matchAssignsp = dlyp;
-                        } else {
-                            matchAssignsp->addNext(dlyp);
-                        }
                     }
                     stmtp = nextp;
                 }
@@ -1271,7 +1284,8 @@ private:
                     lhsp
                         = new AstAnd{flp, new AstNot{flp, m_disablep->cloneTreePure(false)}, lhsp};
                 }
-                AstPast* const pastp = new AstPast{flp, lhsp};
+                AstPast* const pastp
+                    = new AstPast{flp, lhsp, nullptr, nullptr, /* propertyTiming */ true};
                 pastp->dtypeFrom(lhsp);
                 pastp->sentreep(newSenTree(nodep));
                 condp = pastp;
@@ -1295,7 +1309,8 @@ private:
                 lhsp = new AstAnd{flp, new AstNot{flp, m_disablep->cloneTreePure(false)}, lhsp};
             }
 
-            AstPast* const pastp = new AstPast{flp, lhsp};
+            AstPast* const pastp
+                = new AstPast{flp, lhsp, nullptr, nullptr, /* propertyTiming */ true};
             pastp->dtypeFrom(lhsp);
             pastp->sentreep(newSenTree(nodep));
             AstNodeExpr* const exprp
@@ -1312,14 +1327,21 @@ private:
             !m_pexprp, nodep,
             "'" << nodep->verilogKwd()
                 << "' in complex property expression should have been rejected by V3AssertNfa");
+        if (nodep->isStrong()
+            && (v3Global.opt.timing().isSetFalse() || !v3Global.opt.timing().isSetTrue())) {
+            nodep->v3warn(E_NOTIMING, nodep->verilogKwd() << " requires --timing");
+            nodep->replaceWith(new AstConst{flp, AstConst::BitFalse{}});
+            VL_DO_DANGLING(pushDeletep(nodep), nodep);
+            return;
+        }
         if (nodep->isStrong()) {
             // p s_until q / p s_until_with q: q must eventually be true. Until then, p must
             // be true on every sampled tick. For s_until, check q first: when q is true on
             // this tick, p is not required. For s_until_with, p must be true on the q tick too.
             AstNodeExpr* const rawLhsp = nodep->lhsp()->unlinkFrBack();
             AstNodeExpr* const rawRhsp = nodep->rhsp()->unlinkFrBack();
-            AstSampled* const lhsp = new AstSampled{flp, rawLhsp, rawLhsp->dtypep()};
+            AstSampled* const lhsp = new AstSampled{flp, rawLhsp, rawLhsp->dtypep(), true};
-            AstSampled* const rhsp = new AstSampled{flp, rawRhsp, rawRhsp->dtypep()};
+            AstSampled* const rhsp = new AstSampled{flp, rawRhsp, rawRhsp->dtypep(), true};
             AstNodeExpr* finalCondp = rhsp->cloneTreePure(false);
             if (nodep->isOverlapping()) {
                 finalCondp = new AstLogAnd{flp, lhsp->cloneTreePure(false), finalCondp};
@@ -1466,7 +1488,9 @@ private:
         iterateAndNextNull(nodep->sensesp());
         if (m_senip && m_senip != nodep->sensesp())
             nodep->v3warn(E_UNSUPPORTED, "Unsupported: Only one PSL clock allowed per assertion");
-        if (!nodep->disablep() && m_defaultDisablep) {
+        const AstCover* const coverp = VN_CAST(nodep->backp(), Cover);
+        const bool seqEvent = coverp && coverp->isSeqEvent();
+        if (!nodep->disablep() && m_defaultDisablep && !seqEvent) {
             nodep->disablep(m_defaultDisablep->condp()->cloneTreePure(true));
         }
         m_disablep = nodep->disablep();
@@ -1476,7 +1500,7 @@ private:
         if (!VN_AS(nodep->backp(), NodeCoverOrAssert)->immediate()) {
             const AstNodeDType* const propDtp = nodep->propp()->dtypep();
             nodep->propp(new AstSampled{nodep->fileline(), nodep->propp()->unlinkFrBack(),
-                                        propDtp->dtypep()});
+                                        propDtp->dtypep(), true});
         }
         // cover counts non-vacuous matches only (IEEE 1800-2023 16.15.2), so an
         // implication antecedent must hold; assert passes vacuously instead.

src/V3Ast.cpp

@@ -49,26 +49,31 @@ bool VNUser4InUse::s_userBusy = false;
 
 int AstNodeDType::s_uniqueNum = 0;
 
-V3AST_VCMETHOD_ITEMDATA_DECL;
-
 //======================================================================
 // VCMethod information
 
 VCMethod VCMethod::arrayMethod(const string& name) {
-    for (const auto& it : s_itemData)
+    for (int i = 0; i < _ENUM_MAX; ++i) {
-        if (it.m_name == name) return it.m_e;
+        const VCMethod method{i};
-    v3fatalSrc("Not a method name known to VCMethod::s_itemData: '" << name << '\'');
+        if (name == method.ascii()) return method;
+    }
+    v3fatalSrc("Not a method name known to VCMethod: '" << name << '\'');
     return VCMethod{};
 }
-void VCMethod::selfTest() {
+
-    int i = 0;
+//######################################################################
-    for (const auto& it : s_itemData) {
+// VNUser
-        const VCMethod exp{i};
+
-        UASSERT_STATIC(it.m_e == exp,
+std::string VNUser::dumpStr(std::string (*fmtAddrp)(const void*)) const {
-                       "VCMethod::s_itemData table rows are out-of-order, starting at row "s
+#ifdef VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS
-                           + cvtToStr(i) + " '" + +it.m_name + '\'');
+    if (const int* const uip = std::get_if<int>(&m_u)) return "#"s + cvtToStr(*uip);
-        ++i;
+    if (void* const* const upp = std::get_if<void*>(&m_u)) return fmtAddrp(*upp);
-    }
+    return "";
+#else
+    // Dumps void* representation
+    if (!m_u.up) return "";
+    return fmtAddrp(m_u.up);
+#endif
 }
 
 //######################################################################
@@ -1384,10 +1389,15 @@ void AstNode::dumpPtrs(std::ostream& os) const {
     if (op2p()) os << " op2p=" << cvtToHex(op2p());
     if (op3p()) os << " op3p=" << cvtToHex(op3p());
     if (op4p()) os << " op4p=" << cvtToHex(op4p());
-    if (user1p()) os << " user1p=" << cvtToHex(user1p());
+    const auto dumpUser = [&os](const char* prefix, const VNUser& user) {
-    if (user2p()) os << " user2p=" << cvtToHex(user2p());
+        const std::string s
-    if (user3p()) os << " user3p=" << cvtToHex(user3p());
+            = user.dumpStr([](const void* p) -> std::string { return cvtToHex(p); });
-    if (user4p()) os << " user4p=" << cvtToHex(user4p());
+        if (!s.empty()) os << prefix << s;
+    };
+    dumpUser(" user1p=", user1u());
+    dumpUser(" user2p=", user2u());
+    dumpUser(" user3p=", user3u());
+    dumpUser(" user4p=", user4u());
     if (m_iterpp) {
         os << " iterpp=" << cvtToHex(m_iterpp);
         // This may cause address sanitizer failures as iterpp can be stale
@@ -1542,14 +1552,14 @@ string AstNode::instanceStr() const {
     return "";
 }
 void AstNode::v3errorEnd(const std::ostringstream& str) const VL_RELEASE(V3Error::s().m_mutex) {
-    // Don't look for instance name when warning is disabled.
-    // In case of large number of warnings, this can
-    // take significant amount of time
-    const string instanceStrExtra
-        = m_fileline->warnIsOff(V3Error::s().errorCode()) ? "" : instanceStr();
     if (!m_fileline) {
-        V3Error::v3errorEnd(str, instanceStrExtra, nullptr);
+        V3Error::v3errorEnd(str, "", nullptr);
     } else {
+        // Don't look for instance name when warning is disabled.
+        // In case of large number of warnings, this can
+        // take significant amount of time
+        const string instanceStrExtra
+            = m_fileline->warnIsOff(V3Error::s().errorCode()) ? "" : instanceStr();
         std::ostringstream nsstr;
         nsstr << str.str();
         if (debug()) {
@@ -1660,7 +1670,7 @@ static const AstNodeDType* computeCastableBase(const AstNodeDType* nodep) {
 }
 
 static VCastable computeCastableImp(const AstNodeDType* toDtp, const AstNodeDType* fromDtp,
-                                    const AstNode* fromConstp) {
+                                    const AstNode* fromConstp, const bool checkIfaceArgCompat) {
     const VCastable castable = VCastable::UNSUPPORTED;
     toDtp = toDtp->skipRefToEnump();
     fromDtp = fromDtp->skipRefToEnump();
@@ -1698,22 +1708,52 @@ static VCastable computeCastableImp(const AstNodeDType* toDtp, const AstNodeDTyp
         if (upcast) return VCastable::COMPATIBLE;
         if (downcast) return VCastable::DYNAMIC_CLASS;
         return VCastable::INCOMPATIBLE;
-    } else if (const AstIfaceRefDType* const toIfp = VN_CAST(toDtp, IfaceRefDType)) {
+    } else if (const AstIfaceRefDType* const toIfp
+               = VN_CAST(checkIfaceArgCompat ? toDtp->elemDTypep(true) : toDtp, IfaceRefDType)) {
         // Two interface refs are compatible if they point at the same interface
         // module (and modport, if any). Pointer-equality on the dtype isn't
         // enough since every cell binding clones the dtype.
-        const AstIfaceRefDType* const fromIfp = VN_CAST(fromDtp, IfaceRefDType);
+        // Argument compatibility also requires matching virtualness for ref arguments, while
-        if (fromIfp && toIfp->ifaceViaCellp() == fromIfp->ifaceViaCellp()
+        // input arguments may bind an unqualified or same-modport source to a virtual target.
-            && (!toIfp->modportp() || toIfp->modportp() == fromIfp->modportp())) {
+        // Argument compatibility also supports fixed-size arrays of interface references.
+        const AstIfaceRefDType* const fromIfp
+            = VN_CAST(checkIfaceArgCompat ? fromDtp->elemDTypep(true) : fromDtp, IfaceRefDType);
+        if (checkIfaceArgCompat && fromIfp && (toDtp != toIfp || fromDtp != fromIfp)) {
+            const AstUnpackArrayDType* const toArrayp = VN_CAST(toDtp, UnpackArrayDType);
+            const AstUnpackArrayDType* const fromArrayp = VN_CAST(fromDtp, UnpackArrayDType);
+            // IEEE 1800-2023 6.22.2: Equal-sized fixed arrays have equivalent types.
+            if (!toArrayp || !fromArrayp
+                || toArrayp->elementsConst() != fromArrayp->elementsConst()) {
+                return VCastable::INCOMPATIBLE;
+            }
+            return computeCastableImp(toArrayp->subDTypep(), fromArrayp->subDTypep(), nullptr,
+                                      checkIfaceArgCompat);
+        }
+        if (!fromIfp || toIfp->ifaceViaCellp() != fromIfp->ifaceViaCellp()) {
+            if (!checkIfaceArgCompat) return castable;
+            return VCastable::INCOMPATIBLE;
+        }
+        const bool sameModport = toIfp->modportp() == fromIfp->modportp();
+        if (!checkIfaceArgCompat) {
+            if (!toIfp->modportp() || sameModport) return VCastable::COMPATIBLE;
+            return castable;
+        }
+        if (toIfp->isVirtual() == fromIfp->isVirtual() && sameModport) {
+            return VCastable::SAMEISH;
+        }
+        // An unqualified interface or virtual interface may bind to a modport-qualified
+        // virtual interface.
+        if (toIfp->isVirtual() && (!fromIfp->modportp() || sameModport)) {
             return VCastable::COMPATIBLE;
         }
+        return VCastable::INCOMPATIBLE;
     }
     return castable;
 }
 
 VCastable AstNode::computeCastable(const AstNodeDType* toDtp, const AstNodeDType* fromDtp,
-                                   const AstNode* fromConstp) {
+                                   const AstNode* fromConstp, const bool checkIfaceArgCompat) {
-    const auto castable = computeCastableImp(toDtp, fromDtp, fromConstp);
+    const auto castable = computeCastableImp(toDtp, fromDtp, fromConstp, checkIfaceArgCompat);
     UINFO(9, "  castable=" << castable << "  for " << toDtp);
     UINFO(9, "     =?= " << fromDtp);
     if (fromConstp) UINFO(9, "     const= " << fromConstp);
@@ -1735,12 +1775,15 @@ AstNodeDType* AstNode::getCommonClassTypep(AstNode* node1p, AstNode* node2p) {
         if (castable == VCastable::DYNAMIC_CLASS) return node2p->dtypep();
     }
 
-    AstClassRefDType* classDtypep1 = VN_CAST(node1p->dtypep(), ClassRefDType);
+    AstClassRefDType* classDtypep1 = VN_CAST(node1p->dtypep()->skipRefp(), ClassRefDType);
     while (classDtypep1) {
         const VCastable castable = computeCastable(classDtypep1, node2p->dtypep(), node2p);
         if (castable == VCastable::COMPATIBLE) return classDtypep1;
-        const AstClassExtends* const extendsp = classDtypep1->classp()->extendsp();
+        AstClassExtends* const extendsp = classDtypep1->classp()->extendsp();
-        classDtypep1 = extendsp ? VN_AS(extendsp->dtypep(), ClassRefDType) : nullptr;
+        if (!extendsp) break;
+        AstNodeDType* const edtp
+            = extendsp->dtypep() ? extendsp->dtypep() : extendsp->childDTypep();
+        classDtypep1 = VN_AS(edtp->skipRefp(), ClassRefDType);
     }
     return nullptr;
 }

src/V3Ast.h

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
 #include "V3Ast__gen_forward_class_decls.h"  // From ./astgen
 
+#include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
@@ -40,6 +41,14 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+// VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS requires C++17 for std::variant. Ignore on older standards
+#if defined(VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS) && __cplusplus < 201703L
+#undef VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS
+#endif
+#ifdef VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS
+#include <variant>
+#endif
+
 // clang-format off
 #include "V3AstAttr.h"
 // clang-format on
@@ -137,12 +146,48 @@ class V3GraphVertex;
 class VSymEnt;
 
 class VNUser final {
+// Defining VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS replaces the VNUser union with a std::variant
+// which remembers which form of VNUser is being stored to catch mismatched reads.
+#ifdef VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS
+    // monostate is an unwritten / cleared slot. It can be read as either form
+    // and yields nullptr/0.
+    std::variant<std::monostate, int, void*> m_u;
+#else
     union {
         void* up;
         int ui;
     } m_u;
+#endif
 
 public:
+#ifdef VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS
+    VNUser() = default;
+    // non-explicit:
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
+    VNUser(int i) {
+        // VNUser{0} represents the monostate
+        if (i) m_u = i;
+    }
+    explicit VNUser(void* p) {
+        // VNUser{nullptr} represents the monostate
+        if (p) m_u = p;
+    }
+    ~VNUser() = default;
+    // Casters
+    template <typename T>
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<T>::value, T>::type to() const VL_MT_SAFE {
+        if (std::holds_alternative<std::monostate>(m_u)) return nullptr;
+        void* const* const upp = std::get_if<void*>(&m_u);
+        UASSERT_STATIC(upp, "AstNode user() slot written as int, read as pointer");
+        return reinterpret_cast<T>(*upp);
+    }
+    int toInt() const {
+        if (std::holds_alternative<std::monostate>(m_u)) return 0;
+        const int* const uip = std::get_if<int>(&m_u);
+        UASSERT_STATIC(uip, "AstNode user() slot written as pointer, read as int");
+        return *uip;
+    }
+#else
     VNUser() = default;
     // non-explicit:
     // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
@@ -157,10 +202,14 @@ public:
     typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<T>::value, T>::type to() const VL_MT_SAFE {
         return reinterpret_cast<T>(m_u.up);
     }
+    int toInt() const { return m_u.ui; }
+#endif
     VSymEnt* toSymEnt() const { return to<VSymEnt*>(); }
     AstNode* toNodep() const VL_MT_SAFE { return to<AstNode*>(); }
     V3GraphVertex* toGraphVertex() const { return to<V3GraphVertex*>(); }
-    int toInt() const { return m_u.ui; }
+    // Render for dumps without asserting on the form held: "" if unset, "#<int>"
+    // if an int, else the pointer via fmtAddrp
+    std::string dumpStr(std::string (*fmtAddrp)(const void*)) const;
 };
 
 //######################################################################
@@ -441,6 +490,8 @@ class AstNode VL_NOT_FINAL {
     static int s_cloneCntGbl;  // Count of which userp is set
 
     // This member ordering both allows 64 bit alignment and puts associated data together
+    // (under VL_USER_TYPE_CHECKS a VNUser is larger than 64 bits, so this packing no
+    // longer holds; that build trades node size for catching int/pointer confusion)
     VNUser m_user1u{0};  // Contains any information the user iteration routine wants
     uint32_t m_user1Cnt = 0;  // Mark of when userp was set
     uint32_t m_user2Cnt = 0;  // Mark of when userp was set
@@ -730,6 +781,7 @@ public:
 
     // ACCESSORS for specific types
     // Alas these can't be virtual or they break when passed a nullptr
+    bool isDisableQueuePushSelfStmt();
     inline bool isClassHandleValue() const;
     inline bool isNull() const;
     inline bool isZero() const;
@@ -808,7 +860,7 @@ public:
     static AstBasicDType* findInsertSameDType(AstBasicDType* nodep);
 
     static VCastable computeCastable(const AstNodeDType* toDtp, const AstNodeDType* fromDtp,
-                                     const AstNode* fromConstp);
+                                     const AstNode* fromConstp, bool checkIfaceArgCompat = false);
     static AstNodeDType* getCommonClassTypep(AstNode* nodep1, AstNode* nodep2);
 
     // METHODS - dump and error
@@ -1260,6 +1312,14 @@ public:
         this->foreach([&count](const AstNode*) { ++count; });
         return count;
     }
+
+    // Return true if and only if the tree rooted at this node has more than 'limit' nodes.
+    // Traversal terminates as soon as the result is known, so unlike comparing 'nodeCount',
+    // this is cheap on a large tree.
+    bool isLargerThan(int limit) const {
+        int count = 0;
+        return this->exists([&count, limit](const AstNode*) { return ++count > limit; });
+    }
 };
 
 // Forward declarations of specializations defined in V3Ast.cpp

src/V3AstAttr.h

@@ -299,6 +299,34 @@ constexpr VAssertType::en operator|(VAssertType::en lhs, VAssertType::en rhs) {
 
 // ######################################################################
 
+class VPropStrength final {
+public:
+    enum en : uint8_t {
+        DEFAULT = 0,  // Resolve from assertion/coverage context
+        WEAK,
+        STRONG,
+    };
+    enum en m_e;
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
+    constexpr VPropStrength(en _e)
+        : m_e{_e} {}
+    const char* ascii() const {
+        static const char* const names[] = {"default", "weak", "strong"};
+        return names[m_e];
+    }
+};
+constexpr bool operator==(const VPropStrength& lhs, const VPropStrength& rhs) {
+    return lhs.m_e == rhs.m_e;
+}
+constexpr bool operator==(const VPropStrength& lhs, VPropStrength::en rhs) {
+    return lhs.m_e == rhs;
+}
+constexpr bool operator!=(const VPropStrength& lhs, VPropStrength::en rhs) {
+    return lhs.m_e != rhs;
+}
+
+// ######################################################################
+
 class VAttrType final {
 public:
     // clang-format off
@@ -779,137 +807,136 @@ inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const VBranchPred& rhs) {
 
 // ######################################################################
 
+// C++ methods invoked on runtime library data types via AstCMethodHard
+// clang-format off
+#define FOR_EACH_CMETHOD(macro) \
+    /*    id,                                 method,                   pure */ \
+    macro(_NONE,                              "_none",                  false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_AND,                          "and",                    true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_AT,                           "at",                     true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_AT_BACK,                      "atBack",                 true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_AT_WRITE,                     "atWrite",                true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_FIND,                         "find",                   true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_FIND_FIRST,                   "find_first",             true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_FIND_FIRST_INDEX,             "find_first_index",       true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_FIND_INDEX,                   "find_index",             true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_FIND_LAST,                    "find_last",              true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_FIND_LAST_INDEX,              "find_last_index",        true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_FIRST,                        "first",                  false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_INSIDE,                       "inside",                 true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_LAST,                         "last",                   false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_MAP,                          "map",                    true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_MAX,                          "max",                    true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_MIN,                          "min",                    true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_NEXT,                         "next",                   false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_OR,                           "or",                     true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_POP_BACK,                     "pop_back",               false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_POP_FRONT,                    "pop_front",              false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_PREV,                         "prev",                   false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_PRODUCT,                      "product",                true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_PUSH_BACK,                    "push_back",              false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_PUSH_FRONT,                   "push_front",             false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_REVERSE,                      "reverse",                false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_RSORT,                        "rsort",                  false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_R_AND,                        "r_and",                  true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_R_OR,                         "r_or",                   true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_R_PRODUCT,                    "r_product",              true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_R_SUM,                        "r_sum",                  true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_R_XOR,                        "r_xor",                  true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_SHUFFLE,                      "shuffle",                false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_SORT,                         "sort",                   false) \
+    macro(ARRAY_SUM,                          "sum",                    true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_UNIQUE,                       "unique",                 true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_UNIQUE_INDEX,                 "unique_index",           true) \
+    macro(ARRAY_XOR,                          "xor",                    true) \
+    macro(ASSOC_CLEAR,                        "clear",                  false) \
+    macro(ASSOC_ERASE,                        "erase",                  false) \
+    macro(ASSOC_EXISTS,                       "exists",                 true) \
+    macro(ASSOC_FIRST,                        "first",                  false) \
+    macro(ASSOC_NEXT,                         "next",                   false) \
+    macro(ASSOC_SIZE,                         "size",                   true) \
+    macro(CLASS_SET_RANDMODE,                 "set_randmode",           false) \
+    macro(DYN_AT_WRITE_APPEND,                "atWriteAppend",          false) \
+    macro(DYN_AT_WRITE_APPEND_BACK,           "atWriteAppendBack",      false) \
+    macro(DYN_CLEAR,                          "clear",                  false) \
+    macro(DYN_ERASE,                          "erase",                  false) \
+    macro(DYN_INSERT,                         "insert",                 false) \
+    macro(DYN_POP,                            "pop",                    false) \
+    macro(DYN_POP_FRONT,                      "pop_front",              false) \
+    macro(DYN_PUSH,                           "push",                   false) \
+    macro(DYN_PUSH_FRONT,                     "push_front",             false) \
+    macro(DYN_RENEW,                          "renew",                  false) \
+    macro(DYN_RENEW_COPY,                     "renew_copy",             false) \
+    macro(DYN_RESIZE,                         "resize",                 false) \
+    macro(DYN_SIZE,                           "size",                   true) \
+    macro(DYN_SLICE,                          "slice",                  true) \
+    macro(DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN,                   "sliceAssign",            false) \
+    macro(DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN_BACK_BACK,         "sliceAssignBackBack",    false) \
+    macro(DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN_FRONT_BACK,        "sliceAssignFrontBack",   false) \
+    macro(DYN_SLICE_BACK_BACK,                "sliceBackBack",          true) \
+    macro(DYN_SLICE_FRONT_BACK,               "sliceFrontBack",         true) \
+    macro(EVENT_CLEAR_FIRED,                  "clearFired",             false) \
+    macro(EVENT_CLEAR_TRIGGERED,              "clearTriggered",         false) \
+    macro(EVENT_FIRE,                         "fire",                   false) \
+    macro(EVENT_IS_FIRED,                     "isFired",                true) \
+    macro(EVENT_IS_TRIGGERED,                 "isTriggered",            true) \
+    macro(FORCE_ADD,                          "addForce",               false) \
+    macro(FORCE_READ,                         "read",                   true) \
+    macro(FORCE_READ_INDEX,                   "readIndex",              true) \
+    macro(FORCE_READ_SEL,                     "readSel",                true) \
+    macro(FORCE_RELEASE,                      "release",                false) \
+    macro(FORCE_TOUCH,                        "touch",                  false) \
+    macro(FORK_DONE,                          "done",                   false) \
+    macro(FORK_INIT,                          "init",                   false) \
+    macro(FORK_JOIN,                          "join",                   false) \
+    macro(FORK_ON_KILL,                       "onKill",                 false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_BASIC_STD_RANDOMIZATION, "basicStdRandomization",  false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_CLEARCONSTRAINTS,        "clearConstraints",       false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_CLEARALL,                "clearAll",               false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_DISABLE_SOFT,            "disable_soft",           false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_HARD,                    "hard",                   false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_SOFT,                    "soft",                   false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_UNIQUE,                  "rand_unique",            false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_MARK_RANDC,              "markRandc",              false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_SOLVE_BEFORE,            "solveBefore",            false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_PIN_VAR,                 "pin_var",                false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_WRITE_VAR,               "write_var",              false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_SET_VAR_DISABLED,        "set_var_disabled",       false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_CLEAR_VAR_DISABLED,      "clear_var_disabled",     false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_MARK_VAR_STATIC,         "mark_var_static",        false) \
+    macro(RANDOMIZER_SET_STATIC_RANDMODE,     "set_static_randmode",    false) \
+    macro(RNG_GET_RANDSTATE,                  "__Vm_rng.get_randstate", true) \
+    macro(RNG_SET_RANDSTATE,                  "__Vm_rng.set_randstate", false) \
+    macro(SCHED_ANY_TRIGGERED,                "anyTriggered",           false) \
+    macro(SCHED_AWAITING_CURRENT_TIME,        "awaitingCurrentTime",    true) \
+    macro(SCHED_AWAITING_ZERO_DELAY,          "awaitingZeroDelay",      true) \
+    macro(SCHED_READY,                        "ready",                  false) \
+    macro(SCHED_COMMIT,                       "commit",                 false) \
+    macro(SCHED_MOVE_TO_RESUME_QUEUE,         "moveToResumeQueue",      false) \
+    macro(SCHED_DELAY,                        "delay",                  false) \
+    macro(SCHED_DO_POST_UPDATES,              "doPostUpdates",          false) \
+    macro(SCHED_ENQUEUE,                      "enqueue",                false) \
+    macro(SCHED_EVALUATE,                     "evaluate",               false) \
+    macro(SCHED_EVALUATION,                   "evaluation",             false) \
+    macro(SCHED_POST_UPDATE,                  "postUpdate",             false) \
+    macro(SCHED_RESUME,                       "resume",                 false) \
+    macro(SCHED_RESUME_ZERO_DELAY,            "resumeZeroDelay",        false) \
+    macro(SCHED_RESUMPTION,                   "resumption",             false) \
+    macro(SCHED_TRIGGER,                      "trigger",                false) \
+    macro(SCHED_WAIT_FOREVER,                 "waitForever",            false) \
+    macro(UNPACKED_ASSIGN,                    "assign",                 false) \
+    macro(UNPACKED_FILL,                      "fill",                   false) \
+    macro(UNPACKED_NEQ,                       "neq",                    true)
+// clang-format on
+
 class VCMethod final {
 public:
-    // Entries in this table need to match below VCMethod::s_itemData[] table
     enum en : uint8_t {
-        _NONE,  // Unknown
+#define VL_CMETHOD_ID(id, method, pure) id,
-        ARRAY_AND,
+        FOR_EACH_CMETHOD(VL_CMETHOD_ID)
-        ARRAY_AT,
+#undef VL_CMETHOD_ID
-        ARRAY_AT_BACK,
+            _ENUM_MAX  // Leave last
-        ARRAY_AT_WRITE,
-        ARRAY_FIND,
-        ARRAY_FIND_FIRST,
-        ARRAY_FIND_FIRST_INDEX,
-        ARRAY_FIND_INDEX,
-        ARRAY_FIND_LAST,
-        ARRAY_FIND_LAST_INDEX,
-        ARRAY_FIRST,
-        ARRAY_INSIDE,
-        ARRAY_LAST,
-        ARRAY_MAP,
-        ARRAY_MAX,
-        ARRAY_MIN,
-        ARRAY_NEXT,
-        ARRAY_OR,
-        ARRAY_POP_BACK,
-        ARRAY_POP_FRONT,
-        ARRAY_PREV,
-        ARRAY_PRODUCT,
-        ARRAY_PUSH_BACK,
-        ARRAY_PUSH_FRONT,
-        ARRAY_REVERSE,
-        ARRAY_RSORT,
-        ARRAY_R_AND,
-        ARRAY_R_OR,
-        ARRAY_R_PRODUCT,
-        ARRAY_R_SUM,
-        ARRAY_R_XOR,
-        ARRAY_SHUFFLE,
-        ARRAY_SORT,
-        ARRAY_SUM,
-        ARRAY_UNIQUE,
-        ARRAY_UNIQUE_INDEX,
-        ARRAY_XOR,
-        ASSOC_CLEAR,
-        ASSOC_ERASE,
-        ASSOC_EXISTS,
-        ASSOC_FIRST,
-        ASSOC_NEXT,
-        ASSOC_SIZE,
-        CLASS_SET_RANDMODE,
-        DYN_AT_WRITE_APPEND,
-        DYN_AT_WRITE_APPEND_BACK,
-        DYN_CLEAR,
-        DYN_ERASE,
-        DYN_INSERT,
-        DYN_POP,
-        DYN_POP_FRONT,
-        DYN_PUSH,
-        DYN_PUSH_FRONT,
-        DYN_RENEW,
-        DYN_RENEW_COPY,
-        DYN_RESIZE,
-        DYN_SIZE,
-        DYN_SLICE,
-        DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN,
-        DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN_BACK_BACK,
-        DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN_FRONT_BACK,
-        DYN_SLICE_BACK_BACK,
-        DYN_SLICE_FRONT_BACK,
-        EVENT_CLEAR_FIRED,
-        EVENT_CLEAR_TRIGGERED,
-        EVENT_FIRE,
-        EVENT_IS_FIRED,
-        EVENT_IS_TRIGGERED,
-        FORCE_ADD,
-        FORCE_READ,
-        FORCE_READ_INDEX,
-        FORCE_READ_SEL,
-        FORCE_RELEASE,
-        FORCE_TOUCH,
-        FORK_DONE,
-        FORK_INIT,
-        FORK_JOIN,
-        FORK_ON_KILL,
-        RANDOMIZER_BASIC_STD_RANDOMIZATION,
-        RANDOMIZER_CLEARCONSTRAINTS,
-        RANDOMIZER_CLEARALL,
-        RANDOMIZER_DISABLE_SOFT,
-        RANDOMIZER_HARD,
-        RANDOMIZER_SOFT,
-        RANDOMIZER_UNIQUE,
-        RANDOMIZER_MARK_RANDC,
-        RANDOMIZER_SOLVE_BEFORE,
-        RANDOMIZER_PIN_VAR,
-        RANDOMIZER_WRITE_VAR,
-        RANDOMIZER_SET_VAR_DISABLED,
-        RANDOMIZER_CLEAR_VAR_DISABLED,
-        RANDOMIZER_MARK_VAR_STATIC,
-        RANDOMIZER_SET_STATIC_RANDMODE,
-        RNG_GET_RANDSTATE,
-        RNG_SET_RANDSTATE,
-        SCHED_ANY_TRIGGERED,
-        SCHED_AWAITING_CURRENT_TIME,
-        SCHED_AWAITING_ZERO_DELAY,
-        SCHED_READY,
-        SCHED_COMMIT,
-        SCHED_MOVE_TO_RESUME_QUEUE,
-        SCHED_DELAY,
-        SCHED_DO_POST_UPDATES,
-        SCHED_ENQUEUE,
-        SCHED_EVALUATE,
-        SCHED_EVALUATION,
-        SCHED_POST_UPDATE,
-        SCHED_RESUME,
-        SCHED_RESUME_ZERO_DELAY,
-        SCHED_RESUMPTION,
-        SCHED_TRIGGER,
-        UNPACKED_ASSIGN,
-        UNPACKED_FILL,
-        UNPACKED_NEQ,
-        _ENUM_MAX  // Leave last
     };
-
-private:
-    struct Item final {
-        enum en m_e;  // Method's enum mnemonic, for checking
-        const char* m_name;  // Method name, printed into C++
-        bool m_pure;  // Method being called is pure
-    };
-    static Item s_itemData[];
-
-public:
     enum en m_e;
     VCMethod()
         : m_e{_NONE} {}
@@ -919,11 +946,26 @@ public:
     explicit VCMethod(int _e)
         : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}  // Need () or GCC 4.8 false warning
     constexpr operator en() const { return m_e; }
-    const char* ascii() const VL_PURE { return s_itemData[m_e].m_name; }
+    const char* ascii() const VL_PURE {
-    bool isPure() const VL_PURE { return s_itemData[m_e].m_pure; }
+        static const char* const values[] = {
+#define VL_CMETHOD_NAME(id, method, pure) method,
+            FOR_EACH_CMETHOD(VL_CMETHOD_NAME)
+#undef VL_CMETHOD_NAME
+                "_ENUM_MAX"  //
+        };
+        return values[m_e];
+    }
+    bool isPure() const VL_PURE {
+        static const bool values[] = {
+#define VL_CMETHOD_PURE(id, method, pure) pure,
+            FOR_EACH_CMETHOD(VL_CMETHOD_PURE)
+#undef VL_CMETHOD_PURE
+                false  //
+        };
+        return values[m_e];
+    }
     // Return array method for given name
     static VCMethod arrayMethod(const string& name);
-    static void selfTest();
 };
 constexpr bool operator==(const VCMethod& lhs, const VCMethod& rhs) { return lhs.m_e == rhs.m_e; }
 constexpr bool operator==(const VCMethod& lhs, VCMethod::en rhs) { return lhs.m_e == rhs; }
@@ -932,127 +974,7 @@ inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const VCMethod& rhs) {
     return os << rhs.ascii();
 }
 
-// Entries in this table need to match above VCMethod enum table
+#undef FOR_EACH_CMETHOD
-//
-// {Mnemonic, C++ method, pure}
-#define V3AST_VCMETHOD_ITEMDATA_DECL \
-    VCMethod::Item VCMethod::s_itemData[] \
-        = {{_NONE, "_none", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_AND, "and", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_AT, "at", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_AT_BACK, "atBack", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_AT_WRITE, "atWrite", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_FIND, "find", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_FIND_FIRST, "find_first", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_FIND_FIRST_INDEX, "find_first_index", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_FIND_INDEX, "find_index", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_FIND_LAST, "find_last", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_FIND_LAST_INDEX, "find_last_index", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_FIRST, "first", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_INSIDE, "inside", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_LAST, "last", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_MAP, "map", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_MAX, "max", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_MIN, "min", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_NEXT, "next", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_OR, "or", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_POP_BACK, "pop_back", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_POP_FRONT, "pop_front", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_PREV, "prev", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_PRODUCT, "product", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_PUSH_BACK, "push_back", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_PUSH_FRONT, "push_front", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_REVERSE, "reverse", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_RSORT, "rsort", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_R_AND, "r_and", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_R_OR, "r_or", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_R_PRODUCT, "r_product", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_R_SUM, "r_sum", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_R_XOR, "r_xor", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_SHUFFLE, "shuffle", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_SORT, "sort", false}, \
-           {ARRAY_SUM, "sum", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_UNIQUE, "unique", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_UNIQUE_INDEX, "unique_index", true}, \
-           {ARRAY_XOR, "xor", true}, \
-           {ASSOC_CLEAR, "clear", false}, \
-           {ASSOC_ERASE, "erase", false}, \
-           {ASSOC_EXISTS, "exists", true}, \
-           {ASSOC_FIRST, "first", false}, \
-           {ASSOC_NEXT, "next", false}, \
-           {ASSOC_SIZE, "size", true}, \
-           {CLASS_SET_RANDMODE, "set_randmode", false}, \
-           {DYN_AT_WRITE_APPEND, "atWriteAppend", false}, \
-           {DYN_AT_WRITE_APPEND_BACK, "atWriteAppendBack", false}, \
-           {DYN_CLEAR, "clear", false}, \
-           {DYN_ERASE, "erase", false}, \
-           {DYN_INSERT, "insert", false}, \
-           {DYN_POP, "pop", false}, \
-           {DYN_POP_FRONT, "pop_front", false}, \
-           {DYN_PUSH, "push", false}, \
-           {DYN_PUSH_FRONT, "push_front", false}, \
-           {DYN_RENEW, "renew", false}, \
-           {DYN_RENEW_COPY, "renew_copy", false}, \
-           {DYN_RESIZE, "resize", false}, \
-           {DYN_SIZE, "size", true}, \
-           {DYN_SLICE, "slice", true}, \
-           {DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN, "sliceAssign", false}, \
-           {DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN_BACK_BACK, "sliceAssignBackBack", false}, \
-           {DYN_SLICE_ASSIGN_FRONT_BACK, "sliceAssignFrontBack", false}, \
-           {DYN_SLICE_BACK_BACK, "sliceBackBack", true}, \
-           {DYN_SLICE_FRONT_BACK, "sliceFrontBack", true}, \
-           {EVENT_CLEAR_FIRED, "clearFired", false}, \
-           {EVENT_CLEAR_TRIGGERED, "clearTriggered", false}, \
-           {EVENT_FIRE, "fire", false}, \
-           {EVENT_IS_FIRED, "isFired", true}, \
-           {EVENT_IS_TRIGGERED, "isTriggered", true}, \
-           {FORCE_ADD, "addForce", false}, \
-           {FORCE_READ, "read", true}, \
-           {FORCE_READ_INDEX, "readIndex", true}, \
-           {FORCE_READ_SEL, "readSel", true}, \
-           {FORCE_RELEASE, "release", false}, \
-           {FORCE_TOUCH, "touch", false}, \
-           {FORK_DONE, "done", false}, \
-           {FORK_INIT, "init", false}, \
-           {FORK_JOIN, "join", false}, \
-           {FORK_ON_KILL, "onKill", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_BASIC_STD_RANDOMIZATION, "basicStdRandomization", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_CLEARCONSTRAINTS, "clearConstraints", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_CLEARALL, "clearAll", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_DISABLE_SOFT, "disable_soft", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_HARD, "hard", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_SOFT, "soft", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_UNIQUE, "rand_unique", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_MARK_RANDC, "markRandc", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_SOLVE_BEFORE, "solveBefore", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_PIN_VAR, "pin_var", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_WRITE_VAR, "write_var", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_SET_VAR_DISABLED, "set_var_disabled", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_CLEAR_VAR_DISABLED, "clear_var_disabled", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_MARK_VAR_STATIC, "mark_var_static", false}, \
-           {RANDOMIZER_SET_STATIC_RANDMODE, "set_static_randmode", false}, \
-           {RNG_GET_RANDSTATE, "__Vm_rng.get_randstate", true}, \
-           {RNG_SET_RANDSTATE, "__Vm_rng.set_randstate", false}, \
-           {SCHED_ANY_TRIGGERED, "anyTriggered", false}, \
-           {SCHED_AWAITING_CURRENT_TIME, "awaitingCurrentTime", true}, \
-           {SCHED_AWAITING_ZERO_DELAY, "awaitingZeroDelay", true}, \
-           {SCHED_READY, "ready", false}, \
-           {SCHED_COMMIT, "commit", false}, \
-           {SCHED_MOVE_TO_RESUME_QUEUE, "moveToResumeQueue", false}, \
-           {SCHED_DELAY, "delay", false}, \
-           {SCHED_DO_POST_UPDATES, "doPostUpdates", false}, \
-           {SCHED_ENQUEUE, "enqueue", false}, \
-           {SCHED_EVALUATE, "evaluate", false}, \
-           {SCHED_EVALUATION, "evaluation", false}, \
-           {SCHED_POST_UPDATE, "postUpdate", false}, \
-           {SCHED_RESUME, "resume", false}, \
-           {SCHED_RESUME_ZERO_DELAY, "resumeZeroDelay", false}, \
-           {SCHED_RESUMPTION, "resumption", false}, \
-           {SCHED_TRIGGER, "trigger", false}, \
-           {UNPACKED_ASSIGN, "assign", false}, \
-           {UNPACKED_FILL, "fill", false}, \
-           {UNPACKED_NEQ, "neq", true}, \
-           {_ENUM_MAX, "_ENUM_MAX", false}};
 
 // ######################################################################
 
@@ -1509,6 +1431,110 @@ constexpr bool operator==(VEdgeType::en lhs, const VEdgeType& rhs) { return lhs
 
 // ######################################################################
 
+// Enumeration of the model's evaluation entry points. Fields:
+// is iterated, has triggers, takes 'firstIteration' flag, is slow
+// clang-format off
+#define FOR_EACH_EVAL(macro) \
+    /*    id,        iterated,  hasTrigs, firstIt, slow */ \
+    macro(STATIC,    false,     false,    false,   true) \
+    macro(INITIAL,   false,     false,    false,   true) \
+    macro(STL,       true,      true,     true,    true) \
+    macro(SAMPLE,    false,     false,    false,   false) \
+    macro(ICO,       true,      true,     true,    false) \
+    macro(ACT,       true,      true,     false,   false) \
+    macro(INACT,     true,      false,    false,   false) \
+    macro(NBA,       true,      true,     false,   false) \
+    macro(OBS,       true,      true,     false,   false) \
+    macro(REACT,     true,      true,     false,   false) \
+    macro(POSTPONED, false,     false,    false,   false) \
+    macro(FINAL,     false,     false,    false,   true)
+// clang-format on
+
+class VEval final {
+public:
+    enum en : uint8_t {
+#define VL_EVAL_ID(id, iterated, triggers, first, slow) id,
+        FOR_EACH_EVAL(VL_EVAL_ID)
+#undef VL_EVAL_ID
+            _ENUM_END
+    };
+    enum en m_e;
+
+    const char* ascii() const {
+        static const char* const values[] = {
+#define VL_EVAL_NAME(id, iterated, triggers, first, slow) #id,
+            FOR_EACH_EVAL(VL_EVAL_NAME)
+#undef VL_EVAL_NAME
+                "_ENUM_END"  //
+        };
+        return values[m_e];
+    }
+    bool isIterated() const {
+        static const bool values[] = {
+#define VL_EVAL_IS_ITERATED(id, iterated, triggers, first, slow) iterated,
+            FOR_EACH_EVAL(VL_EVAL_IS_ITERATED)
+#undef VL_EVAL_IS_ITERATED
+                false  //
+        };
+        return values[m_e];
+    }
+    bool hasTriggers() const {
+        static const bool values[] = {
+#define VL_EVAL_HAS_TRIGGERS(id, iterated, triggers, first, slow) triggers,
+            FOR_EACH_EVAL(VL_EVAL_HAS_TRIGGERS)
+#undef VL_EVAL_HAS_TRIGGERS
+                false  //
+        };
+        return values[m_e];
+    }
+    bool firstIteration() const {
+        static const bool values[] = {
+#define VL_EVAL_FIRST(id, iterated, triggers, first, slow) first,
+            FOR_EACH_EVAL(VL_EVAL_FIRST)
+#undef VL_EVAL_FIRST
+                false  //
+        };
+        return values[m_e];
+    }
+    bool slow() const {
+        static const bool values[] = {
+#define VL_EVAL_SLOW(id, iterated, triggers, first, slow) slow,
+            FOR_EACH_EVAL(VL_EVAL_SLOW)
+#undef VL_EVAL_SLOW
+                false  //
+        };
+        return values[m_e];
+    }
+
+    // Short name
+    std::string tag() const { return VString::downcase(ascii()); }
+    // Name of the generated entry point function
+    std::string funcName() const { return "_eval_" + tag(); }
+    // Name of the VerilatedModel virtual method invoking the entry point
+    std::string evalMethod() const { return "eval" + capitalizedTag(); }
+    // Name of the function dumping the triggers of this region
+    std::string dumpTriggersFuncName() const { return "_eval_dump_triggers__" + tag(); }
+    // Name of the VerilatedModel virtual method dumping this region's triggers
+    std::string dumpTriggersMethod() const { return "dumpTriggers" + capitalizedTag(); }
+
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
+    VEval(en _e)
+        : m_e{_e} {}
+    explicit VEval(int _e)
+        : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
+    operator en() const { return m_e; }
+
+private:
+    std::string capitalizedTag() const {
+        const std::string name = ascii();
+        return name.substr(0, 1) + VString::downcase(name.substr(1));
+    }
+};
+
+#undef FOR_EACH_EVAL
+
+// ######################################################################
+
 class VFwdType final {
 public:
     enum en : uint8_t { NONE, ENUM, STRUCT, UNION, CLASS, INTERFACE_CLASS, GENERIC_INTERFACE };

src/V3AstInlines.h

@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ bool AstBasicDType::ascending() const {
 
 bool AstActive::hasClocked() const { return m_sentreep->hasClocked(); }
 bool AstActive::hasCombo() const { return m_sentreep->hasCombo(); }
+bool AstActive::hasInitial() const { return m_sentreep->hasInitial(); }
 bool AstActive::hasStatic() const { return m_sentreep->hasStatic(); }
 
 AstAlways::AstAlways(AstAssignW* assignp)
@@ -160,7 +161,8 @@ AstElabDisplay::AstElabDisplay(FileLine* fl, VDisplayType dispType, AstNodeExpr*
 
 bool AstVar::sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const {
     const AstVar* const asamep = VN_DBG_AS(samep, Var);
-    return m_name == asamep->m_name && varType() == asamep->varType();
+    return m_name == asamep->m_name && varType() == asamep->varType()
+           && covergroupRefMember() == asamep->covergroupRefMember();
 }
 
 AstMatchMasked::AstMatchMasked(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhsp, AstVarScope* matchp)

src/V3AstNodeDType.h

@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ class AstNodeDType VL_NOT_FINAL : public AstNode {
     int m_widthMin
         = 0;  // (also in AstTypeTable::Key) If unsized, bitwidth of minimum implementation
     VSigning m_numeric;  // (also in AstTypeTable::Key) Node is signed
-    // Other members
     bool m_generic = false;  // Simple globally referenced type, don't garbage collect
     // Unique number assigned to each dtype during creation for IEEE matching
     static int s_uniqueNum;
@@ -584,6 +583,7 @@ class AstClassRefDType final : public AstNodeDType {
     //
     // @astgen ptr := m_classp : Optional[AstClass]  // data type pointed to, BELOW the AstTypedef
     // @astgen ptr := m_classOrPackagep : Optional[AstNodeModule]  // Package hierarchy
+    bool m_rawPointer = false;  // Emit as a non-owning C++ pointer rather than VlClassRef
 public:
     AstClassRefDType(FileLine* fl, AstClass* classp, AstPin* paramsp)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_ClassRefDType(fl)
@@ -595,7 +595,8 @@ public:
     // METHODS
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
         const AstClassRefDType* const asamep = VN_DBG_AS(samep, ClassRefDType);
-        return (m_classp == asamep->m_classp && m_classOrPackagep == asamep->m_classOrPackagep);
+        return (m_classp == asamep->m_classp && m_classOrPackagep == asamep->m_classOrPackagep
+                && m_rawPointer == asamep->m_rawPointer);
     }
     bool similarDTypeNode(const AstNodeDType* samep) const override;
     void dump(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
@@ -613,6 +614,9 @@ public:
     void classOrPackagep(AstNodeModule* nodep) { m_classOrPackagep = nodep; }
     AstClass* classp() const VL_MT_STABLE { return m_classp; }
     void classp(AstClass* nodep) { m_classp = nodep; }
+    bool rawPointer() const { return m_rawPointer; }
+    void rawPointer(bool flag) { m_rawPointer = flag; }
+    static void selfTest();
     bool isCompound() const override { return true; }
 };
 class AstConstDType final : public AstNodeDType {
@@ -868,6 +872,8 @@ public:
         dtypep(this);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstIfaceGenericDType;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     void dumpSmall(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool hasDType() const override VL_MT_SAFE { return true; }
     bool maybePointedTo() const override VL_MT_SAFE { return true; }
@@ -918,7 +924,8 @@ public:
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_IfaceRefDType(fl)
         , m_modportFileline{modportFl}
         , m_cellName{cellName}
-        , m_ifaceName{ifaceName} {
+        , m_ifaceName{ifaceName}
+        , m_modportName{modport} {
         addParamsp(paramsp);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstIfaceRefDType;
@@ -968,7 +975,7 @@ class AstMemberDType final : public AstNodeDType {
     string m_tag;  // Holds the string of the verilator tag -- used in JSON output.
     int m_lsb = -1;  // Within this level's packed struct, the LSB of the first bit of the member
     bool m_constrainedRand = false;
-    // UNSUP: int m_randType;    // Randomization type (IEEE)
+    VRandAttr m_rand;  // Randomizability of this member (rand, randc, etc)
 public:
     AstMemberDType(FileLine* fl, const string& name, VFlagChildDType, AstNodeDType* dtp,
                    AstNode* valuep)
@@ -1025,6 +1032,8 @@ public:
     }
     bool isConstrainedRand() const { return m_constrainedRand; }
     void markConstrainedRand(bool flag) { m_constrainedRand = flag; }
+    VRandAttr rand() const { return m_rand; }
+    void rand(const VRandAttr flag) { m_rand = flag; }
 };
 class AstNBACommitQueueDType final : public AstNodeDType {
     // @astgen ptr := m_subDTypep : AstNodeDType  // Type of the corresponding variable
@@ -1038,7 +1047,8 @@ public:
         dtypep(this);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstNBACommitQueueDType;
-
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     AstNodeDType* subDTypep() const override VL_MT_STABLE { return m_subDTypep; }
     bool partial() const { return m_partial; }
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
@@ -1108,6 +1118,8 @@ public:
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstParseTypeDType;
     AstNodeDType* dtypep() const VL_MT_STABLE { return nullptr; }
     // METHODS
+    void dump(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
     bool similarDTypeNode(const AstNodeDType* samep) const override { return this == samep; }
     AstBasicDType* basicp() const override VL_MT_STABLE { return nullptr; }
     int widthAlignBytes() const override { return 0; }
@@ -1452,6 +1464,8 @@ public:
         widthFromSub(subDTypep());
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstUnpackArrayDType;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string prettyDTypeName(bool full) const override;
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
         const AstUnpackArrayDType* const sp = VN_DBG_AS(samep, UnpackArrayDType);

src/V3AstNodeExpr.h

@@ -237,8 +237,9 @@ private:
     string m_name;  // Name of variable
     string m_dotted;  // Dotted part of scope the name()ed task/func is under or ""
     string m_inlinedDots;  // Dotted hierarchy flattened out
-    bool m_pli = false;  // Pli system call ($name)
     bool m_containsGenBlock = false;  // Contains gen block reference
+    bool m_pli = false;  // Pli system call ($name)
+    bool m_superReference = false;  // Called with super reference
     VIsCached m_purity;  // Pure state
 
 protected:
@@ -263,10 +264,12 @@ public:
     void dotted(const string& name) { m_dotted = name; }
     AstNodeModule* classOrPackagep() const { return m_classOrPackagep; }
     void classOrPackagep(AstNodeModule* nodep) { m_classOrPackagep = nodep; }
-    bool pli() const { return m_pli; }
-    void pli(bool flag) { m_pli = flag; }
     bool containsGenBlock() const { return m_containsGenBlock; }
     void containsGenBlock(const bool flag) { m_containsGenBlock = flag; }
+    bool pli() const { return m_pli; }
+    void pli(bool flag) { m_pli = flag; }
+    bool superReference() const { return m_superReference; }
+    void superReference(bool flag) { m_superReference = flag; }
     bool isPure() override;
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
         const AstNodeFTaskRef* const asamep = VN_DBG_AS(samep, NodeFTaskRef);
@@ -276,7 +279,8 @@ public:
                && dotted() == asamep->dotted()  //
                && inlinedDots() == asamep->inlinedDots()  //
                && pli() == asamep->pli()  //
-               && containsGenBlock() == asamep->containsGenBlock();
+               && containsGenBlock() == asamep->containsGenBlock()
+               && superReference() == asamep->superReference();
     }
     string emitVerilog() final override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     string emitC() final override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
@@ -681,9 +685,9 @@ public:
         init(text, setwidth);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCExpr;
+    // METHODS
     void dump(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
     void dumpJson(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
-    // METHODS
     bool cleanOut() const override { return true; }
     std::string emitC() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     std::string emitVerilog() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
@@ -714,6 +718,8 @@ public:
         , m_pure{true} {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCExprUser;
     // METHODS
+    void dump(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
     bool cleanOut() const override { return false; }
     std::string emitC() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     std::string emitVerilog() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
@@ -905,7 +911,7 @@ public:
     string name() const override VL_MT_STABLE { return m_name; }  // * = Var name
     // There's no classOrPackagep(); use classOrPackageNodep() to get Node,
     // or iterating to package with classOrPackageSkipp()
-    AstNodeModule* classOrPackageSkipp() const;
+    AstNodeModule* classOrPackageSkipp(const bool doRefs = true) const;
     AstNode* classOrPackageNodep() const { return m_classOrPackageNodep; }
     void classOrPackageNodep(AstNode* nodep) { m_classOrPackageNodep = nodep; }
     void classOrPackagep(AstNodeModule* nodep) {
@@ -1159,6 +1165,16 @@ public:
         , m_num(this, 1, 0) {  // Need () constructor
         dtypeSetBit();
     }
+    // False but created due to reporting earlier error; suppress some later errors
+    class BitFalseErroring {};
+    AstConst(FileLine* fl, BitFalseErroring)
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_Const(fl)
+        , m_num(this, 1, 0) {  // Need () constructor
+        dtypeSetBit();
+        FileLine* const newfl = new FileLine{fileline()};
+        newfl->erroringOn(true);
+        fileline(newfl);
+    }
     // Shorthand const 1 (or with argument 0/1), dtype should be a bit of size 1
     class BitTrue {};
     AstConst(FileLine* fl, BitTrue, bool on = true)
@@ -1358,6 +1374,8 @@ public:
         this->weightp(weightp);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstDistItem;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string emitVerilog() override { return "%l "s + (m_isWhole ? ":/" : ":=") + " %r"; }
     string emitC() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     bool cleanOut() const override { return false; }  // NA
@@ -2022,21 +2040,33 @@ class AstPast final : public AstNodeExpr {
     // @astgen op1 := exprp : AstNodeExpr
     // @astgen op2 := ticksp : Optional[AstNodeExpr]
     // @astgen op3 := sentreep : Optional[AstSenTree]
+    // @astgen op4 := initp : Optional[AstNodeExpr]  // Default sampled expression
+    // True only for history synthesized as property-evaluation bookkeeping (for example, |=> or
+    // NFA local-variable capture). Source $past and AstPast nodes lowering IEEE sampled-value
+    // functions such as $rose/$fell must remain false so they receive default initialization.
+    bool m_propertyTiming : 1;
+
 public:
     AstPast(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* exprp, AstNodeExpr* ticksp = nullptr,
-            AstSenTree* sentreep = nullptr)
+            AstSenTree* sentreep = nullptr, bool propertyTiming = false)
-        : ASTGEN_SUPER_Past(fl) {
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_Past(fl)
+        , m_propertyTiming{propertyTiming} {
         this->exprp(exprp);
         this->ticksp(ticksp);
         this->sentreep(sentreep);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstPast;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string emitVerilog() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     string emitC() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     string emitSimpleOperator() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     bool cleanOut() const override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     int instrCount() const override { return widthInstrs(); }
-    bool sameNode(const AstNode* /*samep*/) const override { return true; }
+    bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
+        return m_propertyTiming == VN_DBG_AS(samep, Past)->m_propertyTiming;
+    }
+    bool propertyTiming() const { return m_propertyTiming; }
     bool isSystemFunc() const override { return true; }
 };
 class AstPatMember final : public AstNodeExpr {
@@ -2163,6 +2193,8 @@ public:
         dtypeSetUInt32();
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstRand;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string emitVerilog() override {
         return seedp() ? (m_urandom ? "%f$urandom(%l)" : "%f$random(%l)")
                        : (m_urandom ? "%f$urandom()" : "%f$random()");
@@ -2262,24 +2294,25 @@ public:
     bool cleanOut() const override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(false); }
 };
 class AstSConsRep final : public AstNodeExpr {
-    // Consecutive repetition [*N], [*N:M], [+], [*] (IEEE 1800-2023 16.9.2)
+    // Consecutive repetition [*N], [*N:M], [*N:$], [+], [*] (IEEE 1800-2023 16.9.2)
     // op1 := exprp -- the repeated expression
-    // op2 := countp -- min repetition count (N); always a positive constant after V3Width
+    // op2 := countp -- min repetition count (N); always a non-negative constant after V3Width
     // op3 := maxCountp -- max repetition count (M); nullptr when exact or unbounded
     //
     // Encoding:
     //   [*N]:   countp=N, maxCountp=nullptr, unbounded=false
     //   [*N:M]: countp=N, maxCountp=M,       unbounded=false
+    //   [*N:$]: countp=N, maxCountp=nullptr,  unbounded=true
     //   [+]:    countp=1, maxCountp=nullptr,  unbounded=true  (= [*1:$])
     //   [*]:    countp=0, maxCountp=nullptr,  unbounded=true  (= [*0:$])
     //
     // Lowering:
     //   Exact [*N] standalone: V3AssertPre saturating counter
-    //   All other forms and all SExpr-contained forms: V3AssertProp PExpr loop
+    //   All other forms and all SExpr-contained forms: V3AssertNfa
     // @astgen op1 := exprp : AstNodeExpr
     // @astgen op2 := countp : AstNodeExpr
     // @astgen op3 := maxCountp : Optional[AstNodeExpr]
-    const bool m_unbounded = false;  // True for [+] and [*] (upper bound is $)
+    const bool m_unbounded = false;  // True when the upper bound is $
 public:
     // Exact [*N]
     AstSConsRep(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* exprp, AstNodeExpr* countp)
@@ -2287,7 +2320,7 @@ public:
         this->exprp(exprp);
         this->countp(countp);
     }
-    // Range [*N:M] or unbounded [+]/[*]
+    // Range [*N:M] or unbounded [*N:$]/[+]/[*]
     AstSConsRep(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* exprp, AstNodeExpr* countp, AstNodeExpr* maxCountp,
                 bool unbounded)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_SConsRep(fl)
@@ -2554,19 +2587,26 @@ public:
 class AstSampled final : public AstNodeExpr {
     // Verilog $sampled
     // @astgen op1 := exprp : AstNode<AstNodeExpr|AstPropSpec>
+    bool m_internal : 1;  // Internally created, not from a source $sampled
 public:
-    AstSampled(FileLine* fl, AstNode* exprp, AstNodeDType* dtypep)
+    AstSampled(FileLine* fl, AstNode* exprp, AstNodeDType* dtypep, bool internal = false)
-        : ASTGEN_SUPER_Sampled(fl) {
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_Sampled(fl)
+        , m_internal{internal} {
         this->exprp(exprp);
         this->dtypep(dtypep);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstSampled;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string emitVerilog() override { return "$sampled(%l)"; }
     string emitC() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     string emitSimpleOperator() override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     bool cleanOut() const override { V3ERROR_NA_RETURN(""); }
     int instrCount() const override { return 0; }
-    bool sameNode(const AstNode* /*samep*/) const override { return true; }
+    bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
+        return m_internal == VN_DBG_AS(samep, Sampled)->m_internal;
+    }
+    bool internal() const { return m_internal; }
     bool isSystemFunc() const override { return true; }
 };
 class AstScopeName final : public AstNodeExpr {
@@ -3063,6 +3103,8 @@ public:
         dtypeSetInt();
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCompareNN;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     void numberOperate(V3Number& out, const V3Number& lhs, const V3Number& rhs) override {
         out.opCompareNN(lhs, rhs, m_ignoreCase);
     }
@@ -3079,6 +3121,7 @@ public:
     bool cleanRhs() const override { return true; }
     bool sizeMattersLhs() const override { return false; }
     bool sizeMattersRhs() const override { return false; }
+    bool ignoreCase() const { return m_ignoreCase; }
 };
 class AstConcat final : public AstNodeBiop {
     // If you're looking for {#{}}, see AstReplicate
@@ -3258,6 +3301,7 @@ public:
     bool sizeMattersRhs() const override { return false; }
     bool isSystemFunc() const override { return true; }
     int instrCount() const override { return widthInstrs() * 64; }
+    bool isPure() override { return false; }  // SPECIAL: $display has 'visual' ordering
 };
 class AstFUngetC final : public AstNodeBiop {
 public:
@@ -3978,12 +4022,16 @@ public:
 class AstSAnd final : public AstNodeBiop {
     // Sequence 'and' (IEEE 1800-2023 16.9.5): both operand sequences must match.
     // Operates on match sets, not values. For boolean operands, lowered to AstLogAnd.
+    const bool m_propertyControl;  // Parser-generated property if/case branch conjunction
 public:
-    AstSAnd(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhsp, AstNodeExpr* rhsp)
+    AstSAnd(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhsp, AstNodeExpr* rhsp, bool propertyControl = false)
-        : ASTGEN_SUPER_SAnd(fl, lhsp, rhsp) {
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_SAnd(fl, lhsp, rhsp)
+        , m_propertyControl{propertyControl} {
         dtypeSetBit();
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstSAnd;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     void numberOperate(V3Number& out, const V3Number& lhs, const V3Number& rhs) override {
         out.opLogAnd(lhs, rhs);
     }
@@ -3997,6 +4045,10 @@ public:
     bool sizeMattersRhs() const override { return false; }
     int instrCount() const override { return widthInstrs() + INSTR_COUNT_BRANCH; }
     bool isMultiCycleSva() const override { return true; }
+    bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        return m_propertyControl == VN_DBG_AS(samep, SAnd)->m_propertyControl;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    }
+    bool propertyControl() const { return m_propertyControl; }
 };
 class AstSIntersect final : public AstNodeBiop {
     // Sequence 'intersect' (IEEE 1800-2023 16.9.6): both operands match with equal length.
@@ -4886,9 +4938,11 @@ public:
     bool cleanRhs() const override { return true; }
     bool sizeMattersLhs() const override { return false; }
     bool sizeMattersRhs() const override { return false; }
-    bool isGateOptimizable() const override { return false; }  // AssocSel creates on miss
+    bool isGateOptimizable() const override {
+        return !isLValue();  // AssocSel creates on miss
+    }
     bool isPredictOptimizable() const override { return false; }
-    bool isPure() override { return false; }  // AssocSel creates on miss
+    bool isPure() override { return !isLValue(); }  // AssocSel creates on miss
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* /*samep*/) const override { return true; }
     int instrCount() const override { return widthInstrs(); }
 };
@@ -5044,19 +5098,11 @@ public:
 // === AstNodeFTaskRef ===
 class AstFuncRef final : public AstNodeFTaskRef {
     // A reference to a function
-    bool m_superReference = false;  // Called with super reference
 public:
     inline AstFuncRef(FileLine* fl, AstFunc* taskp, AstArg* argsp = nullptr);
     AstFuncRef(FileLine* fl, const string& name, AstArg* argsp = nullptr)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_FuncRef(fl, name, argsp) {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstFuncRef;
-    bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
-        if (!this->AstNodeFTaskRef::sameNode(samep)) return false;
-        const AstFuncRef* const asamep = VN_DBG_AS(samep, FuncRef);
-        return superReference() == asamep->superReference();
-    }
-    bool superReference() const { return m_superReference; }
-    void superReference(bool flag) { m_superReference = flag; }
 };
 class AstMethodCall final : public AstNodeFTaskRef {
     // A reference to a member task (or function)
@@ -5097,7 +5143,6 @@ public:
 };
 class AstTaskRef final : public AstNodeFTaskRef {
     // A reference to a task
-    bool m_superReference = false;  // Called with super reference
 public:
     inline AstTaskRef(FileLine* fl, AstTask* taskp, AstArg* argsp = nullptr);
     AstTaskRef(FileLine* fl, const string& name, AstArg* argsp = nullptr)
@@ -5105,13 +5150,6 @@ public:
         dtypeSetVoid();
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstTaskRef;
-    bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
-        if (!this->AstNodeFTaskRef::sameNode(samep)) return false;
-        const AstTaskRef* const asamep = VN_DBG_AS(samep, TaskRef);
-        return superReference() == asamep->superReference();
-    }
-    bool superReference() const { return m_superReference; }
-    void superReference(bool flag) { m_superReference = flag; }
 };
 
 // === AstNodePreSel ===
@@ -5392,17 +5430,17 @@ public:
     enum FmtType : int { ATOI = 10, ATOHEX = 16, ATOOCT = 8, ATOBIN = 2, ATOREAL = -1 };
 
 private:
-    const FmtType m_fmt;  // Operation type
+    const FmtType m_fmtType;  // Operation type
 public:
-    AstAtoN(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhsp, FmtType fmt)
+    AstAtoN(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhsp, FmtType fmtType)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_AtoN(fl, lhsp)
-        , m_fmt{fmt} {
+        , m_fmtType{fmtType} {
-        fmt == ATOREAL ? dtypeSetDouble() : dtypeSetInteger();
+        fmtType == ATOREAL ? dtypeSetDouble() : dtypeSetInteger();
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstAtoN;
-    void numberOperate(V3Number& out, const V3Number& lhs) override { out.opAtoN(lhs, m_fmt); }
+    void numberOperate(V3Number& out, const V3Number& lhs) override { out.opAtoN(lhs, m_fmtType); }
     string name() const override VL_MT_STABLE {
-        switch (m_fmt) {
+        switch (m_fmtType) {
         case ATOI: return "atoi";
         case ATOHEX: return "atohex";
         case ATOOCT: return "atooct";
@@ -5413,7 +5451,7 @@ public:
     }
     string emitVerilog() override { return "%l." + name() + "()"; }
     string emitC() override {
-        switch (m_fmt) {
+        switch (m_fmtType) {
         case ATOI: return "VL_ATOI_N(%li, 10)";
         case ATOHEX: return "VL_ATOI_N(%li, 16)";
         case ATOOCT: return "VL_ATOI_N(%li, 8)";
@@ -5425,7 +5463,7 @@ public:
     bool cleanOut() const override { return true; }
     bool cleanLhs() const override { return true; }
     bool sizeMattersLhs() const override { return false; }
-    FmtType format() const { return m_fmt; }
+    FmtType fmtType() const { return m_fmtType; }
 };
 class AstBitsToRealD final : public AstNodeUniop {
 public:

src/V3AstNodeOther.h

@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ class AstNodeFTask VL_NOT_FINAL : public AstNode {
     // @astgen op4 := scopeNamep : Optional[AstScopeName]
     string m_name;  // Name of task
     string m_cname;  // Name of task if DPI import
+    string m_dpiCDecl;  // Custom DPI-C function declaration
     string m_ifacePortName;  // Interface port name for out-of-block definition (IEEE 25.8)
     uint64_t m_dpiOpenParent = 0;  // DPI import open array, if !=0, how many callees
     bool m_taskPublic : 1;  // Public task
@@ -199,6 +200,9 @@ public:
     void dpiOpenChild(bool flag) { m_dpiOpenChild = flag; }
     bool dpiTask() const { return m_dpiTask; }
     void dpiTask(bool flag) { m_dpiTask = flag; }
+    bool dpiCDeclOverride() const { return !m_dpiCDecl.empty(); }
+    const string& dpiCDecl() const { return m_dpiCDecl; }
+    void dpiCDecl(const string& cDecl) { m_dpiCDecl = cDecl; }
     bool isConstructor() const { return m_isConstructor; }
     void isConstructor(bool flag) { m_isConstructor = flag; }
     bool isHideLocal() const { return m_isHideLocal; }
@@ -456,6 +460,7 @@ public:
     // METHODS
     inline bool hasClocked() const;
     inline bool hasCombo() const;
+    inline bool hasInitial() const;
     inline bool hasStatic() const;
 };
 class AstAlias final : public AstNode {
@@ -504,6 +509,7 @@ class AstCFunc final : public AstNode {
     // @astgen op1 := argsp : List[AstVar]  // Argument (and return value) variables
     // @astgen op2 := varsp : List[AstVar]  // Local variables
     // @astgen op3 := stmtsp : List[AstNode]
+    // @astgen op4 := scopeNamep : Optional[AstScopeName]  // Scoping context for DPI export
     //
     // @astgen ptr := m_scopep : Optional[AstScope]  // Scope that function is under
     string m_name;
@@ -511,6 +517,7 @@ class AstCFunc final : public AstNode {
     string m_rtnType;  // void, bool, or other return type
     string m_argTypes;  // Argument types
     string m_ifdef;  // #ifdef symbol around this function
+    string m_dpiCDecl;  // Custom DPI-C function declaration
     VBoolOrUnknown m_isConst;  // Function is declared const (*this not changed)
     bool m_isStatic : 1;  // Function is static (no need for a 'this' pointer)
     bool m_isTrace : 1;  // Function is related to tracing
@@ -640,6 +647,9 @@ public:
     void dpiImportPrototype(bool flag) { m_dpiImportPrototype = flag; }
     bool dpiImportWrapper() const { return m_dpiImportWrapper; }
     void dpiImportWrapper(bool flag) { m_dpiImportWrapper = flag; }
+    bool dpiCDeclOverride() const { return !m_dpiCDecl.empty(); }
+    const string& dpiCDecl() const { return m_dpiCDecl; }
+    void dpiCDecl(const string& cDecl) { m_dpiCDecl = cDecl; }
     bool isCoroutine() const { return m_rtnType == "VlCoroutine"; }
     void recursive(bool flag) { m_recursive = flag; }
     bool recursive() const { return m_recursive; }
@@ -650,20 +660,10 @@ public:
     void cost(int cost) { m_cost = cost; }
     // Special methods
     bool emptyBody() const {
-        return !keepIfEmpty() && !argsp() && !varsp() && !stmtsp() && !isVirtual()
+        return !keepIfEmpty() && !argsp() && !varsp() && !stmtsp() && !scopeNamep() && !isVirtual()
                && !dpiImportPrototype();
     }
 };
-class AstCLocalScope final : public AstNode {
-    // Pack statements into an unnamed scope when generating C++
-    // @astgen op1 := stmtsp : List[AstNode]
-public:
-    AstCLocalScope(FileLine* fl, AstNode* stmtsp)
-        : ASTGEN_SUPER_CLocalScope(fl) {
-        addStmtsp(stmtsp);
-    }
-    ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCLocalScope;
-};
 class AstCUse final : public AstNode {
     // C++ use of a class or #include; indicates need of forward declaration
     // Parents:  NODEMODULE
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ public:
     void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
     void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string name() const override VL_MT_STABLE { return m_name; }
-    VCoverOptionType optionType() const { return m_optType; }
+    VCoverOptionType optType() const { return m_optType; }
     bool typeOption() const { return m_typeOption; }
 };
 class AstClassExtends final : public AstNode {
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ class AstClocking final : public AstNode {
     // @astgen op2 := itemsp : List[AstNode]
     // @astgen op3 := eventp : Optional[AstVar]
     std::string m_name;  // Clocking block name
-    const bool m_isDefault;  // True if default clocking
+    bool m_isDefault;  // True if default clocking
     const bool m_isGlobal;  // True if global clocking
 
 public:
@@ -865,6 +865,7 @@ public:
     bool isDefault() const { return m_isDefault; }
     bool isGlobal() const { return m_isGlobal; }
     AstVar* ensureEventp(bool childDType = false);
+    void makeDefault() { m_isDefault = true; }
 };
 class AstClockingItem final : public AstNode {
     // Parents:  CLOCKING
@@ -1042,22 +1043,6 @@ public:
     void isStatic(bool flag) { m_isStatic = flag; }
     bool isStatic() const { return m_isStatic; }
 };
-class AstConstraintBefore final : public AstNode {
-    // Constraint solve before item
-    // @astgen op1 := lhssp : List[AstNodeExpr]
-    // @astgen op2 := rhssp : List[AstNodeExpr]
-public:
-    AstConstraintBefore(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhssp, AstNodeExpr* rhssp)
-        : ASTGEN_SUPER_ConstraintBefore(fl) {
-        addLhssp(lhssp);
-        addRhssp(rhssp);
-    }
-    ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstConstraintBefore;
-    bool isGateOptimizable() const override { return false; }
-    bool isPredictOptimizable() const override { return false; }
-    bool sameNode(const AstNode* /*samep*/) const override { return true; }
-};
-
 class AstCoverBin final : public AstNode {
     // Captures data for a coverpoint 'bins' declaration
     // @astgen op1 := rangesp : List[AstNode]
@@ -1065,7 +1050,7 @@ class AstCoverBin final : public AstNode {
     // @astgen op3 := arraySizep : Optional[AstNodeExpr]
     // @astgen op4 := transp : List[AstCoverTransSet]
     const string m_name;  // Base name of the bin
-    const VCoverBinsType m_type;  // Bin type (eg AUTO, IGNORE, ILLEGAL)
+    const VCoverBinsType m_binsType;  // Bin type (eg AUTO, IGNORE, ILLEGAL)
     bool m_isArray = false;  // Bin is either an auto-sized array of values or transitions
     bool m_isWildcard = false;  // Bin uses wildcard matching (independent of ignore/illegal)
 
@@ -1074,10 +1059,10 @@ public:
                 bool isWildcard = false)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_CoverBin(fl)
         , m_name{name}
-        , m_type{isIllegal ? VCoverBinsType::BINS_ILLEGAL
+        , m_binsType{isIllegal ? VCoverBinsType::BINS_ILLEGAL
-                           : (isIgnore ? VCoverBinsType::BINS_IGNORE
+                               : (isIgnore ? VCoverBinsType::BINS_IGNORE
-                                       : (isWildcard ? VCoverBinsType::BINS_WILDCARD
+                                           : (isWildcard ? VCoverBinsType::BINS_WILDCARD
-                                                     : VCoverBinsType::BINS_USER))}
+                                                         : VCoverBinsType::BINS_USER))}
         , m_isWildcard{isWildcard} {
         addRangesp(rangesp);
     }
@@ -1085,7 +1070,7 @@ public:
     AstCoverBin(FileLine* fl, const string& name, AstNodeExpr* arraySizep)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_CoverBin(fl)
         , m_name{name}
-        , m_type{VCoverBinsType::BINS_AUTO}
+        , m_binsType{VCoverBinsType::BINS_AUTO}
         , m_isArray{true} {
         this->arraySizep(arraySizep);
     }
@@ -1093,13 +1078,13 @@ public:
     AstCoverBin(FileLine* fl, const string& name, VCoverBinsType type)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_CoverBin(fl)
         , m_name{name}
-        , m_type{type} {}
+        , m_binsType{type} {}
     // Constructor for transition bins
     AstCoverBin(FileLine* fl, const string& name, AstCoverTransSet* transp,
                 VCoverBinsType type = VCoverBinsType::BINS_TRANSITION, bool isArrayBin = false)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_CoverBin(fl)
         , m_name{name}
-        , m_type{type}
+        , m_binsType{type}
         , m_isArray{isArrayBin} {
         UASSERT(transp, "AstCoverBin transition constructor requires non-null transp");
         addTransp(transp);
@@ -1108,7 +1093,7 @@ public:
     void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
     void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string name() const override VL_MT_STABLE { return m_name; }
-    VCoverBinsType binsType() const { return m_type; }
+    VCoverBinsType binsType() const { return m_binsType; }
     bool isWildcard() const { return m_isWildcard; }
     bool isArray() const { return m_isArray; }
     void isArray(bool flag) { m_isArray = flag; }
@@ -1116,18 +1101,18 @@ public:
 class AstCoverOption final : public AstNode {
     // Coverage-option assignment
     // @astgen op1 := valuep : AstNodeExpr
-    const VCoverOptionType m_type;  // Option being assigned
+    const VCoverOptionType m_optType;  // Option being assigned
 
 public:
-    AstCoverOption(FileLine* fl, VCoverOptionType type, AstNodeExpr* valuep)
+    AstCoverOption(FileLine* fl, VCoverOptionType optType, AstNodeExpr* valuep)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_CoverOption(fl)
-        , m_type{type} {
+        , m_optType{optType} {
         this->valuep(valuep);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCoverOption;
     void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
     void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
-    VCoverOptionType optionType() const { return m_type; }
+    VCoverOptionType optType() const { return m_optType; }
 };
 class AstCoverTransItem final : public AstNode {
     // Represents a single transition item: value or value[*N] or value[->N] or value[=N]
@@ -1222,6 +1207,16 @@ public:
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstDefParam;
     bool sameNode(const AstNode*) const override { return true; }
 };
+class AstDefaultClocking final : public AstNode {
+    std::string m_name;  // Clocking block name
+
+public:
+    AstDefaultClocking(FileLine* fl, const std::string& name)
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_DefaultClocking(fl)
+        , m_name{name} {}
+    ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstDefaultClocking;
+    std::string name() const override VL_MT_STABLE { return m_name; }
+};
 class AstDefaultDisable final : public AstNode {
     // @astgen op1 := condp : AstNodeExpr
 
@@ -1244,6 +1239,8 @@ public:
         , m_name{vname}
         , m_cname{cname} {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstDpiExport;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string name() const override VL_MT_STABLE { return m_name; }
     void name(const string& name) override { m_name = name; }
     string cname() const { return m_cname; }
@@ -1447,8 +1444,6 @@ class AstNetlist final : public AstNode {
     // @astgen ptr := m_dollarUnitPkgp : Optional[AstPackage]  // $unit
     // @astgen ptr := m_stdPackagep : Optional[AstPackage]  // SystemVerilog std package
     // @astgen ptr := m_stdPackageProcessp : Optional[AstClass]  // SystemVerilog std process class
-    // @astgen ptr := m_evalp : Optional[AstCFunc]  // The '_eval' function
-    // @astgen ptr := m_evalNbap : Optional[AstCFunc]  // The '_eval__nba' function
     // @astgen ptr := m_dpiExportTriggerp : Optional[AstVarScope]  // DPI export trigger variable
     // @astgen ptr := m_delaySchedulerp : Optional[AstVar]  // Delay scheduler variable
     // @astgen ptr := m_nbaEventp : Optional[AstVarScope]  // NBA event variable
@@ -1466,6 +1461,10 @@ class AstNetlist final : public AstNode {
     // AstConst itself, as AstConst is a very common node and only a small fraction carry this
     // name.
     std::unordered_map<const AstConst*, string> m_constOrigParamNames;
+    // The model's evaluation entry point functions
+    std::array<AstCFunc*, VEval::_ENUM_END> m_evalFuncps{};
+    // The trigger dump function of each region if exists, otherwise nullptr
+    std::array<AstCFunc*, VEval::_ENUM_END> m_dumpTriggersFuncps{};
 
 public:
     AstNetlist();
@@ -1489,10 +1488,10 @@ public:
     void astConstOrigParamNameErase(const AstConst* nodep);
     AstPackage* dollarUnitPkgp() const { return m_dollarUnitPkgp; }
     AstPackage* dollarUnitPkgAddp();
-    AstCFunc* evalp() const { return m_evalp; }
+    AstCFunc* evalFuncp(VEval eval) const { return m_evalFuncps[eval]; }
-    void evalp(AstCFunc* funcp) { m_evalp = funcp; }
+    void evalFuncp(VEval eval, AstCFunc* funcp) { m_evalFuncps[eval] = funcp; }
-    AstCFunc* evalNbap() const { return m_evalNbap; }
+    AstCFunc* dumpTriggersFuncp(VEval eval) const { return m_dumpTriggersFuncps[eval]; }
-    void evalNbap(AstCFunc* funcp) { m_evalNbap = funcp; }
+    void dumpTriggersFuncp(VEval eval, AstCFunc* funcp) { m_dumpTriggersFuncps[eval] = funcp; }
     AstVarScope* dpiExportTriggerp() const { return m_dpiExportTriggerp; }
     void dpiExportTriggerp(AstVarScope* varScopep) { m_dpiExportTriggerp = varScopep; }
     AstVar* delaySchedulerp() const { return m_delaySchedulerp; }
@@ -1528,6 +1527,9 @@ public:
         const std::string& name = resolvedTopModuleName();
         return prettyName(name.empty() ? v3Global.rootp()->topModulep()->name() : name);
     }
+
+    // Record statistics for eval functions
+    void addEvalStats(const std::string& phase);
 };
 class AstPackageExport final : public AstNode {
     // A package export declaration
@@ -1679,17 +1681,25 @@ class AstPropSpec final : public AstNode {
     // @astgen op1 := sensesp : Optional[AstSenItem]
     // @astgen op2 := disablep : Optional[AstNodeExpr]
     // @astgen op3 := propp : AstNode
+    // @astgen op4 := matchCountp : Optional[AstNodeExpr] // Cover sequence matches this tick
+    VPropStrength m_propStrength = VPropStrength::DEFAULT;
+
 public:
-    AstPropSpec(FileLine* fl, AstSenItem* sensesp, AstNodeExpr* disablep, AstNode* propp)
+    AstPropSpec(FileLine* fl, AstSenItem* sensesp, AstNodeExpr* disablep, AstNode* propp,
-        : ASTGEN_SUPER_PropSpec(fl) {
+                VPropStrength propStrength = VPropStrength::DEFAULT)
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_PropSpec(fl)
+        , m_propStrength{propStrength} {
         this->sensesp(sensesp);
         this->disablep(disablep);
         this->propp(propp);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstPropSpec;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool hasDType() const override VL_MT_SAFE {
         return true;
     }  // Used under Cover, which expects a bool child
+    VPropStrength propStrength() const { return m_propStrength; }
 };
 class AstPull final : public AstNode {
     // @astgen op1 := lhsp : AstNodeExpr
@@ -1706,7 +1716,9 @@ public:
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
         return direction() == VN_DBG_AS(samep, Pull)->direction();
     }
-    uint32_t direction() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(m_direction); }
+    bool direction() const { return m_direction; }
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
 };
 class AstScope final : public AstNode {
     // A particular usage of a cell
@@ -2091,6 +2103,8 @@ public:
         addOFieldsp(oFieldsp2);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstUdpTableLine;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     int udpIsCombo() const { return m_udpIsCombo; }
 };
 class AstUdpTableLineVal final : public AstNode {
@@ -2152,7 +2166,8 @@ class AstVar final : public AstNode {
     bool m_attrFsmResetArc : 1;  // declared with fsm_reset_arc metacomment
     bool m_attrFsmArcInclCond : 1;  // declared with fsm_arc_include_cond metacomment
     bool m_constPoolEntry : 1;  // Constant pool variable
-    bool m_fileDescr : 1;  // File descriptor
+    bool m_covergroupRefMember : 1;  // Persistent covergroup ref/const ref argument
+    bool m_attrFileDescr : 1;  // File descriptor
     bool m_gotNansiType : 1;  // Linker saw Non-ANSI type declaration
     bool m_icoMaybeWritten : 1;  // Design might write this input signal - for ico change detect
     bool m_isConst : 1;  // Table contains constant data
@@ -2173,7 +2188,7 @@ class AstVar final : public AstNode {
     bool m_noSubst : 1;  // Do not substitute out references
     bool m_sampled : 1;  // Sampled timing region
     bool m_substConstOnly : 1;  // Only substitute if constant
-    bool m_overridenParam : 1;  // Overridden parameter by #(...) or defparam
+    bool m_overriddenParam : 1;  // Overridden parameter by #(...) or defparam
     bool m_trace : 1;  // Trace this variable
     bool m_isLatched : 1;  // Not assigned in all control paths of combo always
     bool m_isForceable : 1;  // May be forced/released externally from user C code
@@ -2216,7 +2231,8 @@ class AstVar final : public AstNode {
         m_attrFsmResetArc = false;
         m_attrFsmArcInclCond = false;
         m_constPoolEntry = false;
-        m_fileDescr = false;
+        m_covergroupRefMember = false;
+        m_attrFileDescr = false;
         m_gotNansiType = false;
         m_icoMaybeWritten = false;
         m_isConst = false;
@@ -2237,7 +2253,7 @@ class AstVar final : public AstNode {
         m_noSubst = false;
         m_sampled = false;
         m_substConstOnly = false;
-        m_overridenParam = false;
+        m_overriddenParam = false;
         m_trace = false;
         m_isLatched = false;
         m_isForceable = false;
@@ -2356,7 +2372,7 @@ public:
     void ansi(bool flag) { m_ansi = flag; }
     void declTyped(bool flag) { m_declTyped = flag; }
     void sensIfacep(AstIface* nodep) { m_sensIfacep = nodep; }
-    void attrFileDescr(bool flag) { m_fileDescr = flag; }
+    void attrFileDescr(bool flag) { m_attrFileDescr = flag; }
     void attrScBv(bool flag) { m_attrScBv = flag; }
     void attrScBigUint(bool flag) { m_attrScBigUint = flag; }
     void attrSFormat(bool flag) { m_attrSFormat = flag; }
@@ -2367,6 +2383,8 @@ public:
     void attrFsmArcInclCond(bool flag) { m_attrFsmArcInclCond = flag; }
     bool constPoolEntry() const { return m_constPoolEntry; }
     void setConstPoolEntry() { m_constPoolEntry = true; }
+    bool covergroupRefMember() const { return m_covergroupRefMember; }
+    void covergroupRefMember(bool flag) { m_covergroupRefMember = flag; }
     void rand(const VRandAttr flag) { m_rand = flag; }
     void usedParam(bool flag) { m_usedParam = flag; }
     void usedLoopIdx(bool flag) { m_usedLoopIdx = flag; }
@@ -2420,8 +2438,8 @@ public:
     void sampled(bool flag) { m_sampled = flag; }
     bool substConstOnly() const { return m_substConstOnly; }
     void substConstOnly(bool flag) { m_substConstOnly = flag; }
-    bool overriddenParam() const { return m_overridenParam; }
+    bool overriddenParam() const { return m_overriddenParam; }
-    void overriddenParam(bool flag) { m_overridenParam = flag; }
+    void overriddenParam(bool flag) { m_overriddenParam = flag; }
     void trace(bool flag) { m_trace = flag; }
     void isLatched(bool flag) { m_isLatched = flag; }
     bool isForceable() const { return m_isForceable; }
@@ -2525,7 +2543,7 @@ public:
     bool isPulldown() const { return m_isPulldown; }
     bool attrScBv() const { return m_attrScBv; }
     bool attrScBigUint() const { return m_attrScBigUint; }
-    bool attrFileDescr() const { return m_fileDescr; }
+    bool attrFileDescr() const { return m_attrFileDescr; }
     bool attrSFormat() const { return m_attrSFormat; }
     bool attrSplitVar() const { return m_attrSplitVar; }
     bool attrFsmState() const { return m_attrFsmState; }
@@ -2723,6 +2741,8 @@ public:
     AstSequence(FileLine* fl, const string& name, AstNode* stmtp)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_Sequence(fl, name, stmtp) {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstSequence;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool hasDType() const override VL_MT_SAFE { return true; }
     AstNodeFTask* cloneType(const string& name) override {
         return new AstSequence{fileline(), name, nullptr};
@@ -2784,11 +2804,14 @@ class AstCoverCross final : public AstNodeFuncCovItem {
     // @astgen op2 := optionsp : List[AstCoverOption]     // post-LinkParse only
     // @astgen op3 := rawBodyp : List[AstNode]  // Parse: raw cross_body items;
     //                                          // post-LinkParse: empty
+    // @astgen op4 := iffp     : Optional[AstNodeExpr]  // Conditional sampling guard
 public:
-    AstCoverCross(FileLine* fl, const string& name, AstCoverpointRef* itemsp)
+    AstCoverCross(FileLine* fl, const string& name, AstCoverpointRef* itemsp,
+                  AstNodeExpr* iffp = nullptr)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_CoverCross(fl, name) {
         UASSERT(itemsp, "AstCoverCross requires at least one coverpoint reference");
         addItemsp(itemsp);
+        this->iffp(iffp);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCoverCross;
     void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
@@ -2889,6 +2912,7 @@ class AstClass final : public AstNodeModule {
     // @astgen op4 := extendsp : List[AstClassExtends]
     // MEMBERS
     // @astgen ptr := m_classOrPackagep : Optional[AstClassPackage]  // Package to be emitted with
+    // @astgen ptr := m_covergroupEnclosingClassp : Optional[AstClass]  // Lexical enclosing class
     uint32_t m_declTokenNum;  // Declaration token number
     VBaseOverride m_baseOverride;  // BaseOverride (inital/final/extends)
     bool m_covergroup = false;  // Is covergroup (TODO perhaps make a new Ast node type for CG?)
@@ -2913,6 +2937,10 @@ public:
     bool timescaleMatters() const override { return false; }
     AstClassPackage* classOrPackagep() const VL_MT_STABLE { return m_classOrPackagep; }
     void classOrPackagep(AstClassPackage* classpackagep) { m_classOrPackagep = classpackagep; }
+    AstClass* covergroupEnclosingClassp() const VL_MT_STABLE {
+        return m_covergroupEnclosingClassp;
+    }
+    void covergroupEnclosingClassp(AstClass* classp) { m_covergroupEnclosingClassp = classp; }
     AstNode* membersp() const VL_MT_STABLE { return stmtsp(); }
     void addMembersp(AstNode* nodep) { addStmtsp(nodep); }
     bool isCovergroup() const { return m_covergroup; }

src/V3AstNodeStmt.h

@@ -163,6 +163,8 @@ protected:
 
 public:
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstNodeIf;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool isGateOptimizable() const override { return false; }
     bool isGateDedupable() const override { return true; }
     int instrCount() const override { return INSTR_COUNT_BRANCH; }
@@ -190,6 +192,8 @@ public:
         this->msbp(msbp);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstNodeReadWriteMem;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool isGateOptimizable() const override { return false; }
     bool isPredictOptimizable() const override { return false; }
     bool isPure() override { return false; }
@@ -262,10 +266,10 @@ public:
     bool isOutputter() override { return true; }
     VAssertCtlType ctlType() const { return m_ctlType; }
     void ctlType(int32_t type) { m_ctlType = VAssertCtlType{type}; }
-    VAssertType ctlAssertTypes() const { return m_assertTypes; }
+    VAssertType assertTypes() const { return m_assertTypes; }
-    void ctlAssertTypes(VAssertType types) { m_assertTypes = types; }
+    void assertTypes(VAssertType types) { m_assertTypes = types; }
-    VAssertDirectiveType ctlDirectiveTypes() const { return m_directiveTypes; }
+    VAssertDirectiveType directiveTypes() const { return m_directiveTypes; }
-    void ctlDirectiveTypes(VAssertDirectiveType types) { m_directiveTypes = types; }
+    void directiveTypes(VAssertDirectiveType types) { m_directiveTypes = types; }
     void dump(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
     void dumpJson(std::ostream& str = std::cout) const override;
 };
@@ -297,6 +301,16 @@ public:
     AstSenTree* sentreep() const { return m_sentreep; }
     void clearSentreep() { m_sentreep = nullptr; }
 };
+class AstCLocalScope final : public AstNodeStmt {
+    // Pack statements into an unnamed scope when generating C++
+    // @astgen op1 := stmtsp : List[AstNode]
+public:
+    AstCLocalScope(FileLine* fl, AstNode* stmtsp)
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_CLocalScope(fl) {
+        addStmtsp(stmtsp);
+    }
+    ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCLocalScope;
+};
 class AstCReturn final : public AstNodeStmt {
     // C++ return from a function
     // @astgen op1 := lhsp : AstNodeExpr
@@ -382,6 +396,8 @@ public:
         , m_fromDollarC{fromDollarC} {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCStmtUser;
     // METHODS
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool isGateOptimizable() const override { return false; }
     bool isOutputter() override { return true; }
     bool isPredictOptimizable() const override { return false; }
@@ -447,10 +463,27 @@ public:
         , m_name{name}
         , m_showAt{showAt} {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstComment;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string name() const override VL_MT_STABLE { return m_name; }  // * = Text
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override { return true; }  // Ignore name in comments
     virtual bool showAt() const { return m_showAt; }
 };
+class AstConstraintBefore final : public AstNodeStmt {
+    // Constraint solve before item
+    // @astgen op1 := lhssp : List[AstNodeExpr]
+    // @astgen op2 := rhssp : List[AstNodeExpr]
+public:
+    AstConstraintBefore(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhssp, AstNodeExpr* rhssp)
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_ConstraintBefore(fl) {
+        addLhssp(lhssp);
+        addRhssp(rhssp);
+    }
+    ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstConstraintBefore;
+    bool isGateOptimizable() const override { return false; }
+    bool isPredictOptimizable() const override { return false; }
+    bool sameNode(const AstNode* /*samep*/) const override { return true; }
+};
 class AstConstraintExpr final : public AstNodeStmt {
     // Constraint expression
     // @astgen op1 := exprp : AstNodeExpr
@@ -557,11 +590,11 @@ class AstDelay final : public AstNodeStmt {
     // @astgen op3 := rhsp : Optional[AstNodeExpr] // Max bound for cycle range or fall delay
     // @astgen op4 := throughoutp : Optional[AstNodeExpr] // Throughout condition (IEEE 16.9.9)
     VTimescale m_timeunit;  // Delay's time unit
-    const bool m_isCycle;  // True if it is a cycle delay
+    const bool m_isCycleDelay;  // True if it is a cycle delay
 public:
-    AstDelay(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhsp, bool isCycle)
+    AstDelay(FileLine* fl, AstNodeExpr* lhsp, bool isCycleDelay)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_Delay(fl)
-        , m_isCycle{isCycle} {
+        , m_isCycleDelay{isCycleDelay} {
         this->lhsp(lhsp);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstDelay;
@@ -571,11 +604,11 @@ public:
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* /*samep*/) const override { return true; }
     void timeunit(const VTimescale& flag) { m_timeunit = flag; }
     VTimescale timeunit() const { return m_timeunit; }
-    bool isCycleDelay() const { return m_isCycle; }
+    bool isCycleDelay() const { return m_isCycleDelay; }
-    bool isRangeDelay() const { return m_isCycle && rhsp() != nullptr; }
+    bool isRangeDelay() const { return m_isCycleDelay && rhsp(); }
     bool isUnbounded() const { return isRangeDelay() && VN_IS(rhsp(), Unbounded); }
     void fallDelay(AstNodeExpr* const fallDelayp) { rhsp(fallDelayp); }
-    AstNodeExpr* fallDelay() const { return m_isCycle ? nullptr : rhsp(); }
+    AstNodeExpr* fallDelay() const { return m_isCycleDelay ? nullptr : rhsp(); }
 };
 class AstDisable final : public AstNodeStmt {
     // @astgen op1 := targetRefp : Optional[AstNodeExpr]  // Reference to link in V3LinkDot
@@ -598,6 +631,7 @@ public:
     explicit AstDisableFork(FileLine* fl)
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_DisableFork(fl) {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstDisableFork;
+    string verilogKwd() const override { return "disable fork"; }
 };
 class AstDisplay final : public AstNodeStmt {
     // Parents: stmtlist
@@ -667,6 +701,8 @@ public:
     bool isPure() override { return false; }
     virtual bool cleanOut() const { return true; }
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* /*samep*/) const override { return true; }
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     VDumpCtlType ctlType() const { return m_ctlType; }
 };
 class AstEventControl final : public AstNodeStmt {
@@ -785,6 +821,8 @@ public:
         this->operandp(operandp);
     }
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstFireEvent;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool isDelayed() const { return m_delayed; }
 };
 class AstInitialAutomaticStmt final : public AstNodeStmt {
@@ -928,6 +966,8 @@ public:
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_MonitorOff(fl)
         , m_off{off} {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstMonitorOff;
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string verilogKwd() const override { return m_off ? "$monitoroff" : "$monitoron"; }
     bool isGateOptimizable() const override { return false; }  // Though deleted before opt
     bool isPredictOptimizable() const override { return false; }  // Though deleted before opt
@@ -940,9 +980,9 @@ public:
     bool off() const { return m_off; }
 };
 class AstPExprClause final : public AstNodeStmt {
-    const bool m_pass;  // True if will be replaced by passing assertion clause, false for
+    const bool m_pass;  // Will be replaced by passing assertion clause, false for
                         // assertion failure clause
-    const bool m_vacuous;  // True if pass is vacuous
+    const bool m_vacuous;  // Pass is vacuous
 
 public:
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstPExprClause;
@@ -950,6 +990,8 @@ public:
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_PExprClause(fl)
         , m_pass{pass}
         , m_vacuous{vacuous} {}
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool pass() const { return m_pass; }
     bool vacuous() const { return m_vacuous; }
 };
@@ -1406,6 +1448,8 @@ public:
         , m_quotedPrefix{quotedPrefix} {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstTracePushPrefix;
     bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override { return false; }
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     string prefix() const { return m_prefix; }
     VTracePrefixType prefixType() const { return m_prefixType; }
     int left() const { return m_left; }
@@ -1431,6 +1475,7 @@ public:
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_WaitFork(fl) {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstWaitFork;
     bool isTimingControl() const override { return true; }
+    string verilogKwd() const override { return "wait fork"; }
 };
 
 // === AstNodeAssign ===
@@ -1568,15 +1613,23 @@ class AstFork final : public AstNodeBlock {
     //
     // @astgen op3 := forksp : List[AstBegin]
     const VJoinType m_joinType;  // Join keyword type
+    bool m_immediateStart = false;  // Fork starts before its parent blocks or exits
+
 public:
     AstFork(FileLine* fl, VJoinType joinType, const string& name = "")
         : ASTGEN_SUPER_Fork(fl, name)
         , m_joinType{joinType} {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstFork;
+    bool sameNode(const AstNode* samep) const override {
+        const AstFork* const asamep = VN_DBG_AS(samep, Fork);
+        return joinType() == asamep->joinType() && immediateStart() == asamep->immediateStart();
+    }
     bool isTimingControl() const override { return !joinType().joinNone(); }
     void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
     void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     VJoinType joinType() const { return m_joinType; }
+    bool immediateStart() const { return m_immediateStart; }
+    void immediateStart(bool flag) { m_immediateStart = flag; }
 };
 
 // === AstNodeCoverOrAssert ===
@@ -1612,6 +1665,8 @@ class AstCover final : public AstNodeCoverOrAssert {
     // @astgen op3 := coverincsp: List[AstNode] // Coverage node
     bool m_isCoverSeq = false;  // 'cover sequence' (IEEE 1800-2023 16.14.3): fires per
                                 // end-of-match, not per property success
+    bool m_isSeqEvent = false;  // Synthesized for a sequence used as an event control
+                                // (IEEE 1800-2023 9.4.2.4)
 public:
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstCover;
     AstCover(FileLine* fl, AstNode* propp, AstNode* stmtsp, VAssertType type,
@@ -1622,6 +1677,8 @@ public:
     void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
     bool isCoverSeq() const { return m_isCoverSeq; }
     void isCoverSeq(bool flag) { m_isCoverSeq = flag; }
+    bool isSeqEvent() const { return m_isSeqEvent; }
+    void isSeqEvent(bool flag) { m_isSeqEvent = flag; }
 };
 class AstRestrict final : public AstNodeCoverOrAssert {
 public:
@@ -1636,10 +1693,16 @@ public:
 // === AstNodeForeach ===
 class AstConstraintForeach final : public AstNodeForeach {
     // Constraint foreach statement
+    bool m_soft;  // is soft foreach, non-standard extension
 public:
-    AstConstraintForeach(FileLine* fl, AstForeachHeader* headerp, AstNode* bodyp)
+    AstConstraintForeach(FileLine* fl, AstForeachHeader* headerp, AstNode* bodyp,
-        : ASTGEN_SUPER_ConstraintForeach(fl, headerp, bodyp) {}
+                         bool soft = false)
+        : ASTGEN_SUPER_ConstraintForeach(fl, headerp, bodyp)
+        , m_soft{soft} {}
     ASTGEN_MEMBERS_AstConstraintForeach;
+    bool isSoft() const { return m_soft; }
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
 };
 class AstForeach final : public AstNodeForeach {
 public:
@@ -1670,6 +1733,8 @@ public:
     void unique0Pragma(bool flag) { m_unique0Pragma = flag; }
     bool priorityPragma() const { return m_priorityPragma; }
     void priorityPragma(bool flag) { m_priorityPragma = flag; }
+    void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
+    void dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const override;
 };
 
 // === AstNodeReadWriteMem ===

src/V3AstNodes.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include "V3Global.h"
 #include "V3Graph.h"
 #include "V3Hasher.h"
+#include "V3InstrCount.h"
+#include "V3Stats.h"
 #include "V3String.h"
 
 #include "V3Ast__gen_impl.h"  // Generated by 'astgen'
@@ -108,11 +110,27 @@ int AstNodeSel::bitConst() const {
     return (constp ? constp->toSInt() : 0);
 }
 
+bool AstNode::isDisableQueuePushSelfStmt() {
+    // Detect LinkJump-generated registration:
+    // __VprocessQueue_*.push_back(std::process::self())
+    AstStmtExpr* const stmtExprp = VN_CAST(this, StmtExpr);
+    if (!stmtExprp) return false;
+    AstCMethodHard* const methodp = VN_CAST(stmtExprp->exprp(), CMethodHard);
+    if (!methodp || methodp->name() != "push_back") return false;
+    AstNode* const basep = AstArraySel::baseFromp(methodp->fromp(), false);
+    if (AstVarRef* const refp = VN_CAST(basep, VarRef)) return refp->varp()->processQueue();
+    if (AstMemberSel* const selp = VN_CAST(basep, MemberSel)) {
+        return selp->varp() && selp->varp()->processQueue();
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 void AstNodeStmt::dump(std::ostream& str) const { this->AstNode::dump(str); }
 void AstNodeStmt::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
 
 void AstNodeCCall::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
+    if (superReference()) str << " [SUPERREF]";
     if (funcp()) {
         str << " " << funcp()->name() << " => ";
         funcp()->dump(str);
@@ -121,6 +139,7 @@ void AstNodeCCall::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     }
 }
 void AstNodeCCall::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, superReference);
     if (funcp()) dumpJsonStr(str, "funcName", funcp()->name());
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
@@ -420,14 +439,19 @@ void AstCReset::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
 void AstCase::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     str << " " << verilogKwd();
+    if (fullPragma()) str << " [FULL]";
+    if (parallelPragma()) str << " [PAR]";
+    if (priorityPragma()) str << " [PRI]";
+    if (uniquePragma()) str << " [UNQ]";
+    if (unique0Pragma()) str << " [UNQ0]";
 }
 void AstCase::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonStr(str, "kwd", verilogKwd());
     dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "full", fullPragma());
     dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "parallel", parallelPragma());
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "priority", priorityPragma());
     dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "unique", uniquePragma());
     dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "unique0", unique0Pragma());
-    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "priority", priorityPragma());
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
 
@@ -468,6 +492,14 @@ void AstSConsRep::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, unbounded);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+void AstSAnd::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
+    if (propertyControl()) str << " [PROPERTY_CONTROL]";
+}
+void AstSAnd::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, propertyControl);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstPropAlways::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
     if (isStrong()) str << " [strong]";
@@ -495,6 +527,7 @@ void AstConstraint::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
         str << " [PROTO]";
     if (isKwdPure()) str << " [KWDPURE]";
     if (isStatic()) str << " [STATIC]";
+    if (baseOverride().isAny()) str << " [" << baseOverride().ascii() << "]";
 }
 void AstConstraint::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isExternDef);
@@ -579,6 +612,15 @@ const char* AstNetlist::broken() const {
     for (const AstVar* const varp : m_deferredParamVarps) {
         BROKEN_RTN(!varp || !varp->brokeExists());
     }
+    for (int i = 0; i < VEval::_ENUM_END; ++i) {
+        const AstCFunc* const funcp = m_evalFuncps[i];
+        const AstCFunc* const dumpp = m_dumpTriggersFuncps[i];
+        BROKEN_RTN(funcp && !funcp->brokeExists());
+        BROKEN_RTN(dumpp && !dumpp->brokeExists());
+        // Once created, an entry point has a trigger dump iff it has triggers
+        BROKEN_RTN(funcp && VEval{i}.hasTriggers() && !dumpp);
+        BROKEN_RTN(dumpp && !VEval{i}.hasTriggers());
+    }
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -694,13 +736,17 @@ string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn, bool forFunc, const string&
 
     asRef = asRef || isDpiOpenArray() || (forFunc && (isWritable() || isRef() || isConstRef()));
 
-    if (forFunc && (isReadOnly() || constRef) && asRef) ostatic = ostatic + "const ";
-
     string oname;
     if (named) {
         if (!namespc.empty()) oname += namespc + "::";
         oname += VIdProtect::protectIf(name(), protect());
     }
+    if (forFunc && (isReadOnly() || constRef) && asRef) {
+        if (VN_IS(dtypep()->skipRefp(), IfaceRefDType)) {
+            return ostatic + dtypep()->cType("", forFunc, false) + " const &" + oname;
+        }
+        ostatic += "const ";
+    }
     return ostatic + dtypep()->cType(oname, forFunc, asRef);
 }
 
@@ -1179,7 +1225,8 @@ AstNodeDType::CTypeRecursed AstNodeDType::cTypeRecurse(bool compound, bool packe
         info.m_type = "VlSampleQueue<" + sub.m_type + ">";
     } else if (const auto* const adtypep = VN_CAST(dtypep, ClassRefDType)) {
         UASSERT_OBJ(!packed, this, "Unsupported type for packed struct or union");
-        info.m_type = "VlClassRef<" + EmitCUtil::prefixNameProtect(adtypep) + ">";
+        const string className = EmitCUtil::prefixNameProtect(adtypep);
+        info.m_type = adtypep->rawPointer() ? className + "*" : "VlClassRef<" + className + ">";
     } else if (const auto* const adtypep = VN_CAST(dtypep, IfaceRefDType)) {
         UASSERT_OBJ(!packed, this, "Unsupported type for packed struct or union");
         info.m_type = EmitCUtil::prefixNameProtect(adtypep->ifaceViaCellp()) + "*";
@@ -1401,6 +1448,9 @@ AstNode* AstArraySel::baseFromp(AstNode* nodep, bool overMembers) {
         } else if (VN_IS(nodep, WildcardSel)) {
             nodep = VN_AS(nodep, WildcardSel)->fromp();
             continue;
+        } else if (VN_IS(nodep, CMethodHard)) {
+            nodep = VN_AS(nodep, CMethodHard)->fromp();
+            continue;
         } else if (overMembers && VN_IS(nodep, MemberSel)) {
             nodep = VN_AS(nodep, MemberSel)->fromp();
             continue;
@@ -1815,10 +1865,16 @@ void AstNode::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
 #endif
         << " {" << fileline()->filenameLetters() << std::dec << fileline()->lastLineno()
         << fileline()->firstColumnLetters() << "}";
-    if (user1p()) str << " u1=" << nodeAddr(user1p());
+    const auto dumpUser = [&str](const char* prefix, const VNUser& user) {
-    if (user2p()) str << " u2=" << nodeAddr(user2p());
+        const std::string s = user.dumpStr([](const void* p) -> std::string {
-    if (user3p()) str << " u3=" << nodeAddr(user3p());
+            return nodeAddr(reinterpret_cast<const AstNode*>(p));
-    if (user4p()) str << " u4=" << nodeAddr(user4p());
+        });
+        if (!s.empty()) str << prefix << s;
+    };
+    dumpUser(" u1=", user1u());
+    dumpUser(" u2=", user2u());
+    dumpUser(" u3=", user3u());
+    dumpUser(" u4=", user4u());
     if (hasDType()) {
         // Final @ so less likely to by accident read it as a nodep
         if (dtypep() == this) {
@@ -1830,6 +1886,7 @@ void AstNode::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     } else {  // V3Broken will throw an error
         if (dtypep()) str << " %Error-dtype-exp=null,got=" << nodeAddr(dtypep());
     }
+    if (fileline()->erroringOn()) str << " [ERRORING]";
     if (name() != "") {
         if (VN_IS(this, Const)) {
             str << "  " << name();  // Already quoted
@@ -1933,15 +1990,15 @@ void AstAssertCtl::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     if (ctlType() != VAssertCtlType::_TO_BE_EVALUATED) {
         str << " [" << ctlType().ascii() << "]";
-        str << " [" << ctlAssertTypes().ascii() << "]";
+        str << " [" << assertTypes().ascii() << "]";
-        str << " [" << ctlDirectiveTypes().ascii() << "]";
+        str << " [" << directiveTypes().ascii() << "]";
     }
 }
 void AstAssertCtl::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     if (ctlType() != VAssertCtlType::_TO_BE_EVALUATED) {
         dumpJsonStr(str, "ctlType", ctlType().ascii());
-        dumpJsonStr(str, "ctlAssertTypes", ctlAssertTypes().ascii());
+        dumpJsonStr(str, "assertTypes", assertTypes().ascii());
-        dumpJsonStr(str, "ctlDirectiveTypes", ctlDirectiveTypes().ascii());
+        dumpJsonStr(str, "directiveTypes", directiveTypes().ascii());
     }
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
@@ -1977,6 +2034,18 @@ string AstBasicDType::prettyDTypeName(bool) const {
 void AstNodeExpr::dump(std::ostream& str) const { this->AstNode::dump(str); }
 void AstNodeExpr::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
 
+void AstPropSpec::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (propStrength() != VPropStrength::DEFAULT) {
+        str << " [" << VString::upcase(propStrength().ascii()) << "]";
+    }
+}
+void AstPropSpec::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    if (propStrength() != VPropStrength::DEFAULT)
+        dumpJsonStr(str, "strength", propStrength().ascii());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+
 AstConst::~AstConst() {
     // Only rare constants carry originating parameter-name metadata. For all other AstConst nodes,
     // the V3Number bit keeps this destructor from touching AstNetlist's side table. When the bit
@@ -2022,6 +2091,8 @@ bool AstNodeExpr::isLValue() const {
         return varrefp->access().isWriteOrRW();
     } else if (const AstMemberSel* const memberselp = VN_CAST(this, MemberSel)) {
         return memberselp->access().isWriteOrRW();
+    } else if (const AstStructSel* const structselp = VN_CAST(this, StructSel)) {
+        return structselp->fromp()->isLValue();
     } else if (const AstSel* const selp = VN_CAST(this, Sel)) {
         return selp->fromp()->isLValue();
     } else if (const AstNodeSel* const nodeSelp = VN_CAST(this, NodeSel)) {
@@ -2080,6 +2151,7 @@ void AstCell::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     }
 }
 void AstCell::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStrFunc(str, modName);
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, origName);
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, verilogName);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, recursive);
@@ -2110,6 +2182,14 @@ void AstCExpr::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "pure", m_pure);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
+void AstCExprUser::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
+    if (m_pure) str << " [PURE]";
+}
+void AstCExprUser::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "pure", m_pure);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 bool AstClass::isCacheableChild(const AstNode* nodep) {
     return VN_IS(nodep, Var) || VN_IS(nodep, Typedef)
            || (VN_IS(nodep, Constraint) && !VN_AS(nodep, Constraint)->isExternProto())
@@ -2136,26 +2216,32 @@ void AstClass::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     if (isCovergroup()) str << " [CG]";
     if (isExtended()) str << " [EXT]";
     if (isInterfaceClass()) str << " [IFCCLS]";
-    if (isVirtual()) str << " [VIRT]";
-    if (useVirtualPublic()) str << " [VIRPUB]";
     if (isPrintedFrom()) str << " [PRINTED]";
+    if (isVirtual()) str << " [VIRT]";
+    if (needRNG()) str << " [NRNG]";
+    if (useVirtualPublic()) str << " [VIRPUB]";
+    if (baseOverride().isAny()) str << " [" << baseOverride().ascii() << "]";
 }
 void AstClass::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     // dumpJsonNumFunc(str, declTokenNum);  // Not dumped as adding token changes whole file
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isCovergroup);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isExtended);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isInterfaceClass);
-    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isVirtual);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isPrintedFrom);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isVirtual);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, needRNG);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, useVirtualPublic);
     if (baseOverride().isAny()) dumpJsonStr(str, "baseOverride", baseOverride().ascii());
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
 void AstClassExtends::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
-    if (isImplements()) str << " [IMPLEMENTS]";
+    if (isImplements()) str << " [IMPL]";
+    if (parameterized()) str << " [PAR]";
 }
 void AstClassExtends::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isImplements);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, parameterized);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
 AstClass* AstClassExtends::classOrNullp() const {
@@ -2181,8 +2267,22 @@ void AstClassRefDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     } else {
         str << " -> UNLINKED";
     }
+    if (rawPointer()) str << " [RAWPTR]";
+}
+void AstClassRefDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, rawPointer);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+void AstClassRefDType::selfTest() {
+    FileLine* const fl = new FileLine{FileLine::commandLineFilename()};
+    AstClassRefDType* const owningp = new AstClassRefDType{fl, nullptr, nullptr};
+    AstClassRefDType* const rawp = new AstClassRefDType{fl, nullptr, nullptr};
+    rawp->rawPointer(true);
+    UASSERT_OBJ(!owningp->sameNode(rawp) && !rawp->sameNode(owningp) && rawp->sameNode(rawp), rawp,
+                "Raw class pointer must have distinct type identity");
+    VL_DO_DANGLING(owningp->deleteTree(), owningp);
+    VL_DO_DANGLING(rawp->deleteTree(), rawp);
 }
-void AstClassRefDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
 void AstClassRefDType::dumpSmall(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dumpSmall(str);
     str << "class:" << name();
@@ -2241,11 +2341,21 @@ void AstNodeCoverOrAssert::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
 void AstCover::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeCoverOrAssert::dump(str);
     if (isCoverSeq()) str << " [COVERSEQ]";
+    if (isSeqEvent()) str << " [SEQEVENT]";
 }
 void AstCover::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isCoverSeq);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isSeqEvent);
     this->AstNodeCoverOrAssert::dumpJson(str);
 }
+void AstConstraintForeach::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeForeach::dump(str);
+    if (isSoft()) str << "[SOFT]";
+}
+void AstConstraintForeach::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isSoft);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstClocking::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     if (isDefault()) str << " [DEFAULT]";
@@ -2286,7 +2396,26 @@ void AstDisplay::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
     str << " [" << displayType().ascii() << "]";
 }
-void AstDisplay::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
+void AstDisplay::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "displayType", displayType().ascii());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+void AstDistItem::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
+    if (isWhole()) str << " [WHOLE]";
+}
+void AstDistItem::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isWhole);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+void AstDumpCtl::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    str << " [" << ctlType().ascii() << "]";
+}
+void AstDumpCtl::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "ctlType", ctlType().ascii());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstEnumDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
     str << " enum";
@@ -2348,6 +2477,29 @@ void AstGenBlock::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
 
+void AstNodeIf::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (isBoundsCheck()) str << " [BOUNDS]";
+}
+void AstNodeIf::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "isBoundsCheck", isBoundsCheck());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+void AstIf::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    str << " " << verilogKwd();
+    if (priorityPragma()) str << " [PRI]";
+    if (uniquePragma()) str << " [UNQ]";
+    if (unique0Pragma()) str << " [UNQ0]";
+}
+void AstIf::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "kwd", verilogKwd());
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "priority", priorityPragma());
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "unique", uniquePragma());
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "unique0", unique0Pragma());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+
 void AstIfaceRefDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
     if (isPortDecl()) str << " [PORTDECL]";
@@ -2485,13 +2637,17 @@ const char* AstLoopTest::broken() const {
 
 void AstMemberDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
-    if (isConstrainedRand()) str << " [CONSTRAINEDRAND]";
+    if (isConstrainedRand()) str << " [CSRAND]";
+    if (rand().isRandomizable()) str << " [" << rand() << "]";
+    if (lsb()) str << " lsb=" << lsb();
     if (name() != "") str << " name=" << name();
     if (tag() != "") str << " tag=" << tag();
 }
 
 void AstMemberDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isConstrainedRand);
+    if (rand().isRandomizable()) dumpJsonStr(str, "rand", rand().ascii());
+    if (lsb() != 0) dumpJsonStr(str, "lsb", std::to_string(lsb()));
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, name);
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, tag);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
@@ -2584,6 +2740,14 @@ void AstModule::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, hasGenericIface);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
+void AstMonitorOff::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    if (off()) str << " [OFF]";
+}
+void AstMonitorOff::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, off);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstPin::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     if (modVarp()) {
@@ -2592,11 +2756,13 @@ void AstPin::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     } else {
         str << " ->UNLINKED";
     }
+    if (param()) str << " [PAR]";
     if (!paramPath().empty()) str << " paramPath=" << paramPath();
     if (svDotName()) str << " [.n]";
     if (svImplicit()) str << " [.SV]";
 }
 void AstPin::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, param);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, svDotName);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, svImplicit);
     if (!paramPath().empty()) dumpJsonStr(str, "paramPath", paramPath());
@@ -2630,7 +2796,14 @@ void AstPrintTimeScale::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonStr(str, "timeunit", timeunit().ascii());
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
-
+void AstPull::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (direction()) str << " [UP]";
+}
+void AstPull::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, direction);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstTime::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeTermop::dump(str);
     str << " " << timeunit();
@@ -2655,6 +2828,16 @@ void AstTimeImport::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonStr(str, "timeunit", timeunit().ascii());
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
+void AstTracePushPrefix::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    if (m_quotedPrefix) str << " [QUOTE]";
+    str << " [" << prefixType().ascii() << "]";
+}
+void AstTracePushPrefix::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, quotedPrefix);
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "prefixType", prefixType().ascii());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstTypedef::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     if (attrPublic()) str << " [PUBLIC]";
@@ -2680,6 +2863,14 @@ void AstTypedefFwd::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
 }
 void AstNodeRange::dump(std::ostream& str) const { this->AstNode::dump(str); }
 void AstNodeRange::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
+void AstRand::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
+    if (urandom()) str << " [U]";
+}
+void AstRand::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "urandom", urandom());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstRandSequence::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     str << " start=" << start();
@@ -2706,8 +2897,18 @@ void AstRange::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, fromBracket);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
+void AstNodeReadWriteMem::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    if (isHex()) str << " [HEX]";
+}
+void AstNodeReadWriteMem::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isHex);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstParamTypeDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
+    if (fwdType() != VFwdType::NONE) str << " [" << fwdType().ascii() << "]";
+    str << " [" << varType().ascii() << "]";
     if (subDTypep()) {
         str << " -> ";
         subDTypep()->dump(str);
@@ -2715,7 +2916,19 @@ void AstParamTypeDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
         str << " -> UNLINKED";
     }
 }
-void AstParamTypeDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
+void AstParamTypeDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "fwdType", fwdType().ascii());
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "varType", varType().ascii());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+void AstParseTypeDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
+    if (fwdType() != VFwdType::NONE) str << " [" << fwdType().ascii() << "]";
+}
+void AstParseTypeDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "fwdType", fwdType().ascii());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstRefDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
     if (typedefp() || subDTypep()) {
@@ -2752,15 +2965,25 @@ void AstNodeUOrStructDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
     if (packed()) str << " [PACKED]";
     if (isFourstate()) str << " [4STATE]";
-    if (classOrPackagep()) str << " pkg=" << nodeAddr(classOrPackagep());
+    if (isConstrainedRand()) str << " [CSRAND]";
     if (emitToString()) str << " [EMITSTR]";
+    if (classOrPackagep()) str << " pkg=" << nodeAddr(classOrPackagep());
 }
 void AstNodeUOrStructDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, packed);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isConstrainedRand);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isFourstate);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, emitToString);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
+void AstUdpTableLine::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (udpIsCombo()) str << " [COMBO]";
+}
+void AstUdpTableLine::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, udpIsCombo);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstUnionDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeUOrStructDType::dump(str);
     if (isSoft()) str << " [soft]";
@@ -2872,11 +3095,21 @@ std::vector<AstUnpackArrayDType*> AstUnpackArrayDType::unpackDimensions() {
     }
     return dims;
 }
+void AstNBACommitQueueDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
+    if (partial()) str << " [PARTIAL]";
+}
+void AstNBACommitQueueDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, partial);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstNetlist::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (timescaleSpecified()) str << " [TIMESCALES]";
     str << " [" << timeunit() << "/" << timeprecision() << "]";
 }
 void AstNetlist::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "timescaleSpecified", timescaleSpecified());
     dumpJsonStr(str, "timeunit", timeunit().ascii());
     dumpJsonStr(str, "timeprecision", timeprecision().ascii());
     dumpJsonGen(str);
@@ -2887,13 +3120,13 @@ void AstNetlist::deleteContents() {
     m_constPoolp = nullptr;
     m_dollarUnitPkgp = nullptr;
     m_stdPackagep = nullptr;
-    m_evalp = nullptr;
-    m_evalNbap = nullptr;
     m_dpiExportTriggerp = nullptr;
     m_delaySchedulerp = nullptr;
     m_nbaEventp = nullptr;
     m_nbaEventTriggerp = nullptr;
     m_topScopep = nullptr;
+    m_evalFuncps.fill(nullptr);
+    m_dumpTriggersFuncps.fill(nullptr);
     if (op1p()) op1p()->unlinkFrBackWithNext()->deleteTree();
     if (op2p()) op2p()->unlinkFrBackWithNext()->deleteTree();
     if (op3p()) op3p()->unlinkFrBackWithNext()->deleteTree();
@@ -2937,6 +3170,18 @@ AstFuncRef* AstNetlist::stdPackageProcessSelfp(FileLine* flp) const {
     processSelfp->classOrPackagep(v3Global.rootp()->stdPackageProcessp());
     return processSelfp;
 }
+void AstNetlist::addEvalStats(const std::string& phase) {
+    if (!v3Global.opt.stats()) return;
+    for (int i = 0; i < VEval::_ENUM_END; ++i) {
+        VEval eval{i};
+        AstCFunc* const funcp = m_evalFuncps[i];
+        if (!funcp) continue;
+        const uint32_t nodes = funcp->nodeCount();
+        const uint32_t instr = V3InstrCount::count(funcp, false);
+        V3Stats::addStat("Size of eval, nodes - '" + eval.tag() + "', " + phase, nodes);
+        V3Stats::addStat("Size of eval, instr - '" + eval.tag() + "', " + phase, instr);
+    }
+}
 void AstNodeModule::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     str << "  L" << level();
@@ -2959,6 +3204,7 @@ void AstNodeModule::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, origName);
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, verilogName);
     dumpJsonNumFunc(str, level);
+    dumpJsonNumFunc(str, depth);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, modPublic);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, inLibrary);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, ctorVarReset);
@@ -2970,6 +3216,16 @@ void AstNodeModule::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     if (libname() != "work") dumpJsonStr(str, "libname=", libname());
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
+void AstPExprClause::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    if (pass()) str << " [PASS]";
+    if (vacuous()) str << " [VACUOUS]";
+}
+void AstPExprClause::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, pass);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, vacuous);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstPackageExport::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     if (packagep()) {
@@ -2978,7 +3234,10 @@ void AstPackageExport::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
         str << " ->UNLINKED:" << pkgName();
     }
 }
-void AstPackageExport::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
+void AstPackageExport::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStrFunc(str, pkgName);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstPackageImport::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     if (packagep()) {
@@ -2991,6 +3250,14 @@ void AstPackageImport::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
 void AstPackageImport::pkgNameFrom() {
     if (packagep()) m_pkgName = packagep()->name();
 }
+void AstPast::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
+    if (propertyTiming()) str << " [PROPERTY_TIMING]";
+}
+void AstPast::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, propertyTiming);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstPatMember::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
     if (isConcat()) str << " [CONCAT]";
@@ -3025,13 +3292,23 @@ VFormatAttr AstSFormatArg::formatAttrDefauled(const AstSFormatArg* nodep,
 void AstSFormatF::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
     if (exprFormat()) str << " [EXPRFMT]";
+    if (hidden()) str << " [HID]";
     if (optionalFormat()) str << " [OPTFMT]";
 }
 void AstSFormatF::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonGen(str);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, exprFormat);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, hidden);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, optionalFormat);
 }
+void AstSampled::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
+    if (internal()) str << " [INTERNAL]";
+}
+void AstSampled::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, internal);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstSel::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeBiop::dump(str);
     str << " widthConst=" << this->widthConst();
@@ -3122,6 +3399,15 @@ bool AstWildcardArrayDType::similarDTypeNode(const AstNodeDType* samep) const {
     const AstWildcardArrayDType* const asamep = VN_DBG_AS(samep, WildcardArrayDType);
     return asamep->subDTypep() && subDTypep()->similarDType(asamep->subDTypep());
 }
+void AstUnpackArrayDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
+    if (isCompound()) str << " [COMPOUND]";
+    str << " " << declRange();
+}
+void AstUnpackArrayDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isCompound);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 bool AstUnpackArrayDType::similarDTypeNode(const AstNodeDType* samep) const {
     const AstUnpackArrayDType* const asamep = VN_DBG_AS(samep, UnpackArrayDType);
     return hi() == asamep->hi() && rangep()->sameTree(asamep->rangep())
@@ -3152,6 +3438,14 @@ void AstVoidDType::dumpSmall(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dumpSmall(str);
     str << "void";
 }
+void AstIfaceGenericDType::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
+    if (modportName() != "") str << " mp=" << modportName();
+}
+void AstIfaceGenericDType::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStrFunc(str, modportName);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstIfaceGenericDType::dumpSmall(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeDType::dumpSmall(str);
     str << "generic_interface";
@@ -3256,6 +3550,7 @@ int AstVarRef::instrCount() const {
 void AstVar::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     if (constPoolEntry()) str << " [CONSTPOOL]";
+    if (covergroupRefMember()) str << " [CGREF]";
     if (isSc()) str << " [SC]";
     if (isPrimaryIO()) str << (isInout() ? " [PIO]" : (isWritable() ? " [PO]" : " [PI]"));
     if (isPrimaryClock()) str << " [PCLK]";
@@ -3271,7 +3566,7 @@ void AstVar::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     if (isInternal()) str << " [INTERNAL]";
     if (isLatched()) str << " [LATCHED]";
     if (isUsedLoopIdx()) str << " [LOOPIDX]";
-    if (rand().isRandomizable()) str << " [" << rand() << "]";
+    if (rand().isRandomizable()) str << " [" << rand().ascii() << "]";
     if (noCReset()) str << " [!CRST]";
     if (noReset()) str << " [!RST]";
     if (processQueue()) str << " [PROCQ]";
@@ -3298,6 +3593,7 @@ void AstVar::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, origName);
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, verilogName);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, constPoolEntry);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, covergroupRefMember);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isSc);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isPrimaryIO);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isPrimaryClock);
@@ -3335,6 +3631,7 @@ void AstVar::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, hasUserInit);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, ignorePostWrite);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, ignoreSchedWrite);
+    if (rand().isRandomizable()) dumpJsonStr(str, "rand", rand().ascii());
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
 void AstScope::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
@@ -3401,7 +3698,7 @@ void AstClassOrPackageRef::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     }
 }
 void AstClassOrPackageRef::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
-AstNodeModule* AstClassOrPackageRef::classOrPackageSkipp() const {
+AstNodeModule* AstClassOrPackageRef::classOrPackageSkipp(const bool doRefs) const {
     AstNode* foundp = m_classOrPackageNodep;
     AstNode* lastp = nullptr;
     while (foundp != lastp) {
@@ -3409,11 +3706,12 @@ AstNodeModule* AstClassOrPackageRef::classOrPackageSkipp() const {
         if (AstNodeDType* const anodep = VN_CAST(foundp, NodeDType)) {
             foundp = anodep->skipRefOrNullp();
         }
-        if (const AstTypedef* const anodep = VN_CAST(foundp, Typedef)) {
+        if (doRefs) {
-            foundp = anodep->subDTypep();
+            if (const AstTypedef* const anodep = VN_CAST(foundp, Typedef)) {
-        }
+                foundp = anodep->subDTypep();
-        if (const AstClassRefDType* const anodep = VN_CAST(foundp, ClassRefDType)) {
+            } else if (const AstClassRefDType* const anodep = VN_CAST(foundp, ClassRefDType)) {
-            foundp = anodep->classp();
+                foundp = anodep->classp();
+            }
         }
     }
     return VN_CAST(foundp, NodeModule);
@@ -3441,6 +3739,8 @@ void AstNodeFTaskRef::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
     if (classOrPackagep()) str << " pkg=" << nodeAddr(classOrPackagep());
     if (containsGenBlock()) str << " [GENBLK]";
+    if (pli()) str << " [PLI]";
+    if (superReference()) str << " [SUPERREF]";
     str << " -> ";
     if (dotted() != "") str << ".=" << dotted() << " ";
     if (taskp()) {
@@ -3452,6 +3752,8 @@ void AstNodeFTaskRef::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
 void AstNodeFTaskRef::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonStrFunc(str, dotted);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, containsGenBlock);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, pli);
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, superReference);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
 void AstNodeFTask::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
@@ -3473,6 +3775,7 @@ void AstNodeFTask::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     if (verilogFunction()) str << " [VFUNC]";
     if (needProcess()) str << " [NPRC]";
     if ((dpiImport() || dpiExport()) && cname() != name()) str << " [c=" << cname() << "]";
+    if (baseOverride().isAny()) str << " [" << baseOverride().ascii() << "]";
 }
 bool AstNodeFTask::isPure() {
     if (!m_purity.isCached()) m_purity.set(getPurityRecurse());
@@ -3538,6 +3841,22 @@ void AstBegin::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, needProcess);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
+void AstComment::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    if (showAt()) str << " [SHOWAT]";
+}
+void AstComment::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, showAt);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+void AstCompareNN::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeExpr::dump(str);
+    if (ignoreCase()) str << " [IGNORECASE]";
+}
+void AstCompareNN::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, ignoreCase);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstNodeCoverDecl::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     if (!page().empty()) str << " page=" << page();
@@ -3597,12 +3916,38 @@ void AstCoverInc::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     }
 }
 void AstCoverInc::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { dumpJsonGen(str); }
+void AstDpiExport::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (cname() != "" && cname() != name()) str << " [c=" << cname() << "]";
+}
+void AstDpiExport::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "cname", cname());
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+void AstFireEvent::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    if (isDelayed()) str << " [DLY]";
+}
+void AstFireEvent::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isDelayed);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstFork::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeBlock::dump(str);
     str << " [" << joinType() << "]";
+    if (immediateStart()) str << " [IMMEDIATE]";
 }
 void AstFork::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonStr(str, "joinType", joinType().ascii());
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, immediateStart);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
+void AstSequence::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeFTask::dump(str);
+    if (isReferenced()) str << " [REFED]";
+}
+void AstSequence::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isReferenced);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
 void AstStop::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
@@ -3615,10 +3960,12 @@ void AstStop::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
 }
 void AstTraceDecl::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    if (inDtypeFunc()) str << " [DT]";
     if (codeAssigned()) str << " [code=" << code() << "]";
     if (dtypeCallp()) str << " [dtypeCallp=" << dtypeCallp() << "]";
 }
 void AstTraceDecl::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, inDtypeFunc);
     dumpJsonNumFunc(str, code);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
@@ -3685,6 +4032,7 @@ void AstCFunc::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     if (needProcess()) str << " [NPRC]";
     if (entryPoint()) str << " [ENTRY]";
     if (noLife()) str << " [NOLIFE]";
+    if (!cname().empty() && cname() != name()) str << " [c=" << cname() << "]";
 }
 void AstCFunc::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, slow);
@@ -3700,6 +4048,7 @@ void AstCFunc::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, isCoroutine);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, needProcess);
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, noLife);
+    dumpJsonStrFunc(str, cname);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
     // TODO: maybe try to shorten these flags somehow
 }
@@ -3746,6 +4095,14 @@ void AstCStmt::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     dumpJsonGen(str);
     if (!stmtType().isNone()) dumpJsonStr(str, "stmtType", stmtType().ascii());
 }
+void AstCStmtUser::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    this->AstNodeStmt::dump(str);
+    if (!fromDollarC()) str << " [$C]";
+}
+void AstCStmtUser::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, fromDollarC);
+    dumpJsonGen(str);
+}
 void AstCUse::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
     str << " [" << useType() << "]";
@@ -3776,10 +4133,12 @@ string AstCase::pragmaString() const {
 }
 
 void AstCgOptionAssign::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
+    str << " [" << optType().ascii() << "]";
     if (typeOption()) str << " [TYPEOPT]";
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
 }
 void AstCgOptionAssign::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
+    dumpJsonStr(str, "optType", optType().ascii());
     dumpJsonBoolFuncIf(str, typeOption);
     dumpJsonGen(str);
 }
@@ -3793,7 +4152,7 @@ void AstDelay::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
 }
 
 const char* AstDisable::broken() const {
-    BROKEN_RTN((m_targetp && targetRefp()) || ((!m_targetp && !targetRefp())));
+    BROKEN_RTN(!m_targetp && !targetRefp());
     return nullptr;
 }
 void AstDisable::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
@@ -3861,14 +4220,16 @@ void AstCoverpoint::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { this->AstNodeFuncCovItem
 
 void AstCoverBin::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
-    str << " " << m_type.ascii();
+    str << " " << m_binsType.ascii();
     if (m_isArray) str << "[]";
+    if (m_isWildcard) str << "[*]";
 }
 
 void AstCoverBin::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dumpJson(str);
-    str << ", \"binsType\": \"" << m_type.ascii() << "\"";
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "isArray", isArray());
-    if (m_isArray) str << ", \"isArray\": true";
+    dumpJsonBoolIf(str, "isWildcard", isWildcard());
+    str << ", \"binsType\": \"" << binsType().ascii() << "\"";
 }
 
 void AstCoverTransItem::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
@@ -3891,12 +4252,12 @@ void AstCoverCross::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const { this->AstNodeFuncCovItem
 
 void AstCoverOption::dump(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dump(str);
-    str << " " << m_type.ascii();
+    str << " " << m_optType.ascii();
 }
 
 void AstCoverOption::dumpJson(std::ostream& str) const {
     this->AstNode::dumpJson(str);
-    str << ", \"optionType\": \"" << m_type.ascii() << "\"";
+    str << ", \"optType\": \"" << m_optType.ascii() << "\"";
 }
 
 void AstCoverpointRef::dump(std::ostream& str) const { this->AstNode::dump(str); }