Version bump

Support SV strings to readmemh, bug1040.
Signed-off-by: Wilson Snyder <[email protected]>
2026-10-03 00:23:35 +02:00 · 2016-03-01 19:12:14 -05:00 · 2016-03-01 18:57:15 -05:00 · 2016-02-21 23:00:21 -05:00 · 2016-02-09 22:16:12 -05:00 · 2016-02-08 22:16:05 -05:00
737 changed files with 28551 additions and 8595 deletions
@@ -23,3 +23,5 @@ gdbrun*
 internals.txt
 verilator.txt
 verilator_bin*
+verilator_coverage_bin*
+verilator.pc
@@ -3,7 +3,466 @@ Revision history for Verilator
 The contributors that suggested a given feature are shown in [].  [by ...]
 indicates the contributor was also the author of the fix; Thanks!

-* Verilator 3.848 2013-06-02
+* Verilator 3.882 2016-03-01
+
+****  Internal Verilation-time performance enhancements, bug1021. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Support inlining interfaces, bug1018. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Support SV strings to readmemh, bug1040. [Stefan Wallentowitz]
+
+****  Fix unrolling complicated for-loop bounds, bug677. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix stats file containing multiple unroll entries, bug1020. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix using short parameter names on negative params, bug1022. [Duraid Madina]
+
+****  Fix read-after-free error, bug1031. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix elaboration-time display warnings, bug1032. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix crash on very deep function trees, bug1028. [Jonathan Kimmitt]
+
+****  Fix slicing mix of big and little-endian, bug1033. [Geoff Barrett]
+
+****  Fix pattern assignment width propagation, bug1037. [Johan Bjork]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.880 2015-12-19
+
+***   Support display %u, %v, %p, %z, bug989. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix real parameters causing bad module names, bug992. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix size-changing cast on packed struct, bug993. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix function calls on arrayed interface, bug994. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix arrayed interfaces, bug879, bug1001. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix constant function assigned to packed structs, bug997. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix interface inside generate, bug998. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix $signed casts under generates, bug999. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix genvar constant propagation, bug1003. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix parameter constant propagation from package, bug1004. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix array slicing of non-const indexes, bug1006. [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix dotted generated array error, bug1005. [Jeff Bush, Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix error instead of warning on large concat, msg1768. [Paul Rolfe]
+
+****  Fix $bitstoreal constant propagation, bug1012. [Jonathan Kimmitt]
+
+****  Fix model restore crash, bug1013. [Jason McMullan]
+
+****  Fix arrayed instances to unpacked of same size, bug1015. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Fix slices of unpacked arrays with non-zero LSBs.
+
+****  Fix ternary operation with unpacked array, bug1017. [Varun Koyyalagunta].
+
+
+* Verilator 3.878 2015-11-01
+
+**    Add --vpi flag, and fix VPI linkage, bug969. [Arthur Kahlich]
+
+**    Support genvar indexes into arrayed cells, bug517.  [Todd Strader]
+
+**    Support $sformatf, bug977. [Johan Bjork]
+
+***   Support elaboration assertions, bug973. [Johan Bjork]
+
+***   Support $display with non-format arguments, bug467. [Jamey Hicks]
+
+****  Add VerilatedScopeNameMap for introspection, bug966. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Ignore %l in $display, bug983. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix very long module names, bug937. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix internal error on dotted refs into generates, bug958. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix structure parameter constant propagation, bug968. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix enum constant propagation, bug970. [Todd Strader]
+
+****  Fix mis-optimizing public DPI functions, bug963. [Wei Song]
+
+****  Fix package:scope.scope variable references.
+
+****  Fix $fwrite to constant stderr/stdout, bug961. [Wei Song]
+
+****  Fix struct.enum.name method calls, bug855. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix dot indexing into arrayed inferfaces, bug978.  [Johan Bjork]
+
+****  Fix crash in commandArgsPlusMatch, bug987. [Jamie Iles]
+
+****  Fix error message on missing interface, bug985. [Todd Strader]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.876 2015-08-12
+
+***   Add tracing_on, etc to vlt files, bug932. [Frederic Requin]
+
+****  Support extraction of enum bits, bug951. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix MinGW compiler error, bug927, bug929. [Hans Tichelaar]
+
+****  Fix .c files to be treated as .cpp, bug930. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix string-to-int space conversion, bug931. [Fabrizio Ferrandi]
+
+****  Fix dpi imports inside generates. [Michael Tresidder]
+
+****  Fix rounding in trace $timescale, bug946. [Frederic Requin]
+
+****  Fix $fopen with SV string, bug947. [Sven Stucki]
+
+****  Fix hashed error with typedef inside block, bug948. [Sven Stucki]
+
+****  Fix makefile with --coverage, bug953. [Eivind Liland]
+
+****  Fix coverage documentation, bug954. [Thomas J Whatson]
+
+****  Fix parameters with function parameter arguments, bug952. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix size casts as second argument of cast item, bug950. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.874 2015-06-06
+
+***   Add pkg-config .pc file, bug919. [Stefan Wallentowitz]
+
+****  Fix installing missing manpages, bug908. [Ahmed El-Mahmoudy]
+
+****  Fix sign extension in large localparams, bug910. [Mike Thyer]
+
+****  Fix core dump in sync-async warnings, bug911. [Sebastian Dressler]
+
+****  Fix truncation warning with -pins-bv, bug912. [Alfonso Martinez]
+
+****  Fix Cygwin uint32 compile, bug914. [Matthew Barr]
+
+****  Fix preprocessing stringified newline escapes, bug915. [Anton Rapp]
+
+****  Fix part-select in constant function, bug916. [Andrew Bardsley]
+
+****  Fix width extension on mis-width ports, bug918. [Patrick Maupin]
+
+****  Fix width propagation on sized casts, bug925. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix MSVC++ compiler error, bug927. [Hans Tichelaar]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.872 2015-04-05
+
+***   Add VerilatedVcdFile to allow real-time waveforms, bug890. [HyungKi Jeong]
+
+***   Add --clk and related optimizations, msg1533. [Jie Xu]
+
+***   Fix order of C style arrays. [Duraid Madina]
+
+****  Add --dump-treei-<srcfile>, bug894. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix comma-instantiations with parameters, bug884. [Franck Jullien]
+
+****  Fix SystemC arrayed bit vectors, bug886. [David Poole]
+
+****  Fix compile error on MinGW, bug887. [HyungKi Jeong]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.870 2015-02-12
+
+****  Suppress COMBDLY when inside always_latch, bug864. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Support cast operator with expression size, bug865. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Add warning on slice selection out of bounds, bug875. [Cong Van Nguyen].
+
+****  Fix member select error broke in 3.868, bug867. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Fix $sccanf from string, bug866. [David Pierce]
+
+****  Fix VM_PARALLEL_BUILDS broke in 3.868, bug870. [Hiroki Honda]
+
+****  Fix non-ANSI modport instantiations, bug868. [Kevin Thompson]
+
+****  Fix UNOPTFLAT change detect on multidim arrays, bug872. [Andrew Bardsley]
+
+****  Fix slice connections of arrays to ports, bug880. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Fix mis-optimizing gate assignments in unopt blocks, bug881. [Mike Thyer]
+
+****  Fix sign extension of pattern members, bug882. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Fix clang compile warnings.
+
+
+* Verilator 3.868 2014-12-20
+
+**    New verilator_coverage program added to replace SystemPerl's vcoverage.
+
+**    PSL support was removed, please use System Verilog assertions.
+
+**    SystemPerl mode is deprecated and now untested.
+
+***   Support enum.first/name and similar methods, bug460, bug848.
+
+***   Add 'string' printing and comparisons, bug746, bug747, etc.
+
+***   Inline C functions that are used only once, msg1525. [Jie Xu]
+
+***   Fix tracing SystemC signals with structures, bug858. [Eivind Liland]
+      Note that SystemC traces will no longer show the signals
+      in the wrapper, they can be seen one level further down.
+
+****  Add --stats-vars, bug851. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+****  Fix bare generates in interfaces, bug789. [Bob Newgard]
+
+****  Fix underscores in real literals, bug863. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.866 2014-11-15
+
+***   Fix +define+A+B to define A and B to match other simulators, bug847. [Adam Krolnik]
+
+***   Add optimization of wires from arrayed cells, msg1447. [Jie Xu]
+
+***   Add optimization of operators between concats, msg1447. [Jie Xu]
+
+***   Add public enums, bug833. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+***   Trace_off now operates on cells, bug826. [Lane Brooks]
+
+****  Fix public parameters in unused packages, bug804. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix select when partially out-of-bound, bug823. [Cliffort Wolf]
+
+****  Fix generate unrolling with function call, bug830. [Steven Slatter]
+
+****  Fix cast-to-size context-determined sizing, bug828. [Geoff Barrett]
+
+****  Fix not tracing modules following primitives, bug837. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix trace overflow on huge arrays, bug834. [Geoff Barrett]
+
+****  Fix quoted comment slashes in defines, bug845. [Adam Krolnik]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.864 2014-09-21
+
+***   Support power operator with real, bug809. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Improve verilator_profcfunc time attributions. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix duplicate anonymous structures in $root, bug788. [Bob Newgard]
+
+****  Fix mis-optimization of bit-swap in wide signal, bug800. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix error when tracing public parameters, bug722. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix dpiGetContext in dotted scopes, bug740. [Geoff Barrett]
+
+****  Fix over-shift structure optimization error, bug803. [Jeff Bush]
+
+****  Fix optional parameter keyword in module #(), bug810. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Fix $warning/$error multi-argument ordering, bug816. [Jonathon Donaldson]
+
+****  Fix clang warnings, bug818. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+****  Fix string formats under deep expressions, bug820. [Iztok Jeras]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.862 2014-06-10
+
+***   Using command line -Wno-{WARNING} now overrides file-local lint_on.
+
+***   Add -P to suppress `line and blanks with preprocessing, bug781. [Derek Lockhart]
+
+***   Support SV 2012 package import before port list.
+
+****  Change SYMRSVDWORD to print as warning rather than error.
+
+****  Fix seg-fault with variable of parameterized interface, bug692. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix false name conflict on cells in generate blocks, bug749. [Igor Lesik]
+
+****  Fix pattern assignment to basic types, bug767. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix pattern assignment to conditionals, bug769. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix shift corner-cases, bug765, bug766, bug768, bug772, bug774, bug776. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix C compiler interpreting signing, bug773. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix late constant division by zero giving X error, bug775. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix gate primitives with arrays and non-arrayed pins.
+
+****  Fix DETECTARRAY error on packed arrays, bug770. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix ENDLABEL warnings on escaped identifiers.
+
+****  Fix string corruption, bug780. [Derek Lockhart]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.860 2014-05-11
+
+**    PSL is no longer supported, please use System Verilog assertions.
+
+**    Support '{} assignment pattern on arrays, bug355.
+
+**    Support streaming operators, bug649. [Glen Gibb]
+
+**    Fix expression problems with -Wno-WIDTH, bug729, bug736, bug737, bug759.
+      Where WIDTH warnings were ignored this might result in different
+      warning messages and results, though it should better match the spec.
+      [Clifford Wolf]
+
+***   Add --no-trace-params.
+
+***   Add assertions on 'unique if', bug725. [Jeff Bush]
+
+***   Add PINCONNECTEMPTY warning. [Holger Waechtler]
+
+***   Support parameter arrays, bug683. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+***   Fix begin_keywords "1800+VAMS", msg1211.
+
+****  Documentation fixes, bug723. [Glen Gibb]
+
+****  Support {} in always sensitivity lists, bug745. [Igor Lesik]
+
+****  Fix tracing of package variables and real arrays.
+
+****  Fix tracing of packed arrays without --trace-structs, bug742. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix missing coverage line on else-if, bug727. [Sharad Bagri]
+
+****  Fix modport function import not-found error.
+
+****  Fix power operator calculation, bug730, bug735. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix reporting struct members as reserved words, bug741. [Chris Randall]
+
+****  Fix change detection error on unions, bug758. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix -Wno-UNOPTFLAT change detection with 64-bits, bug762. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix shift-right optimization, bug763. [Clifford Wolf]
+
+****  Fix Mac OS-X test issues. [Holger Waechtler]
+
+****  Fix C++-2011 warnings.
+
+
+* Verilator 3.856 2014-03-11
+
+***   Support case inside, bug708. [Jan Egil Ruud]
+
+***   Add parameters into trace files, bug706. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+****  Fix parsing "#0 'b0", bug256.
+
+****  Fix array bound checks on real variables.
+
+****  Fix --skip-identical mis-detecting on OS-X, bug707.
+
+****  Fix missing VL_SHIFTRS_IQI with WIDTH warning, bug714. [Fabrizio Ferrandi]
+
+****  Fix signed shift right optimization, bug715. [Fabrizio Ferrandi]
+
+****  Fix internal error on "input x =" syntax error, bug716. [Lane Brooks]
+
+****  Fix slice extraction from packed array, bug717. [Jan Egil Ruud]
+
+****  Fix inside statement EQWILD error, bug718. [Jan Egil Ruud]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.855 2014-01-18
+
+***   Support modport import, bug696. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+***   Add --trace-structs to show struct names, bug673. [Chris Randall]
+
+****  Fix tracing of packed structs, bug705. [Jie Xu]
+
+****  Fix --lint-only with MinGW, msg1283. [HyungKi Jeong]
+
+****  Fix some delayed assignments of typedefed unpacked arrays.
+
+****  Fix wire declarations with size and not range, bug466. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+****  Fix parameter pin vs. normal pin error, bug704. [Alex Solomatnikov]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.854 2013-11-26
+
+***   Add UNPACKED warning to convert unpacked structs. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+***   Add --compiler clang to work around compiler bug, bug694. [Stefan Ludwig]
+
+****  Support vpi_get of vpiSuppressVal, bug687. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Support vpi_get_time, bug688. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Fix evaluation of chained parameter functions, bug684. [Ted Campbell]
+
+****  Fix enum value extension of '1.
+
+****  Fix multiple VPI variable callbacks, bug679. [Rich Porter]
+
+****  Fix vpi_get of vpiSize, bug680. [Rich Porter]
+
+****  Fix vpi_remove_cb inside callback, bug689. [Varun Koyyalagunta]
+
+****  Fix crash with coverage of structures, bug691. [Eivind Liland]
+
+****  Fix array assignment from const var, bug693. [Jie Xu]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.853 2013-09-30
+
+****  Add --no-order-clock-delay to work around bug613. [Charlie Brej]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.852 2013-09-29
+
+***   Support named function and task arguments. [Chris Randall]
+
+***   Report SELRANGE warning for non-generate if, bug675. [Roland Kruse]
+
+****  Fix ordering of $fgetc, msg1229. [Frederic Requin]
+
+****  Fix --output-split-cfunc to count internal functions. [Chris Randall]
+
+****  Fix crash on 32-bit Ubuntu, bug670. [Mark Jackson Pulver]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.851 2013-08-15
+
+***   Fix ordering of clock enables with delayed assigns, bug613. [Jeremy Bennett]
+
+***   Fix vpi_iterate on memory words, bug655. [Rich Porter]
+
+****  Fix final duplicate declarations when non-inlined, bug661. [Charlie Brej]
+
+****  Fix interface ports with comma lists, msg1058. [Ed Lander]
+
+****  Fix parameter real conversion from integer.
+
+****  Fix clang warnings, bug668.  [Yutetsu Takatsukasa]
+
+
+* Verilator 3.850 2013-06-02

 **    Support interfaces and modports, bug102.  [Byron Bradley, Jeremy Bennett]

@@ -19,17 +478,17 @@ indicates the contributor was also the author of the fix; Thanks!
 * Verilator 3.847 2013-05-11

 ***   Add ALWCOMBORDER warning.  [KC Buckenmaier]
-      
+
 ***   Add --pins-sc-uint and --pins-sc-biguint, bug638. [Alex Hornung]
-      
+
 ****  Support "signal[vec]++".
-      
+
 ****  Fix simulation error when inputs and MULTIDRIVEN, bug634. [Ted Campbell]
-      
+
 ****  Fix module resolution with __, bug631. [Jason McMullan]
-      
+
 ****  Fix packed array non-zero right index select crash, bug642. [Krzysztof Jankowski]
-      
+
 ****  Fix nested union crash, bug643. [Krzysztof Jankowski]


@@ -345,7 +804,7 @@ indicates the contributor was also the author of the fix; Thanks!
 ***  Support $fopen and I/O with integer instead of `verilator_file_descriptor.

 ***  Support coverage in -cc and -sc output modes.  [John Li]
-     Note this requires SystemPerl 1.338 or newer.	
+     Note this requires SystemPerl 1.338 or newer.

 **** Fix vpi_register_cb using bad s_cb_data, bug370.  [by Thomas Watts]

@@ -2245,7 +2704,7 @@ of input ports exists for tracing.

 This uses outline mode in Emacs.  See C-h m [M-x describe-mode].

-Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you
+Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 .*\.tex
 .*\.key
 .*\.vcd
+.*\.1
 /obj_dir/
 /obj_dbg/
 /obj_opt/
@@ -27,7 +28,9 @@ config.cache$
 config.status$
 verilator.log
 verilator.tex
+verilator.pc$
 verilator_bin.*
+verilator_coverage_bin.*
 .vcsmx_rebuild$
 autom4te\.cache/
 nodist/
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@
 #
 # This file is part of Verilator.
 #
-# Author: Wilson Snyder <[email protected]>
-#
 # Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -86,6 +84,10 @@ infodir = @infodir@
 # Generally ${prefix}/share/verilator
 pkgdatadir = @pkgdatadir@

+# Directory in which to install pkgconfig file
+# Generall ${prefix}/share/pkgconfig
+pkgconfigdir = @pkgconfigdir@
+
 # Directory in which to install data across multiple architectures
 datarootdir = @datarootdir@

@@ -98,12 +100,15 @@ PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
 #### End of system configuration section. ####
 ######################################################################

+.SUFFIXES:
+
 SHELL = /bin/sh

-SUBDIRS = src test_verilated test_c test_sc test_sp test_regress test_vcs
+SUBDIRS = src test_verilated test_c test_sc test_regress

 INFOS = README README.html README.pdf internals.txt internals.html \
-        internals.pdf verilator.txt verilator.html verilator.1 verilator.pdf
+        internals.pdf verilator.txt verilator.html verilator.pdf \
+	$(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)

 # Files that can be generated, but should be up to date for a distribution.
 DISTDEP = info Makefile
@@ -120,7 +125,9 @@ DISTFILES_INC = $(INFOS) .gitignore Artistic COPYING COPYING.LESSER \
 	include/.*ignore \
 	include/vltstd/*.[chv]* \
 	.*attributes */.*attributes  */*/.*attributes \
-	src/.*ignore src/*.in src/*.cpp src/*.[chly] src/astgen src/bisonpre src/*fix \
+	src/.*ignore src/*.in src/*.cpp src/*.[chly] \
+	src/astgen src/bisonpre src/*fix src/cppcheck_filtered \
+	src/vlcovgen \
 	src/.gdbinit \
 	src/*.pl src/*.pod \
 	test_*/.*ignore test_*/Makefile* test_*/*.cpp \
@@ -139,6 +146,7 @@ DISTFILES_INC = $(INFOS) .gitignore Artistic COPYING COPYING.LESSER \

 INST_PROJ_FILES = \
 	bin/verilator \
+	bin/verilator_coverage \
 	bin/verilator_includer \
 	bin/verilator_profcfunc \
 	include/verilated.mk \
@@ -148,6 +156,7 @@ INST_PROJ_FILES = \
 INST_PROJ_BIN_FILES = \
 	verilator_bin \
 	verilator_bin_dbg \
+	verilator_coverage_bin_dbg \

 DISTFILES := $(DISTFILES_INC)

@@ -164,7 +173,8 @@ all_nomsg: verilator_exe $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 .PHONY:verilator_exe
 .PHONY:verilator_bin
 .PHONY:verilator_bin_dbg
-verilator_exe verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg:
+.PHONY:verilator_coverage_bin_dbg
+verilator_exe verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg verilator_coverage_bin_dbg:
 	@echo ------------------------------------------------------------
 	@echo "making verilator in src" ; \
 	  (cd src && $(MAKE) $(OBJCACHE_JOBS) )
@@ -178,17 +188,15 @@ msg_test: all_nomsg

 .PHONY:test
 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_LONGTESTS),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
-test: test_vcs test_c test_sc test_sp test_verilated test_regress
+test: test_c test_sc test_verilated test_regress
 else
-test: test_c test_sc test_sp
+test: test_c test_sc
 endif
 	@echo "Tests passed!"
 	@echo
 	@echo "Type 'make install' to install documentation."
 	@echo

-test_vcs: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_vcs && $(MAKE))
 test_c: all_nomsg
 	@(cd test_c && $(MAKE))
 test_c_debug: all_nomsg
@@ -197,10 +205,6 @@ test_sc: all_nomsg
 	@(cd test_sc && $(MAKE))
 test_sc_debug: all_nomsg
 	@(cd test_sc && $(MAKE) test_debug)
-test_sp: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_sp && $(MAKE))
-test_sp_debug: all_nomsg
-	@(cd test_sp && $(MAKE) test_debug)
 test_verilated: all_nomsg
 	@(cd test_verilated && $(MAKE))
 test_regress: all_nomsg
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ test_regress: all_nomsg
 info: $(INFOS)

 # Use --no-split to avoid creating filenames > 14 chars.
-verilator.1: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator
+%.1: ${srcdir}/bin/%
 	pod2man $< $@

 verilator.txt: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator
@@ -227,16 +231,16 @@ verilator.pdf: ${srcdir}/bin/verilator Makefile
 	pdflatex verilator.tex
 	-rm -f verilator.toc verilator.aux verilator.idx verilator.out

-README: readme.pod
+README: README.pod
 	-rm -f $@
 	$(POD2TEXT) --loose $< > $@

-README.html: readme.pod
+README.html: README.pod
 	pod2html $< >$@

 # PDF needs DIST variables; but having configure.ac as dependency isn't detected
-README.pdf: readme.pod Makefile
-	pod2latex --full --out README.tex readme.pod
+README.pdf: README.pod Makefile
+	pod2latex --full --out README.tex README.pod
 	$(PERL) $(POD2LATEXFIX) "$(DISTTITLE) README File" "${DISTDATE}" < README.tex > README2.tex
 	mv README2.tex README.tex
 	pdflatex README.tex
@@ -260,13 +264,13 @@ internals.pdf: internals.pod Makefile
 	-rm -f internals.toc internals.aux internals.idx internals.out

 # See uninstall also - don't put wildcards in this variable, it might uninstall other stuff
-VL_INST_BIN_FILES = verilator verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg \
-	verilator_includer verilator_profcfunc
+VL_INST_BIN_FILES = verilator verilator_bin verilator_bin_dbg verilator_coverage_bin_dbg \
+	verilator_coverage verilator_includer verilator_profcfunc
 # Some scripts go into both the search path and pkgdatadir,
 # so they can be found by the user, and under $VERILATOR_ROOT.

 # See uninstall also - don't put wildcards in this variable, it might uninstall other stuff
-VL_INST_MAN_FILES = verilator.1
+VL_INST_MAN_FILES = verilator.1 verilator_coverage.1 verilator_profcfunc.1

 VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES = \
 	include/verilated.mk \
@@ -280,14 +284,15 @@ VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES = \
 	test_v/*.[chv]* \
 	test_c/*.[chv]*   test_c/Makefile  test_c/Makefile_obj  \
 	test_sc/*.[chv]*  test_sc/Makefile test_sc/Makefile_obj \
-	                  test_sp/Makefile test_sp/Makefile_obj \

 installbin:
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)
 	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator )
+	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_coverage $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_coverage )
 	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_profcfunc $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_profcfunc )
 	( $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_bin $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_bin )
 	( $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_bin_dbg $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_bin_dbg )
+	( $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_coverage_bin_dbg $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/verilator_coverage_bin_dbg )
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin
 	( cd ${srcdir}/bin ; $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) verilator_includer $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin/verilator_includer )

@@ -295,7 +300,7 @@ installbin:
 # So important we use $< so VPATH is searched
 installman: $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES)
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1
-	for p in $< ; do \
+	for p in $^ ; do \
 	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1/$$p; \
 	done

@@ -310,12 +315,13 @@ installdata:
 	done
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_c
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_sc
-	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_sp
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_v
 	cd $(srcdir) \
 	; for p in $(VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES) ; do \
 	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/$$p; \
 	done
+	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)
+	$(INSTALL_DATA) verilator.pc $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)

 # We don't trust rm -rf, so rmdir instead as it will fail if user put in other files
 uninstall:
@@ -325,6 +331,7 @@ uninstall:
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_INC_BLDDIR_FILES)
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir) && rm -f $(VL_INST_INC_SRCDIR_FILES)
 	-cd $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples && rm -f $(VL_INST_DATA_SRCDIR_FILES)
+	-rm $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)/verilator.pc
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/bin
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include/vltstd
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/include
@@ -334,6 +341,7 @@ uninstall:
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples/test_v
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)/examples
 	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgdatadir)
+	-rmdir $(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)

 install: all_nomsg install-all
 install-all: installbin installman installdata install-msg
@@ -350,6 +358,7 @@ INST_PROJ_CVS = cp_if_cvs_diff
 install-project: dist
 	@echo "Install-project to $(DIRPROJECT)"
 	strip verilator_bin*
+	strip verilator_coverage_bin*
 	$(MAKE) install-project-quick
 	for p in $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES) ; do \
 	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$p $(DIRPROJECT_PREFIX)/man/man1/$$p; \
@@ -373,6 +382,7 @@ endif
 install-cadtools: dist
 	@echo "Install-project to $(CAD_DIR)"
 	strip verilator_bin*
+	strip verilator_coverage_bin*
 	$(MAKE) install-cadtools-quick
 	$(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstalldirs $(VERILATOR_CAD_DIR)/man/man1
 	for p in $(VL_INST_MAN_FILES) ; do \
@@ -400,8 +410,9 @@ endif
 endif

 # Use --xml flag to see the cppcheck code to use for suppression
-CPPCHECK = cppcheck
-CPPCHECK_FLAGS = --enable=all --inline-suppr --suppress=unusedScopedObject --suppress=cstyleCast
+CPPCHECK = src/cppcheck_filtered
+CPPCHECK_FLAGS = --enable=all --inline-suppr \
+	--suppress=unusedScopedObject --suppress=cstyleCast --suppress=useInitializationList
 CPPCHECK_FLAGS += --xml
 CPPCHECK_CPP = $(wildcard $(srcdir)/include/*.cpp $(srcdir)/src/*.cpp)
 CPPCHECK_DEP = $(subst .cpp,.cppcheck,$(CPPCHECK_CPP))
@@ -416,7 +427,7 @@ ftp: info
 install-msg:
 	@echo "Installed!"
 	@echo
-	@echo "Fod documentation see 'man verilator' or 'verilator --help'"
+	@echo "For documentation see 'man verilator' or 'verilator --help'"
 	@echo "For forums and to report bugs see http://www.veripool.org/verilator"
 	@echo

@@ -458,7 +469,8 @@ clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean::
 	rm -f *.tex

 distclean maintainer-clean::
-	rm -f Makefile config.status config.cache config.log verilator_bin* TAGS
+	rm -f Makefile config.status config.cache config.log TAGS
+	rm -f verilator_bin* verilator_coverage_bin*
 	rm -f include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h

 TAGFILES=${srcdir}/*/*.cpp ${srcdir}/*/*.h ${srcdir}/*/*.in \
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@

 =head1 NAME

-This is the Verilator Package README file.
+This is the Verilator package README file.

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-This package is Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  (Report bugs to
+http://www.veripool.org/verilator
+
+This package is Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  (Report bugs to
 L<http://www.veripool.org/>.)

 Verilator is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
@@ -76,14 +78,6 @@ instead.)

 =item

-If you will be using SystemPerl or coverage, download and install
-System-Perl, L<http://www.veripool.org/systemperl>.  Note you'll need to
-set a C<SYSTEMPERL> environment variable to point to the downloaded kit.
-Optionally also set C<SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE> to point to the installed
-headers.
-
-=item
-
 You will need the C<flex> and C<bison> packages installed.

 =item
@@ -95,8 +89,8 @@ C<cd> to the Verilator directory containing this README.
 You now have to decide how you're going to eventually install the kit.

 Note Verilator builds the current value of VERILATOR_ROOT, SYSTEMC_INCLUDE,
-SYSTEMC_LIBDIR, SYSTEMPERL, and SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE as defaults into the
-executable, so try to have them correct before configuring.
+and SYSTEMC_LIBDIR as defaults into the executable, so try to have them
+correct before configuring.

 =over 4

@@ -123,9 +117,10 @@ and add it to path using Modules/modulecmd:
    After installing you'll want a module file like the following:

    set install_root /CAD_DISK/verilator/{version-number-used-above}
-    setenv VERILATOR_ROOT $install_root
+    unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT
    prepend-path PATH $install_root/bin
    prepend-path MANPATH $install_root/man
+    prepend-path PKG_CONFIG_PATH $install_root/share/pkgconfig

 =item 3.

@@ -198,8 +193,6 @@ The directories in the kit after de-taring are as follows:
    test_v                      => Example Verilog code for other test dirs
    test_c                      => Example Verilog->C++ conversion
    test_sc                     => Example Verilog->SystemC conversion
-    test_sp                     => Example Verilog->SystemPerl conversion
-    test_vcs                    => Example Verilog->VCS conversion (test the test)
    test_verilated              => Internal tests
    test_regress                => Internal tests

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // DESCRIPTION: Verilator: List of To Do issues.
 //
-// Copyright 2004-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2004-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -30,21 +30,6 @@ Configure/Make/Install
 	* Full MSVC++ compilation (does scons support this?) (4.000?)
 	* Distribute with flex/bison already expanded?
 	  Flex library not needed.  Probably too difficult to be worth it.
-	* Integrate SystemPerl coverage
-    	      (Note in /usr/include there are no upper cased include files.)
-		Coverage.pm		-- Need all functionality, but in C?
-		Coverage/Item.pm	-- Need all functionality, but in C?
-		Coverage/ItemKey.pm	-- Need all functionality, but in C?
-		sp_preproc		-- Some steps in here need to be moved to generated C
-		src/Sp.cpp		-- n/a
-		src/SpCommon.h		-- mostly overlaps verilatedos.h
-		src/SpCoverage.cpp/h	-- All needed
-		src/SpFunctor.cpp/h	-- No longer used
-		src/SpTraceVcd.cpp/h	-- MOVED
-		src/SpTraceVcdC.cpp/h	-- MOVED
-		src/sp_log.cpp/h	-- Not needed
-		src/systemperl.h	-- some stuff may be cut
-		vcoverage		-- Need all functionality, but in C?

 Testing:
 	* Move test_c/sp/v/verilated into test_regress format (4.000?)
@@ -53,6 +38,7 @@ Testing:
 	* New random program generator
 	* Better graph viewer with search and zoom
 	* Port and test against opencores.org code
+	* // verilator debug in code so can see only tree affecting those nodes

 Usability:
 	* Detect and pre-remove most UNOPTFLATs (4.000) 
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+: # -*-Mode: perl;-*- use perl, wherever it is
+eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
+  if 0;
+######################################################################
+#
+# Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+# Version 2.0.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+######################################################################
+
+require 5.006_001;
+use warnings;
+BEGIN {
+    if ($ENV{DIRPROJECT} && $ENV{DIRPROJECT_PERL_BOOT}) {
+	# Magic to allow author testing of perl packages in local directory
+	require $ENV{DIRPROJECT}."/".$ENV{DIRPROJECT_PERL_BOOT};
+    }
+}
+
+use Getopt::Long;
+use FindBin qw($RealBin $RealScript);
+use IO::File;
+use Pod::Usage;
+use Cwd qw(abs_path getcwd);
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw ($Debug @Opt_Verilator_Sw);
+
+#######################################################################
+#######################################################################
+# main
+
+autoflush STDOUT 1;
+autoflush STDERR 1;
+
+$Debug = 0;
+
+# No arguments can't do anything useful.  Give help
+if ($#ARGV < 0) {
+    pod2usage(-exitstatus=>2, -verbose=>0);
+}
+
+# We sneak a look at the flags so we can do some pre-environment checks
+# All flags will hit verilator...
+foreach my $sw (@ARGV) {
+    $sw = "'$sw'" if $sw =~ m![^---a-zA-Z0-9_/\\:.+]!;
+    push @Opt_Verilator_Sw, $sw;
+}
+
+Getopt::Long::config ("no_auto_abbrev","pass_through");
+if (! GetOptions (
+	  # Major operating modes
+	  "help"	=> \&usage,
+	  "debug:s"	=> \&debug,
+	  # "version!"	=> \&version,	# Also passthru'ed
+	  # Additional parameters
+	  "<>"		=> sub {},	# Ignored
+    )) {
+    pod2usage(-exitstatus=>2, -verbose=>0);
+}
+
+# Normal, non gdb
+run (verilator_coverage_bin()
+     ." ".join(' ',@Opt_Verilator_Sw));
+
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+sub usage {
+    pod2usage(-verbose=>2, -exitval=>2, -output=>\*STDOUT);
+}
+
+sub debug {
+    shift;
+    my $level = shift;
+    $Debug = $level||3;
+}
+
+#######################################################################
+#######################################################################
+# Builds
+
+sub verilator_coverage_bin {
+    my $bin = "";
+    # Use VERILATOR_ROOT if defined, else assume verilator_bin is in the search path
+    my $basename = ($ENV{VERILATOR_COVERAGE_BIN}
+		    || "verilator_coverage_bin_dbg");
+    if (defined($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT})) {
+	my $dir = $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT};
+	if (-x "$dir/bin/$basename") {  # From a "make install" into VERILATOR_ROOT
+	    $bin = "$dir/bin/$basename";
+	} else {
+	    $bin = "$dir/$basename";  # From pointing to kit directory
+	}
+    } else {
+	if (-x "$RealBin/$basename") {
+	    $bin = "$RealBin/$basename";  # From path/to/verilator with verilator_bin installed
+	} else {
+	    $bin = $basename;  # Find in PATH
+	}
+	# Note we don't look under bin/$basename which would be right if running
+	# in the kit dir. Running that would likely break, since
+	# VERILATOR_ROOT wouldn't be set and Verilator won't find internal files.
+    }
+    return $bin;
+}
+
+#######################################################################
+#######################################################################
+# Utilities
+
+sub run {
+    # Run command, check errors
+    my $command = shift;
+    $! = undef;  # Cleanup -x
+    print "\t$command\n" if $Debug>=3;
+    system($command);
+    my $status = $?;
+    if ($status) {
+	if ($! =~ /no such file or directory/i) {
+	    warn "%Error: verilator_coverage: Misinstalled, or VERILATOR_ROOT might need to be in environment\n";
+	}
+	if ($Debug) {  # For easy rerunning
+	    warn "%Error: export VERILATOR_ROOT=".($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}||"")."\n";
+	    warn "%Error: $command\n";
+	}
+	if ($status & 127) {
+	    if (($status & 127) == 8 || ($status & 127) == 11) { # SIGFPA or SIGSEGV
+		warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage internal fault, sorry.\n" if !$Debug;
+	    } elsif (($status & 127) == 6) {  # SIGABRT
+		warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage aborted.\n" if !$Debug;
+	    } else {
+		warn "%Error: Verilator_coverage threw signal $status.\n" if !$Debug;
+	    }
+	}
+	die "%Error: Command Failed $command\n";
+    }
+}
+
+#######################################################################
+#######################################################################
+package main;
+__END__
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+verilator_coverage - Verilator coverage analyzer
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+    verilator_coverage --help
+    verilator_coverage --version
+
+    verilator_coverage --annotate <obj>
+
+    verilator_coverage  -write merged.dat -read <datafiles>...
+
+Verilator_coverage processes Verilator coverage reports.
+
+With --anotate, it reads the specified data file and generates annotated
+source code with coverage metrics annotated.  If multiple coverage points
+exist on the same line, additional lines will be inserted to report the
+additional points.
+
+Additional Verilog-standard arguments specify the search paths necessary to
+find the source code that the coverage analysis was performed on.
+
+To get correct coverage percentages, you may wish to read logs/coverage.pl
+into Emacs and do a M-x keep-lines to include only those statistics of
+interest.
+
+For Verilog conditions that should never occur, you should add a $stop
+statement.  This will remove the coverage during the next build.
+
+=head1 ARGUMENTS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item I<filename>
+
+Specify input data file, may be repeated to read multiple inputs.  If no
+data file is specified, by default coverage.dat is read.
+
+=item --annotate I<output_directory>
+
+Sprcifies the directory name that source files with annotated coverage data
+should be written to.
+
+=item --annotate-all
+
+Specifies all files should be shown.  By default, only those source files
+which have low coverage are written to the output directory.
+
+=item --annotate-min I<count>
+
+Specifies the minimum occurrence count that should be flagged if the
+coverage point does not include a specified threshold.  Defaults to 10.
+
+=item --help
+
+Displays this message and program version and exits.
+
+=item --rank
+
+Print an experimental report listing the relative importance of each test
+in covering all of the coverage points.  The report shows "Covered" which
+indicates the number of points that test covers; a test is considered to
+cover a point if it has a bucket count of at least 1. The "rank" column has
+a higher number t indicate the test is more important, and rank 0 means the
+test does not need to be run to cover the points.  "RankPts" indicates the
+number of coverage points this test will contribute to overall coverage if
+all tests are run in the order of highest to lowest rank.
+
+=item --unlink
+
+When using --write to combine coverage data, unlink all input files after
+the output has been created.
+
+=item --version
+
+Displays program version and exits.
+
+=item --write I<filename>
+
+Specifies the aggregate coverage results, summed across all the files,
+should be written to the given filename.  This is useful in scripts to
+combine many sequential runs into one master coverage file.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 VERILOG ARGUMENTS
+
+The following arguments are compatible with GCC, VCS and most Verilog
+programs.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item +libext+I<ext>+I<ext>...
+
+Defines the extensions for Verilog files.
+
+=item +define+I<var>+I<value>
+=item -DI<var>=I<value>
+
+Defines the given variable.
+
+=item +incdir+I<dir>
+=item -II<dir>
+
+Specifies a directory for finding include files.
+
+=item -f I<file>
+
+Specifies a file containing additional command line arguments.
+
+=item -y I<dir>
+
+Specifies a module search directory.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 DISTRIBUTION
+
+The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/>.
+
+Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms of
+either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic
+License Version 2.0.
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+Wilson Snyder <[email protected]>
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+C<verilator>
+
+L<verilator_coverage --help> which is the source for this document.
+
+=cut
+
+######################################################################
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Do not show differences in line numbering.

 The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/verilator>.

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you can
+Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
  if 0;
 # DESCRIPTION: Print include statements for each ARGV
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This package is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This package is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 # General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 ######################################################################
@@ -12,5 +12,9 @@ require 5.005;
 use warnings;
 print "// DESCR"."IPTION: Generated by verilator_includer via makefile\n";
 foreach my $param (@ARGV) {
-    print "#include \"$param\"\n"
+    if ($param =~ /^-D([^=]+)=(.*)/) {
+	print "#define $1 $2\n"
+    } else {
+	print "#include \"$param\"\n"
+    }
 }
@@ -118,6 +118,18 @@ sub profcfunc {
 		$groups{type}{"Common code under $design"} += $pct;
 		$groups{design}{$design} += $pct;
 		$groups{module}{$design." common code"} += $pct;
+	    } elsif ($func =~ /^VL_[A-Z0-9_]+/
+		     || $func =~ /^_?vl_[a-zA-Z0-9_]+/
+		     || $func =~ /^verilated/i) {
+		$vfunc = sprintf("VLib      %s", $func);
+		$groups{type}{'VLib'} += $pct;
+		$groups{design}{'VLib'} += $pct;
+		$groups{module}{'VLib'} += $pct;
+	    } elsif ($func =~ /^_mcount_private/) {
+		$vfunc = sprintf("Prof      %s", $func);
+		$groups{type}{'Prof'} += $pct;
+		$groups{design}{'Prof'} += $pct;
+		$groups{module}{'Prof'} += $pct;
 	    } else {
 		$vfunc = sprintf("C++       %s", $func);
 		$groups{type}{'C++'} += $pct;
@@ -129,7 +141,7 @@ sub profcfunc {
    }


-    foreach my $type qw(type design module) {
+    foreach my $type (qw(type design module)) {
 	my $missing = 100;
 	foreach (sort (keys %{$groups{$type}})) {
 	    $missing -= $groups{$type}{$_};
@@ -150,8 +162,10 @@ sub profcfunc {
    print("Verilog code profile:\n");
    print("   These are split into three categories:\n");
    print("      C++:     Time in non-Verilated C++ code\n");
+    print("      Prof:    Time in profile overhead\n");
    print("      VBlock:  Time attributable to a block in a Verilog file and line\n");
    print("      VCommon: Time in a Verilated module, due to all parts of the design\n");
+    print("      VLib:    Time in Verilated common libraries, called by the Verilated code\n");
    print("\n");

    print("  %   cumulative   self              \n");
@@ -208,7 +222,7 @@ Displays this message and program version and exits.

 The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/>.

-Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2007-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 # General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### YYYY-MM-DD])
 #AC_INIT([Verilator],[#.### devel])
-AC_INIT([Verilator],[3.848 2013-06-02])
+AC_INIT([Verilator],[3.882 2016-03-01])
+# When releasing, also update header of Changes file
+
 AC_CONFIG_HEADER(src/config_build.h)
-AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile src/Makefile src/Makefile_obj include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h)
+AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile src/Makefile src/Makefile_obj include/verilated.mk include/verilated_config.h verilator.pc)

 AC_MSG_RESULT([configuring for $PACKAGE_STRING])

@@ -107,30 +109,52 @@ AC_DEFUN([_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT],
   [# _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(flag) -- Check if compiler supports specific options
    ACO_SAVE_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
    # -Werror needed otherwise unknown -Wno-div-by-zero won't report problems
-    CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS $1 -Werror"
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $CXX accepts $1])
+    CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS $2 -Werror"
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $CXX accepts $2])
    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
         [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([],[])],
-	 [_my_result=yes],
+	 [_my_result=yes
+	  if test -s conftest.err; then
+	    if grep -e "$2" conftest.err >/dev/null; then
+	      _my_result=no
+	    fi
+	  fi],
 	 [_my_result=no])
    AC_MSG_RESULT($_my_result)
    if test "$_my_result" = "yes" ; then
-       CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED="$CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED $1"
+       $1="$$1 $2"
    fi
    CXXFLAGS="$ACO_SAVE_CXXFLAGS"
   ])# _MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT

+# Flags for compiling Verilator internals including parser
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-unused-parameter)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-char-subscripts)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Wno-undefined-bool-conversion)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC,-Qunused-arguments)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC)
+
+# Flags for compiling Verilator parser
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-unused)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-parentheses-equality)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER,-Wno-null-conversion)
+AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER)
+
+# Flags for Verilated makefile
 # For example, -Wno-div-by-zero isn't in 4.1.2
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-char-subscripts)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-char-subscripts)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-parentheses-equality)
 # Random code often does / 0.  Unfortunately VL_DIV_I(0,0) will warn
 # without this flag, even though there's a conditional to prevent the divide.
 # We still don't add no-div-by-zero as it throws message to stdout, though doesn't die.
 #_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-div-by-zero)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-sign-compare)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-uninitialized)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-unused-parameter)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-unused-variable)
-_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(-Wno-unused-but-set-variable)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-sign-compare)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-uninitialized)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-unused-but-set-variable)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-unused-parameter)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Wno-unused-variable)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-fbracket-depth=4096)
+_MY_CXX_CHECK_OPT(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED,-Qunused-arguments)
 AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED)

 # Checks for library functions.
@@ -140,6 +164,8 @@ AC_SUBST(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED)
 # Other install directories
 pkgdatadir=${datadir}/verilator
 AC_SUBST(pkgdatadir)
+pkgconfigdir=${datadir}/pkgconfig
+AC_SUBST(pkgconfigdir)

 AC_OUTPUT

@@ -635,9 +635,7 @@ INPUT                  = doxygen-mainpage \
                         test_c \
                         test_regress \
                         test_sc \
-                         test_sp \
                         test_v \
-                         test_vcs \
                         test_verilated

 # This tag can be used to specify the character encoding of the source files
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ void vl_fatal (const char* filename, int linenum, const char* hier, const char*
    Verilated::gotFinish(true);
    VL_PRINTF("%%Error: %s:%d: %s\n", filename, linenum, msg);
    Verilated::flushCall();
+
+    VL_PRINTF("Aborting...\n");
+    Verilated::flushCall();  // Second flush in case VL_PRINTF does something needing a flush
    abort();
 }
 #endif
@@ -207,7 +210,8 @@ WDataOutP _vl_moddiv_w(int lbits, WDataOutP owp, WDataInP lwp, WDataInP rwp, boo
    vluint32_t vn[VL_MULS_MAX_WORDS+1]; // v normalized

    // Zero for ease of debugging and to save having to zero for shifts
-    for (int i=0; i<words; i++) { un[i]=vn[i]=0; }
+    // Note +1 as loop will use extra word
+    for (int i=0; i<words+1; i++) { un[i]=vn[i]=0; }

    // Algorithm requires divisor MSB to be set
    // Copy and shift to normalize divisor so MSB of vn[vw-1] is set
@@ -339,6 +343,12 @@ void _vl_vsformat(string& output, const char* formatp, va_list ap) {
 		output += cstrp;
 		break;
 	    }
+	    case '@': { // Verilog/C++ string
+		va_arg(ap, int);  // # bits is ignored
+		const string* cstrp = va_arg(ap, const string*);
+		output += *cstrp;
+		break;
+	    }
 	    case 'e':
 	    case 'f':
 	    case 'g': {
@@ -364,7 +374,7 @@ void _vl_vsformat(string& output, const char* formatp, va_list ap) {
 		} else {
 		    lwp = va_arg(ap,WDataInP);
 		    ld = lwp[0];
-		    if (fmt == 'u' || fmt == 'd') fmt = 'x';  // Not supported, but show something
+		    if (fmt == 'd' || fmt == '#') fmt = 'x';  // Not supported, but show something
 		}
 		int lsb=lbits-1;
 		if (widthSet && width==0) while (lsb && !VL_BITISSET_W(lwp,lsb)) lsb--;
@@ -394,7 +404,7 @@ void _vl_vsformat(string& output, const char* formatp, va_list ap) {
 		    output += tmp;
 		    break;
 		}
-		case 'u': { // Unsigned decimal
+		case '#': { // Unsigned decimal
 		    int digits=sprintf(tmp,"%" VL_PRI64 "u",ld);
 		    int needmore = width-digits;
 		    if (needmore>0) {
@@ -428,6 +438,7 @@ void _vl_vsformat(string& output, const char* formatp, va_list ap) {
 			output += ((lwp[VL_BITWORD_I(lsb)]>>VL_BITBIT_I(lsb)) & 1) + '0';
 		    }
 		    break;
+		    break;
 		case 'o':
 		    for (; lsb>=0; lsb--) {
 			lsb = (lsb / 3) * 3; // Next digit
@@ -440,6 +451,28 @@ void _vl_vsformat(string& output, const char* formatp, va_list ap) {
 				   + ((VL_BITISSETLIMIT_W(lwp, lbits, lsb+2)) ? 4 : 0));
 		    }
 		    break;
+		case 'u':  // Packed 2-state
+		    output.reserve(output.size() + 4*VL_WORDS_I(lbits));
+		    for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(lbits); i++) {
+			output += (char)((lwp[i] >> 0) & 0xff);
+			output += (char)((lwp[i] >> 8) & 0xff);
+			output += (char)((lwp[i] >> 16) & 0xff);
+			output += (char)((lwp[i] >> 24) & 0xff);
+		    }
+		case 'z':  // Packed 4-state
+		    output.reserve(output.size() + 8*VL_WORDS_I(lbits));
+		    for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(lbits); i++) {
+			output += (char)((lwp[i] >> 0) & 0xff);
+			output += (char)((lwp[i] >> 8) & 0xff);
+			output += (char)((lwp[i] >> 16) & 0xff);
+			output += (char)((lwp[i] >> 24) & 0xff);
+			output += "\0\0\0\0"; // No tristate
+		    }
+		case 'v': // Strength; assume always strong
+		    for (lsb=lbits-1; lsb>=0; lsb--) {
+			if ((lwp[VL_BITWORD_I(lsb)]>>VL_BITBIT_I(lsb)) & 1) output += "St1 ";
+			else output += "St0 ";
+		    }
 		case 'x':
 		    for (; lsb>=0; lsb--) {
 			lsb = (lsb / 4) * 4; // Next digit
@@ -466,7 +499,7 @@ static inline void _vl_vsss_advance(FILE* fp, int& floc) {
    if (fp) fgetc(fp);
    else floc -= 8;
 }
-static inline int  _vl_vsss_peek(FILE* fp, int& floc, WDataInP fromp) {
+static inline int  _vl_vsss_peek(FILE* fp, int& floc, WDataInP fromp, const string& fstr) {
    // Get a character without advancing
    if (fp) {
 	int data = fgetc(fp);
@@ -476,23 +509,26 @@ static inline int  _vl_vsss_peek(FILE* fp, int& floc, WDataInP fromp) {
    } else {
 	if (floc < 0) return EOF;
 	floc = floc & ~7;	// Align to closest character
-	int data = (fromp[VL_BITWORD_I(floc)] >> VL_BITBIT_I(floc)) & 0xff;
-	return data;
+	if (fromp == NULL) {
+	    return fstr[fstr.length()-1 - (floc>>3)];
+	} else {
+	    return (fromp[VL_BITWORD_I(floc)] >> VL_BITBIT_I(floc)) & 0xff;
+	}
    }
 }
-static inline void _vl_vsss_skipspace(FILE* fp, int& floc, WDataInP fromp) {
+static inline void _vl_vsss_skipspace(FILE* fp, int& floc, WDataInP fromp, const string& fstr) {
    while (1) {
-	int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp, floc, fromp);
+	int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp, floc, fromp, fstr);
 	if (c==EOF || !isspace(c)) return;
 	_vl_vsss_advance(fp, floc);
    }
 }
-static inline void _vl_vsss_read(FILE* fp, int& floc, WDataInP fromp,
+static inline void _vl_vsss_read(FILE* fp, int& floc, WDataInP fromp, const string& fstr,
 				 char* tmpp, const char* acceptp) {
    // Read into tmp, consisting of characters from acceptp list
    char* cp = tmpp;
    while (1) {
-	int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp, floc, fromp);
+	int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp, floc, fromp, fstr);
 	if (c==EOF || isspace(c)) break;
 	if (acceptp!=NULL // String - allow anything
 	    && NULL==strchr(acceptp, c)) break;
@@ -537,6 +573,7 @@ static inline void _vl_vsss_based(WDataOutP owp, int obits, int baseLog2, const

 IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
 		  int fbits, WDataInP fromp,  // Else if a sscanf
+		  const string& fstr,  // if a sscanf to string
 		  const char* formatp, va_list ap) {
    // Read a Verilog $sscanf/$fscanf style format into the output list
    // The format must be pre-processed (and lower cased) by Verilator
@@ -547,15 +584,15 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
    bool inPct = false;
    const char* pos = formatp;
    for (; *pos && !_vl_vsss_eof(fp,floc); ++pos) {
-	//VL_PRINTF("_vlscan fmt='%c' floc=%d file='%c'\n", pos[0], floc, _vl_vsss_peek(fp,floc,fromp));
+	//VL_PRINTF("_vlscan fmt='%c' floc=%d file='%c'\n", pos[0], floc, _vl_vsss_peek(fp,floc,fromp,fstr));
 	if (!inPct && pos[0]=='%') {
 	    inPct = true;
 	} else if (!inPct && isspace(pos[0])) {   // Format spaces
 	    while (isspace(pos[1])) pos++;
-	    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
+	    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
 	} else if (!inPct) {   // Expected Format
-	    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
-	    int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp,floc,fromp);
+	    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
+	    int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
 	    if (c != pos[0]) goto done;
 	    else _vl_vsss_advance(fp,floc);
 	} else { // Format character
@@ -564,7 +601,7 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
 	    char fmt = pos[0];
 	    switch (fmt) {
 	    case '%': {
-		int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp,floc,fromp);
+		int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
 		if (c != '%') goto done;
 		else _vl_vsss_advance(fp,floc);
 		break;
@@ -581,15 +618,15 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
 		for (int i=0; i<VL_WORDS_I(obits); i++) owp[i] = 0;
 		switch (fmt) {
 		case 'c': {
-		    int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp,floc,fromp);
+		    int c = _vl_vsss_peek(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
 		    if (c==EOF) goto done;
 		    else _vl_vsss_advance(fp,floc);
 		    owp[0] = c;
 		    break;
 		}
 		case 's': {
-		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
-		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp, tmp, NULL);
+		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
+		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp,fstr, tmp, NULL);
 		    if (!tmp[0]) goto done;
 		    int pos = ((int)strlen(tmp))-1;
 		    int lsb = 0;
@@ -599,8 +636,8 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
 		    break;
 		}
 		case 'd': { // Signed decimal
-		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
-		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp, tmp, "0123456789+-xXzZ?_");
+		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
+		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp,fstr, tmp, "0123456789+-xXzZ?_");
 		    if (!tmp[0]) goto done;
 		    vlsint64_t ld;
 		    sscanf(tmp,"%30" VL_PRI64 "d",&ld);
@@ -610,18 +647,19 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
 		case 'f':
 		case 'e':
 		case 'g': { // Real number
-		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
-		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp, tmp, "+-.0123456789eE");
+		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
+		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp,fstr, tmp, "+-.0123456789eE");
 		    if (!tmp[0]) goto done;
+		    // cppcheck-suppress unusedStructMember  // It's used
 		    union { double r; vlsint64_t ld; } u;
 		    u.r = strtod(tmp, NULL);
 		    VL_SET_WQ(owp,u.ld);
 		    break;
 		}
 		case 't': // FALLTHRU  // Time
-		case 'u': { // Unsigned decimal
-		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
-		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp, tmp, "0123456789+-xXzZ?_");
+		case '#': { // Unsigned decimal
+		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
+		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp,fstr, tmp, "0123456789+-xXzZ?_");
 		    if (!tmp[0]) goto done;
 		    QData ld;
 		    sscanf(tmp,"%30" VL_PRI64 "u",&ld);
@@ -629,22 +667,22 @@ IData _vl_vsscanf(FILE* fp,  // If a fscanf
 		    break;
 		}
 		case 'b': {
-		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
-		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp, tmp, "01xXzZ?_");
+		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
+		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp,fstr, tmp, "01xXzZ?_");
 		    if (!tmp[0]) goto done;
 		    _vl_vsss_based(owp,obits, 1, tmp, 0, (int)strlen(tmp));
 		    break;
 		}
 		case 'o': {
-		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
-		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp, tmp, "01234567xXzZ?_");
+		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
+		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp,fstr, tmp, "01234567xXzZ?_");
 		    if (!tmp[0]) goto done;
 		    _vl_vsss_based(owp,obits, 3, tmp, 0, (int)strlen(tmp));
 		    break;
 		}
 		case 'x': {
-		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp);
-		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp, tmp, "0123456789abcdefABCDEFxXzZ?_");
+		    _vl_vsss_skipspace(fp,floc,fromp,fstr);
+		    _vl_vsss_read(fp,floc,fromp,fstr, tmp, "0123456789abcdefABCDEFxXzZ?_");
 		    if (!tmp[0]) goto done;
 		    _vl_vsss_based(owp,obits, 4, tmp, 0, (int)strlen(tmp));
 		    break;
@@ -694,8 +732,8 @@ void _VL_VINT_TO_STRING(int obits, char* destoutp, WDataInP sourcep) {
 	    start = false;	// Drop leading 0s
 	}
    }
-    *destp++ = '\0'; // Terminate
-    while (isspace(*(destp-1)) && destp>destoutp) *--destp = '\0';  // Drop trailing spaces
+    *destp = '\0'; // Terminate
+    if (!start) while (isspace(*(destp-1)) && destp>destoutp) *--destp = '\0';  // Drop trailing spaces
 }

 void _VL_STRING_TO_VINT(int obits, void* destp, int srclen, const char* srcp) {
@@ -736,6 +774,11 @@ IData VL_FGETS_IXI(int obits, void* destp, IData fpi) {
    return got;
 }

+IData VL_FOPEN_NI(const string& filename, IData mode) {
+    char modez[5];
+    _VL_VINT_TO_STRING(VL_WORDSIZE, modez, &mode);
+    return VL_FOPEN_S(filename.c_str(), modez);
+}
 IData VL_FOPEN_QI(QData filename, IData mode) {
    IData fnw[2];  VL_SET_WQ(fnw, filename);
    return VL_FOPEN_WI(2, fnw, mode);
@@ -758,6 +801,50 @@ void VL_FCLOSE_I(IData fdi) {
    VerilatedImp::fdDelete(fdi);
 }

+void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, CData& destr, const char* formatp, ...) {
+    VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD string output;  // static only for speed
+    output = "";
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap,formatp);
+    _vl_vsformat(output, formatp, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    _VL_STRING_TO_VINT(obits, &destr, (int)output.length(), output.c_str());
+}
+
+void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, SData& destr, const char* formatp, ...) {
+    VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD string output;  // static only for speed
+    output = "";
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap,formatp);
+    _vl_vsformat(output, formatp, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    _VL_STRING_TO_VINT(obits, &destr, (int)output.length(), output.c_str());
+}
+
+void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, IData& destr, const char* formatp, ...) {
+    VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD string output;  // static only for speed
+    output = "";
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap,formatp);
+    _vl_vsformat(output, formatp, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    _VL_STRING_TO_VINT(obits, &destr, (int)output.length(), output.c_str());
+}
+
+void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, QData& destr, const char* formatp, ...) {
+    VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD string output;  // static only for speed
+    output = "";
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap,formatp);
+    _vl_vsformat(output, formatp, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    _VL_STRING_TO_VINT(obits, &destr, (int)output.length(), output.c_str());
+}
+
 void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, void* destp, const char* formatp, ...) {
    VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD string output;  // static only for speed
    output = "";
@@ -769,6 +856,15 @@ void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, void* destp, const char* formatp, ...) {
    _VL_STRING_TO_VINT(obits, destp, (int)output.length(), output.c_str());
 }

+void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits_ignored, string &output, const char* formatp, ...) {
+    if (obits_ignored) {}
+    output = "";
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap,formatp);
+    _vl_vsformat(output, formatp, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+}
+
 string VL_SFORMATF_NX(const char* formatp, ...) {
    VL_STATIC_OR_THREAD string output;  // static only for speed
    output = "";
@@ -812,7 +908,7 @@ IData VL_FSCANF_IX(IData fpi, const char* formatp, ...) {

    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,formatp);
-    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(fp, 0, NULL, formatp, ap);
+    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(fp, 0, NULL, "", formatp, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    return got;
 }
@@ -822,7 +918,7 @@ IData VL_SSCANF_IIX(int lbits, IData ld, const char* formatp, ...) {

    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,formatp);
-    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(NULL, lbits, fnw, formatp, ap);
+    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(NULL, lbits, fnw, "", formatp, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    return got;
 }
@@ -831,14 +927,21 @@ IData VL_SSCANF_IQX(int lbits, QData ld, const char* formatp, ...) {

    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,formatp);
-    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(NULL, lbits, fnw, formatp, ap);
+    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(NULL, lbits, fnw, "", formatp, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    return got;
 }
 IData VL_SSCANF_IWX(int lbits, WDataInP lwp, const char* formatp, ...) {
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,formatp);
-    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(NULL, lbits, lwp, formatp, ap);
+    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(NULL, lbits, lwp, "", formatp, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return got;
+}
+IData VL_SSCANF_INX(int, const string& ld, const char* formatp, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap,formatp);
+    IData got = _vl_vsscanf(NULL, ld.length()*8, NULL, ld, formatp, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    return got;
 }
@@ -853,11 +956,17 @@ void VL_READMEM_W(bool hex, int width, int depth, int array_lsb, int fnwords,
 		  WDataInP ofilenamep, void* memp, IData start, IData end) {
    char ofilenamez[VL_TO_STRING_MAX_WORDS*VL_WORDSIZE+1];
    _VL_VINT_TO_STRING(fnwords*VL_WORDSIZE, ofilenamez, ofilenamep);
-    FILE* fp = fopen(ofilenamez, "r");
+    string ofilenames(ofilenamez);
+    return VL_READMEM_N(hex,width,depth,array_lsb,fnwords,ofilenames,memp,start,end);
+}
+
+void VL_READMEM_N(bool hex, int width, int depth, int array_lsb, int fnwords,
+                         const string& ofilenamep, void* memp, IData start, IData end) {
+    FILE* fp = fopen(ofilenamep.c_str(), "r");
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!fp)) {
-	// We don't report the Verilog source filename as it slow to have to pass it down
-	vl_fatal (ofilenamez, 0, "", "$readmem file not found");
-	return;
+        // We don't report the Verilog source filename as it slow to have to pass it down
+        vl_fatal (ofilenamep.c_str(), 0, "", "$readmem file not found");
+        return;
    }
    // Prep for reading
    IData addr = start;
@@ -872,81 +981,81 @@ void VL_READMEM_W(bool hex, int width, int depth, int array_lsb, int fnwords,
    // We process a character at a time, as then we don't need to deal
    // with changing buffer sizes dynamically, etc.
    while (1) {
-	int c = fgetc(fp);
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY(c==EOF)) break;
-	//printf("%d: Got '%c' Addr%x IN%d IgE%d IgC%d ninc%d\n", linenum, c, addr, innum, ignore_to_eol, ignore_to_cmt, needinc);
-	if (c=='\n') { linenum++; ignore_to_eol=false; if (innum) reading_addr=false; innum=false; }
-	else if (c=='\t' || c==' ' || c=='\r' || c=='\f') { if (innum) reading_addr=false; innum=false; }
-	// Skip // comments and detect /* comments
-	else if (ignore_to_cmt && lastc=='*' && c=='/') {
-	    ignore_to_cmt = false; if (innum) reading_addr=false; innum=false;
-	} else if (!ignore_to_eol && !ignore_to_cmt) {
-	    if (lastc=='/' && c=='*') { ignore_to_cmt = true; }
-	    else if (lastc=='/' && c=='/') { ignore_to_eol = true; }
-	    else if (c=='/') {}  // Part of /* or //
-	    else if (c=='_') {}
-	    else if (c=='@') { reading_addr = true; innum=false; needinc=false; }
-	    // Check for hex or binary digits as file format requests
-	    else if (isxdigit(c)) {
-		c = tolower(c);
-		int value = (c >= 'a' ? (c-'a'+10) : (c-'0'));
-		if (!innum) {  // Prep for next number
-		    if (needinc) { addr++; needinc=false; }
-		}
-		if (reading_addr) {
-		    // Decode @ addresses
-		    if (!innum) addr=0;
-		    addr = (addr<<4) + value;
-		} else {
-		    needinc = true;
-		    //printf(" Value width=%d  @%x = %c\n", width, addr, c);
-		    if (VL_UNLIKELY(addr >= (IData)(depth+array_lsb) || addr < (IData)(array_lsb))) {
-			vl_fatal (ofilenamez, linenum, "", "$readmem file address beyond bounds of array");
-		    } else {
-			int entry = addr - array_lsb;
-			QData shift = hex ? VL_ULL(4) : VL_ULL(1);
-			// Shift value in
-			if (width<=8) {
-			    CData* datap = &((CData*)(memp))[entry];
-			    if (!innum) { *datap = 0; }
-			    *datap = ((*datap << shift) + value) & VL_MASK_I(width);
-			} else if (width<=16) {
-			    SData* datap = &((SData*)(memp))[entry];
-			    if (!innum) { *datap = 0; }
-			    *datap = ((*datap << shift) + value) & VL_MASK_I(width);
-			} else if (width<=VL_WORDSIZE) {
-			    IData* datap = &((IData*)(memp))[entry];
-			    if (!innum) { *datap = 0; }
-			    *datap = ((*datap << shift) + value) & VL_MASK_I(width);
-			} else if (width<=VL_QUADSIZE) {
-			    QData* datap = &((QData*)(memp))[entry];
-			    if (!innum) { *datap = 0; }
-			    *datap = ((*datap << (QData)(shift)) + (QData)(value)) & VL_MASK_Q(width);
-			} else {
-			    WDataOutP datap = &((WDataOutP)(memp))[ entry*VL_WORDS_I(width) ];
-			    if (!innum) { VL_ZERO_RESET_W(width, datap); }
-			    _VL_SHIFTL_INPLACE_W(width, datap, (IData)shift);
-			    datap[0] |= value;
-			}
-			if (VL_UNLIKELY(value>=(1<<shift))) {
-			    vl_fatal (ofilenamez, linenum, "", "$readmemb (binary) file contains hex characters");
-			}
-		    }
-		}
-		innum = true;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		vl_fatal (ofilenamez, linenum, "", "$readmem file syntax error");
-	    }
-	}
-	lastc = c;
+        int c = fgetc(fp);
+        if (VL_UNLIKELY(c==EOF)) break;
+        //printf("%d: Got '%c' Addr%x IN%d IgE%d IgC%d ninc%d\n", linenum, c, addr, innum, ignore_to_eol, ignore_to_cmt, needinc);
+        if (c=='\n') { linenum++; ignore_to_eol=false; if (innum) reading_addr=false; innum=false; }
+        else if (c=='\t' || c==' ' || c=='\r' || c=='\f') { if (innum) reading_addr=false; innum=false; }
+        // Skip // comments and detect /* comments
+        else if (ignore_to_cmt && lastc=='*' && c=='/') {
+            ignore_to_cmt = false; if (innum) reading_addr=false; innum=false;
+        } else if (!ignore_to_eol && !ignore_to_cmt) {
+            if (lastc=='/' && c=='*') { ignore_to_cmt = true; }
+            else if (lastc=='/' && c=='/') { ignore_to_eol = true; }
+            else if (c=='/') {}  // Part of /* or //
+            else if (c=='_') {}
+            else if (c=='@') { reading_addr = true; innum=false; needinc=false; }
+            // Check for hex or binary digits as file format requests
+            else if (isxdigit(c)) {
+                c = tolower(c);
+                int value = (c >= 'a' ? (c-'a'+10) : (c-'0'));
+                if (!innum) {  // Prep for next number
+                    if (needinc) { addr++; needinc=false; }
+                }
+                if (reading_addr) {
+                    // Decode @ addresses
+                    if (!innum) addr=0;
+                    addr = (addr<<4) + value;
+                } else {
+                    needinc = true;
+                    //printf(" Value width=%d  @%x = %c\n", width, addr, c);
+                    if (VL_UNLIKELY(addr >= (IData)(depth+array_lsb) || addr < (IData)(array_lsb))) {
+                        vl_fatal (ofilenamep.c_str(), linenum, "", "$readmem file address beyond bounds of array");
+                    } else {
+                        int entry = addr - array_lsb;
+                        QData shift = hex ? VL_ULL(4) : VL_ULL(1);
+                        // Shift value in
+                        if (width<=8) {
+                            CData* datap = &((CData*)(memp))[entry];
+                            if (!innum) { *datap = 0; }
+                            *datap = ((*datap << shift) + value) & VL_MASK_I(width);
+                        } else if (width<=16) {
+                            SData* datap = &((SData*)(memp))[entry];
+                            if (!innum) { *datap = 0; }
+                            *datap = ((*datap << shift) + value) & VL_MASK_I(width);
+                        } else if (width<=VL_WORDSIZE) {
+                            IData* datap = &((IData*)(memp))[entry];
+                            if (!innum) { *datap = 0; }
+                            *datap = ((*datap << shift) + value) & VL_MASK_I(width);
+                        } else if (width<=VL_QUADSIZE) {
+                            QData* datap = &((QData*)(memp))[entry];
+                            if (!innum) { *datap = 0; }
+                            *datap = ((*datap << (QData)(shift)) + (QData)(value)) & VL_MASK_Q(width);
+                        } else {
+                            WDataOutP datap = &((WDataOutP)(memp))[ entry*VL_WORDS_I(width) ];
+                            if (!innum) { VL_ZERO_RESET_W(width, datap); }
+                            _VL_SHIFTL_INPLACE_W(width, datap, (IData)shift);
+                            datap[0] |= value;
+                        }
+                        if (VL_UNLIKELY(value>=(1<<shift))) {
+                            vl_fatal (ofilenamep.c_str(), linenum, "", "$readmemb (binary) file contains hex characters");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                innum = true;
+            }
+            else {
+                vl_fatal (ofilenamep.c_str(), linenum, "", "$readmem file syntax error");
+            }
+        }
+        lastc = c;
    }
    if (needinc) { addr++; needinc=false; }

    // Final checks
    fclose(fp);
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(end != VL_UL(0xffffffff) && addr != (end+1))) {
-	vl_fatal (ofilenamez, linenum, "", "$readmem file ended before specified ending-address");
+        vl_fatal (ofilenamep.c_str(), linenum, "", "$readmem file ended before specified ending-address");
    }
 }

@@ -1072,7 +1181,12 @@ void Verilated::commandArgs(int argc, const char** argv) {
 }

 const char* Verilated::commandArgsPlusMatch(const char* prefixp) {
-    return VerilatedImp::argPlusMatch(prefixp).c_str();
+    const string& match = VerilatedImp::argPlusMatch(prefixp);
+    static VL_THREAD char outstr[VL_VALUE_STRING_MAX_WIDTH];
+    if (match == "") return "";
+    strncpy(outstr, match.c_str(), VL_VALUE_STRING_MAX_WIDTH);
+    outstr[VL_VALUE_STRING_MAX_WIDTH-1] = '\0';
+    return outstr;
 }

 void Verilated::internalsDump() {
@@ -1091,6 +1205,10 @@ int Verilated::exportFuncNum(const char* namep) {
    return VerilatedImp::exportFind(namep);
 }

+const VerilatedScopeNameMap* Verilated::scopeNameMap() {
+    return VerilatedImp::scopeNameMap();
+}
+
 //===========================================================================
 // VerilatedModule:: Methods

@@ -1114,7 +1232,7 @@ vluint32_t VerilatedVar::entSize() const {
    case VLVT_UINT16:	size=sizeof(SData); break;
    case VLVT_UINT32:	size=sizeof(IData); break;
    case VLVT_UINT64:	size=sizeof(QData); break;
-    case VLVT_WDATA:	size=VL_WORDS_I(range().bits())*sizeof(IData); break;
+    case VLVT_WDATA:	size=VL_WORDS_I(range().elements())*sizeof(IData); break;
    default:		size=0; break;
    }
    return size;
@@ -1186,11 +1304,11 @@ void VerilatedScope::varInsert(int finalize, const char* namep, void* datap,
 	int msb = va_arg(ap,int);
 	int lsb = va_arg(ap,int);
 	if (i==0) {
-	    var.m_range.m_lhs = msb;
-	    var.m_range.m_rhs = lsb;
+	    var.m_range.m_left = msb;
+	    var.m_range.m_right = lsb;
 	} else if (i==1) {
-	    var.m_array.m_lhs = msb;
-	    var.m_array.m_rhs = lsb;
+	    var.m_array.m_left = msb;
+	    var.m_array.m_right = lsb;
 	} else {
 	    // We could have a linked list of ranges, but really this whole thing needs
 	    // to be generalized to support structs and unions, etc.
@@ -1213,7 +1331,7 @@ VerilatedVar* VerilatedScope::varFind(const char* namep) const {
    return NULL;
 }

-void* VerilatedScope::exportFindNullError(int funcnum) const {
+void* VerilatedScope::exportFindNullError(int funcnum) {
    // Slowpath - Called only when find has failed
    string msg = (string("Testbench C called '")
 		  +VerilatedImp::exportName(funcnum)
@@ -1240,9 +1358,9 @@ void VerilatedScope::scopeDump() const {
 		      m_callbacksp[i], VerilatedImp::exportName(i));
 	}
    }
-    if (varsp()) {
-	for (VerilatedVarNameMap::const_iterator it = varsp()->begin();
-	     it != varsp()->end(); ++it) {
+    if (VerilatedVarNameMap* varsp = this->varsp()) {
+	for (VerilatedVarNameMap::const_iterator it = varsp->begin();
+	     it != varsp->end(); ++it) {
 	    VL_PRINTF("       VAR %p: %s\n", &(it->second), it->first);
 	}
    }
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <cmath>
 // <iostream> avoided to reduce compile time
+// <map> avoided and instead in verilated_heavy.h to reduce compile time
 // <string> avoided and instead in verilated_heavy.h to reduce compile time
 using namespace std;

@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ typedef void (*VerilatedVoidCb)(void);

 class SpTraceVcd;
 class SpTraceVcdCFile;
+class VerilatedScopeNameMap;
 class VerilatedVar;
 class VerilatedVarNameMap;
 class VerilatedVcd;
@@ -102,9 +104,9 @@ class VerilatedModule {
 private:
    const char*		m_namep;	///< Module name
    VerilatedModule();				///< N/A, always use named constructor below
-    VerilatedModule(const VerilatedModule& );	///< N/A, no copying modules
+    VerilatedModule(const VerilatedModule& );	///< N/A, no copy constructor
 public:
-    VerilatedModule(const char* namep);	///< Create module with given hierarchy name
+    explicit VerilatedModule(const char* namep);	///< Create module with given hierarchy name
    ~VerilatedModule();
    const char* name() const { return m_namep; }	///< Return name of module
 };
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ public:
 # define VL_CELL(instname,type)		///< Declare a cell, ala SP_CELL

 /// Declare a module, ala SC_MODULE
-# define VL_MODULE(modname)		struct modname : public VerilatedModule
+# define VL_MODULE(modname)		class modname : public VerilatedModule

 /// Constructor, ala SC_CTOR
 # define VL_CTOR(modname)		modname(const char* __VCname="")
@@ -199,16 +201,16 @@ public:  // But internals only - called from VerilatedModule's
    inline VerilatedSyms* symsp() const { return m_symsp; }
    VerilatedVar* varFind(const char* namep) const;
    VerilatedVarNameMap* varsp() const { return m_varsp; }
-    void* exportFindError(int funcnum) const;
-    void* exportFindNullError(int funcnum) const;
    void scopeDump() const;
-    inline void* exportFind(int funcnum) const {
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY(!this)) return exportFindNullError(funcnum);
-	if (VL_LIKELY(funcnum < m_funcnumMax)) {
+    void* exportFindError(int funcnum) const;
+    static void* exportFindNullError(int funcnum);
+    static inline void* exportFind(const VerilatedScope* scopep, int funcnum) {
+	if (VL_UNLIKELY(!scopep)) return exportFindNullError(funcnum);
+	if (VL_LIKELY(funcnum < scopep->m_funcnumMax)) {
 	    // m_callbacksp must be declared, as Max'es are > 0
-	    return m_callbacksp[funcnum];
+	    return scopep->m_callbacksp[funcnum];
 	} else {
-	    return exportFindError(funcnum);
+	    return scopep->exportFindError(funcnum);
 	}
    }
 };
@@ -216,9 +218,8 @@ public:  // But internals only - called from VerilatedModule's
 //===========================================================================
 /// Verilator global static information class

-struct Verilated {
+class Verilated {
    // MEMBERS
-private:
    // Slow path variables
    static VerilatedVoidCb  s_flushCb;		///< Flush callback function

@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ public:
    static void commandArgs(int argc, const char** argv);
    static void commandArgs(int argc, char** argv) { commandArgs(argc,(const char**)argv); }
    static CommandArgValues* getCommandArgs() {return &s_args;}
+    /// Match plusargs with a given prefix. Returns static char* valid only for a single call
    static const char* commandArgsPlusMatch(const char* prefixp);

    /// Produce name & version for (at least) VPI
@@ -309,6 +311,7 @@ public:
    static const char* catName(const char* n1, const char* n2); // Returns new'ed data
    // Internal: Find scope
    static const VerilatedScope* scopeFind(const char* namep);
+    static const VerilatedScopeNameMap* scopeNameMap();
    // Internal: Get and set DPI context
    static const VerilatedScope* dpiScope() { return t_dpiScopep; }
    static void dpiScope(const VerilatedScope* scopep) { t_dpiScopep=scopep; }
@@ -358,6 +361,7 @@ extern IData VL_FOPEN_WI(int fnwords, WDataInP ofilename, IData mode);
 extern IData VL_FOPEN_QI(QData ofilename, IData mode);
 inline IData VL_FOPEN_II(IData ofilename, IData mode) { return VL_FOPEN_QI(ofilename,mode); }

+
 extern void VL_FCLOSE_I(IData fdi);

 extern void VL_READMEM_W(bool hex, int width, int depth, int array_lsb, int fnwords,
@@ -376,6 +380,10 @@ extern IData VL_SSCANF_IIX(int lbits, IData ld, const char* formatp, ...);
 extern IData VL_SSCANF_IQX(int lbits, QData ld, const char* formatp, ...);
 extern IData VL_SSCANF_IWX(int lbits, WDataInP lwp, const char* formatp, ...);

+extern void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, CData& destr, const char* formatp, ...);
+extern void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, SData& destr, const char* formatp, ...);
+extern void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, IData& destr, const char* formatp, ...);
+extern void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, QData& destr, const char* formatp, ...);
 extern void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits, void* destp, const char* formatp, ...);

 extern IData VL_SYSTEM_IW(int lhsnwords, WDataInP lhs);
@@ -591,13 +599,13 @@ static inline void VL_ASSIGNBIT_WO(int, int bit, WDataOutP owp, IData) {

 #define VL_ASSIGN_SWI(obits,svar,rd) { \
    sc_bv<obits> _bvtemp; \
-    _bvtemp.set_word(0,rd); \
+    _bvtemp.set_word(0,(rd));			\
    svar.write(_bvtemp); \
 }
 #define VL_ASSIGN_SWQ(obits,svar,rd) { \
    sc_bv<obits> _bvtemp; \
-    _bvtemp.set_word(0,rd); \
-    _bvtemp.set_word(1,rd>>VL_WORDSIZE); \
+    _bvtemp.set_word(0,(IData)(rd));	 \
+    _bvtemp.set_word(1,(IData)((rd)>>VL_WORDSIZE));	\
    svar.write(_bvtemp); \
 }
 #define VL_ASSIGN_SWW(obits,svar,rwp) { \
@@ -871,7 +879,7 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_OR_W(int words, WDataOutP owp,WDataInP lwp,WDataInP r
 }
 // EMIT_RULE: VL_CHANGEXOR:  oclean=1; obits=32; lbits==rbits;
 static inline IData VL_CHANGEXOR_W(int words, WDataInP lwp,WDataInP rwp){
-    IData od;
+    IData od = 0;
    for (int i=0; (i < words); i++) od |= (lwp[i] ^ rwp[i]);
    return(od);
 }
@@ -1129,7 +1137,9 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_DIVS_WWW(int lbits, WDataOutP owp,WDataInP lwp,WDataI
    int words = VL_WORDS_I(lbits);
    IData lsign = VL_SIGN_I(lbits,lwp[words-1]);
    IData rsign = VL_SIGN_I(lbits,rwp[words-1]);
+    // cppcheck-suppress variableScope
    IData lwstore[VL_MULS_MAX_WORDS]; // Fixed size, as MSVC++ doesn't allow [words] here
+    // cppcheck-suppress variableScope
    IData rwstore[VL_MULS_MAX_WORDS];
    WDataInP ltup = lwp;
    WDataInP rtup = rwp;
@@ -1148,7 +1158,9 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_MODDIVS_WWW(int lbits, WDataOutP owp,WDataInP lwp,WDa
    int words = VL_WORDS_I(lbits);
    IData lsign = VL_SIGN_I(lbits,lwp[words-1]);
    IData rsign = VL_SIGN_I(lbits,rwp[words-1]);
+    // cppcheck-suppress variableScope
    IData lwstore[VL_MULS_MAX_WORDS]; // Fixed size, as MSVC++ doesn't allow [words] here
+    // cppcheck-suppress variableScope
    IData rwstore[VL_MULS_MAX_WORDS];
    WDataInP ltup = lwp;
    WDataInP rtup = rwp;
@@ -1164,7 +1176,10 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_MODDIVS_WWW(int lbits, WDataOutP owp,WDataInP lwp,WDa
    }
 }

+#define VL_POW_QQI(obits,lbits,rbits,lhs,rhs) VL_POW_QQQ(obits,lbits,rbits,lhs,rhs)
+
 static inline IData VL_POW_III(int, int, int rbits, IData lhs, IData rhs) {
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(rhs==0)) return 1;
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(lhs==0)) return 0;
    IData power = lhs;
    IData out = 1;
@@ -1174,10 +1189,8 @@ static inline IData VL_POW_III(int, int, int rbits, IData lhs, IData rhs) {
    }
    return out;
 }
-
-#define VL_POW_QQI(obits,lbits,rbits,lhs,rhs) VL_POW_QQQ(obits,lbits,rbits,lhs,rhs)
-
 static inline QData VL_POW_QQQ(int, int, int rbits, QData lhs, QData rhs) {
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(rhs==0)) return 1;
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(lhs==0)) return 0;
    QData power = lhs;
    QData out = VL_ULL(1);
@@ -1188,6 +1201,36 @@ static inline QData VL_POW_QQQ(int, int, int rbits, QData lhs, QData rhs) {
    return out;
 }

+#define VL_POWSS_QQI(obits,lbits,rbits,lhs,rhs,lsign,rsign) VL_POWSS_QQQ(obits,lbits,rbits,lhs,rhs,lsign,rsign)
+
+static inline IData VL_POWSS_III(int obits, int, int rbits, IData lhs, IData rhs, bool lsign, bool rsign) {
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(rhs==0)) return 1;
+    if (rsign && VL_SIGN_I(rbits, rhs)) {
+	if (lhs==0) return 0;	// "X"
+	else if (lhs==1) return 1;
+	else if (lsign && lhs==VL_MASK_I(obits)) {  //-1
+	    if (rhs & 1) return VL_MASK_I(obits);  // -1^odd=-1
+	    else return 1; // -1^even=1
+	}
+	return 0;
+    }
+    return VL_POW_III(obits, obits, rbits, lhs, rhs);
+}
+
+static inline QData VL_POWSS_QQQ(int obits, int, int rbits, QData lhs, QData rhs, bool lsign, bool rsign) {
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(rhs==0)) return 1;
+    if (rsign && VL_SIGN_I(rbits, rhs)) {
+	if (lhs==0) return 0;	// "X"
+	else if (lhs==1) return 1;
+	else if (lsign && lhs==VL_MASK_I(obits)) {  //-1
+	    if (rhs & 1) return VL_MASK_I(obits);  // -1^odd=-1
+	    else return 1; // -1^even=1
+	}
+	return 0;
+    }
+    return VL_POW_QQQ(obits, obits, rbits, lhs, rhs);
+}
+
 //===================================================================
 // Concat/replication

@@ -1328,6 +1371,120 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_REPLICATE_WWI(int obits, int lbits, int, WDataOutP ow
    return(owp);
 }

+// Left stream operator. Output will always be clean. LHS and RHS must be clean.
+// Special "fast" versions for slice sizes that are a power of 2. These use
+// shifts and masks to execute faster than the slower for-loop approach where a
+// subset of bits is copied in during each iteration.
+static inline IData VL_STREAML_FAST_III(int, int lbits, int, IData ld, IData rd_log2) {
+    // Pre-shift bits in most-significant slice:
+    //
+    // If lbits is not a multiple of the slice size (i.e., lbits % rd != 0),
+    // then we end up with a "gap" in our reversed result. For example, if we
+    // have a 5-bit Verlilog signal (lbits=5) in an 8-bit C data type:
+    //
+    //   ld = ---43210
+    //
+    // (where numbers are the Verilog signal bit numbers and '-' is an unused bit).
+    // Executing the switch statement below with a slice size of two (rd=2,
+    // rd_log2=1) produces:
+    //
+    //   ret = 1032-400
+    //
+    // Pre-shifting the bits in the most-significant slice allows us to avoid
+    // this gap in the shuffled data:
+    //
+    //   ld_adjusted = --4-3210
+    //   ret = 10324---
+    IData ret = ld;
+    if (rd_log2) {
+	vluint32_t lbitsFloor = lbits & ~VL_MASK_I(rd_log2); // max multiple of rd <= lbits
+	vluint32_t lbitsRem = lbits - lbitsFloor; // number of bits in most-sig slice (MSS)
+	IData msbMask = VL_MASK_I(lbitsRem) << lbitsFloor; // mask to sel only bits in MSS
+	ret = (ret & ~msbMask) | ((ret & msbMask) << ((VL_UL(1) << rd_log2) - lbitsRem));
+    }
+    switch (rd_log2) {
+	case 0:
+	    ret = ((ret >> 1) & VL_UL(0x55555555)) | ((ret & VL_UL(0x55555555)) << 1);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 1:
+	    ret = ((ret >> 2) & VL_UL(0x33333333)) | ((ret & VL_UL(0x33333333)) << 2);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 2:
+	    ret = ((ret >> 4) & VL_UL(0x0f0f0f0f)) | ((ret & VL_UL(0x0f0f0f0f)) << 4);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 3:
+	    ret = ((ret >> 8) & VL_UL(0x00ff00ff)) | ((ret & VL_UL(0x00ff00ff)) << 8);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 4:
+	    ret = ((ret >> 16) | (ret << 16));
+    }
+    return ret >> (VL_WORDSIZE - lbits);
+}
+
+static inline QData VL_STREAML_FAST_QQI(int, int lbits, int, QData ld, IData rd_log2) {
+    // Pre-shift bits in most-significant slice (see comment in VL_STREAML_FAST_III)
+    QData ret = ld;
+    if (rd_log2) {
+        vluint32_t lbitsFloor = lbits & ~VL_MASK_I(rd_log2);
+        vluint32_t lbitsRem = lbits - lbitsFloor;
+        QData msbMask = VL_MASK_Q(lbitsRem) << lbitsFloor;
+        ret = (ret & ~msbMask) | ((ret & msbMask) << ((VL_ULL(1) << rd_log2) - lbitsRem));
+    }
+    switch (rd_log2) {
+	case 0:
+	    ret = ((ret >>  1) & VL_ULL(0x5555555555555555)) | ((ret & VL_ULL(0x5555555555555555)) <<  1);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 1:
+	    ret = ((ret >>  2) & VL_ULL(0x3333333333333333)) | ((ret & VL_ULL(0x3333333333333333)) <<  2);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 2:
+	    ret = ((ret >>  4) & VL_ULL(0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f)) | ((ret & VL_ULL(0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f)) <<  4);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 3:
+	    ret = ((ret >>  8) & VL_ULL(0x00ff00ff00ff00ff)) | ((ret & VL_ULL(0x00ff00ff00ff00ff)) <<  8);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 4:
+	    ret = ((ret >> 16) & VL_ULL(0x0000ffff0000ffff)) | ((ret & VL_ULL(0x0000ffff0000ffff)) << 16);    // FALLTHRU
+	case 5:
+	    ret = ((ret >> 32) | (ret << 32));
+    }
+    return ret >> (VL_QUADSIZE - lbits);
+}
+
+// Regular "slow" streaming operators
+static inline IData VL_STREAML_III(int, int lbits, int, IData ld, IData rd) {
+    IData ret = 0;
+    // Slice size should never exceed the lhs width
+    IData mask = VL_MASK_I(rd);
+    for (int istart=0; istart<lbits; istart+=rd) {
+	int ostart=lbits-rd-istart;
+        ostart = ostart > 0 ? ostart : 0;
+        ret |= ((ld >> istart) & mask) << ostart;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline QData VL_STREAML_QQI(int, int lbits, int, QData ld, IData rd) {
+    QData ret = 0;
+    // Slice size should never exceed the lhs width
+    QData mask = VL_MASK_Q(rd);
+    for (int istart=0; istart<lbits; istart+=rd) {
+	int ostart=lbits-rd-istart;
+        ostart = ostart > 0 ? ostart : 0;
+        ret |= ((ld >> istart) & mask) << ostart;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline WDataOutP VL_STREAML_WWI(int, int lbits, int, WDataOutP owp, WDataInP lwp, IData rd) {
+    VL_ZERO_RESET_W(lbits, owp);
+    // Slice size should never exceed the lhs width
+    int ssize = (rd < (IData)lbits) ? rd : ((IData)lbits);
+    for (int istart=0; istart<lbits; istart+=rd) {
+	int ostart=lbits-rd-istart;
+        ostart = ostart > 0 ? ostart : 0;
+	for (int sbit=0; sbit<ssize && sbit<lbits-istart; sbit++) {
+            // Extract a single bit from lwp and shift it to the correct
+            // location for owp.
+            WData bit= ((lwp[VL_BITWORD_I(istart+sbit)] >> VL_BITBIT_I(istart+sbit)) & 1) << VL_BITBIT_I(ostart+sbit);
+            owp[VL_BITWORD_I(ostart+sbit)] |= bit;
+	}
+    }
+    return owp;
+}
+
 // Because concats are common and wide, it's valuable to always have a clean output.
 // Thus we specify inputs must be clean, so we don't need to clean the output.
 // Note the bit shifts are always constants, so the adds in these constify out.
@@ -1414,7 +1571,7 @@ static inline void _VL_SHIFTL_INPLACE_W(int obits,WDataOutP iowp,IData rd/*1 or
 static inline WDataOutP VL_SHIFTL_WWI(int obits,int,int,WDataOutP owp,WDataInP lwp, IData rd) {
    int word_shift = VL_BITWORD_I(rd);
    int bit_shift = VL_BITBIT_I(rd);
-    if ((int)rd >= obits) {
+    if (rd >= (IData)obits) {  // rd may be huge with MSB set
 	for (int i=0; i < VL_WORDS_I(obits); i++) owp[i] = 0;
    } else if (bit_shift==0) {  // Aligned word shift (<<0,<<32,<<64 etc)
 	for (int i=0; i < word_shift; i++) owp[i] = 0;
@@ -1432,7 +1589,7 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_SHIFTL_WWI(int obits,int,int,WDataOutP owp,WDataInP l
 static inline WDataOutP VL_SHIFTR_WWI(int obits,int,int,WDataOutP owp,WDataInP lwp, IData rd) {
    int word_shift = VL_BITWORD_I(rd);  // Maybe 0
    int bit_shift = VL_BITBIT_I(rd);
-    if ((int)rd >= obits) {
+    if (rd >= (IData)obits) {  // rd may be huge with MSB set
 	for (int i=0; i < VL_WORDS_I(obits); i++) owp[i] = 0;
    } else if (bit_shift==0) {  // Aligned word shift (>>0,>>32,>>64 etc)
 	int copy_words = (VL_WORDS_I(obits)-word_shift);
@@ -1456,29 +1613,37 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_SHIFTR_WWI(int obits,int,int,WDataOutP owp,WDataInP l
 }

 // EMIT_RULE: VL_SHIFTRS:  oclean=false; lclean=clean, rclean==clean;
-static inline IData VL_SHIFTRS_III(int obits, int, int, IData lhs, IData rhs) {
+static inline IData VL_SHIFTRS_III(int obits, int lbits, int, IData lhs, IData rhs) {
    // Note the C standard does not specify the >> operator as a arithmetic shift!
-    IData sign    = -(lhs >> (obits-1)); // ffff_ffff if negative
-    IData signext = ~(VL_MASK_I(obits) >> rhs);   // One with bits where we've shifted "past"
+    // IEEE says signed if output signed, but bit position from lbits;
+    // must use lbits for sign; lbits might != obits,
+    // an EXTEND(SHIFTRS(...)) can became a SHIFTRS(...) within same 32/64 bit word length
+    IData sign    = -(lhs >> (lbits-1)); // ffff_ffff if negative
+    IData signext = ~(VL_MASK_I(lbits) >> rhs);   // One with bits where we've shifted "past"
    return (lhs >> rhs) | (sign & VL_CLEAN_II(obits,obits,signext));
 }
-static inline QData VL_SHIFTRS_QQI(int obits, int, int, QData lhs, IData rhs) {
-    QData sign    = -(lhs >> (obits-1));
-    QData signext = ~(VL_MASK_Q(obits) >> rhs);
+static inline QData VL_SHIFTRS_QQI(int obits, int lbits, int, QData lhs, IData rhs) {
+    QData sign    = -(lhs >> (lbits-1));
+    QData signext = ~(VL_MASK_Q(lbits) >> rhs);
    return (lhs >> rhs) | (sign & VL_CLEAN_QQ(obits,obits,signext));
 }
-static inline WDataOutP VL_SHIFTRS_WWI(int obits,int,int,WDataOutP owp,WDataInP lwp, IData rd) {
+static inline IData VL_SHIFTRS_IQI(int obits, int lbits, int rbits, QData lhs, IData rhs) {
+    return (IData)(VL_SHIFTRS_QQI(obits, lbits, rbits, lhs, rhs));
+}
+static inline WDataOutP VL_SHIFTRS_WWI(int obits,int lbits,int,WDataOutP owp,WDataInP lwp, IData rd) {
    int word_shift = VL_BITWORD_I(rd);
    int bit_shift = VL_BITBIT_I(rd);
    int lmsw = VL_WORDS_I(obits)-1;
-    IData sign = VL_SIGNONES_I(obits,lwp[lmsw]);
-    if ((int)rd >= obits) {
+    IData sign = VL_SIGNONES_I(lbits,lwp[lmsw]);
+    if (rd >= (IData)obits) {  // Shifting past end, sign in all of lbits
 	for (int i=0; i <= lmsw; i++) owp[i] = sign;
+	owp[lmsw] &= VL_MASK_I(lbits);
    } else if (bit_shift==0) {  // Aligned word shift (>>0,>>32,>>64 etc)
 	int copy_words = (VL_WORDS_I(obits)-word_shift);
 	for (int i=0; i < copy_words; i++) owp[i] = lwp[i+word_shift];
 	if (copy_words>=0) owp[copy_words-1] |= ~VL_MASK_I(obits) & sign;
 	for (int i=copy_words; i < VL_WORDS_I(obits); i++) owp[i] = sign;
+	owp[lmsw] &= VL_MASK_I(lbits);
    } else {
 	int loffset = rd & VL_SIZEBITS_I;
 	int nbitsonright = 32-loffset;  // bits that end up in lword (know loffset!=0)
@@ -1493,6 +1658,7 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_SHIFTRS_WWI(int obits,int,int,WDataOutP owp,WDataInP
 	}
 	if (words) owp[words-1] |= sign & ~VL_MASK_I(obits-loffset);
 	for (int i=words; i<VL_WORDS_I(obits); i++) owp[i] = sign;
+	owp[lmsw] &= VL_MASK_I(lbits);
    }
    return(owp);
 }
@@ -1508,7 +1674,7 @@ static inline WDataOutP VL_SHIFTRS_WWI(int obits,int,int,WDataOutP owp,WDataInP

 static inline IData VL_BITSEL_IWII(int, int lbits, int, int, WDataInP lwp, IData rd) {
    int word = VL_BITWORD_I(rd);
-    if (VL_UNLIKELY((int)rd>lbits)) {
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(rd>(IData)lbits)) {
 	return ~0; // Spec says you can go outside the range of a array.  Don't coredump if so.
 	// We return all 1's as that's more likely to find bugs (?) than 0's.
    } else {
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 ######################################################################
 # DESCRIPTION: Makefile commands for all verilated target files
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 # General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 ######################################################################
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED@
 # Programs

 SP_PREPROC	= sp_preproc
-SP_INCLUDER     = $(PERL) $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_includer
+SP_INCLUDER	= $(VERILATOR_INCLUDER)
+VERILATOR_COVERAGE = $(PERL) $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_coverage
+VERILATOR_INCLUDER = $(PERL) $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/bin/verilator_includer

 ######################################################################
 # Make checks
@@ -43,14 +45,14 @@ VK_CPPFLAGS_ALWAYS += \
 		-DVL_PRINTF=printf \
 		-DVM_TRACE=$(VM_TRACE) \
 		-DVM_COVERAGE=$(VM_COVERAGE) \
+		$(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED) \

 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
 VK_CPPFLAGS_WALL += -Wall \
-		$(CFG_CXXFLAGS_NO_UNUSED) \
 		-Werror
 endif

-CPPFLAGS += -I. $(VK_CPPFLAGS_ALWAYS) $(VK_CPPFLAGS_WALL)
+CPPFLAGS += -I. $(VK_CPPFLAGS_WALL) $(VK_CPPFLAGS_ALWAYS)

 VPATH += ..
 VPATH += $(VERILATOR_ROOT)/include
@@ -118,10 +120,6 @@ ifeq ($(VM_SP),1)
 	 $(SP_PREPROC) -M sp_preproc.d --tree $(VM_PREFIX).sp_tree \
 		--preproc $(VK_CLASSES_SP)
 else
- ifeq ($(VM_COVERAGE),1)
-  CPPFLAGS += -I$(SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE)
-  VPATH    +=   $(SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE)
- endif
  preproc:
 endif

@@ -157,9 +155,9 @@ ifneq ($(VM_PARALLEL_BUILDS),1)
  VK_OBJS += $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLcls.o   $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLsup.o
  all_cpp:   $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLcls.cpp $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLsup.cpp
  $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLcls.cpp: $(VK_CLASSES_CPP)
-	$(SP_INCLUDER) $^ > $@
+	$(VERILATOR_INCLUDER) -DVL_INCLUDE_OPT=include $^ > $@
  $(VM_PREFIX)__ALLsup.cpp: $(VK_SUPPORT_CPP)
-	$(SP_INCLUDER) $^ > $@
+	$(VERILATOR_INCLUDER) -DVL_INCLUDE_OPT=include $^ > $@
 else
  #Slow way of building... Each .cpp file by itself
  VK_OBJS += $(addsuffix .o, $(VM_CLASSES) $(VM_SUPPORT))
@@ -195,6 +193,7 @@ debug-make::
 	@echo VM_SUPPORT_SLOW: $(VM_SUPPORT_SLOW)
 	@echo VM_GLOBAL_FAST: $(VM_GLOBAL_FAST)
 	@echo VM_GLOBAL_SLOW: $(VM_GLOBAL_SLOW)
+	@echo CPPFLAGS: $(CPPFLAGS)
 	@echo

 ######################################################################
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2012 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//=============================================================================
+//
+// THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
+//
+// Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+//
+// This is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+// for more details.
+//
+//=============================================================================
+///
+/// \file
+/// \brief Verilator coverage analysis
+///
+//=============================================================================
+
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+#include "verilated.h"
+#include "verilated_cov.h"
+#include "verilated_cov_key.h"
+
+#include <map>
+#include <deque>
+#include <fstream>
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCovImpBase
+/// Implementation base class for constants
+
+struct VerilatedCovImpBase {
+    // TYPES
+    enum { MAX_KEYS = 33 };		/// Maximum user arguments + filename+lineno
+    enum { KEY_UNDEF = 0 };		/// Magic key # for unspecified values
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCovImpItem
+/// Implementation class for a VerilatedCov item
+
+class VerilatedCovImpItem : VerilatedCovImpBase {
+public:  // But only local to this file
+    // MEMBERS
+    int	m_keys[MAX_KEYS];		///< Key
+    int	m_vals[MAX_KEYS];		///< Value for specified key
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    // Derived classes should call zero() in their constructor
+    VerilatedCovImpItem() {
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; i++) {
+	    m_keys[i]=KEY_UNDEF;
+	    m_vals[i]=0;
+	}
+    }
+    virtual ~VerilatedCovImpItem() {}
+    virtual vluint64_t count() const = 0;
+    virtual void zero() const = 0;
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+/// VerilatedCoverItem templated for a specific class
+/// Creates a new coverage item for the specified type.
+/// This isn't in the header file for auto-magic conversion because it
+/// inlines to too much code and makes compilation too slow.
+
+template <class T> class VerilatedCoverItemSpec : public VerilatedCovImpItem {
+private:
+    // MEMBERS
+    T*	m_countp;	///< Count value
+public:
+    // METHODS
+    virtual vluint64_t count() const { return *m_countp; }
+    virtual void zero() const { *m_countp = 0; }
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
+    VerilatedCoverItemSpec(T* countp) : m_countp(countp) { zero(); }
+    virtual ~VerilatedCoverItemSpec() {}
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCovImp
+/// Implementation class for VerilatedCov.  See that class for public method information.
+/// All value and keys are indexed into a unique number.  Thus we can greatly reduce
+/// the storage requirements for otherwise identical keys.
+
+class VerilatedCovImp : VerilatedCovImpBase {
+private:
+    // TYPES
+    typedef map<string,int> ValueIndexMap;
+    typedef map<int,string> IndexValueMap;
+    typedef deque<VerilatedCovImpItem*> ItemList;
+
+private:
+    // MEMBERS
+    ValueIndexMap	m_valueIndexes;		///< For each key/value a unique arbitrary index value
+    IndexValueMap	m_indexValues;		///< For each key/value a unique arbitrary index value
+    ItemList		m_items;		///< List of all items
+
+    VerilatedCovImpItem*	m_insertp;	///< Item about to insert
+    const char*		m_insertFilenamep;	///< Filename about to insert
+    int			m_insertLineno;		///< Line number about to insert
+
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    VerilatedCovImp() {
+	m_insertp = NULL;
+	m_insertFilenamep = NULL;
+	m_insertLineno = 0;
+    }
+public:
+    ~VerilatedCovImp() { clear(); }
+    static VerilatedCovImp& imp() {
+	static VerilatedCovImp s_singleton;
+	return s_singleton;
+    }
+
+private:
+    // PRIVATE METHODS
+    int valueIndex(const string& value) {
+	static int nextIndex = KEY_UNDEF+1;
+	ValueIndexMap::iterator iter = m_valueIndexes.find(value);
+	if (iter != m_valueIndexes.end()) return iter->second;
+	nextIndex++;  assert(nextIndex>0);
+	m_valueIndexes.insert(make_pair(value, nextIndex));
+	m_indexValues.insert(make_pair(nextIndex, value));
+	return nextIndex;
+    }
+    string dequote(const string& text) {
+	// Quote any special characters
+	string rtn;
+	for (const char* pos = text.c_str(); *pos; pos++) {
+	    if (!isprint(*pos) || *pos=='%' || *pos=='"') {
+		char hex[10]; sprintf(hex,"%%%02X",pos[0]);
+		rtn += hex;
+	    } else {
+		rtn += *pos;
+	    }
+	}
+	return rtn;
+    }
+    bool legalKey(const string& key) {
+	// Because we compress long keys to a single letter, and
+	// don't want applications to either get confused if they use
+	// a letter differently, nor want them to rely on our compression...
+	// (Considered using numeric keys, but will remain back compatible.)
+	if (key.length()<2) return false;
+	if (key.length()==2 && isdigit(key[1])) return false;
+	return true;
+    }
+    string keyValueFormatter (const string& key, const string& value) {
+	string name;
+	if (key.length()==1 && isalpha(key[0])) {
+	    name += string("\001")+key;
+	} else {
+	    name += string("\001")+dequote(key);
+	}
+	name += string("\002")+dequote(value);
+	return name;
+    }
+    string combineHier (const string& old, const string& add) {
+	// (foo.a.x, foo.b.x) => foo.*.x
+	// (foo.a.x, foo.b.y) => foo.*
+	// (foo.a.x, foo.b)   => foo.*
+	if (old == add) return add;
+	if (old == "") return add;
+	if (add == "") return old;
+
+	const char* a = old.c_str();
+	const char* b = add.c_str();
+
+	// Scan forward to first mismatch
+	const char* apre = a;
+	const char* bpre = b;
+	while (*apre == *bpre) { apre++; bpre++; }
+
+	// We used to backup and split on only .'s but it seems better to be verbose
+	// and not assume . is the separator
+	string prefix = string(a,apre-a);
+
+	// Scan backward to last mismatch
+	const char* apost = a+strlen(a)-1;
+	const char* bpost = b+strlen(b)-1;
+	while (*apost == *bpost
+	       && apost>apre && bpost>bpre) { apost--; bpost--; }
+
+	// Forward to . so we have a whole word
+	string suffix = *bpost ? string(bpost+1) : "";
+
+	string out = prefix+"*"+suffix;
+
+	//cout << "\nch pre="<<prefix<<"  s="<<suffix<<"\nch a="<<old<<"\nch b="<<add<<"\nch o="<<out<<endl;
+	return out;
+    }
+    bool itemMatchesString(VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp, const string& match) {
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; i++) {
+	    if (itemp->m_keys[i] != KEY_UNDEF) {
+		// We don't compare keys, only values
+		string val = m_indexValues[itemp->m_vals[i]];
+		if (string::npos != val.find(match)) {  // Found
+		    return true;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	return false;
+    }
+    void selftest() {
+	// Little selftest
+	if (combineHier ("a.b.c","a.b.c")	!="a.b.c") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("a.b.c","a.b")		!="a.b*") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("a.x.c","a.y.c")	!="a.*.c") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("a.z.z.z.c","a.b.c")	!="a.*.c") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("z","a")		!="*") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("q.a","q.b")		!="q.*") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("q.za","q.zb")		!="q.z*") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+	if (combineHier ("1.2.3.a","9.8.7.a")	!="*.a") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,"","%Error: selftest\n");
+    }
+
+public:
+    // PUBLIC METHODS
+    void clear() {
+	for (ItemList::iterator it=m_items.begin(); it!=m_items.end(); ++it) {
+	    VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp = *(it);
+	    delete itemp;
+	}
+	m_items.clear();
+	m_indexValues.clear();
+	m_valueIndexes.clear();
+    }
+    void clearNonMatch (const char* matchp) {
+	if (matchp && matchp[0]) {
+	    ItemList newlist;
+	    for (ItemList::iterator it=m_items.begin(); it!=m_items.end(); ++it) {
+		VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp = *(it);
+		if (!itemMatchesString(itemp, matchp)) {
+		    delete itemp;
+		} else {
+		    newlist.push_back(itemp);
+		}
+	    }
+	    m_items = newlist;
+	}
+    }
+    void zero() {
+	for (ItemList::iterator it=m_items.begin(); it!=m_items.end(); ++it) {
+	    (*it)->zero();
+	}
+    }
+
+    // We assume there's always call to i/f/p in that order
+    void inserti (VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp) {
+	assert(!m_insertp);
+ 	m_insertp = itemp;
+    }
+    void insertf (const char* filenamep, int lineno) {
+	m_insertFilenamep = filenamep;
+	m_insertLineno = lineno;
+    }
+    void insertp (const char* ckeyps[MAX_KEYS],
+		  const char* valps[MAX_KEYS]) {
+	assert(m_insertp);
+	// First two key/vals are filename
+	ckeyps[0]="filename";	valps[0]=m_insertFilenamep;
+	string linestr = vlCovCvtToStr(m_insertLineno);
+	ckeyps[1]="lineno";	valps[1]=linestr.c_str();
+	// Default page if not specified
+	const char* fnstartp = m_insertFilenamep;
+	while (const char* foundp = strchr(fnstartp,'/')) fnstartp=foundp+1;
+	const char* fnendp = fnstartp;
+	while (*fnendp && *fnendp!='.') fnendp++;
+	string page_default = "sp_user/"+string(fnstartp,fnendp-fnstartp);
+	ckeyps[2]="page";	valps[2]=page_default.c_str();
+
+	// Keys -> strings
+	string keys[MAX_KEYS];
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; i++) {
+	    if (ckeyps[i] && ckeyps[i][0]) {
+		keys[i] = ckeyps[i];
+	    }
+	}
+	// Ignore empty keys
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; i++) {
+	    if (keys[i]!="") {
+		for (int j=i+1; j<MAX_KEYS; j++) {
+		    if (keys[i] == keys[j]) {  // Duplicate key.  Keep the last one
+			keys[i] = "";
+			break;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	// Insert the values
+	int addKeynum=0;
+	for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; i++) {
+	    const string key = keys[i];
+	    if (keys[i]!="") {
+		const string val = valps[i];
+		//cout<<"   "<<__FUNCTION__<<"  "<<key<<" = "<<val<<endl;
+		m_insertp->m_keys[addKeynum] = valueIndex(key);
+		m_insertp->m_vals[addKeynum] = valueIndex(val);
+		addKeynum++;
+		if (!legalKey(key)) {
+		    string msg = "%Error: Coverage keys of one character, or letter+digit are illegal: "+key;
+		    vl_fatal("",0,"",msg.c_str());
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	m_items.push_back(m_insertp);
+	// Prepare for next
+	m_insertp = NULL;
+    }
+
+    void write (const char* filename) {
+#ifndef VM_COVERAGE
+	vl_fatal("",0,"","%Error: Called VerilatedCov::write when VM_COVERAGE disabled\n");
+#endif
+	selftest();
+
+	ofstream os (filename);
+	if (os.fail()) {
+	    string msg = (string)"%Error: Can't write '"+filename+"'";
+	    vl_fatal("",0,"",msg.c_str());
+	    return;
+	}
+	os << "# SystemC::Coverage-3\n";
+
+	// Build list of events; totalize if collapsing hierarchy
+	typedef map<string,pair<string,vluint64_t> >	EventMap;
+	EventMap	eventCounts;
+	for (ItemList::iterator it=m_items.begin(); it!=m_items.end(); ++it) {
+	    VerilatedCovImpItem* itemp = *(it);
+	    string name;
+	    string hier;
+	    bool per_instance = false;
+
+	    for (int i=0; i<MAX_KEYS; i++) {
+		if (itemp->m_keys[i] != KEY_UNDEF) {
+		    string key = VerilatedCovKey::shortKey(m_indexValues[itemp->m_keys[i]]);
+		    string val = m_indexValues[itemp->m_vals[i]];
+		    if (key == VL_CIK_PER_INSTANCE) {
+			if (val != "0") per_instance = true;
+		    }
+		    if (key == VL_CIK_HIER) {
+			hier = val;
+		    } else {
+			// Print it
+			name += keyValueFormatter(key,val);
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (per_instance) {  // Not collapsing hierarchies
+		name += keyValueFormatter(VL_CIK_HIER,hier);
+		hier = "";
+	    }
+
+	    // Group versus point labels don't matter here, downstream
+	    // deals with it.  Seems bad for sizing though and doesn't
+	    // allow easy addition of new group codes (would be
+	    // inefficient)
+
+	    // Find or insert the named event
+	    EventMap::iterator cit = eventCounts.find(name);
+	    if (cit != eventCounts.end()) {
+		const string& oldhier = cit->second.first;
+		cit->second.second += itemp->count();
+		cit->second.first  = combineHier(oldhier, hier);
+	    } else {
+		eventCounts.insert(make_pair(name, make_pair(hier,itemp->count())));
+	    }
+	}
+
+	// Output body
+	for (EventMap::iterator it=eventCounts.begin(); it!=eventCounts.end(); ++it) {
+	    os<<"C '"<<dec;
+	    os<<it->first;
+	    if (it->second.first != "") os<<keyValueFormatter(VL_CIK_HIER,it->second.first);
+	    os<<"' "<<it->second.second;
+	    os<<endl;
+	}
+    }
+};
+
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedCov
+
+void VerilatedCov::clear() {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().clear();
+}
+void VerilatedCov::clearNonMatch (const char* matchp) {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().clearNonMatch(matchp);
+}
+void VerilatedCov::zero() {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().zero();
+}
+void VerilatedCov::write (const char* filenamep) {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().write(filenamep);
+}
+void VerilatedCov::_inserti (vluint32_t* itemp) {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().inserti(new VerilatedCoverItemSpec<vluint32_t>(itemp));
+}
+void VerilatedCov::_inserti (vluint64_t* itemp) {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().inserti(new VerilatedCoverItemSpec<vluint64_t>(itemp));
+}
+void VerilatedCov::_insertf (const char* filename, int lineno) {
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().insertf(filename,lineno);
+}
+
+#define K(n) const char* key ## n
+#define A(n) const char* key ## n, const char* val ## n		// Argument list
+#define C(n) key ## n, val ## n	// Calling argument list
+#define N(n) "",""	// Null argument list
+void VerilatedCov::_insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9),
+			     A(10),A(11),A(12),A(13),A(14),A(15),A(16),A(17),A(18),A(19),
+			     A(20),A(21),A(22),A(23),A(24),A(25),A(26),A(27),A(28),A(29)) {
+    const char* keyps[VerilatedCovImpBase::MAX_KEYS]
+	= {NULL,NULL,NULL,	// filename,lineno,page
+	   key0,key1,key2,key3,key4,key5,key6,key7,key8,key9,
+	   key10,key11,key12,key13,key14,key15,key16,key17,key18,key19,
+	   key20,key21,key22,key23,key24,key25,key26,key27,key28,key29};
+    const char* valps[VerilatedCovImpBase::MAX_KEYS]
+	= {NULL,NULL,NULL,	// filename,lineno,page
+	   val0,val1,val2,val3,val4,val5,val6,val7,val8,val9,
+	   val10,val11,val12,val13,val14,val15,val16,val17,val18,val19,
+	   val20,val21,val22,val23,val24,val25,val26,val27,val28,val29};
+    VerilatedCovImp::imp().insertp(keyps, valps);
+}
+
+// And versions with fewer arguments  (oh for a language with named parameters!)
+void VerilatedCov::_insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9)) {
+    _insertp(C(0),C(1),C(2),C(3),C(4),C(5),C(6),C(7),C(8),C(9),
+	     N(10),N(11),N(12),N(13),N(14),N(15),N(16),N(17),N(18),N(19),
+	     N(20),N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26),N(27),N(28),N(29));
+}
+void VerilatedCov::_insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9),
+			     A(10),A(11),A(12),A(13),A(14),A(15),A(16),A(17),A(18),A(19)) {
+    _insertp(C(0),C(1),C(2),C(3),C(4),C(5),C(6),C(7),C(8),C(9),
+	     C(10),C(11),C(12),C(13),C(14),C(15),C(16),C(17),C(18),C(19),
+	     N(20),N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26),N(27),N(28),N(29));
+}
+// Backward compatibility for Verilator
+void VerilatedCov::_insertp (A(0), A(1),  K(2),int val2,  K(3),int val3,
+			     K(4),const string& val4,  A(5),A(6)) {
+    string val2str = vlCovCvtToStr(val2);
+    string val3str = vlCovCvtToStr(val3);
+    _insertp(C(0),C(1),
+	     key2,val2str.c_str(),  key3,val3str.c_str(),  key4, val4.c_str(),
+	     C(5),C(6),N(7),N(8),N(9),
+	     N(10),N(11),N(12),N(13),N(14),N(15),N(16),N(17),N(18),N(19),
+	     N(20),N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26),N(27),N(28),N(29));
+}
+#undef A
+#undef C
+#undef N
+#undef K
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//=============================================================================
+//
+// THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
+//
+// Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+//
+// This is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+// for more details.
+//
+//=============================================================================
+///
+/// \file
+/// \brief Coverage analysis support
+///
+//=============================================================================
+
+#ifndef _VERILATED_COV_H_
+#define _VERILATED_COV_H_ 1
+
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+using namespace std;
+
+//=============================================================================
+/// Conditionally compile coverage code
+
+#ifdef VM_COVERAGE
+# define VL_IF_COVER(stmts) do { stmts ; } while(0)
+#else
+# define VL_IF_COVER(stmts) do { if(0) { stmts ; } } while(0)
+#endif
+
+//=============================================================================
+/// Insert a item for coverage analysis.
+/// The first argument is a pointer to the count to be dumped.
+/// The remaining arguments occur in pairs: A string key, and a value.
+/// The value may be a string, or another type which will be auto-converted to a string.
+///
+/// Some typical keys:
+///	filename	File the recording occurs in.  Defaults to __FILE__
+///	lineno		Line number the recording occurs in.  Defaults to __LINE__
+///	column		Column number (or occurrence# for dup file/lines).  Defaults to undef.
+///	hier		Hierarchical name.  Defaults to name()
+///	type		Type of coverage.  Defaults to "user"
+///			Other types are 'block', 'fsm', 'toggle'.
+///	comment		Description of the coverage event.  Should be set by the user.
+///			Comments for type==block: 'if', 'else', 'elsif', 'case'
+///	thresh		Threshold to consider fully covered.
+///			If unspecified, downstream tools will determine it.
+///
+/// Examples:
+///
+///	vluint32_t m_cases[10];
+///	constructor {
+///	    for (int i=0; i<10; i++) { m_cases[i]=0; }
+///     }
+///	for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {
+///		VL_COVER_INSERT(&m_cases[i], "comment", "Coverage Case", "i", cvtToNumStr(i));
+///	}
+
+#define VL_COVER_INSERT(countp,args...) \
+    VL_IF_COVER(VerilatedCov::_inserti(countp);	\
+		VerilatedCov::_insertf(__FILE__,__LINE__);	\
+		VerilatedCov::_insertp("hier", name(), args))
+
+//=============================================================================
+/// Convert VL_COVER_INSERT value arguments to strings
+
+template< class T> std::string vlCovCvtToStr (const T& t) {
+    ostringstream os; os<<t; return os.str();
+}
+
+//=============================================================================
+//  VerilatedCov
+///  Verilator coverage global class
+////
+/// Global class with methods affecting all coverage data.
+
+class VerilatedCov {
+public:
+    // GLOBAL METHODS
+    /// Return default filename
+    static const char* defaultFilename() { return "coverage.dat"; }
+    /// Write all coverage data to a file
+    static void write (const char* filenamep = defaultFilename());
+    /// Insert a coverage item
+    /// We accept from 1-30 key/value pairs, all as strings.
+    /// Call _insert1, followed by _insert2 and _insert3
+    /// Do not call directly; use VL_COVER_INSERT or higher level macros instead
+    // _insert1: Remember item pointer with count.  (Not const, as may add zeroing function)
+    static void _inserti (vluint32_t* itemp);
+    static void _inserti (vluint64_t* itemp);
+    // _insert2: Set default filename and line number
+    static void _insertf (const char* filename, int lineno);
+    // _insert3: Set parameters
+    // We could have just the maximum argument version, but this compiles
+    // much slower (nearly 2x) than having smaller versions also.  However
+    // there's not much more gain in having a version for each number of args.
+#define K(n) const char* key ## n
+#define A(n) const char* key ## n, const char* valp ## n	// Argument list
+#define D(n) const char* key ## n = NULL, const char* valp ## n = NULL	// Argument list
+    static void _insertp (D(0),D(1),D(2),D(3),D(4),D(5),D(6),D(7),D(8),D(9));
+    static void _insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9)
+			  ,A(10),D(11),D(12),D(13),D(14),D(15),D(16),D(17),D(18),D(19));
+    static void _insertp (A(0),A(1),A(2),A(3),A(4),A(5),A(6),A(7),A(8),A(9)
+			  ,A(10),A(11),A(12),A(13),A(14),A(15),A(16),A(17),A(18),A(19)
+			  ,A(20),D(21),D(22),D(23),D(24),D(25),D(26),D(27),D(28),D(29));
+    // Backward compatibility for Verilator
+    static void _insertp (A(0), A(1),  K(2),int val2,  K(3),int val3,
+			  K(4),const string& val4,  A(5),A(6));
+
+#undef K
+#undef A
+#undef D
+    /// Clear coverage points (and call delete on all items)
+    static void clear();
+    /// Clear items not matching the provided string
+    static void clearNonMatch (const char* matchp);
+    /// Zero coverage points
+    static void zero();
+};
+
+#endif // guard
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//=============================================================================
+//
+// THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
+//
+// Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
+//
+// This is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+// for more details.
+//
+//=============================================================================
+///
+/// \file
+/// \brief Coverage item keys
+///
+//=============================================================================
+
+#ifndef _VERILATED_COV_KEY_H_
+#define _VERILATED_COV_KEY_H_ 1
+
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+
+#include <string>
+using namespace std;
+
+//=============================================================================
+// Data used to edit below file, using vlcovgen
+
+#define VLCOVGEN_ITEM(string_parsed_by_vlcovgen)
+
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col0_name',   short=>'C0', group=>1, default=>undef, descr=>'The column title for the header line of this column'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col1_name',   short=>'C1', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col2_name',   short=>'C2', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col3_name',   short=>'C3', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'column',      short=>'n',  group=>1, default=>0,     descr=>'Column number for the item.  Used to disambiguate multiple coverage points on the same line number'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'filename',    short=>'f',  group=>1, default=>undef, descr=>'Filename of the item'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'groupdesc',   short=>'d',  group=>1, default=>'',    descr=>'Description of the covergroup this item belongs to'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'groupname',   short=>'g',  group=>1, default=>'',    descr=>'Group name of the covergroup this item belongs to'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'groupcmt',    short=>'O',  group=>1, default=>'',    ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'per_instance',short=>'P',  group=>1, default=>0,     descr=>'True if every hierarchy is independently counted; otherwise all hierarchies will be combined into a single count'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row0_name',   short=>'R0', group=>1, default=>undef, descr=>'The row title for the header line of this row'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row1_name',   short=>'R1', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row2_name',   short=>'R2', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row3_name',   short=>'R3', group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'table',       short=>'T',  group=>1, default=>undef, descr=>'The name of the table for automatically generated tables'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'thresh',      short=>'s',  group=>1, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'type',        short=>'t',  group=>1, default=>'',    descr=>'Type of coverage (block, line, fsm, etc)'")
+// Bin attributes
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col0',        short=>'c0', group=>0, default=>undef, descr=>'The (enumeration) value name for this column in a table cross' ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col1',        short=>'c1', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col2',        short=>'c2', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'col3',        short=>'c3', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'comment',     short=>'o',  group=>0, default=>'',    descr=>'Textual description for the item'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'hier',        short=>'h',  group=>0, default=>'',    descr=>'Hierarchy path name for the item'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'limit',       short=>'L',  group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'lineno',      short=>'l',  group=>0, default=>0,     descr=>'Line number for the item'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row0',        short=>'r0', group=>0, default=>undef, descr=>'The (enumeration) value name for this row in a table cross'")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row1',        short=>'r1', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row2',        short=>'r2', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'row3',        short=>'r3', group=>0, default=>undef, ")
+VLCOVGEN_ITEM("name=>'weight',      short=>'w',  group=>0, default=>undef, descr=>'For totaling items, weight of this item'")
+
+//=============================================================================
+//  VerilatedCovKey
+///  Verilator coverage global class
+////
+/// Global class with methods affecting all coverage data.
+
+// VLCOVGEN_CIK_AUTO_EDIT_BEGIN
+#define VL_CIK_COL0 "c0"
+#define VL_CIK_COL0_NAME "C0"
+#define VL_CIK_COL1 "c1"
+#define VL_CIK_COL1_NAME "C1"
+#define VL_CIK_COL2 "c2"
+#define VL_CIK_COL2_NAME "C2"
+#define VL_CIK_COL3 "c3"
+#define VL_CIK_COL3_NAME "C3"
+#define VL_CIK_COLUMN "n"
+#define VL_CIK_COMMENT "o"
+#define VL_CIK_FILENAME "f"
+#define VL_CIK_GROUPCMT "O"
+#define VL_CIK_GROUPDESC "d"
+#define VL_CIK_GROUPNAME "g"
+#define VL_CIK_HIER "h"
+#define VL_CIK_LIMIT "L"
+#define VL_CIK_LINENO "l"
+#define VL_CIK_PER_INSTANCE "P"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW0 "r0"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW0_NAME "R0"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW1 "r1"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW1_NAME "R1"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW2 "r2"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW2_NAME "R2"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW3 "r3"
+#define VL_CIK_ROW3_NAME "R3"
+#define VL_CIK_TABLE "T"
+#define VL_CIK_THRESH "s"
+#define VL_CIK_TYPE "t"
+#define VL_CIK_WEIGHT "w"
+// VLCOVGEN_CIK_AUTO_EDIT_END
+
+class VerilatedCovKey {
+public:
+    static string shortKey(const string& key) {
+	// VLCOVGEN_SHORT_AUTO_EDIT_BEGIN
+	if (key == "col0") return VL_CIK_COL0;
+	if (key == "col0_name") return VL_CIK_COL0_NAME;
+	if (key == "col1") return VL_CIK_COL1;
+	if (key == "col1_name") return VL_CIK_COL1_NAME;
+	if (key == "col2") return VL_CIK_COL2;
+	if (key == "col2_name") return VL_CIK_COL2_NAME;
+	if (key == "col3") return VL_CIK_COL3;
+	if (key == "col3_name") return VL_CIK_COL3_NAME;
+	if (key == "column") return VL_CIK_COLUMN;
+	if (key == "comment") return VL_CIK_COMMENT;
+	if (key == "filename") return VL_CIK_FILENAME;
+	if (key == "groupcmt") return VL_CIK_GROUPCMT;
+	if (key == "groupdesc") return VL_CIK_GROUPDESC;
+	if (key == "groupname") return VL_CIK_GROUPNAME;
+	if (key == "hier") return VL_CIK_HIER;
+	if (key == "limit") return VL_CIK_LIMIT;
+	if (key == "lineno") return VL_CIK_LINENO;
+	if (key == "per_instance") return VL_CIK_PER_INSTANCE;
+	if (key == "row0") return VL_CIK_ROW0;
+	if (key == "row0_name") return VL_CIK_ROW0_NAME;
+	if (key == "row1") return VL_CIK_ROW1;
+	if (key == "row1_name") return VL_CIK_ROW1_NAME;
+	if (key == "row2") return VL_CIK_ROW2;
+	if (key == "row2_name") return VL_CIK_ROW2_NAME;
+	if (key == "row3") return VL_CIK_ROW3;
+	if (key == "row3_name") return VL_CIK_ROW3_NAME;
+	if (key == "table") return VL_CIK_TABLE;
+	if (key == "thresh") return VL_CIK_THRESH;
+	if (key == "type") return VL_CIK_TYPE;
+	if (key == "weight") return VL_CIK_WEIGHT;
+	// VLCOVGEN_SHORT_AUTO_EDIT_END
+	return key;
+    }
+};
+
+#endif // guard
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2009-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2009-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ void svGetPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, const svLogicVecVal* s, int i, int w) {
 void svPutPartselBit(svBitVecVal* d, const svBitVecVal s, int i, int w) {
    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
 }
-void svPutPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, const svLogicVecVal s, int i, int w) {
+void svPutPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, const svLogicVecVal* s, int i, int w) {
    _VL_SVDPI_UNIMP();
 }

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2010-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2010-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -41,11 +41,30 @@ inline string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NQ(QData lhs) {
    IData lw[2];  VL_SET_WQ(lw, lhs);
    return VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NW(2, lw);
 }
+inline string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NN(const string& lhs) {
+    return lhs;
+}
 inline string VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NI(IData lhs) {
    IData lw[1];  lw[0] = lhs;
    return VL_CVT_PACK_STR_NW(1, lw);
 }
+inline string VL_CONCATN_NNN(const string& lhs, const string& rhs) {
+    return lhs+rhs;
+}
+inline string VL_REPLICATEN_NNQ(int,int,int, const string& lhs, IData rep) {
+    string out; out.reserve(lhs.length() * rep);
+    for (unsigned times=0; times<rep; times++) out += lhs;
+    return out;
+}
+inline string VL_REPLICATEN_NNI(int obits,int lbits,int rbits, const string& lhs, IData rep) {
+    return VL_REPLICATEN_NNQ(obits,lbits,rbits,lhs,rep);
+}

+extern IData VL_FOPEN_NI(const string& filename, IData mode);
+extern void VL_READMEM_N(bool hex, int width, int depth, int array_lsb, int fnwords,
+                         const string& ofilename, void* memp, IData start, IData end);
+extern IData VL_SSCANF_INX(int lbits, const string& ld, const char* formatp, ...);
+extern void VL_SFORMAT_X(int obits_ignored, string &output, const char* formatp, ...);
 extern string VL_SFORMATF_NX(const char* formatp, ...);

 #endif // Guard
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2009-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2009-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ class VerilatedImp {
    // TYPES
    typedef vector<string> ArgVec;
    typedef map<pair<const void*,void*>,void*> UserMap;
-    typedef map<const char*, const VerilatedScope*, VerilatedCStrCmp>  ScopeNameMap;
    typedef map<const char*, int, VerilatedCStrCmp>  ExportNameMap;

    // MEMBERS
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ class VerilatedImp {
    ArgVec		m_argVec;	///< Argument list (NOT save-restored, may want different results)
    bool		m_argVecLoaded;	///< Ever loaded argument list
    UserMap	 	m_userMap;	///< Map of <(scope,userkey), userData>
-    ScopeNameMap	m_nameMap;	///< Map of <scope_name, scope pointer>
+    VerilatedScopeNameMap	m_nameMap;	///< Map of <scope_name, scope pointer>
    // Slow - somewhat static:
    ExportNameMap	m_exportMap;	///< Map of <export_func_proto, func number>
    int			m_exportNext;	///< Next export funcnum
@@ -154,30 +153,33 @@ public: // But only for verilated*.cpp
    // METHODS - scope name
    static void scopeInsert(const VerilatedScope* scopep) {
 	// Slow ok - called once/scope at construction
-	ScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(scopep->name());
+	VerilatedScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(scopep->name());
 	if (it == s_s.m_nameMap.end()) {
 	    s_s.m_nameMap.insert(it, make_pair(scopep->name(),scopep));
 	}
    }
    static inline const VerilatedScope* scopeFind(const char* namep) {
-	ScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(namep);
+	VerilatedScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(namep);
 	if (VL_LIKELY(it != s_s.m_nameMap.end())) return it->second;
 	else return NULL;
    }
    static void scopeErase(const VerilatedScope* scopep) {
 	// Slow ok - called once/scope at destruction
 	userEraseScope(scopep);
-	ScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(scopep->name());
+	VerilatedScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.find(scopep->name());
 	if (it != s_s.m_nameMap.end()) s_s.m_nameMap.erase(it);
    }
    static void scopesDump() {
 	VL_PRINTF("  scopesDump:\n");
-	for (ScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_nameMap.end(); ++it) {
+	for (VerilatedScopeNameMap::iterator it=s_s.m_nameMap.begin(); it!=s_s.m_nameMap.end(); ++it) {
 	    const VerilatedScope* scopep = it->second;
 	    scopep->scopeDump();
 	}
 	VL_PRINTF("\n");
    }
+    static const VerilatedScopeNameMap* scopeNameMap() {
+        return &s_s.m_nameMap;
+    }

 public: // But only for verilated*.cpp
    // METHODS - export names
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief C++ Tracing in VCD Format
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
-///
 //=============================================================================

 #include "verilatedos.h"
@@ -62,8 +60,9 @@ bool VerilatedDeserialize::readDiffers (const void* __restrict datap, size_t siz

 VerilatedDeserialize& VerilatedDeserialize::readAssert (const void* __restrict datap, size_t size) {
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(readDiffers(datap,size))) {
+	string fn = filename();
 	string msg = (string)"Can't deserialize save-restore file as was made from different model";
-	vl_fatal(filename().c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
+	vl_fatal(fn.c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
 	close();
    }
    return *this;  // For function chaining
@@ -82,8 +81,9 @@ void VerilatedSerialize::header() {
 void VerilatedDeserialize::header() {
    VerilatedDeserialize& os = *this;  // So can cut and paste standard >> code below
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(os.readDiffers(VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR, strlen(VLTSAVE_HEADER_STR)))) {
+	string fn = filename();
 	string msg = (string)"Can't deserialize; file has wrong header signature";
-	vl_fatal(filename().c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
+	vl_fatal(fn.c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
 	close();
    }
    os.read(Verilated::serializedPtr(), Verilated::serializedSize());
@@ -98,8 +98,9 @@ void VerilatedSerialize::trailer() {
 void VerilatedDeserialize::trailer() {
    VerilatedDeserialize& os = *this;  // So can cut and paste standard >> code below
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(os.readDiffers(VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR, strlen(VLTSAVE_TRAILER_STR)))) {
+	string fn = filename();
 	string msg = (string)"Can't deserialize; file has wrong end-of-file signature";
-	vl_fatal(filename().c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
+	vl_fatal(fn.c_str(), 0, "", msg.c_str());
 	close();
    }
 }
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ void VerilatedRestore::fill() {
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(!isOpen())) return;
    // Move remaining characters down to start of buffer.  (No memcpy, overlaps allowed)
    vluint8_t* rp = m_bufp;
-    for (vluint8_t* sp=m_cp; rp < m_endp;) *rp++ = *sp++;  // Overlaps
+    for (vluint8_t* sp=m_cp; sp < m_endp;) *rp++ = *sp++;  // Overlaps
    m_endp = m_bufp + (m_endp - m_cp);
    m_cp = m_bufp; // Reset buffer
    // Read into buffer starting at m_endp 
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2012-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2012-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief Save-restore serialization of verilated modules
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
-///
 //=============================================================================

 #ifndef _VERILATED_SAVE_C_H_
@@ -50,6 +48,8 @@ protected:
 	m_bufp = new vluint8_t [bufferSize()];
 	m_cp = m_bufp;
    }
+private:
+    VerilatedSerialBase(const VerilatedSerialBase& );	///< N/A, no copy constructor
 public:
    // CREATORS
    virtual ~VerilatedSerialBase() {
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ inline VerilatedSerialize&   operator<<(VerilatedSerialize& os,   string& rhs) {
    return os.write(rhs.data(), len);
 }
 inline VerilatedDeserialize& operator>>(VerilatedDeserialize& os, string& rhs) {
-    vluint32_t len;
+    vluint32_t len=0;
    os>>len;
    rhs.resize(len);
    return os.read((void*)rhs.data(), len);
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2009-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2009-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -32,32 +32,23 @@

 #include <map>

-//======================================================================
-// Types
-
-struct VerilatedCStrCmp {
-    /// Ordering maps keyed by const char*'s
-    bool operator() (const char *a, const char *b) const {
-	return std::strcmp(a, b) < 0;
-    }
-};
-
 //===========================================================================
 /// Verilator range

+// See also V3Ast::VNumRange
 class VerilatedRange { 
-    int		m_lhs;
-    int		m_rhs;
+    int		m_left;
+    int		m_right;
 protected:
    friend class VerilatedVar;
    friend class VerilatedScope;
-    VerilatedRange() : m_lhs(0), m_rhs(0) {}
-    void sets(int lhs, int rhs) { m_lhs=lhs; m_rhs=rhs; }
+    VerilatedRange() : m_left(0), m_right(0) {}
+    void sets(int left, int right) { m_left=left; m_right=right; }
 public:
    ~VerilatedRange() {}
-    int lhs() const { return m_lhs; }
-    int rhs() const { return m_rhs; }
-    int bits() const { return (VL_LIKELY(m_lhs>=m_rhs)?(m_lhs-m_rhs+1):(m_rhs-m_lhs+1)); }
+    int left() const { return m_left; }
+    int right() const { return m_right; }
+    int elements() const { return (VL_LIKELY(m_left>=m_right)?(m_left-m_right+1):(m_right-m_left+1)); }
 };

 //===========================================================================
@@ -92,7 +83,22 @@ public:
 //======================================================================
 /// Types

-struct VerilatedVarNameMap : public map<const char*, VerilatedVar, VerilatedCStrCmp> {
+struct VerilatedCStrCmp {
+    /// Ordering maps keyed by const char*'s
+    bool operator() (const char *a, const char *b) const {
+	return std::strcmp(a, b) < 0;
+    }
+};
+
+class VerilatedScopeNameMap
+    : public map<const char*, const VerilatedScope*, VerilatedCStrCmp> {
+public:
+    VerilatedScopeNameMap() {}
+    ~VerilatedScopeNameMap() {}
+};
+
+class VerilatedVarNameMap : public map<const char*, VerilatedVar, VerilatedCStrCmp> {
+public:
    VerilatedVarNameMap() {}
    ~VerilatedVarNameMap() {}
 };
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief C++ Tracing in VCD Format
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
-///
 //=============================================================================
 // SPDIFF_OFF

@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ vector<VerilatedVcd*>	VerilatedVcd::s_vcdVecp;	///< List of all created traces
 // VerilatedVcdCallInfo
 /// Internal callback routines for each module being traced.
 ////
-/// Each SystemPerl module that wishes to be traced registers a set of
+/// Each module that wishes to be traced registers a set of
 /// callbacks stored in this class.  When the trace file is being
 /// constructed, this class provides the callback routines to be executed.

@@ -76,11 +74,48 @@ protected:
 	: m_initcb(icb), m_fullcb(fcb), m_changecb(changecb), m_userthis(ut), m_code(code) {};
 };

+//=============================================================================
+//=============================================================================
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedVcdFile
+
+bool VerilatedVcdFile::open(const string& name) {
+    m_fd = ::open(name.c_str(), O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC|O_LARGEFILE|O_NONBLOCK, 0666);
+    return (m_fd>=0);
+}
+
+void VerilatedVcdFile::close() {
+    ::close(m_fd);
+}
+
+ssize_t VerilatedVcdFile::write(const char* bufp, ssize_t len) {
+    return ::write(m_fd, bufp, len);
+}
+
 //=============================================================================
 //=============================================================================
 //=============================================================================
 // Opening/Closing

+VerilatedVcd::VerilatedVcd(VerilatedVcdFile* filep)
+    : m_isOpen(false), m_rolloverMB(0), m_modDepth(0), m_nextCode(1) {
+    // Not in header to avoid link issue if header is included without this .cpp file
+    m_fileNewed = (filep == NULL);
+    m_filep = m_fileNewed ? new VerilatedVcdFile : filep;
+    m_namemapp = NULL;
+    m_timeRes = m_timeUnit = 1e-9;
+    m_timeLastDump = 0;
+    m_sigs_oldvalp = NULL;
+    m_evcd = false;
+    m_scopeEscape = '.';  // Backward compatibility
+    m_fullDump = true;
+    m_wrChunkSize = 8*1024;
+    m_wrBufp = new char [m_wrChunkSize*8];
+    m_wrFlushp = m_wrBufp + m_wrChunkSize * 6;
+    m_writep = m_wrBufp;
+    m_wroteBytes = 0;
+}
+
 void VerilatedVcd::open (const char* filename) {
    if (isOpen()) return;

@@ -142,9 +177,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::openNext (bool incFilename) {
 	assert(0);	// Not supported yet.
    } else {
 	// cppcheck-suppress duplicateExpression
-	m_fd = ::open (m_filename.c_str(), O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC|O_LARGEFILE|O_NONBLOCK
-		       , 0666);
-	if (m_fd<0) {
+	if (!m_filep->open(m_filename)) {
 	    // User code can check isOpen()
 	    m_isOpen = false;
 	    return;
@@ -172,8 +205,8 @@ void VerilatedVcd::makeNameMap() {
    // This comes from user instantiations with no name - IE Vtop("").
    bool nullScope = false;
    for (NameMap::iterator it=m_namemapp->begin(); it!=m_namemapp->end(); ++it) {
-	const char* hiername = (*it).first.c_str();
-	if (hiername[0] == '\t') nullScope=true;
+	const string& hiername = it->first;
+	if (hiername.size() >= 1 && hiername[0] == '\t') nullScope=true;
    }
    if (nullScope) {
 	NameMap* newmapp = new NameMap;
@@ -199,6 +232,7 @@ VerilatedVcd::~VerilatedVcd() {
    if (m_wrBufp) { delete[] m_wrBufp; m_wrBufp=NULL; }
    if (m_sigs_oldvalp) { delete[] m_sigs_oldvalp; m_sigs_oldvalp=NULL; }
    deleteNameMap();
+    if (m_filep && m_fileNewed) { delete m_filep; m_filep = NULL; }
    // Remove from list of traces
    vector<VerilatedVcd*>::iterator pos = find(s_vcdVecp.begin(), s_vcdVecp.end(), this);
    if (pos != s_vcdVecp.end()) { s_vcdVecp.erase(pos); }
@@ -209,7 +243,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::closePrev () {

    bufferFlush();
    m_isOpen = false;
-    ::close(m_fd);
+    m_filep->close();
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::closeErr () {
@@ -219,7 +253,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::closeErr () {

    // No buffer flush, just fclose
    m_isOpen = false;
-    ::close(m_fd);  // May get error, just ignore it
+    m_filep->close();  // May get error, just ignore it
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::close() {
@@ -261,6 +295,20 @@ void VerilatedVcd::printTime (vluint64_t timeui) {
    printQuad(timeui);
 }

+void VerilatedVcd::bufferResize(vluint64_t minsize) {
+    // minsize is size of largest write.  We buffer at least 8 times as much data,
+    // writing when we are 3/4 full (with thus 2*minsize remaining free)
+    if (VL_UNLIKELY(minsize > m_wrChunkSize)) {
+	char* oldbufp = m_wrBufp;
+	m_wrChunkSize = minsize*2;
+	m_wrBufp = new char [m_wrChunkSize * 8];
+	memcpy(m_wrBufp, oldbufp, m_writep - oldbufp);
+        m_writep = m_wrBufp + (m_writep - oldbufp);
+	m_wrFlushp = m_wrBufp + m_wrChunkSize * 6;
+	delete oldbufp; oldbufp=NULL;
+    }
+}
+
 void VerilatedVcd::bufferFlush () {
    // We add output data to m_writep.
    // When it gets nearly full we dump it using this routine which calls write()
@@ -271,7 +319,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::bufferFlush () {
 	ssize_t remaining = (m_writep - wp);
 	if (remaining==0) break;
 	errno = 0;
-	ssize_t got = write (m_fd, wp, remaining);
+	ssize_t got = m_filep->write(wp, remaining);
 	if (got>0) {
 	    wp += got;
 	    m_wroteBytes += got;
@@ -294,13 +342,11 @@ void VerilatedVcd::bufferFlush () {
 // Simple methods

 void VerilatedVcd::set_time_unit (const char* unitp) {
-    string unitstr (unitp);
    //cout<<" set_time_unit ("<<unitp<<") == "<<timescaleToDouble(unitp)<<" == "<<doubleToTimescale(timescaleToDouble(unitp))<<endl;
    m_timeUnit = timescaleToDouble(unitp);
 }

 void VerilatedVcd::set_time_resolution (const char* unitp) {
-    string unitstr (unitp);
    //cout<<"set_time_resolution ("<<unitp<<") == "<<timescaleToDouble(unitp)<<" == "<<doubleToTimescale(timescaleToDouble(unitp))<<endl;
    m_timeRes = timescaleToDouble(unitp);
 }
@@ -332,7 +378,7 @@ string VerilatedVcd::doubleToTimescale (double value) {
    else if (value>=1e-12) { suffixp="ps"; value *= 1e12; }
    else if (value>=1e-15) { suffixp="fs"; value *= 1e15; }
    else if (value>=1e-18) { suffixp="as"; value *= 1e18; }
-    char valuestr[100]; sprintf(valuestr,"%d%s",(int)(value), suffixp);
+    char valuestr[100]; sprintf(valuestr,"%3.0f%s", value, suffixp);
    return valuestr;  // Gets converted to string, so no ref to stack
 }

@@ -352,7 +398,8 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpHeader () {
    printStr("$date "); printStr(ctime(&time_str)); printStr(" $end\n");

    printStr("$timescale ");
-    printStr(doubleToTimescale(m_timeRes).c_str());
+    const string& timeResStr = doubleToTimescale(m_timeRes);
+    printStr(timeResStr.c_str());
    printStr(" $end\n");

    makeNameMap();
@@ -370,10 +417,11 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpHeader () {
    // Print the signal names
    const char* lastName = "";
    for (NameMap::iterator it=m_namemapp->begin(); it!=m_namemapp->end(); ++it) {
-	const char* hiername = (*it).first.c_str();
-	const char* decl     = (*it).second.c_str();
+	const string& hiernamestr = it->first;
+	const string& decl = it->second;

 	// Determine difference between the old and new names
+	const char* hiername = hiernamestr.c_str();
 	const char* lp = lastName;
 	const char* np = hiername;
 	lastName = hiername;
@@ -408,7 +456,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpHeader () {
 	}

 	printIndent(0);
-	printStr(decl);
+	printStr(decl.c_str());
    }

    while (m_modDepth>1) {
@@ -424,7 +472,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::dumpHeader () {
    deleteNameMap();
 }

-void VerilatedVcd::module (string name) {
+void VerilatedVcd::module (const string& name) {
    m_modName = name;
 }

@@ -442,6 +490,9 @@ void VerilatedVcd::declare (vluint32_t code, const char* name, const char* wirep
 	m_sigs.reserve(m_nextCode*2);	// Power-of-2 allocation speeds things up
    }

+    // Make sure write buffer is large enough (one character per bit), plus header
+    bufferResize(bits+1024);
+
    // Save declaration info
    VerilatedVcdSig sig = VerilatedVcdSig(code, bits);
    m_sigs.push_back(sig);
@@ -520,7 +571,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::declDouble   (vluint32_t code, const char* name, int arraynum

 void VerilatedVcd::fullDouble (vluint32_t code, const double newval) {
    (*((double*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) = newval;
-    // Buffer can't overflow; we have at least bufferInsertSize() bytes (>>>16 bytes)
+    // Buffer can't overflow before sprintf; we sized during declaration
    sprintf(m_writep, "r%.16g", newval);
    m_writep += strlen(m_writep);
    *m_writep++=' '; printCode(code); *m_writep++='\n';
@@ -528,7 +579,7 @@ void VerilatedVcd::fullDouble (vluint32_t code, const double newval) {
 }
 void VerilatedVcd::fullFloat (vluint32_t code, const float newval) {
    (*((float*)&m_sigs_oldvalp[code])) = newval;
-    // Buffer can't overflow; we have at least bufferInsertSize() bytes (>>>16 bytes)
+    // Buffer can't overflow before sprintf; we sized during declaration
    sprintf(m_writep, "r%.16g", (double)newval);
    m_writep += strlen(m_writep);
    *m_writep++=' '; printCode(code); *m_writep++='\n';
@@ -701,5 +752,5 @@ main() {

 //********************************************************************
 // Local Variables:
-// compile-command: "mkdir -p ../test_dir && cd ../test_dir && g++ -DVERILATED_VCD_TEST ../src/verilated_vcd_c.cpp -o verilated_vcd_c && ./verilated_vcd_c && cat test.vcd"
+// compile-command: "mkdir -p ../test_dir && cd ../test_dir && c++ -DVERILATED_VCD_TEST ../src/verilated_vcd_c.cpp -o verilated_vcd_c && ./verilated_vcd_c && cat test.vcd"
 // End:
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 /// \file
 /// \brief C++ Tracing in VCD Format
 ///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
-///
 //=============================================================================
 // SPDIFF_OFF

@@ -36,6 +34,22 @@ class VerilatedVcd;
 class VerilatedVcdCallInfo;

 // SPDIFF_ON
+//=============================================================================
+// VerilatedFile
+/// File handling routines, which can be overrode for e.g. socket I/O
+
+class VerilatedVcdFile {
+private:
+    int			m_fd;		///< File descriptor we're writing to
+public:
+    // METHODS
+    VerilatedVcdFile() : m_fd(0) {}
+    virtual ~VerilatedVcdFile() {}
+    virtual bool open(const string& name);
+    virtual void close();
+    virtual ssize_t write(const char* bufp, ssize_t len);
+};
+
 //=============================================================================
 // VerilatedVcdSig
 /// Internal data on one signal being traced.
@@ -62,9 +76,10 @@ typedef void (*VerilatedVcdCallback_t)(VerilatedVcd* vcdp, void* userthis, vluin

 class VerilatedVcd {
 private:
+    VerilatedVcdFile*	m_filep;	///< File we're writing to
+    bool		m_fileNewed;	///< m_filep needs destruction
    bool 		m_isOpen;	///< True indicates open file
    bool		m_evcd;		///< True for evcd format
-    int			m_fd;		///< File descriptor we're writing to
    string		m_filename;	///< Filename we're writing to (if open)
    vluint64_t		m_rolloverMB;	///< MB of file size to rollover at
    char		m_scopeEscape;	///< Character to separate scope components
@@ -77,7 +92,9 @@ private:
    vluint64_t		m_timeLastDump;	///< Last time we did a dump

    char*		m_wrBufp;	///< Output buffer
+    char*		m_wrFlushp;	///< Output buffer flush trigger location
    char*		m_writep;	///< Write pointer into output buffer
+    vluint64_t		m_wrChunkSize;	///< Output buffer size
    vluint64_t		m_wroteBytes;	///< Number of bytes written to this file

    vluint32_t*			m_sigs_oldvalp;	///< Pointer to old signal values
@@ -87,13 +104,12 @@ private:
    NameMap*			m_namemapp;	///< List of names for the header
    static vector<VerilatedVcd*>	s_vcdVecp;	///< List of all created traces

-    inline static size_t bufferSize() { return 256*1024; }  // See below for slack calculation
-    inline static size_t bufferInsertSize() { return 16*1024; }
+    void bufferResize(vluint64_t minsize);
    void bufferFlush();
-    void bufferCheck() {
+    inline void bufferCheck() {
 	// Flush the write buffer if there's not enough space left for new information
 	// We only call this once per vector, so we need enough slop for a very wide "b###" line
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_writep > (m_wrBufp+(bufferSize()-bufferInsertSize())))) {
+	if (VL_UNLIKELY(m_writep > m_wrFlushp)) {
 	    bufferFlush();
 	}
    }
@@ -128,25 +144,15 @@ private:
 	return out + ((char)((code)%94+33));
    }

+    VerilatedVcd(const VerilatedVcd& );	///< N/A, no copy constructor
+
 protected:
    // METHODS
    void evcd(bool flag) { m_evcd = flag; }

 public:
    // CREATORS
-    VerilatedVcd () : m_isOpen(false), m_rolloverMB(0), m_modDepth(0), m_nextCode(1) {
-	m_wrBufp = new char [bufferSize()];
-	m_writep = m_wrBufp;
-	m_namemapp = NULL;
-	m_timeRes = m_timeUnit = 1e-9;
-	m_timeLastDump = 0;
-	m_sigs_oldvalp = NULL;
-	m_evcd = false;
-	m_scopeEscape = '.';  // Backward compatibility
-	m_wroteBytes = 0;
-	m_fd = 0;
-	m_fullDump = true;
-    }
+    explicit VerilatedVcd(VerilatedVcdFile* filep=NULL);
    ~VerilatedVcd();

    // ACCESSORS
@@ -188,7 +194,7 @@ public:
 		      void* userthis);

    /// Inside dumping routines, declare a module
-    void module (const string name);
+    void module (const string& name);
    /// Inside dumping routines, declare a signal
    void declBit      (vluint32_t code, const char* name, int arraynum);
    void declBus      (vluint32_t code, const char* name, int arraynum, int msb, int lsb);
@@ -392,10 +398,10 @@ public:
 /// Create a VCD dump file in C standalone (no SystemC) simulations.

 class VerilatedVcdC {
-    VerilatedVcd		m_sptrace;	///< SystemPerl trace file being created
+    VerilatedVcd		m_sptrace;	///< Trace file being created
 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    VerilatedVcdC() {}
+    explicit VerilatedVcdC(VerilatedVcdFile* filep=NULL) : m_sptrace(filep) {}
    ~VerilatedVcdC() {}
    // ACCESSORS
    /// Is file open?
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 //=============================================================================
 ///
 /// \file
-/// \brief SystemPerl Tracing in VCD Format
-///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
+/// \brief Verilator tracing in VCD Format
 ///
 //=============================================================================
 // SPDIFF_OFF
@@ -32,6 +30,7 @@
 //--------------------------------------------------
 #if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>=20050714)
    // SystemC 2.1.v1
+// cppcheck-suppress unusedFunction
 void VerilatedVcdSc::write_comment (const std::string &) {}
 void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const std::string &, const char **) {}

@@ -76,6 +75,7 @@ void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const std::string &, const cha
 //--------------------------------------------------
 #elif (SYSTEMC_VERSION>20011000)
    // SystemC 2.0.1
+// cppcheck-suppress unusedFunction
 void VerilatedVcdSc::write_comment (const sc_string &) {}
 void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const sc_string &, const char **) {}

@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const sc_string &, const char
 //--------------------------------------------------
 #else
    // SystemC 1.2.1beta
+// cppcheck-suppress unusedFunction
 void VerilatedVcdSc::write_comment (const sc_string &) {}
 void VerilatedVcdSc::trace (const unsigned int &, const sc_string &, const char **) {}

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // THIS MODULE IS PUBLICLY LICENSED
 //
-// Copyright 2001-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
+// Copyright 2001-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software;
 // you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.
 //
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 //=============================================================================
 ///
 /// \file
-/// \brief SystemPerl tracing in VCD format
-///
-/// AUTHOR:  Wilson Snyder
+/// \brief Verilator tracing in VCD format
 ///
 //=============================================================================
 // SPDIFF_OFF
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License.
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -95,6 +95,29 @@
 // This is not necessarily the same as #UL, depending on what the IData typedef is.
 #define VL_UL(c) ((IData)(c##UL))	///< Add appropriate suffix to 32-bit constant

+#ifdef VL_CPPCHECK
+# define VL_DANGLING(v)
+#else
+# define VL_DANGLING(v) do { (v) = NULL; } while(0)	///< After e.g. delete, set variable to NULL to indicate must not use later
+#endif
+
+//=========================================================================
+// C++-2011
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L || defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+# define VL_HAS_UNIQUE_PTR
+# define VL_UNIQUE_PTR unique_ptr
+#else
+# define VL_UNIQUE_PTR auto_ptr
+#endif
+
+//=========================================================================
+// Optimization
+
+#ifndef VL_INLINE_OPT
+# define VL_INLINE_OPT		///< "inline" if compiling all objects in single compiler run
+#endif
+
 //=========================================================================
 // Warning disabled

@@ -122,7 +145,7 @@ typedef unsigned char           uint8_t;	///< 8-bit unsigned type (backward comp
 typedef unsigned short int      uint16_t;	///< 16-bit unsigned type (backward compatibility)
 typedef unsigned char           vluint8_t;	///< 8-bit unsigned type
 typedef unsigned short int      vluint16_t;	///< 16-bit unsigned type
-# ifdef __uint32_t_defined      		// Newer Cygwin uint32_t in stdint.h as an unsigned int
+# if defined(__uint32_t_defined) || defined(___int32_t_defined)    // Newer Cygwin uint32_t in stdint.h as an unsigned int
 typedef int32_t			vlsint32_t;	///< 32-bit signed type
 typedef uint32_t		vluint32_t;	///< 32-bit unsigned type
 # else				 		// Older Cygwin has long==uint32_t
@@ -161,6 +184,7 @@ typedef signed   __int32        ssize_t;        ///< signed size_t; returned fro
 #else // Linux or compliant Unix flavors, -m64

 # include <stdint.h>	// Linux and most flavors
+# include <unistd.h>	// Linux ssize_t
 # include <inttypes.h>	// Solaris
 typedef uint8_t			vluint8_t;	///< 32-bit unsigned type
 typedef uint16_t		vluint16_t;	///< 32-bit unsigned type
@@ -189,6 +213,27 @@ typedef unsigned long long	vluint64_t;	///< 64-bit unsigned type
 # endif
 #endif

+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+# if (_MSC_VER < 1900)
+#  define VL_SNPRINTF _snprintf
+# else
+#  define VL_SNPRINTF snprintf
+# endif
+# define VL_VSNPRINTF vsnprintf
+#else
+# define VL_SNPRINTF snprintf
+# define VL_VSNPRINTF vsnprintf
+#endif
+
+//=========================================================================
+// File system functions
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# define VL_DEV_NULL "nul"
+#else // Linux or compliant Unix flavors
+# define VL_DEV_NULL "/dev/null"
+#endif
+
 //=========================================================================
 // Integer size macros

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ typedef signed __int8 int8_t;
 #include <stdint.h>
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
 #include <stdint.h>
-#elif defined(__linux)
+#elif defined(__linux) || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__))
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #else
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ XXTERN void svGetPartselBit(svBitVecVal* d, const svBitVecVal* s, int i, int w);
 XXTERN void svGetPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, const svLogicVecVal* s, int i, int w);

 XXTERN void svPutPartselBit(svBitVecVal* d, const svBitVecVal s, int i, int w);
-XXTERN void svPutPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, const svLogicVecVal s, int i, int w);
+XXTERN void svPutPartselLogic(svLogicVecVal* d, const svLogicVecVal* s, int i, int w);

 /*
 * Open array querying functions
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ XXTERN void svGetPartSelectLogic(svLogicVec32* d, const svLogicPackedArrRef s,
 /* actual <-- canonical */
 XXTERN void svPutPartSelectBit(svBitPackedArrRef d, const svBitVec32 s,
        int i, int w);
-XXTERN void svPutPartSelectLogic(svLogicPackedArrRef d, const svLogicVec32 s,
+XXTERN void svPutPartSelectLogic(svLogicPackedArrRef d, const svLogicVec32* s,
        int i, int w);

 /*
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ typedef signed __int32 int32_t;
 typedef signed __int8 int8_t;
 #elif defined(__MINGW32__)
 #include <stdint.h>
-#elif defined(__linux)
+#elif defined(__linux) || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__))
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #else
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Verilator then performs many additional edits and optimizations on the
 hierarchical design.  This includes coverage, assertions, X elimination,
 inlining, constant propagation, and dead code elimination.

-References in the design are then psudo-flattened.  Each module's variables
+References in the design are then pseudo-flattened.  Each module's variables
 and functions get "Scope" references.  A scope reference is an occurrence of
 that un-flattened variable in the flattened hierarchy.  A module that occurs
 only once in the hierarchy will have a single scope and single VarScope for
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ occurrence, and two VarScopes for each variable.  This allows optimizations
 to proceed across the flattened design, while still preserving the
 hierarchy.

-Additional edits and optimizations proceed on the psudo-flat design.  These
+Additional edits and optimizations proceed on the pseudo-flat design.  These
 include module references, function inlining, loop unrolling, variable
 lifetime analysis, lookup table creation, always splitting, and logic gate
 simplifications (pushing inverters, etc).
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ classes).
 Each C<AstNode> has pointers to up to four children, accessed by the
 C<op1p> through C<op4p> methods.  These methods are then abstracted in a
 specific Ast* node class to a more specific name.  For example with the
-C<AstIf> node (for C<if> statements), C<ifsp> calls C<op1p> to give the
-pointer to the AST for the "then" block, while C<elsesp> calls C<op2p> to
+C<AstIf> node (for C<if> statements), C<ifsp> calls C<op2p> to give the
+pointer to the AST for the "then" block, while C<elsesp> calls C<op3p> to
 give the pointer to the AST for the "else" block, or NULL if there is not
 one.

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ are at the top of the tree.
 By convention, each function/method uses the variable C<nodep> as a pointer
 to the C<AstNode> currently being processed.

-=item C<AstNVistor>
+=item C<AstNVisitor>

 The passes are implemented by AST visitor classes (see L</Visitor
 Functions>). These are implemented by subclasses of the abstract class,
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ C<fanout>, C<color> and C<rank>, which may be used in algorithms for ordering
 the graph. A generic C<user>/C<userp> member variable is also provided.

 Virtual methods are provided to specify the name, color, shape and style to be
-used in dot output. Typically users provided derived classes from
+used in dot output. Typically users provide derived classes from
 C<V3GraphVertex> which will reimplement these methods.

 Iterators are provided to access in and out edges. Typically these are used in
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ and optimization passes. This allows separation of the pass algorithm from
 the AST on which it operates. Wikipedia provides an introduction to the
 concept at L<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern>.

-As noted above, all visitors are derived classes of C<AstNvisitor>. All
+As noted above, all visitors are derived classes of C<AstNVisitor>. All
 derived classes of C<AstNode> implement the C<accept> method, which takes
 as argument a reference to an instance or a C<AstNVisitor> derived class
 and applies the visit method of the C<AstNVisitor> to the invoking AstNode
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ exiting the lower for will lose the upper for's setting.
 User attributes.  Each C<AstNode> (B<Note.> The AST node, not the visitor)
 has five user attributes, which may be accessed as an integer using the
 C<user1()> through C<user5()> methods, or as a pointer (of type
-C<AstNuser>) using the C<user1p()> through C<user5p()> methods (a common
+C<AstNUser>) using the C<user1p()> through C<user5p()> methods (a common
 technique lifted from graph traversal packages).

 A visitor first clears the one it wants to use by calling
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ module.

 Parameters can be passed between the visitors in close to the "normal"
 function caller to callee way.  This is the second C<vup> parameter of type
-C<AstNuser> that is ignored on most of the visitor functions.  V3Width does
+C<AstNUser> that is ignored on most of the visitor functions.  V3Width does
 this, but it proved more messy than the above and is deprecated.  (V3Width
 was nearly the first module written.  Someday this scheme may be removed,
 as it slows the program down to have to pass vup everywhere.)
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ as it slows the program down to have to pass vup everywhere.)

 C<AstNode> provides a set of iterators to facilitate walking over the
 tree. Each takes two arguments, a visitor, C<v>, of type C<AstNVisitor> and
-an optional pointer user data, C<vup>, of type C<AstNuser*>. The second is
+an optional pointer user data, C<vup>, of type C<AstNUser*>. The second is
 one of the ways to pass parameters to visitors described in L</Visitor
-Functions>, but its use is no deprecated and should be used for new visitor
-classes.
+Functions>, but its use is now deprecated and should I<not> be used for new
+visitor classes.

 =over 4

@@ -341,6 +341,37 @@ C<op4p> in turn.

 =back

+=head3 Caution on Using Iterators When Child Changes
+
+Visitors often replace one node with another node; V3Width and V3Const are
+major examples.  A visitor which is the parent of such a replacement needs
+to be aware that calling iteration may cause the children to change.  For
+example:
+
+    // nodep->lhsp() is 0x1234000
+    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(...);  // and under covers nodep->lhsp() changes
+    // nodep->lhsp() is 0x5678400
+    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(...);
+
+Will work fine, as even if the first iterate causes a new node to take the
+place of the lhsp(), that edit will update nodep->lhsp() and the second
+call will correctly see the change. Alternatively:
+
+    lp = nodep->lhsp();
+    // nodep->lhsp() is 0x1234000, lp is 0x1234000
+    lp->iterateAndNext(...); **lhsp=NULL;** // and under covers nodep->lhsp() changes
+    // nodep->lhsp() is 0x5678400, lp is 0x1234000
+    lp->iterateAndNext(...);
+
+This will cause bugs or a core dump, as lp is a dangling pointer.  Thus it
+is advisable to set lhsp=NULL shown in the *'s above to make sure these
+dangles are avoided.  Another alternative used in special cases mostly in
+V3Width is to use acceptSubtreeReturnEdits, which operates on a single node
+and returns the new pointer if any.  Note acceptSubtreeReturnEdits does not
+follow nextp() links.
+
+    lp = lp->acceptSubtreeReturnEdits()
+
 =head2 Identifying derived classes

 A common requirement is to identify the specific C<AstNode> class we are
@@ -372,10 +403,22 @@ Verilator primary manual.
 It is important to add tests for failures as well as success (for example to
 check that an error message is correctly triggered).

-Tests that fail should by convenition have the suffix C<_bad> in their name,
+Tests that fail should by convention have the suffix C<_bad> in their name,
 and include C<fails =E<gt> 1> in either their C<compile> or C<execute> step as
 appropriate.

+=head2 Preparing to Run Tests
+
+For all tests to pass you must install the following packages:
+
+* SystemC to compile the SystemC outputs, see http://systemc.org
+
+* Parallel::Forker from CPAN to run tests in parallel, you can install this
+with e.g. "sudo cpan install Parallel::Forker".
+
+* vcddiff to find differences in VCD outputs. See the readme at
+https://github.com/veripool/vcddiff
+
 =head2 Controlling the Test Driver

 Test drivers are written in PERL. All invoke the main test driver script,
@@ -388,7 +431,7 @@ For convenience, a summary of the most commonly used features is provided
 here. All drivers require a call to C<compile> subroutine to compile the
 test. For run-time tests, this is followed by a call to the C<execute>
 subroutine. Both of these functions can optionally be provided with a hash
-table as argument specifying additonal options.
+table as argument specifying additional options.

 The test driver assumes by default that the source Verilog file name
 matches the PERL driver name. So a test whose driver is C<t/t_mytest.pl>
@@ -442,10 +485,10 @@ be warning free.

 =item --enable-longtests

-In addition to the standard C, SystemC and SystemPerl tests also run the
-tests in the C<test_vcs>, C<test_verilated> and C<test_regress> directories
-when using I<make test>.  This is disabled by default as SystemC/SystemPerl
-installation problems would otherwise falsely indicate a Verilator problem.
+In addition to the standard C, SystemC tests also run the tests in the
+C<test_verilated> and C<test_regress> directories when using I<make test>.
+This is disabled by default as SystemC installation problems would
+otherwise falsely indicate a Verilator problem.

 =back

@@ -460,12 +503,6 @@ There are some traps to avoid when running regression tests

 =item *

-The regression tests will assume that you have a version of SystemPerl to
-match. Typically if working on Verilator from git, also use SystemPerl from
-git.
-
-=item *
-
 When checking the MANIFEST, the test will barf on unexpected code in the
 Verilator tree. So make sure to keep any such code outside the tree.

@@ -608,8 +645,8 @@ Shows the value of the node's user1p...user5p, if non-NULL.
 Many nodes have an explicit data type.  "@dt=0x..." indicates the address
 of the data type (AstNodeDType) this node uses.

-If a data type is present and is numberic, it then prints the width of the
-item. This field is a squence of flag characters and width data as follows:
+If a data type is present and is numeric, it then prints the width of the
+item. This field is a sequence of flag characters and width data as follows:

 C<s> if the node is signed.

@@ -748,7 +785,7 @@ in C<src/Makefile_obj.in> and reconfigure.

 The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/>.

-Copyright 2008-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2008-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+# Copyright 2007-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+# Copyright 2007-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Displays this message and program version and exits.

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ Displays this message and program version and exits.

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
 ######################################################################
 #
-# Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+# Copyright 2007-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 # can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ Runs a specific test stage (see the script).

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2009-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2009-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ invoke_atsim - Invoke tool under "modules" command

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ invoke_iccr - Invoke tool under "modules" command

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2007-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2007-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ invoke_ncverilog - Invoke tool under "modules" command

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use strict;
 #======================================================================
 # main

-eval `modulecmd perl add synopsys-vcs`;
+eval `modulecmd perl add synopsys-vcs_mx`;
 exec('vcs',@ARGV);

 #######################################################################
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ invoke_vcs - Invoke tool under "modules" command

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
+Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
 can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 Version 2.0.
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
-######################################################################
-#
-# Copyright 2010-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This package is free software; you
-# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
-# Version 2.0.
-#
-# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-# GNU General Public License for more details.
-#
-######################################################################
-
-# DESCRIPTION: Diff Verilator includes against SystemPerl include files
-
-use Getopt::Long;
-use IO::File;
-use strict;
-
-our $Debug;
-our $Bad;
-
-if (! GetOptions (
-	  #"help"	=> \&usage,
-	  "debug"	=> sub { $Debug = 1; },
-    )) {
-    die "usage();"
-}
-
-diff("$ARGV[0]/include/verilated_vcd_c.h",	"$ARGV[1]/src/SpTraceVcdC.h");
-diff("$ARGV[0]/include/verilated_vcd_sc.h",	"$ARGV[1]/src/SpTraceVcd.h");
-diff("$ARGV[0]/include/verilated_vcd_c.cpp",	"$ARGV[1]/src/SpTraceVcdC.cpp");
-diff("$ARGV[0]/include/verilated_vcd_sc.cpp",	"$ARGV[1]/src/SpTraceVcd.cpp");
-
-exit(10) if $Bad;
-
-sub diff {
-    my $a=shift;
-    my $b=shift;
-
-    my $ta = "/tmp/spdiff.$$.a";
-    my $tb = "/tmp/spdiff.$$.b";
-
-    prep($a,$ta);
-    prep($b,$tb);
-
-    system("diff -u -w $ta $tb");
-}
-
-sub prep {
-    my $filename = shift;
-    my $wfilename = shift;
-
-    my $sp;
-    if ($filename =~ m!src/Sp!) {
-	$sp = "Sp";
-    } elsif ($filename =~ m!include/verilated!) {
-    } else {
-	die "%Error: Not sure if Sp/Verilated: $filename,\n";
-    }
-
-    my $fh = IO::File->new("<$filename") or die "%Error: $! $filename";
-    my $fho = IO::File->new(">$wfilename") or die "%Error: $! writing $wfilename";
-
-    my @wf;
-    my $off;
-    while (defined(my $line = $fh->getline)) {
-	if ($line =~ m!// *SPDIFF_OFF!) {
-	    $off = 1;
-	    next;
-	} elsif ($line =~ m!// *SPDIFF_ON!) {
-	    $off = 0;
-	    next;
-	}
-	next if $off;
-
-	next if $line =~ /compile-command:/;
-	$line =~ s/SP_ABORT.*// if $sp;
-	$line =~ s/SP_NOTICE.*// if $sp;
-	$line =~ s/vl_fatal.*// if !$sp;
-	$line =~ s/VL_PRINT.*// if !$sp;
-	$line =~ s/Copyright \d+-\d+/Copyright #-#/g;
-
-	push @wf, $line;
-
-	my $check = $line;
-	$check =~ s/\bspace//i;
-	$check =~ s/\bsplit//i;
-	$check =~ s/"SP_TRACE"//;
-
-	if ($sp && $check =~ /Verilat/i
-	    && $check !~ /and newer/) {
-	    warn "%Warning: $filename:$.: Verilator text in Sp version: $line";
-	    $Bad = 1;
-	} elsif (!$sp && $check =~ /\b(Sp|SP)/
-		 ) {
-	    warn "%Warning: $filename:$.: Sp text in Verilator version: $line";
-	    $Bad = 1;
-	} elsif (!$sp && $check =~ /\<uint[0-9]+_t/) {
-	    warn "%Warning: $filename:$.: uint in Verilator version: $line";
-	    $Bad = 1;
-	}
-    }
-    !$off or die "%Error: $filename: SPDIFF_OFF block never terminated\n";
-
-    my $wholefile = join('',@wf);
-
-    if ($sp) {
-	$wholefile =~ s/SPTRACEVCDC_VERSION/VERILATED_VCD_VERSION/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/SPTRACEVCDC_/VERILATED_VCD_C_/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/SPTRACEVCD_TEST/VERILATED_VCD_TEST/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/SPTRACEVCD_/VERILATED_VCD_SC_/g;
-
-	#
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceFile\b/VerilatedVcdSc/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceFileC\b/VerilatedVcdC/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceVcd\b/VerilatedVcd/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceVcdCFile\b/VerilatedVcdC/g;
-	#
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceCallInfo\b/VerilatedVcdCallInfo/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceCallback_t/VerilatedVcdCallback_t/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceVcd_/VerilatedVcd_/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpTraceVcdSig\b/VerilatedVcdSig/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSpScBvExposer/VlScBvExposer/g;
-	#
-	$wholefile =~ s/\b(uint[0-9]+_t)/vl$1/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/%ll/%" VL_PRI64 "/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\(long long unsigned\)n/ n/g;  # printQuad
-	#
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSP_SC_BV/VL_SC_BV/g;
-	$wholefile =~ s/\bSP_UNLIKELY/VL_UNLIKELY/g;
-    }
-
-    $fho->print($wholefile);
-}
-
-# Local Variables:
-# compile-command: "./spdiff $SYP $V4"
-# End:
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ Displays this message and program version and exits.

 =head1 DISTRIBUTION

-Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
+Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can
 redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU Lesser
 General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # DESCRIPTION: Verilator: GDB startup file with useful defines
 #
-# Copyright 2012-2013 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2012-2016 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ obj_opt:
 obj_dbg:
 	mkdir $@

-.PHONY: ../verilator_bin ../verilator_bin_dbg
+.SUFFIXES:
+
+.PHONY: ../verilator_bin ../verilator_bin_dbg ../verilator_coverage_bin_dbg

 opt: ../verilator_bin
 ifeq ($(VERILATOR_NO_OPT_BUILD),1)	# Faster laptop development... One build
@@ -59,11 +61,15 @@ else
 	cd obj_opt && $(MAKE)       TGT=../$@ -f ../Makefile_obj
 endif

-dbg: ../verilator_bin_dbg
+dbg: ../verilator_bin_dbg ../verilator_coverage_bin_dbg
 ../verilator_bin_dbg: obj_dbg prefiles
 	cd obj_dbg && $(MAKE) -j 1  TGT=../$@ VL_DEBUG=1 -f ../Makefile_obj serial
 	cd obj_dbg && $(MAKE)       TGT=../$@ VL_DEBUG=1 -f ../Makefile_obj

+../verilator_coverage_bin_dbg: obj_dbg prefiles
+	cd obj_dbg && $(MAKE)       TGT=../$@ VL_DEBUG=1 VL_VLCOV=1 -f ../Makefile_obj serial_vlcov
+	cd obj_dbg && $(MAKE)       TGT=../$@ VL_DEBUG=1 VL_VLCOV=1 -f ../Makefile_obj
+
 prefiles::
 prefiles:: config_rev.h
 ifneq ($(UNDER_GIT),)	# If local git tree... Else don't burden users
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
-# Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+# Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 # redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 # Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 # Version 2.0.
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ CFG_WITH_DEFENV = @CFG_WITH_DEFENV@
 CPPFLAGS += @CPPFLAGS@
 LDFLAGS += @LDFLAGS@
 EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC@
+CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER = @CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER@

 #### End of system configuration section. ####

@@ -85,7 +87,8 @@ endif
 #CCMALLOC = /usr/local/lib/ccmalloc-gcc.o -lccmalloc -ldl

 # -lfl not needed as Flex invoked with %nowrap option
-LIBS = -lm
+# -lstdc++ needed for clang, believed harmless with gcc
+LIBS = -lm -lstdc++

 CPPFLAGS += -MMD
 CPPFLAGS += -I. -I$(bldsrc) -I$(srcdir) -I$(incdir)
@@ -94,11 +97,11 @@ CPPFLAGS += -DYYDEBUG 	# Required to get nice error messages
 CPPFLAGS += $(COPT)
 CPPFLAGS += -MP # Only works on recent GCC versions
 ifeq ($(CFG_WITH_CCWARN),yes)	# Local... Else don't burden users
-CPPFLAGS += -W -Wall -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-char-subscripts -Werror
+CPPFLAGS += -W -Wall $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_SRC) -Werror
 #CPPFLAGS += -pedantic-errors
 endif
 CPPFLAGSWALL   = $(CPPFLAGS)
-CPPFLAGSNOWALL = $(CPPFLAGS) -Wno-unused
+CPPFLAGSPARSER = $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFG_CXXFLAGS_PARSER)

 ifneq ($(SYSTEMPERL),)	# Intuit SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE as it's new
 SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE ?= $(SYSTEMPERL)/src
@@ -127,6 +130,7 @@ HEADERS = $(wildcard V*.h v*.h)
 ASTGEN = $(srcdir)/astgen
 BISONPRE = $(srcdir)/bisonpre
 FLEXFIX = $(srcdir)/flexfix
+VLCOVGEN = $(srcdir)/vlcovgen

 ######################################################################
 #### Top level
@@ -186,6 +190,7 @@ RAW_OBJS = \
 	V3Error.o \
 	V3Expand.o \
 	V3File.o \
+	V3FileLine.o \
 	V3Gate.o \
 	V3GenClk.o \
 	V3Graph.o \
@@ -210,6 +215,7 @@ RAW_OBJS = \
 	V3Number.o \
 	V3Options.o \
 	V3Order.o \
+	V3Os.o \
 	V3Param.o \
 	V3PreShell.o \
 	V3Premit.o \
@@ -233,26 +239,30 @@ RAW_OBJS = \
 	V3WidthSel.o \

 # Non-concatable
-OBJS += \
+NC_OBJS += \
 	V3ParseImp.o \
 	V3ParseGrammar.o \
 	V3ParseLex.o \
 	V3PreProc.o \

+# verilator_coverage
+VLCOV_OBJS = \
+	VlcMain.o \
+
 #### Linking

-ifeq ($(VL_DEBUG),)
-# Building with fewer objects to better optimize
-#OBJS += V3__CONCAT.o
-OBJS += $(RAW_OBJS)
+ifeq ($(VL_VLCOV),)
+PREDEP_H = V3Ast__gen_classes.h
+OBJS += $(RAW_OBJS) $(NC_OBJS)
 else
-OBJS += $(RAW_OBJS)
+PREDEP_H =
+OBJS += $(VLCOV_OBJS)
 endif

 V3__CONCAT.cpp: $(addsuffix .cpp, $(basename $(RAW_OBJS)))
 	$(PERL) $(srcdir)/../bin/verilator_includer $^ > $@

-$(TGT): V3Ast__gen_classes.h $(OBJS)
+$(TGT): $(PREDEP_H) $(OBJS)
 	@echo "      Linking $@..."
 	-rm -rf $@ [email protected]
 	${LINK} ${LDFLAGS} -o $@ $(OBJS) $(CCMALLOC) ${LIBS}
@@ -271,22 +281,28 @@ V3Number_test: V3Number_test.o
 	$(OBJCACHE) ${CC}  ${CPPFLAGSWALL} -c $<

 V3ParseLex.o:	V3ParseLex.cpp V3Lexer.yy.cpp V3ParseBison.c
-	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSNOWALL} -c $<
+	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSPARSER} -c $<

 V3ParseGrammar.o:	V3ParseGrammar.cpp V3ParseBison.c
-	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSNOWALL} -c $<
+	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSPARSER} -c $<

 V3ParseImp.o:	V3ParseImp.cpp V3ParseBison.c
-	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSNOWALL} -c $<
+	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSPARSER} -c $<

 V3PreProc.o:	V3PreProc.cpp V3PreLex.yy.cpp
-	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSNOWALL} -c $<
+	$(OBJCACHE) ${CXX} ${CPPFLAGSPARSER} -c $<

 #### Generated files

 # Target rule called before parallel build to make generated files
 serial:: V3Ast__gen_classes.h V3ParseBison.c

+serial_vlcov:: vlcovgen.d
+
+vlcovgen.d: $(VLCOVGEN) $(srcdir)/include/verilated_cov_key.h
+	$(PERL) $(VLCOVGEN) --srcdir $(srcdir)
+	touch $@
+
 V3Ast__gen_classes.h : $(ASTGEN) V3Ast.h V3AstNodes.h
 	$(PERL) $(ASTGEN) -I$(srcdir)  --classes

@@ -311,6 +327,8 @@ V3PreLex_pregen.yy.cpp:	V3PreLex.l $(HEADERS)
 V3PreLex.yy.cpp: V3PreLex_pregen.yy.cpp $(FLEXFIX)
 	$(PERL) $(FLEXFIX) V3PreLex <$< >$@

+.SUFFIXES:
+
 ######################################################################
 ######################################################################

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ private:
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSenTree* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	// Simplify sensitivity list
-	V3Const::constifyExpensiveEdit(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	V3Const::constifyExpensiveEdit(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
    // Empty visitors, speed things up
    virtual void visit(AstNodeStmt* nodep, AstNUser*) { }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ public:

 class ActiveDlyVisitor : public ActiveBaseVisitor {
 public:
-    enum CheckType { CT_SEQ, CT_COMBO, CT_INITIAL };
+    enum CheckType { CT_SEQ, CT_COMBO, CT_INITIAL, CT_LATCH };
 private:
    CheckType 	m_check;	// Combo logic or other
    AstNode*	m_alwaysp;	// Always we're under
@@ -175,6 +175,8 @@ private:
 	    UINFO(5,"    ASSIGNDLY "<<nodep<<endl);
 	    if (m_check == CT_INITIAL) {
 		nodep->v3warn(INITIALDLY,"Delayed assignments (<=) in initial or final block; suggest blocking assignments (=).");
+	    } else if (m_check == CT_LATCH) {
+		// Suppress. Shouldn't matter that the interior of the latch races 
 	    } else {
 		nodep->v3warn(COMBDLY,"Delayed assignments (<=) in non-clocked (non flop or latch) block; suggest blocking assignments (=).");
 	    }
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ private:
 					   nodep->lhsp()->unlinkFrBack(),
 					   nodep->rhsp()->unlinkFrBack());
 	    nodep->replaceWith(newp);
-	    nodep->deleteTree(); nodep = NULL;
+	    nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstAssign* nodep, AstNUser*) {
@@ -286,12 +288,12 @@ private:
 	// Relink to CFUNC for the final
 	UINFO(4,"    FINAL "<<nodep<<endl);
 	if (!nodep->bodysp()) { // Empty, Kill it.
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    return;
 	}
 	ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_INITIAL);
 	if (!m_scopeFinalp) {
-	    m_scopeFinalp = new AstCFunc(nodep->fileline(), "_final", m_namer.scopep());
+	    m_scopeFinalp = new AstCFunc(nodep->fileline(), "_final_"+m_namer.scopep()->nameDotless(), m_namer.scopep());
 	    m_scopeFinalp->argTypes(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar());
 	    m_scopeFinalp->addInitsp(new AstCStmt(nodep->fileline(), EmitCBaseVisitor::symTopAssign()+"\n"));
 	    m_scopeFinalp->dontCombine(true);
@@ -302,11 +304,11 @@ private:
 	nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	m_scopeFinalp->addStmtsp(new AstComment(nodep->fileline(), nodep->typeName()));
 	m_scopeFinalp->addStmtsp(nodep->bodysp()->unlinkFrBackWithNext());
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep = NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }

    // METHODS
-    void visitAlways(AstNode* nodep, AstSenTree* oldsensesp) {
+    void visitAlways(AstNode* nodep, AstSenTree* oldsensesp, VAlwaysKwd kwd) {
 	// Move always to appropriate ACTIVE based on its sense list
 	if (oldsensesp
 	    && oldsensesp->sensesp()
@@ -314,7 +316,7 @@ private:
 	    && oldsensesp->sensesp()->castSenItem()->isNever()) {
 	    // Never executing.  Kill it.
 	    if (oldsensesp->sensesp()->nextp()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Never senitem should be alone, else the never should be eliminated.");
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    return;
 	}

@@ -326,12 +328,10 @@ private:
 	bool sequent = m_itemSequent;

 	if (!combo && !sequent) combo=true;	// If no list, Verilog 2000: always @ (*)
-#ifndef NEW_ORDERING
 	if (combo && sequent) {
 	    nodep->v3error("Unsupported: Mixed edge (pos/negedge) and activity (no edge) sensitive activity list");
 	    sequent = false;
 	}
-#endif

 	AstActive* wantactivep = NULL;
 	if (combo && !sequent) {
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ private:

 	// Delete sensitivity list
 	if (oldsensesp) {
-	    oldsensesp->unlinkFrBackWithNext()->deleteTree(); oldsensesp=NULL;
+	    oldsensesp->unlinkFrBackWithNext()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(oldsensesp);
 	}

 	// Move node to new active
@@ -360,7 +360,11 @@ private:

 	// Warn and/or convert any delayed assignments
 	if (combo && !sequent) {
-	    ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_COMBO);
+	    if (kwd == VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS_LATCH) {
+		ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_LATCH);
+	    } else {
+		ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_COMBO);
+	    }
 	}
 	else if (!combo && sequent) {
 	    ActiveDlyVisitor dlyvisitor (nodep, ActiveDlyVisitor::CT_SEQ);
@@ -373,16 +377,16 @@ private:

 	if (!nodep->bodysp()) {
 	    // Empty always.  Kill it.
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    return;
 	}
-	visitAlways(nodep, nodep->sensesp());
+	visitAlways(nodep, nodep->sensesp(), nodep->keyword());
    }
    virtual void visit(AstAlwaysPublic* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	// Move always to appropriate ACTIVE based on its sense list
 	UINFO(4,"    ALWPub   "<<nodep<<endl);
 	//if (debug()>=9) nodep->dumpTree(cout,"  Alw: ");
-	visitAlways(nodep, nodep->sensesp());
+	visitAlways(nodep, nodep->sensesp(), VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSenGate* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	AstSenItem* subitemp = nodep->sensesp();
@@ -398,7 +402,7 @@ private:
 	    m_itemCombo = true;
 	    // Delete the sensitivity
 	    // We'll add it as a generic COMBO SenItem in a moment.
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	} else if (nodep->varrefp()) {
 	    // V3LinkResolve should have cleaned most of these up
 	    if (!nodep->varrefp()->width1()) nodep->v3error("Unsupported: Non-single bit wide signal pos/negedge sensitivity: "
@@ -417,7 +421,7 @@ private:
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    ActiveVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit ActiveVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_scopeFinalp = NULL;
 	m_itemCombo = false;
 	m_itemSequent = false;
@@ -432,4 +436,5 @@ public:
 void V3Active::activeAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    ActiveVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("active.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ private:
 	    && sensesp->sensesp()->castSenItem()->isNever()) {
 	    // Never executing.  Kill it.
 	    if (sensesp->sensesp()->nextp()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Never senitem should be alone, else the never should be eliminated.");
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    return;
 	}
 	// Copy combo tree to settlement tree with duplicated statements
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ private:
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    ActiveTopVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit ActiveTopVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_topscopep = NULL;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
@@ -160,4 +160,5 @@ public:
 void V3ActiveTop::activeTopAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    ActiveTopVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("activetop.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -56,15 +56,18 @@ private:
 		+":"+cvtToStr(nodep->fileline()->lineno())
 		+": Assertion failed in %m"
 		+((message != "")?": ":"")+message
-		+"\\n");
+		+"\n");
    }
    void replaceDisplay(AstDisplay* nodep, const string& prefix) {
 	nodep->displayType(AstDisplayType::DT_WRITE);
 	nodep->fmtp()->text(assertDisplayMessage(nodep, prefix, nodep->fmtp()->text()));
-	AstNode* timesp = nodep->fmtp()->exprsp(); if (timesp) timesp->unlinkFrBack();
 	// cppcheck-suppress nullPointer
-	timesp = timesp->addNext(new AstTime(nodep->fileline()));
-	nodep->fmtp()->exprsp(timesp);
+	AstNode* timenewp = new AstTime(nodep->fileline());
+	if (AstNode* timesp = nodep->fmtp()->exprsp()) {
+	    timesp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
+	    timenewp->addNext(timesp);
+	}
+	nodep->fmtp()->exprsp(timenewp);
 	if (!nodep->fmtp()->scopeNamep() && nodep->fmtp()->formatScopeTracking()) {
 	    nodep->fmtp()->scopeNamep(new AstScopeName(nodep->fileline()));
 	}
@@ -73,25 +76,16 @@ private:
    AstNode* newIfAssertOn(AstNode* nodep) {
 	// Add a internal if to check assertions are on.
 	// Don't make this a AND term, as it's unlikely to need to test this.
-	return new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
-			  // If assertions are off, have constant propagation rip them out later
-			  // This allows syntax errors and such to be detected normally.
-			  (v3Global.opt.assertOn()
-			   ? (AstNode*)(new AstCMath(nodep->fileline(), "Verilated::assertOn()", 1))
-			   : (AstNode*)(new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse()))),
-			  nodep, NULL);
-    }
-
-    AstNode* newIfCoverageOn(AstNode* nodep) {
-	// Add a internal if to check coverage is on
-	// Don't make this a AND term, as it's unlikely to need to test this.
-	return new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
-			  // If assertions are off, have constant propagation rip them out later
-			  // This allows syntax errors and such to be detected normally.
-			  (v3Global.opt.coverage()
-			   ? (AstNode*)(new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicTrue()))
-			   : (AstNode*)(new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse()))),
-			  nodep, NULL);
+	AstNode* newp
+	    = new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
+			 // If assertions are off, have constant propagation rip them out later
+			 // This allows syntax errors and such to be detected normally.
+			 (v3Global.opt.assertOn()
+			  ? (AstNode*)(new AstCMath(nodep->fileline(), "Verilated::assertOn()", 1))
+			  : (AstNode*)(new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse()))),
+			 nodep, NULL);
+	newp->user1(true); // Don't assert/cover this if
+	return newp;
    }

    AstNode* newFireAssert(AstNode* nodep, const string& message) {
@@ -122,19 +116,13 @@ private:
 		if (message!="") covincp->declp()->comment(message);
 		bodysp = covincp;
 	    }
-	} else if (nodep->castPslAssert()) {
-	    bodysp = newFireAssert(nodep,message);
-	    // We assert the property is always true... so report when it fails
-	    // (Note this is opposite the behavior of coverage statements.)
-	    // Need: 'never' operator: not hold in current or any future cycle
-	    propp = new AstLogNot (nodep->fileline(), propp);
 	} else {
 	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown node type");
 	}
 	if (stmtsp) bodysp = bodysp->addNext(stmtsp);
 	AstIf* ifp = new AstIf (nodep->fileline(), propp, bodysp, NULL);
 	bodysp = ifp;
-	if (nodep->castPslAssert()) ifp->branchPred(AstBranchPred::BP_UNLIKELY);
+	if (nodep->castVAssert()) ifp->branchPred(AstBranchPred::BP_UNLIKELY);
 	//
 	AstNode* newp = new AstAlways (nodep->fileline(),
 				       VAlwaysKwd::ALWAYS,
@@ -150,7 +138,7 @@ private:
 	    nodep->replaceWith(newp);
 	}
 	// Bye
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }

    void newVAssertion(AstVAssert* nodep, AstNode* propp) {
@@ -172,7 +160,63 @@ private:
 	// Install it
 	nodep->replaceWith(newp);
 	// Bye
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
+    }
+    
+    virtual void visit(AstIf* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	if (nodep->user1SetOnce()) return;
+	if (nodep->uniquePragma() || nodep->unique0Pragma()) {
+	    AstNodeIf* ifp = nodep;
+	    AstNode* propp = NULL;
+	    bool hasDefaultElse = false;
+	    do {
+		// If this statement ends with 'else if', then nextIf will point to the
+		// nextIf statement.  Otherwise it will be null.
+		AstNodeIf* nextifp = dynamic_cast<AstNodeIf*>(ifp->elsesp());
+		ifp->condp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
+
+		// Recurse into the true case.
+		ifp->ifsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
+		
+		// If the last else is not an else if, recurse into that too.
+		if (ifp->elsesp() && !nextifp) {
+		    ifp->elsesp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
+		}
+		
+		// Build a bitmask of the true predicates
+	        AstNode* predp = ifp->condp()->cloneTree(false);
+	        if (propp) {
+		    propp = new AstConcat(nodep->fileline(), predp, propp);
+		} else {
+		    propp = predp;
+		}
+
+		// Record if this ends with an 'else' that does not have an if
+		if (ifp->elsesp() && !nextifp) {
+		    hasDefaultElse = true;
+		}
+		
+		ifp = nextifp;
+	    } while (ifp);
+
+	    AstNode *newifp = nodep->cloneTree(false);
+	    bool allow_none = nodep->unique0Pragma();
+	    
+	    // Note: if this ends with an 'else', then we don't need to validate that one of the
+	    // predicates evaluates to true.
+	    AstNode* ohot = ((allow_none || hasDefaultElse)
+			     ? (new AstOneHot0(nodep->fileline(), propp))->castNode()
+			     : (new AstOneHot (nodep->fileline(), propp))->castNode());
+	    AstIf* checkifp = new AstIf (nodep->fileline(),
+					 new AstLogNot (nodep->fileline(), ohot),
+					 newFireAssert(nodep, "'unique if' statement violated"),
+					 newifp);
+	    checkifp->branchPred(AstBranchPred::BP_UNLIKELY);
+	    nodep->replaceWith(checkifp);
+	    pushDeletep(nodep);
+	} else {
+	    nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	}
    }

    // VISITORS  //========== Case assertions
@@ -241,18 +285,12 @@ private:
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	if (m_beginp && nodep->name() == "") nodep->name(m_beginp->name());
 	newPslAssertion(nodep, nodep->propp(), nodep->sentreep(),
-			nodep->stmtsp(), nodep->name()); nodep=NULL;
+			nodep->stmtsp(), nodep->name()); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	++m_statAsCover;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstPslAssert* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	newPslAssertion(nodep, nodep->propp(), nodep->sentreep(),
-			NULL, nodep->name()); nodep=NULL;
-	++m_statAsPsl;
-    }
    virtual void visit(AstVAssert* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	newVAssertion(nodep, nodep->propp()); nodep=NULL;
+	newVAssertion(nodep, nodep->propp()); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	++m_statAsSV;
    }

@@ -274,20 +312,12 @@ private:
 	m_beginp = lastp;
    }

-    // VISITORS  //========== Temporal Layer
-
-    // VISITORS  //========== Boolean Layer
-    virtual void visit(AstPslBool* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	nodep->replaceWith(nodep->exprp()->unlinkFrBack());
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
-    }
-
    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    AssertVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit AssertVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_beginp = NULL;
 	m_modp = NULL;
 	// Process
@@ -307,4 +337,5 @@ public:
 void V3Assert::assertAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    AssertVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("assert.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -73,14 +73,6 @@ private:
    }

    // VISITORS  //========== Statements
-    virtual void visit(AstPslDefClock* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	// Store the new default clock, reset on new module
-	m_seniDefaultp = nodep->sensesp();
-	// Trash it
-	nodep->unlinkFrBack();
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
-    }
    virtual void visit(AstClocking* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	UINFO(8,"   CLOCKING"<<nodep<<endl);
 	// Store the new default clock, reset on new module
@@ -91,7 +83,7 @@ private:
 	} else {
 	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	}
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }

    virtual void visit(AstPslCover* nodep, AstNUser*) {
@@ -101,13 +93,6 @@ private:
 	nodep->sentreep(newSenTree(nodep));
 	clearAssertInfo();
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstPslAssert* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	if (nodep->sentreep()) return;  // Already processed
-	clearAssertInfo();
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	nodep->sentreep(newSenTree(nodep));
-	clearAssertInfo();
-    }
    virtual void visit(AstPslClocked* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	if (m_senip) {
@@ -124,7 +109,7 @@ private:
 	// Unlink and just keep a pointer to it, convert to sentree as needed
 	m_senip = nodep->sensesp();
 	nodep->replaceWith(blockp);
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
@@ -137,7 +122,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    AssertPreVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit AssertPreVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_seniDefaultp = NULL;
 	clearAssertInfo();
 	// Process
@@ -152,4 +137,5 @@ public:
 void V3AssertPre::assertPreAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    AssertPreVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("assertpre.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2005-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2005-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "V3File.h"
 #include "V3Global.h"
 #include "V3Broken.h"
+#include "V3String.h"

 //======================================================================
 // Statics
@@ -93,16 +94,16 @@ void AstNode::init() {

 string AstNode::encodeName(const string& namein) {
    // Encode signal name raw from parser, then not called again on same signal
-    const char* start = namein.c_str();
    string out;
-    for (const char* pos = start; *pos; pos++) {
-	if ((pos==start) ? isalpha(pos[0])  // digits can't lead identifiers
+    for (string::const_iterator pos = namein.begin(); pos!=namein.end(); ++pos) {
+	if ((pos==namein.begin()) ? isalpha(pos[0])  // digits can't lead identifiers
 	    : isalnum(pos[0])) {
 	    out += pos[0];
 	} else if (pos[0]=='_') {
 	    if (pos[1]=='_') {
 		out += "_"; out += "__05F";  // hex(_) = 0x5F
-		pos++;
+		++pos;
+		if (pos==namein.end()) break;
 	    } else {
 		out += pos[0];
 	    }
@@ -115,6 +116,10 @@ string AstNode::encodeName(const string& namein) {
 	    out += hex;
 	}
    }
+    // Shorten names
+    // TODO long term use VName in place of "string name"
+    VName vname(out);
+    out = vname.hashedName();
    return out;
 }

@@ -176,6 +181,10 @@ string AstNode::prettyName(const string& namein) {
 	    pretty += ".";
 	    pos += 7;
 	}
+	else if (0==strncmp(pos,"->",2)) {
+	    pretty += ".";
+	    pos += 2;
+	}
 	else if (0==strncmp(pos,"__PVT__",7)) {
 	    pretty += "";
 	    pos += 7;
@@ -190,7 +199,7 @@ string AstNode::prettyName(const string& namein) {
 	}
 	else {
 	    pretty += pos[0];
-	    pos++;
+	    ++pos;
 	}
    }
    if (pretty.substr(0,4) == "TOP.") pretty.replace(0,4,"");
@@ -203,31 +212,6 @@ string AstNode::prettyTypeName() const {
    return string(typeName())+" '"+prettyName()+"'";
 }

-string AstNode::quoteName(const string& namein) {
-    // Encode control chars into C style escapes
-    // Reverse is V3Parse::deQuote
-    const char* start = namein.c_str();
-    string out;
-    for (const char* pos = start; *pos; pos++) {
-	if (pos[0]=='\\' || pos[0]=='"') {
-	    out += string("\\")+pos[0];
-	} else if (pos[0]=='\n') {
-	    out += "\\n";
-	} else if (pos[0]=='\r') {
-	    out += "\\r";
-	} else if (pos[0]=='\t') {
-	    out += "\\t";
-	} else if (isprint(pos[0])) {
-	    out += pos[0];
-	} else {
-	    // This will also cover \a etc
-	    char octal[10]; sprintf(octal,"\\%03o",pos[0]);
-	    out += octal;
-	}
-    }
-    return out;
-}
-
 //######################################################################
 // Insertion

@@ -239,6 +223,9 @@ inline void AstNode::debugTreeChange(const char* prefix, int lineno, bool next)
    //if (debug()) cout<<"-treeChange: V3Ast.cpp:"<<lineno<<" Tree Change for "<<prefix<<": "<<(void*)this<<" <e"<<AstNode::s_editCntGbl<<">"<<endl;
    //if (debug()) {
    //	cout<<"-treeChange: V3Ast.cpp:"<<lineno<<" Tree Change for "<<prefix<<endl;
+    //	// Commenting out the section below may crash, as the tree state
+    //	// between edits is not always consistent for printing
+    //	cout<<"-treeChange: V3Ast.cpp:"<<lineno<<" Tree Change for "<<prefix<<endl;
    //	v3Global.rootp()->dumpTree(cout,"-treeChange: ");
    //	if (next||1) this->dumpTreeAndNext(cout, prefix);
    //	else this->dumpTree(cout, prefix);
@@ -248,20 +235,20 @@ inline void AstNode::debugTreeChange(const char* prefix, int lineno, bool next)
 #endif
 }

-AstNode* AstNode::addNext(AstNode* newp) {
+AstNode* AstNode::addNext(AstNode* nodep, AstNode* newp) {
    // Add to m_nextp, returns this
-    UASSERT(newp,"Null item passed to addNext\n");
-    this->debugTreeChange("-addNextThs: ", __LINE__, false);
+    UDEBUGONLY(if (!newp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Null item passed to addNext"););
+    nodep->debugTreeChange("-addNextThs: ", __LINE__, false);
    newp->debugTreeChange("-addNextNew: ", __LINE__, true);
-    if (this == NULL) {
+    if (!nodep) {  // verilog.y and lots of other places assume this
 	return (newp);
    } else {
 	// Find end of old list
-	AstNode* oldtailp = this;
+	AstNode* oldtailp = nodep;
 	if (oldtailp->m_nextp) {
 	    if (oldtailp->m_headtailp) {
 		oldtailp = oldtailp->m_headtailp;  // This=beginning of list, jump to end
-		UASSERT(!oldtailp->m_nextp, "Node had next, but headtail says it shouldn't");
+		UDEBUGONLY(if (oldtailp->m_nextp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Node had next, but headtail says it shouldn't"););
 	    } else {
 		// Though inefficent, we are occasionally passed a addNext in the middle of a list.
 		while (oldtailp->m_nextp != NULL) oldtailp = oldtailp->m_nextp;
@@ -280,21 +267,21 @@ AstNode* AstNode::addNext(AstNode* newp) {
 	newp->editCountInc();
 	if (oldtailp->m_iterpp) *(oldtailp->m_iterpp) = newp;	// Iterate on new item
    }
-    this->debugTreeChange("-addNextOut:", __LINE__, true);
-    return this;
+    nodep->debugTreeChange("-addNextOut:", __LINE__, true);
+    return nodep;
 }

-AstNode* AstNode::addNextNull(AstNode* newp) {
-    if (!newp) return this;
-    return addNext(newp);
+AstNode* AstNode::addNextNull(AstNode* nodep, AstNode* newp) {
+    if (!newp) return nodep;
+    return addNext(nodep, newp);
 }

 void AstNode::addNextHere(AstNode* newp) {
    // Add to m_nextp on exact node passed, not at the end.
    //  This could be at head, tail, or both (single)
    //  New  could be head of single node, or list
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    UASSERT(newp,"Null item passed to addNext");
-    UASSERT(this,"Null base node");
    UASSERT(newp->backp()==NULL,"New node (back) already assigned?");
    this->debugTreeChange("-addHereThs: ", __LINE__, false);
    newp->debugTreeChange("-addHereNew: ", __LINE__, true);
@@ -561,7 +548,7 @@ void AstNode::relink(AstNRelinker* linkerp) {
    if (linkerp->m_iterpp) {
 	// If we're iterating over a next() link, we need to follow links off the
 	// NEW node.  Thus we pass iteration information via a pointer in the node.
-	// This adds a unfortunate 4 bytes to every AstNode, but is faster than passing
+	// This adds a unfortunate hot 8 bytes to every AstNode, but is faster than passing
 	// across every function.
 	// If anyone has a cleaner way, I'd be grateful.
 	*(linkerp->m_iterpp) = newp;
@@ -618,12 +605,12 @@ void AstNode::swapWith (AstNode* bp) {
 // Clone

 AstNode* AstNode::cloneTreeIter() {
-    if (!this) return NULL;
+    // private: Clone single node and children
    AstNode* newp = this->clone();
-    newp->op1p(this->m_op1p->cloneTreeIterList());
-    newp->op2p(this->m_op2p->cloneTreeIterList());
-    newp->op3p(this->m_op3p->cloneTreeIterList());
-    newp->op4p(this->m_op4p->cloneTreeIterList());
+    if (this->m_op1p) newp->op1p(this->m_op1p->cloneTreeIterList());
+    if (this->m_op2p) newp->op2p(this->m_op2p->cloneTreeIterList());
+    if (this->m_op3p) newp->op3p(this->m_op3p->cloneTreeIterList());
+    if (this->m_op4p) newp->op4p(this->m_op4p->cloneTreeIterList());
    newp->m_iterpp = NULL;
    newp->clonep(this);		// Save pointers to/from both to simplify relinking.
    this->clonep(newp);		// Save pointers to/from both to simplify relinking.
@@ -631,10 +618,10 @@ AstNode* AstNode::cloneTreeIter() {
 }

 AstNode* AstNode::cloneTreeIterList() {
-    // Clone list of nodes, set m_headtailp
-    if (!this) return NULL;
+    // private: Clone list of nodes, set m_headtailp
    AstNode* newheadp = NULL;
    AstNode* newtailp = NULL;
+    // Audited to make sure this is never NULL
    for (AstNode* oldp = this; oldp; oldp=oldp->m_nextp) {
 	AstNode* newp = oldp->cloneTreeIter();
 	newp->m_headtailp = NULL;
@@ -649,7 +636,7 @@ AstNode* AstNode::cloneTreeIterList() {
 }

 AstNode* AstNode::cloneTree(bool cloneNextLink) {
-    if (!this) return NULL;
+    if (!this) return NULL;  // verilog.y relies on this
    this->debugTreeChange("-cloneThs: ", __LINE__, cloneNextLink);
    cloneClearTree();
    AstNode* newp;
@@ -670,7 +657,7 @@ AstNode* AstNode::cloneTree(bool cloneNextLink) {
 // Delete

 void AstNode::deleteNode() {
-    if (!this) return;
+    // private: Delete single node. Publicly call deleteTree() instead.
    UASSERT(m_backp==NULL,"Delete called on node with backlink still set\n");
    editCountInc();
    // Change links of old node so we coredump if used
@@ -690,14 +677,15 @@ AstNode::~AstNode() {
 }

 void AstNode::deleteTreeIter() {
-    if (!this) return;
+    // private: Delete list of nodes. Publicly call deleteTree() instead.
+    // Audited to make sure this is never NULL
    for (AstNode* nodep=this, *nnextp; nodep; nodep=nnextp) {
 	nnextp = nodep->m_nextp;
 	// MUST be depth first!
-	nodep->m_op1p->deleteTreeIter();
-	nodep->m_op2p->deleteTreeIter();
-	nodep->m_op3p->deleteTreeIter();
-	nodep->m_op4p->deleteTreeIter();
+	if (nodep->m_op1p) nodep->m_op1p->deleteTreeIter();
+	if (nodep->m_op2p) nodep->m_op2p->deleteTreeIter();
+	if (nodep->m_op3p) nodep->m_op3p->deleteTreeIter();
+	if (nodep->m_op4p) nodep->m_op4p->deleteTreeIter();
 	nodep->m_nextp = NULL;
 	nodep->m_backp = NULL;
 	nodep->deleteNode();
@@ -707,7 +695,6 @@ void AstNode::deleteTreeIter() {
 void AstNode::deleteTree() {
    // deleteTree always deletes the next link, because you must have called
    // unlinkFromBack or unlinkFromBackWithNext as appropriate before calling this.
-    if (!this) return;
    UASSERT(m_backp==NULL,"Delete called on node with backlink still set\n");
    this->debugTreeChange("-delTree:  ", __LINE__, true);
    this->editCountInc();
@@ -738,49 +725,60 @@ void AstNode::operator delete(void* objp, size_t size) {

 void AstNode::iterateChildren(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
    // This is a very hot function
-    if (!this) return;
    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op1p);
    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op2p);
    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op3p);
    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op4p);
-    // if () not needed since iterateAndNext accepts null this, but faster with it.
    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->iterateAndNext(v, vup);
    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->iterateAndNext(v, vup);
    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->iterateAndNext(v, vup);
    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->iterateAndNext(v, vup);
 }

+void AstNode::iterateChildrenConst(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
+    // This is a very hot function
+    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op1p);
+    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op2p);
+    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op3p);
+    ASTNODE_PREFETCH(m_op4p);
+    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->iterateAndNextConst(v, vup);
+    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->iterateAndNextConst(v, vup);
+    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->iterateAndNextConst(v, vup);
+    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->iterateAndNextConst(v, vup);
+}
+
 void AstNode::iterateAndNext(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
    // This is a very hot function
    // IMPORTANT: If you replace a node that's the target of this iterator,
    // then the NEW node will be iterated on next, it isn't skipped!
-    // if (!this) return;  // Part of for()
    // Future versions of this function may require the node to have a back to be iterated;
    // there's no lower level reason yet though the back must exist.
    AstNode* nodep=this;
 #ifdef VL_DEBUG  // Otherwise too hot of a function for debug
    if (VL_UNLIKELY(nodep && !nodep->m_backp)) nodep->v3fatalSrc("iterateAndNext node has no back");
 #endif
-    while (nodep) {
+    while (nodep) {   // effectively: if (!this) return;  // Callers rely on this
 	AstNode* niterp = nodep;  // This address may get stomped via m_iterpp if the node is edited
 	ASTNODE_PREFETCH(nodep->m_nextp);
+	// Desirable check, but many places where multiple iterations are OK
+	//if (VL_UNLIKELY(niterp->m_iterpp)) niterp->v3fatalSrc("IterateAndNext under iterateAndNext may miss edits");
 	// cppcheck-suppress nullPointer
 	niterp->m_iterpp = &niterp;
 	niterp->accept(v, vup);
 	// accept may do a replaceNode and change niterp on us...
 	//if (niterp != nodep) UINFO(1,"iterateAndNext edited "<<(void*)nodep<<" now into "<<(void*)niterp<<endl);  // niterp maybe NULL, so need cast
-	if (!niterp) return;
+	if (!niterp) return;  // Perhaps node deleted inside accept
 	niterp->m_iterpp = NULL;
-	if (VL_UNLIKELY(niterp!=nodep)) { // Edited it
+	if (VL_UNLIKELY(niterp!=nodep)) { // Edited node inside accept
 	    nodep = niterp;
-	} else {  // Same node, just loop
+	} else {  // Unchanged node, just continue loop
 	    nodep = niterp->m_nextp;
 	}
    }
 }

 void AstNode::iterateListBackwards(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
-    if (!this) return;
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    AstNode* nodep=this;
    while (nodep->m_nextp) nodep=nodep->m_nextp;
    while (nodep) {
@@ -792,18 +790,18 @@ void AstNode::iterateListBackwards(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
 }

 void AstNode::iterateChildrenBackwards(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
-    if (!this) return;
-    this->op1p()->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
-    this->op2p()->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
-    this->op3p()->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
-    this->op4p()->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
+    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
+    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
+    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
+    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->iterateListBackwards(v,vup);
 }

-void AstNode::iterateAndNextIgnoreEdit(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
+void AstNode::iterateAndNextConst(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
    // Keep following the current list even if edits change it
-    if (!this) return;
-    for (AstNode* nodep=this; nodep; ) {
+    if (!this) return;  // A few cases could be cleaned up, but want symmetry with iterateAndNext
+    for (AstNode* nodep=this; nodep; ) {   // effectively: if (!this) return;  // Callers rely on this
 	AstNode* nnextp = nodep->m_nextp;
+	ASTNODE_PREFETCH(nnextp);
 	nodep->accept(v, vup);
 	nodep = nnextp;
    }
@@ -824,10 +822,10 @@ AstNode* AstNode::acceptSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
 	// Calling on standalone tree; insert a shim node so we can keep track, then delete it on completion
 	AstBegin* tempp = new AstBegin(nodep->fileline(),"[EditWrapper]",nodep);
 	{
-	    tempp->stmtsp()->accept(v, vup);  nodep=NULL; // nodep to null as may be replaced
+	    tempp->stmtsp()->accept(v, vup); VL_DANGLING(nodep); // nodep to null as may be replaced
 	}
 	nodep = tempp->stmtsp()->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
-	tempp->deleteTree(); tempp=NULL;
+	tempp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(tempp);
    } else {
 	// Use back to determine who's pointing at us (IE assume new node grafts into same place as old one)
 	AstNode** nextnodepp = NULL;
@@ -838,7 +836,7 @@ AstNode* AstNode::acceptSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
 	else if (this->m_backp->m_nextp == this) nextnodepp = &(this->m_backp->m_nextp);
 	if (!nextnodepp) this->v3fatalSrc("Node's back doesn't point to forward to node itself");
 	{
-	    nodep->accept(v, vup); nodep=NULL; // nodep to null as may be replaced
+	    nodep->accept(v, vup); VL_DANGLING(nodep); // nodep to null as may be replaced
 	}
 	nodep = *nextnodepp;  // Grab new node from point where old was connected
    }
@@ -848,40 +846,47 @@ AstNode* AstNode::acceptSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup) {
 //======================================================================

 void AstNode::cloneRelinkTree() {
-    if (!this) return;
+    // private: Cleanup clone() operation on whole tree. Publicly call cloneTree() instead.
    for (AstNode* nodep=this; nodep; nodep=nodep->m_nextp) {
 	if (m_dtypep && m_dtypep->clonep()) {
 	    m_dtypep = m_dtypep->clonep()->castNodeDType();
 	}
 	nodep->cloneRelink();
-	nodep->m_op1p->cloneRelinkTree();
-	nodep->m_op2p->cloneRelinkTree();
-	nodep->m_op3p->cloneRelinkTree();
-	nodep->m_op4p->cloneRelinkTree();
+	if (nodep->m_op1p) nodep->m_op1p->cloneRelinkTree();
+	if (nodep->m_op2p) nodep->m_op2p->cloneRelinkTree();
+	if (nodep->m_op3p) nodep->m_op3p->cloneRelinkTree();
+	if (nodep->m_op4p) nodep->m_op4p->cloneRelinkTree();
    }
 }

 //======================================================================
 // Comparison

-bool AstNode::sameTree(AstNode* node2p) {
-    return sameTreeIter(node2p, true);
+bool AstNode::gateTreeIter() {
+    // private: Return true if the two trees are identical
+    if (!isGateOptimizable()) return false;
+    if (m_op1p && !m_op1p->gateTreeIter()) return false;
+    if (m_op2p && !m_op2p->gateTreeIter()) return false;
+    if (m_op3p && !m_op3p->gateTreeIter()) return false;
+    if (m_op4p && !m_op4p->gateTreeIter()) return false;
+    return true;
 }

-bool AstNode::sameTreeIter(AstNode* node2p, bool ignNext) {
-    // Return true if the two trees are identical
-    if (this==NULL && node2p==NULL) return true;
-    if (this==NULL || node2p==NULL) return false;
-    if (this->type() != node2p->type()
-	|| this->dtypep() != node2p->dtypep()
-	|| !this->same(node2p)) {
+bool AstNode::sameTreeIter(AstNode* node1p, AstNode* node2p, bool ignNext, bool gateOnly) {
+    // private: Return true if the two trees are identical
+    if (!node1p && !node2p) return true;
+    if (!node1p || !node2p) return false;
+    if (node1p->type() != node2p->type()
+	|| node1p->dtypep() != node2p->dtypep()
+	|| !node1p->same(node2p)
+	|| (gateOnly && !node1p->isGateOptimizable())) {
 	return false;
    }
-    return (this->op1p()->sameTreeIter(node2p->op1p(),false)
-	    && this->op2p()->sameTreeIter(node2p->op2p(),false)
-	    && this->op3p()->sameTreeIter(node2p->op3p(),false)
-	    && this->op4p()->sameTreeIter(node2p->op4p(),false)
-	    && (ignNext || this->nextp()->sameTreeIter(node2p->nextp(),false))
+    return (sameTreeIter(node1p->m_op1p, node2p->m_op1p,false,gateOnly)
+	    && sameTreeIter(node1p->m_op2p, node2p->m_op2p,false,gateOnly)
+	    && sameTreeIter(node1p->m_op3p, node2p->m_op3p,false,gateOnly)
+	    && sameTreeIter(node1p->m_op4p, node2p->m_op4p,false,gateOnly)
+	    && (ignNext || sameTreeIter(node1p->m_nextp, node2p->m_nextp,false,gateOnly))
 	);
 }

@@ -895,8 +900,8 @@ ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, V3Hash rhs) {

 V3Hash::V3Hash(const string& name) {
    uint32_t val = 0;
-    for (const char* c=name.c_str(); *c; c++) {
-	val = val*31 + *c;
+    for (string::const_iterator it = name.begin(); it!=name.end(); ++it) {
+	val = val*31 + *it;
    }
    setBoth(1,val);
 }
@@ -905,6 +910,7 @@ V3Hash::V3Hash(const string& name) {
 // Debugging

 void AstNode::checkTreeIter(AstNode* backp) {
+    // private: Check a tree and children
    if (backp != this->backp()) {
 	this->v3fatalSrc("Back node inconsistent");
    }
@@ -913,15 +919,15 @@ void AstNode::checkTreeIter(AstNode* backp) {
 	if (op1p()||op2p()||op3p()||op4p())
 	    this->v3fatalSrc("Terminal operation with non-terminals");
    }
-    if (op1p()) op1p()->checkTreeIterList(this);
-    if (op2p()) op2p()->checkTreeIterList(this);
-    if (op3p()) op3p()->checkTreeIterList(this);
-    if (op4p()) op4p()->checkTreeIterList(this);
+    if (m_op1p) m_op1p->checkTreeIterList(this);
+    if (m_op2p) m_op2p->checkTreeIterList(this);
+    if (m_op3p) m_op3p->checkTreeIterList(this);
+    if (m_op4p) m_op4p->checkTreeIterList(this);
 }

 void AstNode::checkTreeIterList(AstNode* backp) {
-    // Check a (possible) list of nodes, this is always the head of the list
-    if (!this) v3fatalSrc("Null nodep");
+    // private: Check a (possible) list of nodes, this is always the head of the list
+    // Audited to make sure this is never NULL
    AstNode* headp = this;
    AstNode* tailp = this;
    for (AstNode* nodep=headp; nodep; nodep=nodep->nextp()) {
@@ -935,7 +941,6 @@ void AstNode::checkTreeIterList(AstNode* backp) {
 }

 void AstNode::checkTree() {
-    if (!this) return;
    if (!debug()) return;
    if (this->backp()) {
 	// Linked tree- check only the passed node
@@ -946,17 +951,17 @@ void AstNode::checkTree() {
 }

 void AstNode::dumpGdb() {  // For GDB only
-    if (!this) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
+    if (!dynamic_cast<const AstNode*>(this)) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
    dumpGdbHeader();
    cout<<"  "; dump(cout); cout<<endl;
 }
 void AstNode::dumpGdbHeader() const {  // For GDB only
-    if (!this) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
+    if (!dynamic_cast<const AstNode*>(this)) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
    dumpPtrs(cout);
    cout<<"  Fileline = "<<fileline()<<endl;
 }
 void AstNode::dumpTreeGdb() {  // For GDB only
-    if (!this) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
+    if (!dynamic_cast<const AstNode*>(this)) { cout<<"This=NULL"<<endl; return; }
    dumpGdbHeader();
    dumpTree(cout);
 }
@@ -965,6 +970,14 @@ void AstNode::dumpTreeFileGdb(const char* filenamep) {  // For GDB only
    v3Global.rootp()->dumpTreeFile(filename);
 }

+void AstNode::checkIter() const {
+    if (m_iterpp) {
+	dumpPtrs(cout);
+	// Perhaps something forgot to clear m_iterpp?
+	this->v3fatalSrc("Iteration link should be NULL");
+    }
+}
+
 void AstNode::dumpPtrs(ostream& os) const {
    os<<"This="<<typeName()<<" "<<(void*)this;
    os<<" back="<<(void*)backp();
@@ -988,7 +1001,6 @@ void AstNode::dumpPtrs(ostream& os) const {
 }

 void AstNode::dumpTree(ostream& os, const string& indent, int maxDepth) {
-    if (!this) return;
    os<<indent<<" "<<this<<endl;
    if (debug()>8) { os<<indent<<"     "; dumpPtrs(os); }
    if (maxDepth==1) {
@@ -1002,17 +1014,17 @@ void AstNode::dumpTree(ostream& os, const string& indent, int maxDepth) {
 }

 void AstNode::dumpTreeAndNext(ostream& os, const string& indent, int maxDepth) {
-    if (!this) return;
+    // Audited to make sure this is never NULL
    for (AstNode* nodep=this; nodep; nodep=nodep->nextp()) {
 	nodep->dumpTree(os, indent, maxDepth);
    }
 }

-void AstNode::dumpTreeFile(const string& filename, bool append) {
-    if (v3Global.opt.dumpTree()) {
+void AstNode::dumpTreeFile(const string& filename, bool append, bool doDump) {
+    if (doDump) {
 	{   // Write log & close
 	    UINFO(2,"Dumping "<<filename<<endl);
-	    const auto_ptr<ofstream> logsp (V3File::new_ofstream(filename, append));
+	    const VL_UNIQUE_PTR<ofstream> logsp (V3File::new_ofstream(filename, append));
 	    if (logsp->fail()) v3fatalSrc("Can't write "<<filename);
 	    *logsp<<"Verilator Tree Dump (format 0x3900) from <e"<<dec<<editCountLast()<<">";
 	    *logsp<<" to <e"<<dec<<editCountGbl()<<">"<<endl;
@@ -1037,7 +1049,13 @@ void AstNode::dumpTreeFile(const string& filename, bool append) {
 }

 void AstNode::v3errorEnd(ostringstream& str) const {
-    if (this && m_fileline) {
+    if (!dynamic_cast<const AstNode*>(this)) {
+	// No known cases cause this, but better than a core dump
+	if (debug()) UINFO(0, "-node: NULL. Please report this along with a --gdbbt backtrace as a Verilator bug.\n");
+	V3Error::v3errorEnd(str);
+    } else if (!m_fileline) {
+	V3Error::v3errorEnd(str);
+    } else {
 	ostringstream nsstr;
 	nsstr<<str.str();
 	if (debug()) {
@@ -1045,14 +1063,11 @@ void AstNode::v3errorEnd(ostringstream& str) const {
 	    nsstr<<"-node: "; ((AstNode*)this)->dump(nsstr); nsstr<<endl;
 	}
 	m_fileline->v3errorEnd(nsstr);
-    } else {
-	V3Error::v3errorEnd(str);
    }
 }

 string AstNode::warnMore() const {
-    if (this) return this->fileline()->warnMore();
-    else return V3Error::warnMore();
+    return fileline()->warnMore();
 }

 //======================================================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "config_build.h"
 #include "verilatedos.h"
 #include "V3Error.h"
+#include "V3FileLine.h"
 #include "V3Number.h"
 #include "V3Global.h"
 #include <vector>
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ public:
    enum en m_e;
    // cppcheck-suppress uninitVar  // responsiblity of each subclass
    inline AstType () {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -86,12 +88,16 @@ public:
 	return names[m_e];
    };
    inline AstNumeric () : m_e(UNSIGNED) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstNumeric (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstNumeric (VSignedState signst) {
 	if (signst==signedst_UNSIGNED) m_e=UNSIGNED;
 	else if (signst==signedst_SIGNED) m_e=SIGNED;
 	else m_e=NOSIGN;
    }
+    static inline AstNumeric fromBool (bool isSigned) {  // Factory method
+	return isSigned ? AstNumeric(SIGNED) : AstNumeric(UNSIGNED); }
    explicit inline AstNumeric (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
    inline bool isSigned() const { return m_e==SIGNED; }
@@ -118,6 +124,7 @@ public:
    };
    enum en m_e;
    inline AstPragmaType () : m_e(ILLEGAL) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstPragmaType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstPragmaType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -141,6 +148,7 @@ public:
    };
    enum en m_e;
    inline AstCFuncType () : m_e(FT_NORMAL) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstCFuncType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstCFuncType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -209,6 +217,7 @@ public:
 	return names[m_e];
    };
    inline AstEdgeType () : m_e(ET_ILLEGAL) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstEdgeType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstEdgeType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -234,6 +243,16 @@ public:
 	DIM_SIZE,			// V3Width processes
 	DIM_UNPK_DIMENSIONS,		// V3Width converts to constant
 	//
+	DT_PUBLIC,			// V3LinkParse moves to AstTypedef::attrPublic
+	//
+	ENUM_BASE,			// V3LinkResolve creates for AstPreSel, V3LinkParam removes
+	ENUM_FIRST,			// V3Width processes
+	ENUM_LAST,			// V3Width processes
+	ENUM_NUM,			// V3Width processes
+	ENUM_NEXT,			// V3Width processes
+	ENUM_PREV,			// V3Width processes
+	ENUM_NAME,			// V3Width processes
+	//
 	MEMBER_BASE,			// V3LinkResolve creates for AstPreSel, V3LinkParam removes
 	//
 	VAR_BASE,			// V3LinkResolve creates for AstPreSel, V3LinkParam removes
@@ -245,7 +264,9 @@ public:
 	VAR_PUBLIC_FLAT_RW,		// V3LinkParse moves to AstVar::sigPublic
 	VAR_ISOLATE_ASSIGNMENTS,	// V3LinkParse moves to AstVar::attrIsolateAssign
 	VAR_SC_BV,			// V3LinkParse moves to AstVar::attrScBv
-	VAR_SFORMAT			// V3LinkParse moves to AstVar::attrSFormat
+	VAR_SFORMAT,			// V3LinkParse moves to AstVar::attrSFormat
+	VAR_CLOCKER,                    // V3LinkParse moves to AstVar::attrClocker
+	VAR_NO_CLOCKER                  // V3LinkParse moves to AstVar::attrClocker
    };
    enum en m_e;
    const char* ascii() const {
@@ -253,14 +274,18 @@ public:
 	    "%E-AT",
 	    "DIM_BITS", "DIM_DIMENSIONS", "DIM_HIGH", "DIM_INCREMENT", "DIM_LEFT",
 	    "DIM_LOW", "DIM_RIGHT", "DIM_SIZE", "DIM_UNPK_DIMENSIONS",
+	    "DT_PUBLIC",
+	    "ENUM_BASE", "ENUM_FIRST", "ENUM_LAST", "ENUM_NUM", "ENUM_NEXT", "ENUM_PREV", "ENUM_NAME",
 	    "MEMBER_BASE",
 	    "VAR_BASE", "VAR_CLOCK", "VAR_CLOCK_ENABLE", "VAR_PUBLIC",
 	    "VAR_PUBLIC_FLAT", "VAR_PUBLIC_FLAT_RD","VAR_PUBLIC_FLAT_RW",
-	    "VAR_ISOLATE_ASSIGNMENTS", "VAR_SC_BV", "VAR_SFORMAT"
+	    "VAR_ISOLATE_ASSIGNMENTS", "VAR_SC_BV", "VAR_SFORMAT", "VAR_CLOCKER",
+	    "VAR_NO_CLOCKER"
 	};
 	return names[m_e];
    };
    inline AstAttrType () : m_e(ILLEGAL) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstAttrType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstAttrType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -320,6 +345,7 @@ public:
 	UASSERT(0==strcmp(AstBasicDTypeKwd(_ENUM_MAX).dpiType()," MAX"),"Enum array mismatch");
    }
    inline AstBasicDTypeKwd () : m_e(UNKNOWN) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstBasicDTypeKwd (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstBasicDTypeKwd (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -378,9 +404,8 @@ public:
    bool isOpaque() const {  // IE not a simple number we can bit optimize
 	return (m_e==STRING || m_e==SCOPEPTR || m_e==CHARPTR || m_e==DOUBLE || m_e==FLOAT);
    }
-    bool isDouble() const {
-	return (m_e==DOUBLE);
-    }
+    bool isDouble() const { return m_e==DOUBLE; }
+    bool isString() const { return m_e==STRING; }
  };
  inline bool operator== (AstBasicDTypeKwd lhs, AstBasicDTypeKwd rhs) { return (lhs.m_e == rhs.m_e); }
  inline bool operator== (AstBasicDTypeKwd lhs, AstBasicDTypeKwd::en rhs) { return (lhs.m_e == rhs); }
@@ -415,6 +440,7 @@ public:
    };
    enum en m_e;
    inline AstVarType () : m_e(UNKNOWN) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstVarType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstVarType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -452,6 +478,7 @@ public:
    enum en m_e;
    // CONSTRUCTOR - note defaults to *UNKNOWN*
    inline AstBranchPred () : m_e(BP_UNKNOWN) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstBranchPred (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstBranchPred (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -472,6 +499,38 @@ public:

 //######################################################################

+class AstVarAttrClocker {
+public:
+    enum en {
+	CLOCKER_UNKNOWN=0,
+	CLOCKER_YES,
+	CLOCKER_NO,
+	_ENUM_END
+    };
+    enum en m_e;
+    // CONSTRUCTOR - note defaults to *UNKNOWN*
+    inline AstVarAttrClocker () : m_e(CLOCKER_UNKNOWN) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
+    inline AstVarAttrClocker (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
+    explicit inline AstVarAttrClocker (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
+    operator en () const { return m_e; }
+    AstVarAttrClocker invert() const {
+	if (m_e==CLOCKER_YES) return CLOCKER_NO;
+	else if (m_e==CLOCKER_NO) return CLOCKER_YES;
+	else return m_e;
+    }
+    const char* ascii() const {
+	static const char* names[] = {
+	    "","clker","non_clker"};
+	return names[m_e]; }
+  };
+  inline bool operator== (AstVarAttrClocker lhs, AstVarAttrClocker rhs) { return (lhs.m_e == rhs.m_e); }
+  inline bool operator== (AstVarAttrClocker lhs, AstVarAttrClocker::en rhs) { return (lhs.m_e == rhs); }
+  inline bool operator== (AstVarAttrClocker::en lhs, AstVarAttrClocker rhs) { return (lhs == rhs.m_e); }
+  inline ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, AstVarAttrClocker rhs) { return os<<rhs.ascii(); }
+
+//######################################################################
+
 class VAlwaysKwd {
 public:
    enum en {
@@ -482,6 +541,7 @@ public:
    };
    enum en m_e;
    inline VAlwaysKwd () : m_e(ALWAYS) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline VAlwaysKwd (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline VAlwaysKwd (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -496,22 +556,24 @@ public:

 //######################################################################

-class AstCaseType {
+class VCaseType {
 public:
    enum en {
 	CT_CASE,
 	CT_CASEX,
-	CT_CASEZ
+	CT_CASEZ,
+	CT_CASEINSIDE
    };
    enum en m_e;
-    inline AstCaseType () : m_e(CT_CASE) {}
-    inline AstCaseType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
-    explicit inline AstCaseType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
+    inline VCaseType () : m_e(CT_CASE) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
+    inline VCaseType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
+    explicit inline VCaseType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
  };
-  inline bool operator== (AstCaseType lhs, AstCaseType rhs) { return (lhs.m_e == rhs.m_e); }
-  inline bool operator== (AstCaseType lhs, AstCaseType::en rhs) { return (lhs.m_e == rhs); }
-  inline bool operator== (AstCaseType::en lhs, AstCaseType rhs) { return (lhs == rhs.m_e); }
+  inline bool operator== (VCaseType lhs, VCaseType rhs) { return (lhs.m_e == rhs.m_e); }
+  inline bool operator== (VCaseType lhs, VCaseType::en rhs) { return (lhs.m_e == rhs); }
+  inline bool operator== (VCaseType::en lhs, VCaseType rhs) { return (lhs == rhs.m_e); }

 //######################################################################

@@ -527,6 +589,7 @@ public:
    };
    enum en m_e;
    inline AstDisplayType () : m_e(DT_DISPLAY) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstDisplayType (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstDisplayType (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -551,6 +614,7 @@ public:
    };
    enum en m_e;
    inline AstParseRefExp() : m_e(PX_NONE) {}
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    inline AstParseRefExp (en _e) : m_e(_e) {}
    explicit inline AstParseRefExp (int _e) : m_e(static_cast<en>(_e)) {}
    operator en () const { return m_e; }
@@ -605,13 +669,16 @@ struct VNumRange {
    int lo() const { return m_lo; }
    int left() const { return littleEndian()?lo():hi(); }  // How to show a declaration
    int right() const { return littleEndian()?hi():lo(); }
+    int leftToRightInc() const { return littleEndian()?1:-1; }
    int elements() const { return hi()-lo()+1; }
    bool ranged() const { return m_ranged; }
    bool littleEndian() const { return m_littleEndian; }
    int hiMaxSelect() const { return (lo()<0 ? hi()-lo() : hi()); } // Maximum value a [] select may index
    bool representableByWidth() const  // Could be represented by just width=1, or [width-1:0]
 	{ return (!m_ranged || (m_lo==0 && m_hi>=1 && !m_littleEndian)); }
+    void dump(ostream& str) const { if (ranged()) str<<"["<<left()<<":"<<right()<<"]"; else str<<"[norg]"; }
 };
+inline ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, VNumRange rhs) { rhs.dump(os); return os; }

 //######################################################################

@@ -794,7 +861,8 @@ public:
    }
 #include "V3Ast__gen_visitor.h"	// From ./astgen
    // Things like:
-    //  virtual void visit(type*) = 0;
+    //  virtual void visit(AstBreak* nodep, AstNUser* vup) { visit((AstNodeStmt*)(nodep),vup); }
+    //  virtual void visit(AstNodeStmt* nodep, AstNUser* vup) { visit((AstNode*)(nodep),vup); }
 };

 //######################################################################
@@ -845,16 +913,19 @@ public:
    // CREATORS
    class Illegal {};		// for creator type-overload selection
    class FullValue {};		// for creator type-overload selection
-    V3Hash(Illegal) { m_both=0; }
+    explicit V3Hash(Illegal) { m_both=0; }
    // Saving and restoring inside a userp
-    V3Hash(AstNUser* up) { m_both=up->castInt(); }
+    explicit V3Hash(AstNUser* up) { m_both=up->castInt(); }
    V3Hash operator+= (const V3Hash& rh) {
 	setBoth(depth()+rh.depth(), (hshval()*31+rh.hshval()));
 	return *this; };
    // Creating from raw data (sameHash functions)
    V3Hash() { setBoth(1,0); }
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    V3Hash(uint32_t val) { setBoth(1,val); }
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    V3Hash(const void* vp) { setBoth(1,cvtToHash(vp)); }
+    // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
    V3Hash(const string& name);
    V3Hash(V3Hash h1, V3Hash h2) {
 	setBoth(1,h1.hshval()*31+h2.hshval()); }
@@ -922,13 +993,16 @@ class AstNode {

    void	init();	// initialize value of AstNode
    void	iterateListBackwards(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL);
+private:
    AstNode*	cloneTreeIter();
    AstNode*	cloneTreeIterList();
    void	checkTreeIter(AstNode* backp);
    void	checkTreeIterList(AstNode* backp);
-    bool	sameTreeIter(AstNode* node2p, bool ignNext);
+    bool	gateTreeIter();
+    bool	sameTreeIter(AstNode* node1p, AstNode* node2p, bool ignNext, bool gateOnly);
    void	deleteTreeIter();
    void	deleteNode();
+public:
    static void	relinkOneLink(AstNode*& pointpr, AstNode* newp);
    // cppcheck-suppress functionConst
    void	debugTreeChange(const char* prefix, int lineno, bool next);
@@ -936,7 +1010,7 @@ class AstNode {
 protected:
    // CONSTUCTORS
    AstNode() {init(); }
-    AstNode(FileLine* fileline) {init(); m_fileline = fileline; }
+    explicit AstNode(FileLine* fileline) {init(); m_fileline = fileline; }
    virtual AstNode* clone() = 0;	// Generally, cloneTree is what you want instead
    virtual void cloneRelink() {}
    void 	cloneRelinkTree();
@@ -998,6 +1072,7 @@ public:
    static int	instrCountDouble() { return 8; }	///< Instruction cycles to convert or do floats
    static int	instrCountDoubleDiv() { return 40; }	///< Instruction cycles to divide floats
    static int	instrCountDoubleTrig() { return 200; }	///< Instruction cycles to do triganomics
+    static int	instrCountString() { return 100; }	///< Instruction cycles to do string ops
    static int	instrCountCall() { return instrCountBranch()+10; }	///< Instruction cycles to call subroutine
    static int	instrCountTime() { return instrCountCall()+5; }		///< Instruction cycles to determine simulation time

@@ -1007,13 +1082,13 @@ public:
    virtual string verilogKwd() const { return ""; }
    string 	shortName() const;	// Name with __PVT__ removed for concatenating scopes
    static string dedotName(const string& namein);	// Name with dots removed
-    static string quoteName(const string& namein);	// Name with control chars quoted
    static string prettyName(const string& namein);	// Name for printing out to the user
    static string encodeName(const string& namein);	// Encode user name into internal C representation
    static string encodeNumber(vlsint64_t numin);	// Encode number into internal C representation
    static string vcdName(const string& namein); // Name for printing out to vcd files
    string	prettyName() const { return prettyName(name()); }
-    string	prettyTypeName() const;			// "VARREF name" for error messages
+    string 	prettyTypeName() const;			// "VARREF" for error messages
+    virtual string prettyOperatorName() const { return "operator "+prettyTypeName(); }
    FileLine*	fileline() const { return m_fileline; }
    void	fileline(FileLine* fl) { m_fileline=fl; }
    bool	width1() const;
@@ -1027,11 +1102,13 @@ public:
    //TODO stomp these width functions out, and call via dtypep() instead
    int		width() const;
    int		widthMin() const;
+    int		widthMinV() const { return v3Global.widthMinUsage()==VWidthMinUsage::VERILOG_WIDTH ? widthMin() : width(); }
    int		widthWords() const { return VL_WORDS_I(width()); }
    bool	isQuad() const { return (width()>VL_WORDSIZE && width()<=VL_QUADSIZE); }
    bool	isWide() const { return (width()>VL_QUADSIZE); }
    bool	isDouble() const;
    bool	isSigned() const;
+    bool	isString() const;

    AstNUser*	user1p() const {
 	// Slows things down measurably, so disabled by default
@@ -1109,6 +1186,7 @@ public:
    void	dtypeSetLogicSized(int width, int widthMin, AstNumeric numeric) { dtypep(findLogicDType(width,widthMin,numeric)); }
    void	dtypeSetLogicBool()	{ dtypep(findLogicBoolDType()); }
    void	dtypeSetDouble()	{ dtypep(findDoubleDType()); }
+    void	dtypeSetString()	{ dtypep(findStringDType()); }
    void	dtypeSetSigned32()	{ dtypep(findSigned32DType()); }
    void	dtypeSetUInt32()	{ dtypep(findUInt32DType()); }  // Twostate
    void	dtypeSetUInt64()	{ dtypep(findUInt64DType()); }  // Twostate
@@ -1116,6 +1194,7 @@ public:
    // Data type locators
    AstNodeDType* findLogicBoolDType()	{ return findBasicDType(AstBasicDTypeKwd::LOGIC); }
    AstNodeDType* findDoubleDType()	{ return findBasicDType(AstBasicDTypeKwd::DOUBLE); }
+    AstNodeDType* findStringDType()	{ return findBasicDType(AstBasicDTypeKwd::STRING); }
    AstNodeDType* findSigned32DType()	{ return findBasicDType(AstBasicDTypeKwd::INTEGER); }
    AstNodeDType* findUInt32DType()	{ return findBasicDType(AstBasicDTypeKwd::UINT32); }  // Twostate
    AstNodeDType* findUInt64DType()	{ return findBasicDType(AstBasicDTypeKwd::UINT64); }  // Twostate
@@ -1133,8 +1212,10 @@ public:
    void	dumpGdbHeader() const;

    // METHODS - Tree modifications
-    AstNode*	addNext(AstNode* newp);		// Returns this, adds to end of list
-    AstNode*	addNextNull(AstNode* newp);	// Returns this, adds to end of list, NULL is OK
+    static AstNode* addNext(AstNode* nodep, AstNode* newp);	// Returns nodep, adds newp to end of nodep's list
+    static AstNode* addNextNull(AstNode* nodep, AstNode* newp);	// Returns nodep, adds newp (maybe NULL) to end of nodep's list
+    inline AstNode* addNext(AstNode* newp) { return addNext(this, newp); }
+    inline AstNode* addNextNull(AstNode* newp) { return addNextNull(this, newp); }
    void	addNextHere(AstNode* newp);	// Adds after speced node
    void	addPrev(AstNode* newp) { replaceWith(newp); newp->addNext(this); }
    void	addHereThisAsNext(AstNode* newp); // Adds at old place of this, this becomes next
@@ -1150,15 +1231,19 @@ public:

    // METHODS - Iterate on a tree
    AstNode*	cloneTree(bool cloneNextLink);
+    bool	gateTree() { return gateTreeIter(); }  // Is tree gateOptimizable?
    bool	sameTree(AstNode* node2p);	// Does tree of this == node2p?
+    bool	sameGateTree(AstNode* node2p);	// Does tree of this == node2p?, not allowing non-isGateOptimizable
    void	deleteTree();	// Always deletes the next link
    void	checkTree();  // User Interface version
+    void	checkIter() const;
+    void	clearIter() { m_iterpp=NULL; }
    void	dumpPtrs(ostream& str=cout) const;
    void	dumpTree(ostream& str=cout, const string& indent="    ", int maxDepth=0);
    void	dumpTree(const string& indent, int maxDepth=0) { dumpTree(cout,indent,maxDepth); }
    void	dumpTreeGdb(); // For GDB only
    void	dumpTreeAndNext(ostream& str=cout, const string& indent="    ", int maxDepth=0);
-    void	dumpTreeFile(const string& filename, bool append=false);
+    void	dumpTreeFile(const string& filename, bool append=false, bool doDump=true);
    static void	dumpTreeFileGdb(const char* filenamep=NULL);

    // METHODS - queries
@@ -1182,9 +1267,10 @@ public:
    virtual void accept(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL) = 0;
    void	iterate(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL) { this->accept(v,vup); } 	  // Does this; excludes following this->next
    void	iterateAndNext(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL);
-    void	iterateAndNextIgnoreEdit(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL);
+    void	iterateAndNextConst(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL);
    void	iterateChildren(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL);  // Excludes following this->next
    void	iterateChildrenBackwards(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL);  // Excludes following this->next
+    void	iterateChildrenConst(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL);  // Excludes following this->next
    AstNode*	acceptSubtreeReturnEdits(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL);  // Return edited nodep; see comments in V3Ast.cpp

    // CONVERSION
@@ -1205,9 +1291,10 @@ inline void AstNRelinker::relink(AstNode* newp) { newp->AstNode::relink(this); }
    virtual ~Ast ##name() {} \
    Ast ##name * cloneTree(bool cloneNext) { return AstNode::cloneTree(cloneNext)->cast ##name(); }

-struct AstNodeMath : public AstNode {
+class AstNodeMath : public AstNode {
    // Math -- anything that's part of an expression tree
-    AstNodeMath(FileLine* fl)
+public:
+    explicit AstNodeMath(FileLine* fl)
 	: AstNode(fl) {}
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeMath)
    // METHODS
@@ -1221,9 +1308,10 @@ struct AstNodeMath : public AstNode {
    bool isOpaque() { return castCvtPackString()!=NULL; }
 };

-struct AstNodeTermop : public AstNodeMath {
+class AstNodeTermop : public AstNodeMath {
    // Terminal operator -- a operator with no "inputs"
-    AstNodeTermop(FileLine* fl)
+public:
+    explicit AstNodeTermop(FileLine* fl)
 	: AstNodeMath(fl) {}
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeTermop)
    // Know no children, and hot function, so skip iterator for speed
@@ -1232,8 +1320,9 @@ struct AstNodeTermop : public AstNodeMath {
    void iterateChildren(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL) { }
 };

-struct AstNodeUniop : public AstNodeMath {
+class AstNodeUniop : public AstNodeMath {
    // Unary math
+public:
    AstNodeUniop(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp)
 	: AstNodeMath(fl) {
 	dtypeFrom(lhsp);
@@ -1245,15 +1334,17 @@ struct AstNodeUniop : public AstNodeMath {
    virtual void numberOperate(V3Number& out, const V3Number& lhs) = 0; // Set out to evaluation of a AstConst'ed lhs
    virtual bool cleanLhs() = 0;
    virtual bool sizeMattersLhs() = 0; // True if output result depends on lhs size
-    virtual bool signedFlavor() const { return false; }	// Signed flavor of nodes with both flavors?
    virtual bool doubleFlavor() const { return false; }	// D flavor of nodes with both flavors?
+    virtual bool signedFlavor() const { return false; }	// Signed flavor of nodes with both flavors?
+    virtual bool stringFlavor() const { return false; }	// N flavor of nodes with both flavors?
    virtual int instrCount()	const { return widthInstrs(); }
    virtual V3Hash sameHash() const { return V3Hash(); }
    virtual bool same(AstNode*) const { return true; }
 };

-struct AstNodeBiop : public AstNodeMath {
+class AstNodeBiop : public AstNodeMath {
    // Binary math
+public:
    AstNodeBiop(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhs, AstNode* rhs)
 	: AstNodeMath(fl) {
 	setOp1p(lhs); setOp2p(rhs); }
@@ -1268,15 +1359,17 @@ struct AstNodeBiop : public AstNodeMath {
    virtual bool cleanRhs() = 0; // True if RHS must have extra upper bits zero
    virtual bool sizeMattersLhs() = 0; // True if output result depends on lhs size
    virtual bool sizeMattersRhs() = 0; // True if output result depends on rhs size
-    virtual bool signedFlavor() const { return false; }	// Signed flavor of nodes with both flavors?
    virtual bool doubleFlavor() const { return false; }	// D flavor of nodes with both flavors?
+    virtual bool signedFlavor() const { return false; }	// Signed flavor of nodes with both flavors?
+    virtual bool stringFlavor() const { return false; }	// N flavor of nodes with both flavors?
    virtual int instrCount()	const { return widthInstrs(); }
    virtual V3Hash sameHash() const { return V3Hash(); }
    virtual bool same(AstNode*) const { return true; }
 };

-struct AstNodeTriop : public AstNodeMath {
+class AstNodeTriop : public AstNodeMath {
    // Trinary math
+public:
    AstNodeTriop(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhs, AstNode* rhs, AstNode* ths)
 	: AstNodeMath(fl) {
 	setOp1p(lhs); setOp2p(rhs); setOp3p(ths); }
@@ -1300,20 +1393,23 @@ struct AstNodeTriop : public AstNodeMath {
    virtual bool same(AstNode*) const { return true; }
 };

-struct AstNodeBiCom : public AstNodeBiop {
+class AstNodeBiCom : public AstNodeBiop {
    // Binary math with commutative properties
+public:
    AstNodeBiCom(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhs, AstNode* rhs)
 	: AstNodeBiop(fl, lhs, rhs) {}
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeBiCom)
 };

-struct AstNodeBiComAsv : public AstNodeBiCom {
+class AstNodeBiComAsv : public AstNodeBiCom {
    // Binary math with commutative & associative properties
+public:
    AstNodeBiComAsv(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhs, AstNode* rhs)
 	: AstNodeBiCom(fl, lhs, rhs) {}
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeBiComAsv)
 };
-struct AstNodeCond : public AstNodeTriop {
+class AstNodeCond : public AstNodeTriop {
+public:
    AstNodeCond(FileLine* fl, AstNode* condp, AstNode* expr1p, AstNode* expr2p)
 	: AstNodeTriop(fl, condp, expr1p, expr2p) {
 	if (expr1p) dtypeFrom(expr1p);
@@ -1335,8 +1431,9 @@ struct AstNodeCond : public AstNodeTriop {
    virtual int instrCount()	const { return instrCountBranch(); }
 };

-struct AstNodePreSel : public AstNode {
+class AstNodePreSel : public AstNode {
    // Something that becomes an AstSel
+public:
    AstNodePreSel(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhs, AstNode* rhs, AstNode* ths)
 	: AstNode(fl) {
 	setOp1p(lhs); setOp2p(rhs); setNOp3p(ths); }
@@ -1355,9 +1452,10 @@ struct AstNodePreSel : public AstNode {
    virtual bool same(AstNode*) const { return true; }
 };

-struct AstNodeStmt : public AstNode {
+class AstNodeStmt : public AstNode {
    // Statement -- anything that's directly under a function
-    AstNodeStmt(FileLine* fl)
+public:
+    explicit AstNodeStmt(FileLine* fl)
 	: AstNode(fl) {}
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeStmt)
    // METHODS
@@ -1365,7 +1463,8 @@ struct AstNodeStmt : public AstNode {
    virtual void addBeforeStmt(AstNode* newp, AstNode* belowp);  // Stop statement searchback here
 };

-struct AstNodeAssign : public AstNodeStmt {
+class AstNodeAssign : public AstNodeStmt {
+public:
    AstNodeAssign(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp)
 	: AstNodeStmt(fl) {
 	setOp1p(rhsp); setOp2p(lhsp);
@@ -1386,7 +1485,8 @@ struct AstNodeAssign : public AstNodeStmt {
    virtual string verilogKwd() const { return "="; }
 };

-struct AstNodeFor : public AstNodeStmt {
+class AstNodeFor : public AstNodeStmt {
+public:
    AstNodeFor(FileLine* fileline, AstNode* initsp, AstNode* condp,
 	       AstNode* incsp, AstNode* bodysp)
 	: AstNodeStmt(fileline) {
@@ -1403,7 +1503,7 @@ struct AstNodeFor : public AstNodeStmt {
    virtual bool same(AstNode* samep) const { return true; }
 };

-struct AstNodeIf : public AstNodeStmt {
+class AstNodeIf : public AstNodeStmt {
 private:
    AstBranchPred	m_branchPred;	// Branch prediction as taken/untaken?
 public:
@@ -1427,7 +1527,8 @@ public:
    AstBranchPred branchPred() const { return m_branchPred; }
 };

-struct AstNodeCase : public AstNodeStmt {
+class AstNodeCase : public AstNodeStmt {
+public:
    AstNodeCase(FileLine* fl, AstNode* exprp, AstNode* casesp)
 	: AstNodeStmt(fl) {
 	setOp1p(exprp); addNOp2p(casesp);
@@ -1441,9 +1542,10 @@ struct AstNodeCase : public AstNodeStmt {
    void addNotParallelp(AstNode* nodep) { setOp3p(nodep); }
 };

-struct AstNodeSenItem : public AstNode {
+class AstNodeSenItem : public AstNode {
    // An AstSenItem or AstSenGate
-    AstNodeSenItem(FileLine* fl) : AstNode(fl) {}
+public:
+    explicit AstNodeSenItem(FileLine* fl) : AstNode(fl) {}
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeSenItem)
    virtual bool isClocked() const = 0;
    virtual bool isCombo() const = 0;
@@ -1500,7 +1602,7 @@ public:
    void iterateChildren(AstNVisitor& v, AstNUser* vup=NULL) { }
 };

-struct AstNodeText : public AstNode {
+class AstNodeText : public AstNode {
 private:
    string	m_text;
 public:
@@ -1517,11 +1619,11 @@ public:
    const string& text() const { return m_text; }
 };

-struct AstNodeDType : public AstNode {
-private:
+class AstNodeDType : public AstNode {
    // Ideally width() would migrate to BasicDType as that's where it makes sense,
    // but it's currently so prevalent in the code we leave it here.
    // Note the below members are included in AstTypeTable::Key lookups
+private:
    int		m_width;	// (also in AstTypeTable::Key) Bit width of operation
    int		m_widthMin;	// (also in AstTypeTable::Key) If unsized, bitwidth of minimum implementation
    AstNumeric	m_numeric;	// (also in AstTypeTable::Key) Node is signed
@@ -1530,7 +1632,7 @@ private:
    static int	s_uniqueNum;	// Unique number assigned to each dtype during creation for IEEE matching
 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    AstNodeDType(FileLine* fl) : AstNode(fl) {
+    explicit AstNodeDType(FileLine* fl) : AstNode(fl) {
 	m_width=0; m_widthMin=0; m_generic=false;
    }
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeDType)
@@ -1539,7 +1641,9 @@ public:
    virtual void dumpSmall(ostream& str);
    virtual bool hasDType() const { return true; }
    virtual AstBasicDType* basicp() const = 0;  // (Slow) recurse down to find basic data type
-    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefp() const = 0;  // recurses over typedefs to next non-typeref type
+    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefp() const = 0;  // recurses over typedefs/const/enum to next non-typeref type
+    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefToConstp() const = 0;  // recurses over typedefs to next non-typeref-or-const type
+    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefToEnump() const = 0;  // recurses over typedefs/const to next non-typeref-or-enum/struct type
    virtual int widthAlignBytes() const = 0; // (Slow) recurses - Structure alignment 1,2,4 or 8 bytes (arrays affect this)
    virtual int widthTotalBytes() const = 0; // (Slow) recurses - Width in bytes rounding up 1,2,4,8,12,...
    virtual bool maybePointedTo() const { return true; }
@@ -1569,7 +1673,7 @@ public:
    static int uniqueNumInc() { return ++s_uniqueNum; }
 };

-struct AstNodeClassDType : public AstNodeDType {
+class AstNodeClassDType : public AstNodeDType {
 private:
    // TYPES
    typedef map<string,AstMemberDType*> MemberNameMap;
@@ -1589,12 +1693,15 @@ public:
    // For basicp() we reuse the size to indicate a "fake" basic type of same size
    virtual AstBasicDType* basicp() const { return findLogicDType(width(),width(),numeric())->castBasicDType(); }
    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefp() const { return (AstNodeDType*)this; }
+    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefToConstp() const { return (AstNodeDType*)this; }
+    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefToEnump() const { return (AstNodeDType*)this; }
    virtual int widthAlignBytes() const; // (Slow) recurses - Structure alignment 1,2,4 or 8 bytes (arrays affect this)
    virtual int widthTotalBytes() const; // (Slow) recurses - Width in bytes rounding up 1,2,4,8,12,...
    // op1 = members
    AstMemberDType* membersp() const { return op1p()->castMemberDType(); } // op1 = AstMember list
    void addMembersp(AstNode* nodep) { addNOp1p(nodep); }
    bool packed() const { return m_packed; }
+    bool packedUnsup() const { return true; }  // packed() but as don't support unpacked, presently all structs
    void clearCache() { m_members.clear(); }
    void repairMemberCache();
    AstMemberDType* findMember(const string& name) const {
@@ -1606,7 +1713,7 @@ public:
    VNumRange declRange() const { return VNumRange(msb(), lsb(), false); }
 };

-struct AstNodeArrayDType : public AstNodeDType {
+class AstNodeArrayDType : public AstNodeDType {
    // Array data type, ie "some_dtype var_name [2:0]"
    // Children: DTYPE (moved to refDTypep() in V3Width)
    // Children: RANGE (array bounds)
@@ -1614,7 +1721,7 @@ private:
    AstNodeDType*	m_refDTypep;	// Elements of this type (after widthing)
    AstNode*	rangenp() const { return op2p(); }	// op2 = Array(s) of variable
 public:
-    AstNodeArrayDType(FileLine* fl) : AstNodeDType(fl) {
+    explicit AstNodeArrayDType(FileLine* fl) : AstNodeDType(fl) {
 	m_refDTypep = NULL;
    }
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeArrayDType)
@@ -1643,6 +1750,8 @@ public:
    // METHODS
    virtual AstBasicDType* basicp() const { return subDTypep()->basicp(); }  // (Slow) recurse down to find basic data type
    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefp() const { return (AstNodeDType*)this; }
+    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefToConstp() const { return (AstNodeDType*)this; }
+    virtual AstNodeDType* skipRefToEnump() const { return (AstNodeDType*)this; }
    virtual int widthAlignBytes() const { return subDTypep()->widthAlignBytes(); }
    virtual int widthTotalBytes() const { return elementsConst() * subDTypep()->widthTotalBytes(); }
    int		msb() const;
@@ -1651,8 +1760,9 @@ public:
    VNumRange declRange() const;
 };

-struct AstNodeSel : public AstNodeBiop {
+class AstNodeSel : public AstNodeBiop {
    // Single bit range extraction, perhaps with non-constant selection or array selection
+public:
    AstNodeSel(FileLine* fl, AstNode* fromp, AstNode* bitp)
 	:AstNodeBiop(fl, fromp, bitp) {}
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeSel)
@@ -1664,10 +1774,21 @@ struct AstNodeSel : public AstNodeBiop {
    virtual bool hasDType() const { return true; }
 };

+class AstNodeStream : public AstNodeBiop {
+    // Verilog {rhs{lhs}} - Note rhsp() is the slice size, not the lhsp()
+public:
+    AstNodeStream(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp) : AstNodeBiop(fl, lhsp, rhsp) {
+	if (lhsp->dtypep()) {
+	    dtypeSetLogicSized(lhsp->dtypep()->width(), lhsp->dtypep()->width(), AstNumeric::UNSIGNED);
+	}
+    }
+    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeStream)
+};
+
 //######################################################################
 // Tasks/functions common handling

-struct AstNodeFTask : public AstNode {
+class AstNodeFTask : public AstNode {
 private:
    string	m_name;		// Name of task
    string	m_cname;	// Name of task if DPI import
@@ -1693,6 +1814,7 @@ public:
    virtual void dump(ostream& str=cout);
    virtual string name()	const { return m_name; }		// * = Var name
    virtual bool maybePointedTo() const { return true; }
+    virtual bool isGateOptimizable() const { return !((m_dpiExport || m_dpiImport) && !m_pure); }
    // {AstFunc only} op1 = Range output variable
    virtual void name(const string& name) 	{ m_name = name; }
    string cname() const { return m_cname; }
@@ -1725,7 +1847,7 @@ public:
    bool	pure() const { return m_pure; }
 };

-struct AstNodeFTaskRef : public AstNode {
+class AstNodeFTaskRef : public AstNode {
    // A reference to a task (or function)
 private:
    AstNodeFTask*	m_taskp;	// [AfterLink] Pointer to task referenced
@@ -1751,6 +1873,7 @@ public:
    }}
    virtual void dump(ostream& str=cout);
    virtual string name()	const { return m_name; }		// * = Var name
+    virtual bool isGateOptimizable() const { return m_taskp && m_taskp->isGateOptimizable(); }
    string	dotted()	const { return m_dotted; }		// * = Scope name or ""
    string	prettyDotted() const { return prettyName(dotted()); }
    string	inlinedDots() const { return m_inlinedDots; }
@@ -1771,7 +1894,7 @@ public:
    void 	scopeNamep(AstNode* nodep) { setNOp3p(nodep); }
 };

-struct AstNodeModule : public AstNode {
+class AstNodeModule : public AstNode {
    // A module, package, program or interface declaration;
    // something that can live directly under the TOP,
    // excluding $unit package stuff
@@ -1785,12 +1908,13 @@ private:
    bool	m_internal:1;	// Internally created
    int		m_level;	// 1=top module, 2=cell off top module, ...
    int		m_varNum;	// Incrementing variable number
+    int		m_typeNum;	// Incrementing implicit type number
 public:
    AstNodeModule(FileLine* fl, const string& name)
 	: AstNode (fl)
 	,m_name(name), m_origName(name)
 	,m_modPublic(false), m_modTrace(false), m_inLibrary(false), m_dead(false), m_internal(false)
-	,m_level(0), m_varNum(0) { }
+	,m_level(0), m_varNum(0), m_typeNum(0) { }
    ASTNODE_BASE_FUNCS(NodeModule)
    virtual void dump(ostream& str);
    virtual bool maybePointedTo() const { return true; }
@@ -1810,6 +1934,7 @@ public:
    int  level() const		{ return m_level; }
    bool isTop() const		{ return level()==1; }
    int  varNumGetInc() 	{ return ++m_varNum; }
+    int  typeNumGetInc() 	{ return ++m_typeNum; }
    void modPublic(bool flag) 	{ m_modPublic = flag; }
    bool modPublic() const 	{ return m_modPublic; }
    void modTrace(bool flag) 	{ m_modTrace = flag; }
@@ -1836,6 +1961,7 @@ inline int AstNode::widthMin() const { return dtypep() ? dtypep()->widthMin() :
 inline bool AstNode::width1() const  { return dtypep() && dtypep()->width()==1; }  // V3Const uses to know it can optimize
 inline int  AstNode::widthInstrs() const { return (!dtypep() ? 1 : (dtypep()->isWide() ? dtypep()->widthWords() : 1)); }
 inline bool AstNode::isDouble() const { return dtypep() && dtypep()->castBasicDType() && dtypep()->castBasicDType()->isDouble(); }
+inline bool AstNode::isString() const { return dtypep() && dtypep()->basicp() && dtypep()->basicp()->isString(); }
 inline bool AstNode::isSigned() const { return dtypep() && dtypep()->isSigned(); }

 inline bool AstNode::isZero()     { return (this->castConst() && this->castConst()->num().isEqZero()); }
@@ -1843,6 +1969,8 @@ inline bool AstNode::isNeqZero()  { return (this->castConst() && this->castConst
 inline bool AstNode::isOne()      { return (this->castConst() && this->castConst()->num().isEqOne()); }
 inline bool AstNode::isAllOnes()  { return (this->castConst() && this->castConst()->isEqAllOnes()); }
 inline bool AstNode::isAllOnesV() { return (this->castConst() && this->castConst()->isEqAllOnesV()); }
+inline bool AstNode::sameTree(AstNode* node2p) { return sameTreeIter(this, node2p, true, false); }
+inline bool AstNode::sameGateTree(AstNode* node2p) { return sameTreeIter(this, node2p, true, true); }

 inline void AstNodeVarRef::init() { if (m_varp) dtypep(m_varp->dtypep()); }

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//*************************************************************************
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Ast node structure
+//
+// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+//
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+// Version 2.0.
+//
+// Verilator is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+
+#ifndef _V3ASTCONSTONLY_H_
+#define _V3ASTCONSTONLY_H_ 1
+
+// Include only in visitors that do not not edit nodes, so should use constant iterators
+#define iterateAndNext   error_use_iterateAndNextConst
+#define iterateChildren  error_use_iterateChildrenConst
+
+#define addNext          error_no_addNext_in_ConstOnlyVisitor
+#define replaceWith      error_no_replaceWith_in_ConstOnlyVisitor
+#define deleteTree       error_no_deleteTree_in_ConstOnlyVisitor
+#define unlinkFrBack     error_no_unlinkFrBack_in_ConstOnlyVisitor
+
+#endif // Guard
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -112,6 +112,35 @@ int AstNodeClassDType::widthAlignBytes() const {
    else return 8;
 }

+AstNodeBiop* AstEq::newTyped(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp) {
+    if (lhsp->isDouble() && rhsp->isDouble()) {
+	return new AstEqD(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else {
+	return new AstEq(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    }
+}
+
+AstNodeBiop* AstGte::newTyped(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp) {
+    if (lhsp->isDouble() && rhsp->isDouble()) {
+	return new AstGteD(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else if (lhsp->isSigned() && rhsp->isSigned()) {
+	return new AstGteS(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else {
+	return new AstGte(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    }
+}
+
+AstNodeBiop* AstLte::newTyped(FileLine* fl, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp) {
+    if (lhsp->isDouble() && rhsp->isDouble()) {
+	return new AstLteD(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else if (lhsp->isSigned() && rhsp->isSigned()) {
+	return new AstLteS(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    } else {
+	return new AstLte(fl, lhsp, rhsp);
+    }
+}
+
+
 bool AstVar::isSigPublic() const {
    return (m_sigPublic || (v3Global.opt.allPublic() && !isTemp() && !isGenVar()));
 }
@@ -171,7 +200,7 @@ string AstVar::verilogKwd() const {
    }
 }

-string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
+string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn, bool forFunc) const {
    if (forReturn) named=false;
    if (forReturn) v3fatalSrc("verilator internal data is never passed as return, but as first argument");
    string arg;
@@ -204,7 +233,7 @@ string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const {
 	arg += " (& "+name();
 	arg += ")["+cvtToStr(widthWords())+"]";
    } else {
-	if (isOutput() || (strtype && isInput())) arg += "&";
+	if (forFunc && (isOutput() || (strtype && isInput()))) arg += "&";
 	if (named) arg += " "+name();
    }
    return arg;
@@ -321,6 +350,27 @@ string AstVar::scType() const {
    }
 }

+AstVar* AstVar::scVarRecurse(AstNode* nodep) {
+    // See if this is a SC assignment; if so return that type
+    // Historically sc variables are identified by a variable
+    // attribute. TODO it would better be a data type attribute.
+    if (AstVar* anodep = nodep->castVar()) {
+	if (anodep->isSc()) return anodep;
+	else return NULL;
+    }
+    else if (nodep->castVarRef()) {
+	if (nodep->castVarRef()->varp()->isSc()) return nodep->castVarRef()->varp();
+	else return NULL;
+    }
+    else if (nodep->castArraySel()) {
+	if (nodep->op1p()) if (AstVar* p = scVarRecurse(nodep->op1p())) return p;
+	if (nodep->op2p()) if (AstVar* p = scVarRecurse(nodep->op2p())) return p;
+	if (nodep->op3p()) if (AstVar* p = scVarRecurse(nodep->op3p())) return p;
+	if (nodep->op4p()) if (AstVar* p = scVarRecurse(nodep->op4p())) return p;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 AstNodeDType* AstNodeDType::dtypeDimensionp(int dimension) {
    // dimension passed from AstArraySel::dimension
    // Dimension 0 means the VAR itself, 1 is the closest SEL to the AstVar,
@@ -336,6 +386,7 @@ AstNodeDType* AstNodeDType::dtypeDimensionp(int dimension) {
    // TODO this function should be removed in favor of recursing the dtype(),
    // as that allows for more complicated data types.
    int dim = 0;
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    for (AstNodeDType* dtypep=this; dtypep; ) {
 	dtypep = dtypep->skipRefp();  // Skip AstRefDType/AstTypedef, or return same node
 	if (AstNodeArrayDType* adtypep = dtypep->castNodeArrayDType()) {
@@ -370,6 +421,7 @@ AstNodeDType* AstNodeDType::dtypeDimensionp(int dimension) {

 uint32_t AstNodeDType::arrayUnpackedElements() {
    uint32_t entries=1;
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    for (AstNodeDType* dtypep=this; dtypep; ) {
 	dtypep = dtypep->skipRefp();  // Skip AstRefDType/AstTypedef, or return same node
 	if (AstUnpackArrayDType* adtypep = dtypep->castUnpackArrayDType()) {
@@ -388,6 +440,7 @@ pair<uint32_t,uint32_t> AstNodeDType::dimensions(bool includeBasic) {
    // How many array dimensions (packed,unpacked) does this Var have?
    uint32_t packed = 0;
    uint32_t unpacked = 0;
+    UDEBUGONLY(UASSERT(dynamic_cast<AstNode*>(this),"this should not be NULL"););
    for (AstNodeDType* dtypep=this; dtypep; ) {
 	dtypep = dtypep->skipRefp();  // Skip AstRefDType/AstTypedef, or return same node
 	if (AstNodeArrayDType* adtypep = dtypep->castNodeArrayDType()) {
@@ -456,9 +509,9 @@ string AstScope::nameDotless() const {
    return out;
 }

-string AstScopeName::scopePrettyName() const {
+string AstScopeName::scopePrettyNameFormatter(AstText* scopeTextp) const {
    string out;
-    for (AstText* textp=scopeAttrp(); textp; textp=textp->nextp()->castText()) {
+    for (AstText* textp=scopeTextp; textp; textp=textp->nextp()->castText()) {
 	out += textp->text();
    }
    // TOP will be replaced by top->name()
@@ -468,9 +521,9 @@ string AstScopeName::scopePrettyName() const {
    return AstNode::prettyName(out);
 }

-string AstScopeName::scopeSymName() const {
+string AstScopeName::scopeNameFormatter(AstText* scopeTextp) const {
    string out;
-    for (AstText* textp=scopeAttrp(); textp; textp=textp->nextp()->castText()) {
+    for (AstText* textp=scopeTextp; textp; textp=textp->nextp()->castText()) {
 	out += textp->text();
    }
    if (out.substr(0,10) == "__DOT__TOP") out.replace(0,10,"");
@@ -690,7 +743,10 @@ void AstNode::dump(ostream& str) {
    } else { // V3Broken will throw an error
 	if (dtypep()) str<<" %Error-dtype-exp=null,got="<<(void*)dtypep();
    }
-    if (name()!="") str<<"  "<<AstNode::quoteName(name());
+    if (name()!="") {
+	if (castConst()) str<<"  "<<name();  // Already quoted
+	else str<<"  "<<V3Number::quoteNameControls(name());
+    }
 }

 void AstAlways::dump(ostream& str) {
@@ -753,6 +809,13 @@ void AstJumpGo::dump(ostream& str) {
    if (labelp()) { labelp()->dump(str); }
    else { str<<"%Error:UNLINKED"; }
 }
+void AstModportFTaskRef::dump(ostream& str) {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (isExport()) str<<" EXPORT";
+    if (isImport()) str<<" IMPORT";
+    if (ftaskp()) { str<<" -> "; ftaskp()->dump(str); }
+    else { str<<" -> UNLINKED"; }
+}
 void AstModportVarRef::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    str<<" "<<varType();
@@ -765,6 +828,10 @@ void AstPin::dump(ostream& str) {
    else { str<<" ->UNLINKED"; }
    if (svImplicit()) str<<" [.SV]";
 }
+void AstTypedef::dump(ostream& str) {
+    this->AstNode::dump(str);
+    if (attrPublic()) str<<" [PUBLIC]";
+}
 void AstRange::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    if (littleEndian()) str<<" [LITTLE]";
@@ -792,18 +859,21 @@ void AstNodeDType::dumpSmall(ostream& str) {
       <<((isSigned()&&!isDouble())?"s":"")
       <<(isNosign()?"n":"")
       <<(isDouble()?"d":"")
-       <<"w"<<(widthSized()?"":"u")<<width();
+       <<(isString()?"str":"");
+    if (!isDouble() && !isString()) {
+	str<<"w"<<(widthSized()?"":"u")<<width();
+    }
    if (!widthSized()) str<<"/"<<widthMin();
    str<<")";
 }
 void AstNodeArrayDType::dumpSmall(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNodeDType::dumpSmall(str);
    if (castPackArrayDType()) str<<"p"; else str<<"u";
-    str<<"["<<declRange().left()<<":"<<declRange().right()<<"]";
+    str<<declRange();
 }
 void AstNodeArrayDType::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNodeDType::dump(str);
-    str<<" ["<<declRange().left()<<":"<<declRange().right()<<"]";
+    str<<" "<<declRange();
 }
 void AstNodeModule::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
@@ -819,7 +889,7 @@ void AstPackageImport::dump(ostream& str) {
 void AstSel::dump(ostream& str) {
    this->AstNode::dump(str);
    if (declRange().ranged()) {
-	str<<" decl["<<declRange().left()<<":"<<declRange().right()<<"]";
+	str<<" decl"<<declRange()<<"]";
 	if (declElWidth()!=1) str<<"/"<<declElWidth();
    }
 }
@@ -854,7 +924,6 @@ void AstTypeTable::dump(ostream& str) {
 	for (DetailedMap::const_iterator it = mapr.begin(); it != mapr.end(); ++it) {
 	    AstBasicDType* dtypep = it->second;
 	    str<<endl;  // Newline from caller, so newline first
-	    stringstream nsstr;
 	    str<<"\t\tdetailed  ->  ";
 	    dtypep->dump(str);
 	}
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public:
 	m_anyFuncInBegin = false;
    }
    ~BeginState() {}
-    void userMarkChanged(AstNodeFTask* nodep) {
+    void userMarkChanged(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->user1(true);
 	m_anyFuncInBegin = true;
    }
@@ -160,12 +160,13 @@ private:
 	} else {
 	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	}
-	pushDeletep(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstVar* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	if (m_unnamedScope != "") {
 	    // Rename it
 	    nodep->name(m_unnamedScope+"__DOT__"+nodep->name());
+	    m_statep->userMarkChanged(nodep);
 	    // Move to module
 	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	    if (m_ftaskp) m_ftaskp->addStmtsp(nodep);   // Begins under funcs just move into the func
@@ -175,6 +176,7 @@ private:
    virtual void visit(AstCell* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	UINFO(8,"   CELL "<<nodep<<endl);
 	if (m_namedScope != "") {
+	    m_statep->userMarkChanged(nodep);
 	    // Rename it
 	    nodep->name(m_namedScope+"__DOT__"+nodep->name());
 	    UINFO(8,"     rename to "<<nodep->name()<<endl);
@@ -182,6 +184,14 @@ private:
 	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
 	    m_modp->addStmtp(nodep);
 	}
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstVarXRef* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	UINFO(9, "   VARXREF "<<nodep<<endl);
+	if (m_namedScope != "" && nodep->inlinedDots() == "") {
+	    nodep->inlinedDots(m_namedScope);
+	    UINFO(9, "    rescope to "<<nodep<<endl);
+	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstScopeName* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	// If there's a %m in the display text, we add a special node that will contain the name()
@@ -215,7 +225,7 @@ private:
 	}
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	m_ifDepth = prevIfDepth;
-     }
+    }
    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
@@ -249,6 +259,21 @@ private:
 	}
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstVarRef* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	if (nodep->varp()->user1()) { // It was converted
+	    UINFO(9, "    relinVarRef "<<nodep<<endl);
+	    nodep->name(nodep->varp()->name());
+	}
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstIfaceRefDType* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	// May have changed cell names
+	// TypeTable is always after all modules, so names are stable
+	UINFO(8,"   IFACEREFDTYPE "<<nodep<<endl);
+	if (nodep->cellp()) nodep->cellName(nodep->cellp()->name());
+	UINFO(8,"       rename to "<<nodep<<endl);
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
    //--------------------
    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
@@ -271,4 +296,5 @@ void V3Begin::debeginAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    if (state.anyFuncInBegin()) {
 	BeginRelinkVisitor brvisitor (nodep,&state);
    }
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("begin.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
 //	At each IF/(IF else).
 //	   Count underneath $display/$stop statements.
 //	   If more on if than else, this branch is unlikely, or vice-versa.
+//	At each FTASKREF,
+//	   Count calls into the function
+//	Then, if FTASK is called only once, add inline attribute
 //
 //*************************************************************************

@@ -40,9 +43,18 @@

 class BranchVisitor : public AstNVisitor {
 private:
+    // NODE STATE
+    // Entire netlist:
+    //  AstFTask::user1()	-> int.  Number of references
+    AstUser1InUse	m_inuser1;
+
+    // TYPES
+    typedef vector<AstCFunc*> CFuncVec;
+
    // STATE
    int		m_likely;	// Excuses for branch likely taken
    int		m_unlikely;	// Excuses for branch likely not taken
+    CFuncVec	m_cfuncsp;	// List of all tasks

    // METHODS
    static int debug() {
@@ -55,6 +67,12 @@ private:
 	m_likely = false;
 	m_unlikely = false;
    }
+    void checkUnlikely(AstNode* nodep) {
+	if (nodep->isUnlikely()) {
+	    UINFO(4,"  UNLIKELY: "<<nodep<<endl);
+	    m_unlikely++;
+	}
+    }

    // VISITORS
    virtual void visit(AstNodeIf* nodep, AstNUser*) {
@@ -83,20 +101,37 @@ private:
 	m_likely = lastLikely;
 	m_unlikely = lastUnlikely;
    }
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	// Default: Just iterate
-	if (nodep->isUnlikely()) {
-	    UINFO(4,"  UNLIKELY: "<<nodep<<endl);
-	    m_unlikely++;
-	}
+    virtual void visit(AstCCall* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	checkUnlikely(nodep);
+	nodep->funcp()->user1Inc();
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstCFunc* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	checkUnlikely(nodep);
+	m_cfuncsp.push_back(nodep);
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	checkUnlikely(nodep);
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }
+
+    // METHODS
+    void calc_tasks() {
+	for (CFuncVec::iterator it=m_cfuncsp.begin(); it!=m_cfuncsp.end(); ++it) {
+	    AstCFunc* nodep = *it;
+	    if (!nodep->dontInline()) {
+		nodep->isInline(true);
+	    }
+	}
+    }

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    BranchVisitor(AstNetlist* rootp) {
+    explicit BranchVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	reset();
-	rootp->iterateChildren(*this);
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	calc_tasks();
    }
    virtual ~BranchVisitor() {}
 };
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@
 #include "V3Broken.h"
 #include "V3Ast.h"

+// This visitor does not edit nodes, and is called at error-exit, so should use constant iterators
+#include "V3AstConstOnly.h"
+
 //######################################################################

 class BrokenTable : public AstNVisitor {
@@ -47,11 +50,11 @@ private:
    typedef map<const AstNode*,int> NodeMap;
    static NodeMap s_nodes;	// Set of all nodes that exist
    // BITMASK
-    static const int FLAG_ALLOCATED	= 0x01;		// new() and not delete()ed
-    static const int FLAG_IN_TREE	= 0x02;		// Is in netlist tree
-    static const int FLAG_LINKABLE	= 0x04;		// Is in netlist tree, can be linked to
-    static const int FLAG_LEAKED	= 0x08;		// Known to have been leaked
-    static const int FLAG_UNDER_NOW	= 0x10;		// Is in tree as parent of current node
+    enum { FLAG_ALLOCATED	= 0x01 };	// new() and not delete()ed
+    enum { FLAG_IN_TREE		= 0x02 };	// Is in netlist tree
+    enum { FLAG_LINKABLE	= 0x04 };	// Is in netlist tree, can be linked to
+    enum { FLAG_LEAKED		= 0x08 };	// Known to have been leaked
+    enum { FLAG_UNDER_NOW	= 0x10 };	// Is in tree as parent of current node
 public:
    // METHODS
    static void deleted(const AstNode* nodep) {
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@ public:
 	    ((AstNode*)(nodep))->v3fatalSrc("Newing AstNode object that is already allocated\n");
 	}
 	if (iter == s_nodes.end()) {
-	    s_nodes.insert(make_pair(nodep,FLAG_ALLOCATED));
+	    int flags = FLAG_ALLOCATED;  // This int needed to appease GCC 4.1.2
+	    s_nodes.insert(make_pair(nodep,flags));
 	}
    }
    static void setUnder(const AstNode* nodep, bool flag) {
@@ -182,14 +186,18 @@ private:
    // NODE STATE
    //  Nothing!	// This may be called deep inside other routines
    //			// so userp and friends may not be used
+    // METHODS
+    void processAndIterate(AstNode* nodep) {
+	BrokenTable::addInTree(nodep, nodep->maybePointedTo());
+	nodep->iterateChildrenConst(*this);
+    }
    // VISITORS
    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	BrokenTable::addInTree(nodep, nodep->maybePointedTo());
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	processAndIterate(nodep);
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    BrokenMarkVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit BrokenMarkVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~BrokenMarkVisitor() {}
@@ -200,7 +208,13 @@ public:

 class BrokenCheckVisitor : public AstNVisitor {
 private:
-    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+    void checkWidthMin(AstNode* nodep) {
+	if (nodep->width() != nodep->widthMin()
+	    && v3Global.widthMinUsage()==VWidthMinUsage::MATCHES_WIDTH) {
+	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Width != WidthMin");
+	}
+    }
+    void processAndIterate(AstNode* nodep) {
 	BrokenTable::setUnder(nodep,true);
 	if (const char* whyp=nodep->broken()) {
 	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Broken link in node (or something without maybePointedTo): "<<whyp);
@@ -216,24 +230,18 @@ private:
 		if (nodep->dtypep()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("DType on node without hasDType(): "<<nodep->prettyTypeName());
 	    }
 	    if (nodep->getChildDTypep()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("childDTypep() non-null on node after should have removed");
-	    if (AstNodeDType* dnodep = nodep->castNodeDType()) {
-		if (dnodep->width() != dnodep->widthMin()
-		    && v3Global.assertWidthsMatch()) {
-		    dnodep->v3fatalSrc("Width != WidthMin");
-		}
-	    }
+	    if (AstNodeDType* dnodep = nodep->castNodeDType()) checkWidthMin(dnodep);
 	}
-	if (v3Global.assertWidthsMatch()) {
-	    if (nodep->width() != nodep->widthMin()) {
-		nodep->v3fatalSrc("Width != WidthMin");
-	    }
-	}
-	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	checkWidthMin(nodep);
+	nodep->iterateChildrenConst(*this);
 	BrokenTable::setUnder(nodep,false);
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	processAndIterate(nodep);
+    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    BrokenCheckVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit BrokenCheckVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~BrokenCheckVisitor() {}
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -97,7 +97,8 @@ private:
 		nodep->v3error("Use of x/? constant in generate case statement, (no such thing as 'generate casez')");
 	    } else if (m_caseExprp->castCase() && m_caseExprp->castCase()->casex()) {
 		// Don't sweat it, we already complained about casex in general
-	    } else if (m_caseExprp->castCase() && m_caseExprp->castCase()->casez()) {
+	    } else if (m_caseExprp->castCase() && (m_caseExprp->castCase()->casez()
+						   || m_caseExprp->castCase()->caseInside())) {
 		if (nodep->num().isUnknown()) {
 		    nodep->v3warn(CASEWITHX, "Use of x constant in casez statement, (perhaps intended ?/z in constant)");
 		}
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ private:
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CaseLintVisitor(AstNodeCase* nodep) {
+    explicit CaseLintVisitor(AstNodeCase* nodep) {
 	m_caseExprp = NULL;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
@@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ private:
 		if (m_valueItem[a] != m_valueItem[b]) { same=false; break; }
 	    }
 	    if (same) {
-		tree1p->deleteTree(); tree1p=NULL;
+		tree1p->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(tree1p);
 		return tree0p;
 	    }

@@ -294,8 +295,8 @@ private:

 	if (ifrootp) nodep->replaceWith(ifrootp);
 	else nodep->unlinkFrBack();
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
-	cexprp->deleteTree(); cexprp=NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
+	cexprp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(cexprp);
 	if (debug()>=9) ifrootp->dumpTree(cout,"    _simp: ");
    }

@@ -322,36 +323,42 @@ private:
 		    icondNextp = icondp->nextp();
 		    icondp->unlinkFrBack();

-		    AstNode* and1p;
-		    AstNode* and2p;
+		    AstNode* condp = NULL;  // Default is to use and1p/and2p
 		    AstConst* iconstp = icondp->castConst();
 		    if (iconstp && neverItem(nodep, iconstp)) {
 			// X in casez can't ever be executed
-			icondp->deleteTree(); icondp=NULL; iconstp=NULL;
+			icondp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(icondp); VL_DANGLING(iconstp);
 			// For simplicity, make expression that is not equal, and let later
 			// optimizations remove it
-			and1p = new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse());
-			and2p = new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), AstConst::LogicTrue());
+			condp = new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), AstConst::LogicFalse());
+		    } else if (AstInsideRange* irangep = icondp->castInsideRange()) {
+			// Similar logic in V3Width::visit(AstInside)
+			AstNode* ap = AstGte::newTyped(itemp->fileline(),
+						       cexprp->cloneTree(false),
+						       irangep->lhsp()->unlinkFrBack());
+			AstNode* bp = AstLte::newTyped(itemp->fileline(),
+						       cexprp->cloneTree(false),
+						       irangep->rhsp()->unlinkFrBack());
+			condp = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(), ap, bp);
 		    } else if (iconstp && iconstp->num().isFourState()
-			       && (nodep->casex() || nodep->casez())) {
+			       && (nodep->casex() || nodep->casez() || nodep->caseInside())) {
 			V3Number nummask (itemp->fileline(), iconstp->width());
 			nummask.opBitsNonX(iconstp->num());
 			V3Number numval  (itemp->fileline(), iconstp->width());
 			numval.opBitsOne(iconstp->num());
-			and1p = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(), cexprp->cloneTree(false),
-					   new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), nummask));
-			and2p = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(),
-					   new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), numval),
-					   new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), nummask));
-			icondp->deleteTree(); icondp=NULL; iconstp=NULL;
+			AstNode* and1p = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(), cexprp->cloneTree(false),
+						    new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), nummask));
+			AstNode* and2p = new AstAnd(itemp->fileline(),
+						    new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), numval),
+						    new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), nummask));
+			icondp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(icondp); VL_DANGLING(iconstp);
+			condp = AstEq::newTyped(itemp->fileline(), and1p, and2p);
 		    } else {
 			// Not a caseX mask, we can simply build CASEEQ(cexpr icond)
-			and1p = cexprp->cloneTree(false);
-			and2p = icondp;
+			AstNode* and1p = cexprp->cloneTree(false);
+			AstNode* and2p = icondp;
+			condp = AstEq::newTyped(itemp->fileline(), and1p, and2p);
 		    }
-		    AstNodeBiop* condp = (and1p->isDouble()
-					  ? (new AstEqD(itemp->fileline(), and1p, and2p))->castNodeBiop()
-					  : (new AstEq(itemp->fileline(), and1p, and2p))->castNodeBiop());
 		    if (!ifexprp) {
 			ifexprp = condp;
 		    } else {
@@ -362,7 +369,7 @@ private:
 		itemp->condsp(ifexprp);
 	    }
 	}
-	cexprp->deleteTree(); cexprp=NULL;
+	cexprp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(cexprp);
 	if (!hadDefault) {
 	    // If there was no default, add a empty one, this greatly simplifies below code
 	    // and constant propagation will just eliminate it for us later.
@@ -401,9 +408,9 @@ private:
 		}
 	    }
 	    {   // Make the new lower IF and attach in the tree
-		AstNode* itemexprp = ifexprp;  ifexprp=NULL;
+		AstNode* itemexprp = ifexprp; VL_DANGLING(ifexprp);
 		if (depth == (CASE_ENCODER_GROUP_DEPTH)) { // End of group - can skip the condition
-		    itemexprp->deleteTree(); itemexprp=NULL;
+		    itemexprp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(itemexprp);
 		    itemexprp = new AstConst(itemp->fileline(), AstConst::LogicTrue());
 		}
 		AstIf* newp = new AstIf(itemp->fileline(), itemexprp, istmtsp, NULL);
@@ -419,7 +426,7 @@ private:
 	if (debug()>=9) grouprootp->dumpTree(cout,"     _new: ");
 	if (grouprootp) nodep->replaceWith(grouprootp);
 	else nodep->unlinkFrBack();
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }

    void replaceCaseParallel(AstCase* nodep, bool noOverlapsAllCovered) {
@@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ private:
    bool neverItem(AstCase* casep, AstConst* itemp) {
 	// Xs in case or casez are impossible due to two state simulations
 	if (casep->casex()) {
-	} else if (casep->casez()) {
+	} else if (casep->casez() || casep->caseInside()) {
 	    if (itemp->num().isUnknown()) return true;
 	} else {
 	    if (itemp->num().isFourState()) return true;
@@ -452,10 +459,10 @@ private:
 	    // It's a simple priority encoder or complete statement
 	    // we can make a tree of statements to avoid extra comparisons
 	    ++m_statCaseFast;
-	    replaceCaseFast(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	    replaceCaseFast(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	} else {
 	    ++m_statCaseSlow;
-	    replaceCaseComplicated(nodep); nodep=NULL;
+	    replaceCaseComplicated(nodep); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	}
    }
    //--------------------
@@ -466,7 +473,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CaseVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit CaseVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_caseNoOverlapsAllCovered = false;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
@@ -482,6 +489,7 @@ public:
 void V3Case::caseAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    CaseVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("case.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
 void V3Case::caseLint(AstNodeCase* nodep) {
    UINFO(4,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2004-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2004-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ private:
 	if (!nodep->lvalue()
 	    && !nodep->backp()->castCCast()
 	    && nodep->backp()->castNodeMath()
+	    && !nodep->backp()->castArraySel()
 	    && nodep->backp()->width()
 	    && castSize(nodep) != castSize(nodep->varp())) {
 	    // Cast vars to IData first, else below has upper bits wrongly set
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CastVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit CastVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~CastVisitor() {}
@@ -187,4 +188,5 @@ public:
 void V3Cast::castAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    CastVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("cast.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2004-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2004-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ private:
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CdcWidthVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
+    explicit CdcWidthVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
 	m_maxLineno = 0;
 	m_maxFilenameLen = 0;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ private:
 	}

 	string filename = v3Global.opt.makeDir()+"/"+v3Global.opt.prefix()+"__cdc_edges.txt";
-	const auto_ptr<ofstream> ofp (V3File::new_ofstream(filename));
+	const VL_UNIQUE_PTR<ofstream> ofp (V3File::new_ofstream(filename));
 	if (ofp->fail()) v3fatalSrc("Can't write "<<filename);
 	*ofp<<"Edge Report for "<<v3Global.opt.prefix()<<endl;

@@ -712,6 +712,7 @@ private:
    virtual void visit(AstInitial* nodep, AstNUser*) { }
    virtual void visit(AstTraceInc* nodep, AstNUser*) { }
    virtual void visit(AstCoverToggle* nodep, AstNUser*) { }
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeDType* nodep, AstNUser*) { }

    //--------------------
    // Default
@@ -725,7 +726,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CdcVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
+    explicit CdcVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
 	m_logicVertexp = NULL;
 	m_scopep = NULL;
 	m_modp = NULL;
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -43,6 +43,130 @@
 #include "V3Changed.h"
 #include "V3EmitCBase.h"

+//######################################################################
+
+class ChangedState {
+public:
+    // STATE
+    AstNodeModule*	m_topModp;	// Top module
+    AstScope*		m_scopetopp;	// Scope under TOPSCOPE
+    AstCFunc*		m_chgFuncp;	// Change function we're building
+    ChangedState() {
+	m_topModp = NULL;
+	m_chgFuncp = NULL;
+	m_scopetopp = NULL;
+    }
+    ~ChangedState() {}
+};
+
+//######################################################################
+// Utility visitor to find elements to be compared
+
+class ChangedInsertVisitor : public AstNVisitor {
+private:
+    // STATE
+    ChangedState*	m_statep;	// Shared state across visitors
+    AstVarScope*	m_vscp;		// Original (non-change) variable we're change-detecting
+    AstVarScope*	m_newvscp;	// New (change detect) variable we're change-detecting
+    AstNode*		m_varEqnp;	// Original var's equation to get var value
+    AstNode*		m_newLvEqnp;	// New var's equation to read value 
+    AstNode*		m_newRvEqnp;	// New var's equation to set value 
+    uint32_t		m_detects;	// # detects created
+
+    // CONSTANTS
+    enum MiscConsts {
+	DETECTARRAY_MAX_INDEXES = 256	// How many indexes before error
+	// Ok to increase this, but may result in much slower model
+    };
+
+    void newChangeDet() {
+	if (++m_detects > DETECTARRAY_MAX_INDEXES) {
+	    m_vscp->v3warn(E_DETECTARRAY, "Unsupported: Can't detect more than "<<cvtToStr(DETECTARRAY_MAX_INDEXES)
+			   <<" array indexes (probably with UNOPTFLAT warning suppressed): "<<m_vscp->prettyName()<<endl
+			   <<m_vscp->warnMore()
+			   <<"... Could recompile with DETECTARRAY_MAX_INDEXES increased"<<endl);
+	    return;
+	}
+	AstChangeDet* changep = new AstChangeDet (m_vscp->fileline(),
+						  m_varEqnp->cloneTree(true),
+						  m_newRvEqnp->cloneTree(true), false);
+	m_statep->m_chgFuncp->addStmtsp(changep);
+	AstAssign* initp = new AstAssign (m_vscp->fileline(),
+					  m_newLvEqnp->cloneTree(true),
+					  m_varEqnp->cloneTree(true));
+	m_statep->m_chgFuncp->addFinalsp(initp);
+    }
+
+    virtual void visit(AstBasicDType* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	newChangeDet();
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstPackArrayDType* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	newChangeDet();
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstUnpackArrayDType* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	for (int index=0; index < nodep->elementsConst(); ++index) {
+	    AstNode* origVEp = m_varEqnp;
+	    AstNode* origNLEp = m_newLvEqnp;
+	    AstNode* origNREp = m_newRvEqnp;
+
+	    m_varEqnp   = new AstArraySel(nodep->fileline(), m_varEqnp->cloneTree(true), index);
+	    m_newLvEqnp = new AstArraySel(nodep->fileline(), m_newLvEqnp->cloneTree(true), index);
+	    m_newRvEqnp = new AstArraySel(nodep->fileline(), m_newRvEqnp->cloneTree(true), index);
+
+	    nodep->subDTypep()->skipRefp()->accept(*this);
+
+	    m_varEqnp->deleteTree();
+	    m_newLvEqnp->deleteTree();
+	    m_newRvEqnp->deleteTree();
+
+	    m_varEqnp   = origVEp;
+	    m_newLvEqnp = origNLEp;
+	    m_newRvEqnp = origNREp;
+	}
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeClassDType* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	if (nodep->packedUnsup()) {
+	    newChangeDet();
+	} else {
+	    if (debug()) nodep->dumpTree(cout,"-DETECTARRAY-class-");
+	    m_vscp->v3warn(E_DETECTARRAY, "Unsupported: Can't detect changes on complex variable (probably with UNOPTFLAT warning suppressed): "<<m_vscp->varp()->prettyName());
+	}
+    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	if (debug()) nodep->dumpTree(cout,"-DETECTARRAY-general-");
+	m_vscp->v3warn(E_DETECTARRAY, "Unsupported: Can't detect changes on complex variable (probably with UNOPTFLAT warning suppressed): "<<m_vscp->varp()->prettyName());
+    }
+public:
+    // CONSTUCTORS
+    ChangedInsertVisitor(AstVarScope* vscp, ChangedState* statep) {
+	m_statep = statep;
+	m_vscp = vscp;
+	m_detects = 0;
+	{
+	    AstVar* varp = m_vscp->varp();
+	    string newvarname = "__Vchglast__"+m_vscp->scopep()->nameDotless()+"__"+varp->shortName();
+	    // Create:  VARREF(_last)
+	    //          ASSIGN(VARREF(_last), VARREF(var))
+	    //          ...
+	    //          CHANGEDET(VARREF(_last), VARREF(var))
+	    AstVar* newvarp = new AstVar (varp->fileline(), AstVarType::MODULETEMP, newvarname, varp);
+	    m_statep->m_topModp->addStmtp(newvarp);
+	    m_newvscp = new AstVarScope(m_vscp->fileline(), m_statep->m_scopetopp, newvarp);
+	    m_statep->m_scopetopp->addVarp(m_newvscp);
+
+	    m_varEqnp   = new AstVarRef(m_vscp->fileline(), m_vscp, false);
+	    m_newLvEqnp = new AstVarRef(m_vscp->fileline(), m_newvscp, true);
+	    m_newRvEqnp = new AstVarRef(m_vscp->fileline(), m_newvscp, false);
+	}
+	vscp->dtypep()->skipRefp()->accept(*this);
+	m_varEqnp->deleteTree();
+	m_newLvEqnp->deleteTree();
+	m_newRvEqnp->deleteTree();
+    }
+    virtual ~ChangedInsertVisitor() {}
+};
+
 //######################################################################
 // Changed state, as a visitor of each AstNode

@@ -54,15 +178,7 @@ private:
    AstUser1InUse	m_inuser1;

    // STATE
-    AstNodeModule*	m_topModp;	// Top module
-    AstScope*		m_scopetopp;	// Scope under TOPSCOPE
-    AstCFunc*		m_chgFuncp;	// Change function we're building
-
-    // CONSTANTS
-    enum MiscConsts {
-	DETECTARRAY_MAX_INDEXES = 256	// How many indexes before error
-	// Ok to increase this, but may result in much slower model
-    };
+    ChangedState*	m_statep;	// Shared state across visitors

    // METHODS
    static int debug() {
@@ -71,70 +187,16 @@ private:
 	return level;
    }

-    AstNode* aselIfNeeded(bool isArray, int index, AstNode* childp) {
-	if (isArray) {
-	    return new AstArraySel(childp->fileline(), childp,
-				   new AstConst(childp->fileline(), index));
-	} else {
-	    return childp;
-	}
-    }
-
    void genChangeDet(AstVarScope* vscp) {
-#ifdef NEW_ORDERING
-	vscp->v3fatalSrc("Not applicable\n");
-#endif
-	AstVar* varp = vscp->varp();
 	vscp->v3warn(IMPERFECTSCH,"Imperfect scheduling of variable: "<<vscp);
-	AstUnpackArrayDType* arrayp = varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castUnpackArrayDType();
-	AstStructDType *structp = varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castStructDType();
-	bool isArray = arrayp;
-	bool isStruct = structp && structp->packed();
-	int elements = isArray ? arrayp->elementsConst() : 1;
-	if (isArray && (elements > DETECTARRAY_MAX_INDEXES)) {
-	    vscp->v3warn(E_DETECTARRAY, "Unsupported: Can't detect more than "<<cvtToStr(DETECTARRAY_MAX_INDEXES)
-			 <<" array indexes (probably with UNOPTFLAT warning suppressed): "<<varp->prettyName()<<endl
-			 <<vscp->warnMore()
-			 <<"... Could recompile with DETECTARRAY_MAX_INDEXES increased to at least "<<cvtToStr(elements));
-	} else if (!isArray && !isStruct
-		   && !varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castBasicDType()) {
-	    if (debug()) varp->dumpTree(cout,"-DETECTARRAY-");
-	    vscp->v3warn(E_DETECTARRAY, "Unsupported: Can't detect changes on complex variable (probably with UNOPTFLAT warning suppressed): "<<varp->prettyName());
-	} else {
-	    string newvarname = "__Vchglast__"+vscp->scopep()->nameDotless()+"__"+varp->shortName();
-	    // Create:  VARREF(_last)
-	    //          ASSIGN(VARREF(_last), VARREF(var))
-	    //          ...
-	    //          CHANGEDET(VARREF(_last), VARREF(var))
-	    AstVar* newvarp = new AstVar (varp->fileline(), AstVarType::MODULETEMP, newvarname, varp);
-	    m_topModp->addStmtp(newvarp);
-	    AstVarScope* newvscp = new AstVarScope(vscp->fileline(), m_scopetopp, newvarp);
-	    m_scopetopp->addVarp(newvscp);
-	    for (int index=0; index<elements; ++index) {
-		AstChangeDet* changep
-		    = new AstChangeDet (vscp->fileline(),
-					aselIfNeeded(isArray, index,
-						     new AstVarRef(vscp->fileline(), vscp, false)),
-					aselIfNeeded(isArray, index,
-						     new AstVarRef(vscp->fileline(), newvscp, false)),
-					false);
-		m_chgFuncp->addStmtsp(changep);
-		AstAssign* initp
-		    = new AstAssign (vscp->fileline(),
-				     aselIfNeeded(isArray, index,
-						  new AstVarRef(vscp->fileline(), newvscp, true)),
-				     aselIfNeeded(isArray, index,
-						  new AstVarRef(vscp->fileline(), vscp, false)));
-		m_chgFuncp->addFinalsp(initp);
-	    }
-	}
+	ChangedInsertVisitor visitor (vscp, m_statep);
    }

    // VISITORS
    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	UINFO(4," MOD   "<<nodep<<endl);
 	if (nodep->isTop()) {
-	    m_topModp = nodep;
+	    m_statep->m_topModp = nodep;
 	}
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
@@ -145,15 +207,15 @@ private:
 	// Create the change detection function
 	AstScope* scopep = nodep->scopep();
 	if (!scopep) nodep->v3fatalSrc("No scope found on top level, perhaps you have no statements?\n");
-	m_scopetopp = scopep;
+	m_statep->m_scopetopp = scopep;
 	// Create change detection function
-	m_chgFuncp = new AstCFunc(nodep->fileline(), "_change_request", scopep, "IData");
-	m_chgFuncp->argTypes(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar());
-	m_chgFuncp->symProlog(true);
-	m_chgFuncp->declPrivate(true);
-	m_scopetopp->addActivep(m_chgFuncp);
+	m_statep->m_chgFuncp = new AstCFunc(nodep->fileline(), "_change_request", scopep, "QData");
+	m_statep->m_chgFuncp->argTypes(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar());
+	m_statep->m_chgFuncp->symProlog(true);
+	m_statep->m_chgFuncp->declPrivate(true);
+	m_statep->m_scopetopp->addActivep(m_statep->m_chgFuncp);
 	// We need at least one change detect so we know to emit the correct code
-	m_chgFuncp->addStmtsp(new AstChangeDet(nodep->fileline(), NULL, NULL, false));
+	m_statep->m_chgFuncp->addStmtsp(new AstChangeDet(nodep->fileline(), NULL, NULL, false));
 	//
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
@@ -165,6 +227,9 @@ private:
 	    }
 	}
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeMath* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	// Short-circuit 
+    }
    //--------------------
    // Default: Just iterate
    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
@@ -173,10 +238,8 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    ChangedVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
-	m_topModp = NULL;
-	m_chgFuncp = NULL;
-	m_scopetopp = NULL;
+    ChangedVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep, ChangedState* statep) {
+	m_statep = statep;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~ChangedVisitor() {}
@@ -187,5 +250,7 @@ public:

 void V3Changed::changedAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
-    ChangedVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    ChangedState state;
+    ChangedVisitor visitor (nodep, &state);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("changed.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -238,6 +238,10 @@ private:
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	insureCleanAndNext (nodep->valuep());
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstTypedef* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	// No cleaning, or would loose pointer to enum
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+    }

    // Control flow operators
    virtual void visit(AstNodeCond* nodep, AstNUser*) {
@@ -276,7 +280,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CleanVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit CleanVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~CleanVisitor() {}
@@ -288,4 +292,5 @@ public:
 void V3Clean::cleanAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    CleanVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("clean.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2008-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2008-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class GaterVarVertex;
 class GaterVertex : public V3GraphVertex {
    static uint32_t s_rankNum;
 public:
-    GaterVertex(V3Graph* graphp)
+    explicit GaterVertex(V3Graph* graphp)
 	: V3GraphVertex(graphp) {
 	s_rankNum++; rank(s_rankNum);
    }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ uint32_t GaterVertex::s_rankNum = 0;

 class GaterHeadVertex : public GaterVertex {
 public:
-    GaterHeadVertex(V3Graph* graphp)
+    explicit GaterHeadVertex(V3Graph* graphp)
 	: GaterVertex(graphp) {}
    virtual ~GaterHeadVertex() {}
    virtual int typeNum() const { return __LINE__; }  // C++ typeof() equivelent
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ public:

 class GaterPliVertex : public GaterVertex {
 public:
-    GaterPliVertex(V3Graph* graphp)
+    explicit GaterPliVertex(V3Graph* graphp)
 	: GaterVertex(graphp) {}
    virtual ~GaterPliVertex() {}
    virtual int typeNum() const { return __LINE__; }  // C++ typeof() equivelent
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ private:
    }
 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    GaterCondVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
+    explicit GaterCondVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
 	m_isSimple = true;
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class GaterBodyVisitor : public GaterBaseVisitor {
 	}

 	if ((childstate & STATE_DELETE) && !(childstate & STATE_KEEP)) {
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    // Pass upwards we did delete
 	    m_state |= STATE_DELETE;
 	} else {
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ class GaterVisitor : public GaterBaseVisitor {
 	    for (V3GraphEdge* nextp,* edgep = m_pliVertexp->outBeginp(); edgep; edgep = nextp) {
 		nextp = edgep->outNextp();  // We may edit the list
 		if (GaterVarVertex* vVxp = dynamic_cast<GaterVarVertex*>(edgep->top())) {
-		    vVxp->unlinkDelete(&m_graph); vVxp=NULL; edgep=NULL;
+		    vVxp->unlinkDelete(&m_graph); VL_DANGLING(vVxp); VL_DANGLING(edgep);
 		} else {
 		    m_graph.dump();
 		    v3fatalSrc("PLI vertex points to non-signal");
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ class GaterVisitor : public GaterBaseVisitor {
 		V3GraphVertex* toVxp = edgep->top();
 		//UINFO(9," to "<<toVxp->user()<<" "<<toVxp<<endl);
 		if ((toVxp->user() & VU_IF) && (toVxp->user() & VU_ELSE)) {
-		    edgep->unlinkDelete(); edgep = NULL;
+		    edgep->unlinkDelete(); VL_DANGLING(edgep);
 		    if (!(toVxp->user() & VU_MADE)) {   // Make an edge only once
 			toVxp->user(toVxp->user() | VU_MADE);
 			GaterEdge* inedgep = static_cast<GaterEdge*>(vertexp->inBeginp());
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ class GaterVisitor : public GaterBaseVisitor {
 		if (toVxp->user() && toVxp->user() < depth) {
 		    // A recursion "above" us marked it,
 		    // Remove this edge, it's redundant with the upper edge
-		    edgep->unlinkDelete(); edgep=NULL;
+		    edgep->unlinkDelete(); VL_DANGLING(edgep);
 		} else {
 		    GaterEdge* cedgep = static_cast<GaterEdge*>(edgep);
 		    if (cedgep->ifelseBoth()) {
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ class GaterVisitor : public GaterBaseVisitor {
 	    if (GaterIfVertex* toVxp = dynamic_cast<GaterIfVertex*>(edgep->top())) {
 		if (!toVxp->outBeginp()) {
 		    if (!nextp || nextp->top() != edgep->top()) {  // Else next would disappear; we'll do it next loop
-			toVxp->unlinkDelete(&m_graph); toVxp=NULL; edgep=NULL;
+			toVxp->unlinkDelete(&m_graph); VL_DANGLING(toVxp); VL_DANGLING(edgep);
 		    }
 		}
 	    }
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ class GaterVisitor : public GaterBaseVisitor {
 	    nextp = edgep->outNextp();  // We may edit the list
 	    if (GaterVarVertex* toVxp = dynamic_cast<GaterVarVertex*>(edgep->top())) {
 		if (!nextp || nextp->top() != edgep->top()) {  // Else next would disappear; we'll do it next loop
-		    toVxp->unlinkDelete(&m_graph); toVxp=NULL; edgep=NULL;
+		    toVxp->unlinkDelete(&m_graph); VL_DANGLING(toVxp); VL_DANGLING(edgep);
 		}
 	    }
 	}
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ class GaterVisitor : public GaterBaseVisitor {

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    GaterVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
+    explicit GaterVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
 	// AstAlways visitor does the real work, so most zeroing needs to be in clear()
 	clear();
 	nodep->accept(*this);
@@ -914,4 +914,5 @@ void V3ClkGater::clkGaterAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    // While the gater does well at some modules, it seems to slow down many others
    UINFO(5,"ClkGater is disabled due to performance issues\n");
    //GaterVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("clkgater.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -99,18 +99,6 @@ private:
 	UINFO(4,"New Last: "<<newvscp<<endl);
 	return newvscp;
    }
-    AstVarScope* getCreateLocalVar(FileLine* fl, const string& name, AstVar* examplep, int width) {
-	AstVar* newvarp;
-	if (width) {
-	    newvarp = new AstVar (fl, AstVarType::BLOCKTEMP, name, VFlagLogicPacked(), width);
-	} else {
-	    newvarp = new AstVar (fl, AstVarType::BLOCKTEMP, name, examplep); // No range; 1 bit.
-	}
-	m_modp->addStmtp(newvarp);
-	AstVarScope* newvscp = new AstVarScope(fl, m_scopep, newvarp);
-	m_scopep->addVarp(newvscp);
-	return newvscp;
-    }
    AstNode* createSenItemEquation(AstSenItem* nodep) {
 	// We know the var is clean, and one bit, so we use binary ops
 	// for speed instead of logical ops.
@@ -280,7 +268,7 @@ private:
 	    stmtsp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
 	    cmtp->addNextHere(stmtsp);
 	}
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep = NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstAlwaysPost* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	AstNode* cmtp = new AstComment(nodep->fileline(), nodep->typeName());
@@ -289,7 +277,7 @@ private:
 	    stmtsp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
 	    cmtp->addNextHere(stmtsp);
 	}
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep = NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCoverToggle* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	//nodep->dumpTree(cout,"ct:");
@@ -309,7 +297,7 @@ private:
 	newp->addIfsp(new AstAssign(nodep->fileline(),
 				    changep->cloneTree(false),
 				    origp->cloneTree(false)));
-	nodep->replaceWith(newp); nodep->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	nodep->replaceWith(newp); nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstInitial* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	AstNode* cmtp = new AstComment(nodep->fileline(), nodep->typeName());
@@ -318,42 +306,16 @@ private:
 	    stmtsp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
 	    cmtp->addNextHere(stmtsp);
 	}
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep = NULL;
-    }
-    void moveInitial(AstActive* nodep) {
-	// Change to CFunc
-	AstNode* stmtsp = nodep->stmtsp();
-	if (stmtsp) {
-	    if (!m_scopep) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Initial Active not under scope\n");
-	    AstCFunc* funcp = new AstCFunc(nodep->fileline(), "_initial__"+m_scopep->nameDotless(),
-					   m_scopep);
-	    funcp->argTypes(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar());
-	    funcp->symProlog(true);
-	    funcp->slow(true);
-	    stmtsp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
-	    funcp->addStmtsp(stmtsp);
-	    nodep->replaceWith(funcp);
-	    // Add top level call to it
-	    AstCCall* callp = new AstCCall(nodep->fileline(), funcp);
-	    callp->argTypes("vlSymsp");
-	    m_initFuncp->addStmtsp(callp);
-	} else {
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack();
-	}
-	nodep->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCFunc* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	// Link to global function
 	if (nodep->formCallTree()) {
-	    if (nodep->name() == "_final") {
-		UINFO(4, "    formCallTree "<<nodep<<endl);
-		AstCCall* callp = new AstCCall(nodep->fileline(), nodep);
-		callp->argTypes("vlSymsp");
-		m_finalFuncp->addStmtsp(callp);
-	    } else {
-		nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown CFunc name.  Make code more generic, with a map of func names");
-	    }
+	    UINFO(4, "    formCallTree "<<nodep<<endl);
+	    AstCCall* callp = new AstCCall(nodep->fileline(), nodep);
+	    callp->argTypes("vlSymsp");
+	    m_finalFuncp->addStmtsp(callp);
 	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSenTree* nodep, AstNUser*) {
@@ -369,22 +331,24 @@ private:
 	if (m_untilp) m_untilp->addBodysp(stmtsp);  // In a until loop, add to body
 	else m_settleFuncp->addStmtsp(stmtsp);  // else add to top level function
    }
+    void addToInitial(AstNode* stmtsp) {
+	if (m_untilp) m_untilp->addBodysp(stmtsp);  // In a until loop, add to body
+	else m_initFuncp->addStmtsp(stmtsp);  // else add to top level function
+    }
    virtual void visit(AstActive* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	// Careful if adding variables here, ACTIVES can be under other ACTIVES
 	// Need to save and restore any member state in AstUntilStable block
-	if (nodep->hasInitial()) {
-	    moveInitial(nodep);
-	}
-	else if (!m_topScopep || !nodep->stmtsp()) {
+	if (!m_topScopep || !nodep->stmtsp()) {
 	    // Not at the top or empty block...
 	    // Only empty blocks should be leftover on the non-top.  Killem.
 	    if (nodep->stmtsp()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Non-empty lower active");
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	} else {
 	    UINFO(4,"  ACTIVE  "<<nodep<<endl);
 	    AstNode* stmtsp = nodep->stmtsp()->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
 	    if (nodep->hasClocked()) {
 		// Remember the latest sensitivity so we can compare it next time
+		if (nodep->hasInitial()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Initial block should not have clock sensitivity");
 		if (m_lastSenp && nodep->sensesp()->sameTree(m_lastSenp)) {
 		    UINFO(4,"    sameSenseTree\n");
 		} else {
@@ -396,6 +360,10 @@ private:
 		}
 		// Move statements to if
 		m_lastIfp->addIfsp(stmtsp);
+	    } else if (nodep->hasInitial()) {
+		// Don't need to: clearLastSen();, as we're adding it to different cfunc
+		// Move statements to function
+		addToInitial(stmtsp);
 	    } else if (nodep->hasSettle()) {
 		// Don't need to: clearLastSen();, as we're adding it to different cfunc
 		// Move statements to function
@@ -406,119 +374,10 @@ private:
 		// Move statements to function
 		addToEvalLoop(stmtsp);
 	    }
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep = NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	}
    }

-#ifdef NEW_ORDERING
-    virtual void visit(AstUntilStable* nodep, AstNUser*) {
-	// Process any sub ACTIVE statements first
-	UINFO(4,"  UNTILSTABLE  "<<nodep<<endl);
-	{
-	    // Keep vars if in middle of other stable
-	    AstUntilStable* 	lastUntilp = m_untilp;
-	    AstSenTree*		lastSenp = m_lastSenp;
-	    AstIf*		lastIfp = m_lastIfp;
-	    m_untilp = nodep;
-	    m_lastSenp = NULL;
-	    m_lastIfp = NULL;
-	    nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
-	    m_untilp = lastUntilp;
-	    m_lastSenp = lastSenp;
-	    m_lastIfp = lastIfp;
-	}
-	// Set "unstable" to 100. (non-stabilization count)
-	//  int __VclockLoop = 0
-	//  IData __Vchange = 1
-	//  while (__Vchange) {
-	//     Save old values of each until stable variable
-	//     Evaluate the body
-	//     __Vchange = {change_detect} contribution
-	//     if (++__VclockLoop > 100) converge_error
-	if (debug()>4) nodep->dumpTree(cout, " UntilSt-old: ");
-	FileLine* fl = nodep->fileline();
-	if (nodep->bodysp()) fl = nodep->bodysp()->fileline(); // Point to applicable code...
-	m_stableNum++;
-	AstNode* origBodysp = nodep->bodysp(); if (origBodysp) origBodysp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
-	AstVarScope* changeVarp = getCreateLocalVar(fl, "__Vchange"+cvtToStr(m_stableNum), NULL, 32);
-	AstVarScope* countVarp = getCreateLocalVar(fl, "__VloopCount"+cvtToStr(m_stableNum), NULL, 32);
-	AstWhile* untilp = new AstWhile(fl, new AstVarRef(fl, changeVarp, false), NULL);
-	AstNode* preUntilp = new AstComment(fl, "Change loop "+cvtToStr(m_stableNum));
-	preUntilp->addNext(new AstAssign(fl, new AstVarRef(fl, changeVarp, true),
-					 new AstConst(fl, 1)));
-        preUntilp->addNext(new AstAssign(fl, new AstVarRef(fl, countVarp, true),
-					 new AstConst(fl, 0)));
-
-	// Add stable variables & preinits
-	AstNode* setChglastp = NULL;
-	for (AstVarRef* varrefp = nodep->stablesp(); varrefp; varrefp=varrefp->nextp()->castVarRef()) {
-	    AstVarScope* cmpvscp = getCreateLocalVar(varrefp->varp()->fileline(),
-						     "__Vchglast"+cvtToStr(m_stableNum)+"__"+varrefp->name(),
-						     varrefp->varp(), 0);
-	    varrefp->varScopep()->user2p(cmpvscp);
-	    setChglastp = setChglastp->addNext(
-		new AstAssign(fl, new AstVarRef(fl, cmpvscp, true),
-			      new AstVarRef(fl, varrefp->varScopep(), false)));
-	}
-	if (!setChglastp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("UntilStable without any variables");
-	untilp->addBodysp(setChglastp);
-	untilp->addBodysp(new AstComment(fl, "Change Loop body begin"));
-	if (origBodysp) untilp->addBodysp(origBodysp);
-	untilp->addBodysp(new AstComment(fl, "Change Loop body end"));
-	// Add stable checks
-	// The order of the variables doesn't matter, but it's more expensive to test
-	// wide variables, and more so 64 bit wide ones.  Someday it might be faster to
-	// set the changed variable in a "distributed" fashion over the code, IE,
-	// logic... logic.... a=....;  Changed |= (a ^ old_a); more logic...  Changed |=...
-	// But then, one hopes users don't have much unoptimized logic
-	AstNode* changeExprp = NULL;
-	int doublecount = 0;
-	for (int wide=0; wide<3; wide++) {  // Adding backwards; wide, quad, then normal
-	    for (AstVarRef* varrefp = nodep->stablesp(); varrefp; varrefp=varrefp->nextp()->castVarRef()) {
-		if (wide== ( varrefp->isQuad()?0:(varrefp->isWide() ? 1:2))) {
-		    AstVarScope* cmpvscp = (AstVarScope*)(varrefp->varScopep()->user2p());
-		    if (!cmpvscp) varrefp->v3fatalSrc("should have created above");
-		    AstChangeXor* changep
-			= new AstChangeXor (fl,
-					    new AstVarRef(fl, varrefp->varScopep(), false),
-					    new AstVarRef(fl, cmpvscp, false));
-		    if (!changeExprp) changeExprp = changep;
-		    else if (doublecount++ > DOUBLE_OR_RATE) {
-			doublecount = 0;
-			changeExprp = new AstLogOr (fl, changep, changeExprp);
-		    } else {
-			changeExprp = new AstOr (fl, changep, changeExprp);
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-	if (!changeExprp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("UntilStable without any variables");
-	changeExprp = new AstAssign(fl, new AstVarRef(fl, changeVarp, true),
-				    changeExprp);
-	untilp->addBodysp(changeExprp);
-	//
-	// Final body
-	AstNode* ifstmtp = new AstAssign(fl, new AstVarRef(fl, countVarp, true),
-					 new AstAdd(fl, new AstConst(fl, 1),
-						    new AstVarRef(fl, countVarp, false)));
-	ifstmtp->addNext(new AstIf(fl,
-				   new AstLt (fl, new AstConst(fl, 100),
-					      new AstVarRef(fl, countVarp, false)),
-				   (new AstDisplay (fl, AstDisplayType::DT_DISPLAY,
-						    "%%Error: Verilated model didn't converge", NULL, NULL))
-				   ->addNext(new AstStop (fl)),
-				   NULL));
-	untilp->addBodysp(new AstIf(fl, new AstNeq(fl, new AstConst(fl, 0),
-						   new AstVarRef(fl, changeVarp, false)),
-				    ifstmtp, NULL));
-	//
-	// Replace it
-	preUntilp->addNext(untilp);
-	if (debug()>4) preUntilp->dumpTreeAndNext(cout, " UntilSt-new: ");
-	nodep->replaceWith(preUntilp); nodep->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
-    }
-#endif
-
    //--------------------
    // Default: Just iterate
    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
@@ -527,7 +386,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    ClockVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit ClockVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_modp=NULL; m_activep=NULL;
 	m_evalFuncp = NULL;
 	m_topScopep=NULL;
@@ -548,4 +407,5 @@ public:
 void V3Clock::clockAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    ClockVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("clock.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ public:
 		    callp->unlinkFrBack();
 		}
 		callp->user3(true);	// Dead now
-		pushDeletep(callp); callp=NULL;
+		pushDeletep(callp); VL_DANGLING(callp);
 		m_callMmap.erase(eqit);	// Fix the table
 	    }
 	}
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ private:
    }
 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    CombMarkVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
+    explicit CombMarkVisitor(AstNode* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~CombMarkVisitor() {}
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ private:
 		CombMarkVisitor visitor(oldfuncp);
 		m_call.replaceFunc(oldfuncp, NULL);
 		oldfuncp->unlinkFrBack();
-		pushDeletep(oldfuncp); oldfuncp=NULL;
+		pushDeletep(oldfuncp); VL_DANGLING(oldfuncp);
 	    }
 	}
    }
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ private:
 	CombMarkVisitor visitor(oldfuncp);
 	m_call.replaceFunc(oldfuncp, newfuncp);
 	oldfuncp->unlinkFrBack();
-	pushDeletep(oldfuncp); oldfuncp=NULL;
+	pushDeletep(oldfuncp); VL_DANGLING(oldfuncp);
    }
    void replaceOnlyCallFunc(AstCCall* nodep) {
 	if (AstCFunc* oldfuncp = nodep->backp()->castCFunc()) {
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ private:
 		UINFO(9,"     Function only has call "<<oldfuncp<<endl);
 		m_call.deleteCall(nodep);
 		CombMarkVisitor visitor(oldfuncp);
-		replaceFuncWFunc(oldfuncp, nodep->funcp());  nodep=NULL;
+		replaceFuncWFunc(oldfuncp, nodep->funcp()); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    }
 	}
    }
@@ -384,8 +384,8 @@ private:
 	m_call.addCall(call2p);
 	// If either new statement makes a func with only a single call, replace
 	// the above callers to call it directly
-	replaceOnlyCallFunc(call1p); call1p=NULL;
-	replaceOnlyCallFunc(call2p); call2p=NULL;
+	replaceOnlyCallFunc(call1p); VL_DANGLING(call1p);
+	replaceOnlyCallFunc(call2p); VL_DANGLING(call2p);
    }

    // VISITORS
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CombineVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit CombineVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_modp=NULL;
 	m_funcp = NULL;
 	m_state = STATE_IDLE;
@@ -474,4 +474,5 @@ public:
 void V3Combine::combineAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    CombineVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("combine.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2010-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2010-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -144,12 +144,12 @@ V3ConfigIgnores V3ConfigIgnores::s_singleton;
 //######################################################################
 // V3Config

-void V3Config::addIgnore(V3ErrorCode code, string filename, int min, int max) {
+void V3Config::addIgnore(V3ErrorCode code, bool on, string filename, int min, int max) {
    if (filename=="*") {
-	FileLine::globalWarnOff(code,true);
+	FileLine::globalWarnOff(code,!on);
    } else {
-	V3ConfigIgnores::singleton().addIgnore(code, filename, min, false);
-	if (max) V3ConfigIgnores::singleton().addIgnore(code, filename, max, true);
+	V3ConfigIgnores::singleton().addIgnore(code, filename, min, on);
+	if (max) V3ConfigIgnores::singleton().addIgnore(code, filename, max, !on);
    }
 }

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2010-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2010-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
 #include "verilatedos.h"
 #include <string>
 #include "V3Error.h"
+#include "V3FileLine.h"

 //######################################################################

 class V3Config {
 public:
-    static void addIgnore(V3ErrorCode code, string filename, int min, int max);
+    static void addIgnore(V3ErrorCode code, bool on, string filename, int min, int max);
    static void applyIgnores(FileLine* filelinep);
 };

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -60,9 +60,14 @@ private:
 	}
    };

+    // NODE STATE
+    // Entire netlist:
+    //  AstIf::user1()			-> bool.  True indicates ifelse processed
+    AstUser1InUse	m_inuser1;
+
    // STATE
-    bool	m_checkBlock;	// Should this block get covered?
-    AstNodeModule*	m_modp;	// Current module to add statement to
+    bool		m_checkBlock;	// Should this block get covered?
+    AstNodeModule*	m_modp;		// Current module to add statement to
    bool	m_inToggleOff;	// In function/task etc
    bool	m_inModOff;	// In module with no coverage
    FileMap	m_fileps;	// Column counts for each fileline
@@ -82,7 +87,7 @@ private:
 	if (!nodep->isToggleCoverable())
 	    return "Not relevant signal type";
 	if (!v3Global.opt.coverageUnderscore()) {
-	    if (prettyName.c_str()[0] == '_')
+	    if (prettyName[0] == '_')
 	        return "Leading underscore";
 	    if (prettyName.find("._") != string::npos)
 	        return "Inlined leading underscore";
@@ -213,7 +218,7 @@ private:
 	    }
 	}
 	else if (AstUnpackArrayDType* adtypep = dtypep->castUnpackArrayDType()) {
-	    for (int index_docs=adtypep->lsb(); index_docs<=adtypep->msb()+1; ++index_docs) {
+	    for (int index_docs=adtypep->lsb(); index_docs<=adtypep->msb(); ++index_docs) {
 		int index_code = index_docs - adtypep->lsb();
 		ToggleEnt newent (above.m_comment+string("[")+cvtToStr(index_docs)+"]",
 				  new AstArraySel(varp->fileline(), above.m_varRefp->cloneTree(true), index_code),
@@ -224,6 +229,50 @@ private:
 		newent.cleanup();
 	    }
 	}
+	else if (AstPackArrayDType* adtypep = dtypep->castPackArrayDType()) {
+	    for (int index_docs=adtypep->lsb(); index_docs<=adtypep->msb(); ++index_docs) {
+		AstNodeDType* subtypep = adtypep->subDTypep()->skipRefp();
+		int index_code = index_docs - adtypep->lsb();
+		ToggleEnt newent (above.m_comment+string("[")+cvtToStr(index_docs)+"]",
+				  new AstSel(varp->fileline(), above.m_varRefp->cloneTree(true),
+					     index_code*subtypep->width(), subtypep->width()),
+				  new AstSel(varp->fileline(), above.m_chgRefp->cloneTree(true),
+					     index_code*subtypep->width(), subtypep->width()));
+		toggleVarRecurse(adtypep->subDTypep()->skipRefp(), depth+1,
+				 newent,
+				 varp, chgVarp);
+		newent.cleanup();
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (AstStructDType* adtypep = dtypep->castStructDType()) {
+	    // For now it's packed, so similar to array
+	    for (AstMemberDType* itemp = adtypep->membersp(); itemp; itemp=itemp->nextp()->castMemberDType()) {
+		AstNodeDType* subtypep = itemp->subDTypep()->skipRefp();
+		int index_code = itemp->lsb();
+		ToggleEnt newent (above.m_comment+string(".")+itemp->name(),
+				  new AstSel(varp->fileline(), above.m_varRefp->cloneTree(true),
+					     index_code, subtypep->width()),
+				  new AstSel(varp->fileline(), above.m_chgRefp->cloneTree(true),
+					     index_code, subtypep->width()));
+		toggleVarRecurse(subtypep, depth+1,
+				 newent,
+				 varp, chgVarp);
+		newent.cleanup();
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (AstUnionDType* adtypep = dtypep->castUnionDType()) {
+	    // Arbitrarially handle only the first member of the union
+	    if (AstMemberDType* itemp = adtypep->membersp()) {
+		AstNodeDType* subtypep = itemp->subDTypep()->skipRefp();
+		ToggleEnt newent (above.m_comment+string(".")+itemp->name(),
+				  above.m_varRefp->cloneTree(true),
+				  above.m_chgRefp->cloneTree(true));
+		toggleVarRecurse(subtypep, depth+1,
+				 newent,
+				 varp, chgVarp);
+		newent.cleanup();
+	    }
+	}
 	else {
 	    dtypep->v3fatalSrc("Unexpected node data type in toggle coverage generation: "<<dtypep->prettyTypeName());
 	}
@@ -233,12 +282,18 @@ private:
    virtual void visit(AstIf* nodep, AstNUser*) { // Note not AstNodeIf; other types don't get covered
 	UINFO(4," IF: "<<nodep<<endl);
 	if (m_checkBlock) {
+	    // An else-if.  When we iterate the if, use "elsif" marking
+	    bool elsif = (nodep->elsesp()->castIf()
+			  && !nodep->elsesp()->castIf()->nextp());
+	    if (elsif) nodep->elsesp()->castIf()->user1(true);
+	    //
 	    nodep->ifsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
 	    if (m_checkBlock && !m_inModOff
 		&& nodep->fileline()->coverageOn() && v3Global.opt.coverageLine()) {	// if a "if" branch didn't disable it
-		if (!nodep->backp()->castIf()
-		    || nodep->backp()->castIf()->elsesp()!=nodep) {  // Ignore if else; did earlier
-		    UINFO(4,"   COVER: "<<nodep<<endl);
+		UINFO(4,"   COVER: "<<nodep<<endl);
+		if (nodep->user1()) {
+		    nodep->addIfsp(newCoverInc(nodep->fileline(), "", "v_line", "elsif"));
+		} else {
 		    nodep->addIfsp(newCoverInc(nodep->fileline(), "", "v_line", "if"));
 		}
 	    }
@@ -249,9 +304,7 @@ private:
 		if (m_checkBlock && !m_inModOff
 		    && nodep->fileline()->coverageOn() && v3Global.opt.coverageLine()) {	// if a "else" branch didn't disable it
 		    UINFO(4,"   COVER: "<<nodep<<endl);
-		    if (nodep->elsesp()->castIf()) {
-			nodep->addElsesp(newCoverInc(nodep->elsesp()->fileline(), "", "v_line", "elsif"));
-		    } else {
+		    if (!elsif) {  // elsif done inside if()
 			nodep->addElsesp(newCoverInc(nodep->elsesp()->fileline(), "", "v_line", "else"));
 		    }
 		}
@@ -290,7 +343,7 @@ private:
 	    // Skip all NEXT nodes under this block, and skip this if/case branch
 	    UINFO(4,"  OFF: "<<nodep<<endl);
 	    m_checkBlock = false;
-	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+	    nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	} else {
 	    if (m_checkBlock) nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	}
@@ -325,7 +378,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CoverageVisitor(AstNetlist* rootp) {
+    explicit CoverageVisitor(AstNetlist* rootp) {
 	// Operate on all modules
 	m_checkBlock = true;
 	m_beginHier = "";
@@ -342,4 +395,5 @@ public:
 void V3Coverage::coverage(AstNetlist* rootp) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    CoverageVisitor visitor (rootp);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("coverage.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ private:
 		    UINFO(8,"   new "<<removep->incp()->declp()<<endl);
 		    // Mark the found node as a duplicate of the first node
 		    // (Not vice-versa as we have the iterator for the found node)
-		    removep->unlinkFrBack();  pushDeletep(removep); removep=NULL;
+		    removep->unlinkFrBack();  pushDeletep(removep); VL_DANGLING(removep);
 		    // Remove node from comparison so don't hit it again
 		    hashed.erase(dupit);
 		    ++m_statToggleJoins;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    CoverageJoinVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit CoverageJoinVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~CoverageJoinVisitor() {
@@ -135,4 +135,5 @@ public:
 void V3CoverageJoin::coverageJoin(AstNetlist* rootp) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    CoverageJoinVisitor visitor (rootp);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("coveragejoin.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ private:
    }
 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
-    DeadModVisitor(AstNodeModule* nodep) {
+    explicit DeadModVisitor(AstNodeModule* nodep) {
 	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual ~DeadModVisitor() {}
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ private:
    typedef multimap<AstVarScope*,AstNodeAssign*>	AssignMap;

    // STATE
+    AstNodeModule*		m_modp;		// Current module
    vector<AstNode*>		m_varEtcsp;	// List of all encountered to avoid another loop through tree
    vector<AstVarScope*>	m_vscsp;	// List of all encountered to avoid another loop through tree
    AssignMap			m_assignMap;	// List of all simple assignments for each variable
@@ -103,13 +104,21 @@ private:
    }
    void checkDType(AstNodeDType* nodep) {
 	if (!nodep->generic()  // Don't remove generic types
-	    && m_elimDTypes) {  // dtypes stick around until post-widthing
+	    && m_elimDTypes  // dtypes stick around until post-widthing
+	    && !nodep->castMemberDType() // Keep member names iff upper type exists
+	    ) {
 	    m_varEtcsp.push_back(nodep);
 	}
 	if (AstNode* subnodep = nodep->virtRefDTypep()) subnodep->user1Inc();
    }

    // VISITORS
+    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	m_modp = nodep;
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	checkAll(nodep);
+	m_modp = NULL;
+    }
    virtual void visit(AstCell* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	checkAll(nodep);
@@ -156,6 +165,13 @@ private:
 	    nodep->packagep()->user1Inc();
 	}
    }
+    virtual void visit(AstTypedef* nodep, AstNUser*) {
+	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
+	checkAll(nodep);
+	// Don't let packages with only public variables disappear
+	// Normal modules may disappear, e.g. if they are parameterized then removed
+	if (nodep->attrPublic() && m_modp && m_modp->castPackage()) m_modp->user1Inc();
+    }
    virtual void visit(AstVarScope* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	checkAll(nodep);
@@ -166,6 +182,7 @@ private:
    virtual void visit(AstVar* nodep, AstNUser*) {
 	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
 	checkAll(nodep);
+	if (nodep->isSigPublic() && m_modp && m_modp->castPackage()) m_modp->user1Inc();
 	if (mightElim(nodep)) {
 	    m_varEtcsp.push_back(nodep);
 	}
@@ -212,7 +229,7 @@ private:
 		    // And its children may now be killable too; correct counts
 		    // Recurse, as cells may not be directly under the module but in a generate
 		    DeadModVisitor visitor(modp);
-		    modp->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); modp=NULL;
+		    modp->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(modp);
 		    retry = true;
 		}
 	    }
@@ -221,7 +238,9 @@ private:
    bool mightElim(AstVar* nodep) {
 	return (!nodep->isSigPublic()	// Can't elim publics!
 		&& !nodep->isIO()
-		&& (nodep->isTemp() || nodep->isParam() || m_elimUserVars));
+		&& (nodep->isTemp()
+		    || (nodep->isParam() && !nodep->isTrace())
+		    || m_elimUserVars));  // Post-Trace can kill most anything
    }
    void deadCheckVar() {
 	// Delete any unused varscopes
@@ -233,9 +252,9 @@ private:
 		for (AssignMap::iterator it = eqrange.first; it != eqrange.second; ++it) {
 		    AstNodeAssign* assp = it->second;
 		    UINFO(4,"    Dead assign "<<assp<<endl);
-		    assp->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); assp=NULL;
+		    assp->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(assp);
 		}
-		vscp->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); vscp=NULL;
+		vscp->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(vscp);
 	    }
 	}
 	for (vector<AstNode*>::iterator it = m_varEtcsp.begin(); it!=m_varEtcsp.end(); ++it) {
@@ -249,6 +268,7 @@ private:
 public:
    // CONSTRUCTORS
    DeadVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep, bool elimUserVars, bool elimDTypes) {
+	m_modp = NULL;
 	m_elimUserVars = elimUserVars;
 	m_elimDTypes = elimDTypes;
 	m_sideEffect = false;
@@ -271,12 +291,15 @@ public:
 void V3Dead::deadifyModules(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    DeadVisitor visitor (nodep, false, false);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("deadModules.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 6);
 }
 void V3Dead::deadifyDTypes(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    DeadVisitor visitor (nodep, false, true);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("deadDType.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
 void V3Dead::deadifyAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    DeadVisitor visitor (nodep, true, true);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("deadAll.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //
 //*************************************************************************
 //
-// Copyright 2003-2013 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
+// Copyright 2003-2016 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
 // redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
 // Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
 // Version 2.0.
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ private:
 	    nodep->v3warn(BLKANDNBLK,"Unsupported: Blocked and non-blocking assignments to same variable: "<<nodep->varp()->prettyName());
 	}
    }
-    AstVarScope* createVarSc(AstVarScope* oldvarscp, string name, int width/*0==fromoldvar*/) {
+    AstVarScope* createVarSc(AstVarScope* oldvarscp, string name, int width/*0==fromoldvar*/, AstNodeDType* newdtypep) {
 	// Because we've already scoped it, we may need to add both the AstVar and the AstVarScope
 	if (!oldvarscp->scopep()) oldvarscp->v3fatalSrc("Var unscoped");
 	AstVar* varp;
@@ -129,7 +129,9 @@ private:
 	    // Created module's AstVar earlier under some other scope
 	    varp = it->second;
 	} else {
-	    if (width==0) {
+	    if (newdtypep) {
+		varp = new AstVar (oldvarscp->fileline(), AstVarType::BLOCKTEMP, name, newdtypep);
+	    } else if (width==0) {
 		varp = new AstVar (oldvarscp->fileline(), AstVarType::BLOCKTEMP, name, oldvarscp->varp());
 		varp->dtypeFrom(oldvarscp);
 	    } else { // Used for vset and dimensions, so can zero init
@@ -219,7 +221,7 @@ private:
 	    } else {
 		string bitvarname = (string("__Vdlyvdim")+cvtToStr(dimension)
 				     +"__"+oldvarp->shortName()+"__v"+cvtToStr(modVecNum));
-		AstVarScope* bitvscp = createVarSc(varrefp->varScopep(), bitvarname, dimp->width());
+		AstVarScope* bitvscp = createVarSc(varrefp->varScopep(), bitvarname, dimp->width(), NULL);
 		AstAssign* bitassignp
 		    = new AstAssign (nodep->fileline(),
 				     new AstVarRef(nodep->fileline(), bitvscp, true),
@@ -237,7 +239,7 @@ private:
 		bitreadp = lsbvaluep;
 	    } else {
 		string bitvarname = (string("__Vdlyvlsb__")+oldvarp->shortName()+"__v"+cvtToStr(modVecNum));
-		AstVarScope* bitvscp = createVarSc(varrefp->varScopep(), bitvarname, lsbvaluep->width());
+		AstVarScope* bitvscp = createVarSc(varrefp->varScopep(), bitvarname, lsbvaluep->width(), NULL);
 		AstAssign* bitassignp = new AstAssign (nodep->fileline(),
 						       new AstVarRef(nodep->fileline(), bitvscp, true),
 						       lsbvaluep);
@@ -252,7 +254,7 @@ private:
 	    valreadp = nodep->rhsp()->unlinkFrBack();
 	} else {
 	    string valvarname = (string("__Vdlyvval__")+oldvarp->shortName()+"__v"+cvtToStr(modVecNum));
-	    AstVarScope* valvscp = createVarSc(varrefp->varScopep(), valvarname, nodep->rhsp()->width());
+	    AstVarScope* valvscp = createVarSc(varrefp->varScopep(), valvarname, 0, nodep->rhsp()->dtypep());
 	    newlhsp = new AstVarRef(nodep->fileline(), valvscp, true);
 	    valreadp = new AstVarRef(nodep->fileline(), valvscp, false);
 	}
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ private:
 	    ++m_statSharedSet;
 	} else {  // Create new one
 	    string setvarname = (string("__Vdlyvset__")+oldvarp->shortName()+"__v"+cvtToStr(modVecNum));
-	    setvscp = createVarSc(varrefp->varScopep(), setvarname, 1);
+	    setvscp = createVarSc(varrefp->varScopep(), setvarname, 1, NULL);
 	    setinitp = new AstAssignPre (nodep->fileline(),
 					 new AstVarRef(nodep->fileline(), setvscp, true),
 					 new AstConst(nodep->fileline(), 0));
@@ -372,9 +374,9 @@ private:
 	    if (newlhsp) {
 		nodep->lhsp(newlhsp);
 	    } else {
-		nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+		nodep->unlinkFrBack()->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    }
-	    lhsp->deleteTree(); lhsp=NULL;
+	    lhsp->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(lhsp);
 	}
 	else {
 	    nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
@@ -399,7 +401,7 @@ private:
 		}
 		if (!dlyvscp) {  // First use of this delayed variable
 		    string newvarname = (string("__Vdly__")+nodep->varp()->shortName());
-		    dlyvscp = createVarSc(oldvscp, newvarname, 0);
+		    dlyvscp = createVarSc(oldvscp, newvarname, 0, NULL);
 		    AstNodeAssign* prep
 			= new AstAssignPre (nodep->fileline(),
 					    new AstVarRef(nodep->fileline(), dlyvscp, true),
@@ -418,7 +420,7 @@ private:
 		}
 		AstVarRef* newrefp = new AstVarRef(nodep->fileline(), dlyvscp, true);
 		newrefp->user2(true);  // No reason to do it again
-		nodep->replaceWith(newrefp); nodep->deleteTree(); nodep=NULL;
+		nodep->replaceWith(newrefp); nodep->deleteTree(); VL_DANGLING(nodep);
 	    }
 	    else if (!m_inDly && nodep->lvalue()) {
 		//UINFO(9,"NBA "<<nodep<<endl);
@@ -448,7 +450,7 @@ private:

 public:
    // CONSTUCTORS
-    DelayedVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
+    explicit DelayedVisitor(AstNetlist* nodep) {
 	m_inDly = false;
 	m_activep=NULL;
 	m_cfuncp=NULL;
@@ -469,4 +471,5 @@ public:
 void V3Delayed::delayedAll(AstNetlist* nodep) {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    DelayedVisitor visitor (nodep);
+    V3Global::dumpCheckGlobalTree("delayed.tree", 0, v3Global.opt.dumpTreeLevel(__FILE__) >= 3);
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More