verilator/src/V3EmitC.cpp

// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
//*************************************************************************
// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Emit C++ for tree
//
// Code available from: http://www.veripool.org/verilator
//
//*************************************************************************
//
// Copyright 2003-2012 by Wilson Snyder.  This program is free software; you can
// redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
// Version 2.0.
//
// Verilator is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
//*************************************************************************

#include "config_build.h"
#include "verilatedos.h"
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <cmath>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

#include "V3Global.h"
#include "V3EmitC.h"
#include "V3EmitCBase.h"

#define VL_VALUE_STRING_MAX_WIDTH 8192	// We use a static char array in VL_VALUE_STRING

//######################################################################
// Emit statements and math operators

class EmitCStmts : public EmitCBaseVisitor {
private:
    bool	m_suppressSemi;
    AstVarRef*	m_wideTempRefp;		// Variable that _WW macros should be setting
    vector<AstVar*>		m_ctorVarsVec;		// All variables in constructor order
    int		m_splitSize;	// # of cfunc nodes placed into output file
    int		m_splitFilenum;	// File number being created, 0 = primary

public:
    // METHODS
    static int debug() {
	static int level = -1;
	if (VL_UNLIKELY(level < 0)) level = v3Global.opt.debugSrcLevel(__FILE__);
	return level;
    }

    // ACCESSORS
    int	splitFilenum() const { return m_splitFilenum; }
    int	splitFilenumInc() { m_splitSize = 0; return ++m_splitFilenum; }
    int splitSize() const { return m_splitSize; }
    void splitSizeInc(AstNode* nodep) { m_splitSize += EmitCBaseCounterVisitor(nodep).count(); }
    bool splitNeeded() { return (splitSize() && v3Global.opt.outputSplit() > 1
				 && v3Global.opt.outputSplit() < splitSize()); }

    // METHODS
    void displayNode(AstNode* nodep, AstScopeName* scopenamep,
		     const string& vformat, AstNode* exprsp, bool isScan);
    void displayEmit(AstNode* nodep, bool isScan);
    void displayArg(AstNode* dispp, AstNode** elistp, bool isScan,
		    string vfmt, char fmtLetter);

    void emitVarDecl(AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfImp);
    typedef enum {EVL_IO, EVL_SIG, EVL_TEMP, EVL_STATIC, EVL_ALL} EisWhich;
    void emitVarList(AstNode* firstp, EisWhich which, const string& prefixIfImp);
    void emitVarCtors();
    bool emitSimpleOk(AstNodeMath* nodep);
    void emitIQW(AstNode* nodep) {
	// Other abbrevs: "C"har, "S"hort, "F"loat, "D"ouble, stri"N"g
	puts (nodep->isWide()?"W":(nodep->isQuad()?"Q":"I"));
    }
    void emitScIQW(AstVar* nodep) {
	puts (nodep->isScBv()?"SW":(nodep->isScQuad()?"SQ":"SI"));
    }
    void emitOpName(AstNode* nodep, const string& format,
		    AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp, AstNode* thsp);

    // VISITORS
    virtual void visit(AstNodeAssign* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	bool paren = true;  bool decind = false;
	if (AstSel* selp=nodep->lhsp()->castSel()) {
	    if (selp->widthMin()==1) {
		putbs("VL_ASSIGNBIT_");
		emitIQW(selp->fromp());
		if (nodep->rhsp()->isAllOnesV()) {
		    puts("O(");
		} else {
		    puts("I(");
		}
		puts(cvtToStr(nodep->widthMin())+",");
		selp->lsbp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(", ");
		selp->fromp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(", ");
	    } else {
		putbs("VL_ASSIGNSEL_");
		emitIQW (selp->fromp());
		puts("II");
		emitIQW(nodep->rhsp());
		puts("(");
		puts(cvtToStr(nodep->widthMin())+",");
		selp->lsbp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(", ");
		selp->fromp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(", ");
	    }
	} else if (nodep->lhsp()->castVarRef()
		   && nodep->lhsp()->castVarRef()->varp()->isSc()) {
	    putbs("VL_ASSIGN_"); 	// Set a systemC variable
	    emitScIQW(nodep->lhsp()->castVarRef()->varp());
	    emitIQW(nodep);
	    puts("(");
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->widthMin())+",");
	    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(", ");
	} else if (nodep->rhsp()->castVarRef()
		   && nodep->rhsp()->castVarRef()->varp()->isSc()) {
	    putbs("VL_ASSIGN_"); 	// Get a systemC variable
	    emitIQW(nodep);
	    emitScIQW(nodep->rhsp()->castVarRef()->varp());
	    puts("(");
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->widthMin())+",");
	    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(", ");
	} else if (nodep->isWide()
		   && nodep->lhsp()->castVarRef()
		   && !nodep->rhsp()->castCMath()
		   && !nodep->rhsp()->castVarRef()
		   && !nodep->rhsp()->castArraySel()) {
	    // Wide functions assign into the array directly, don't need separate assign statement
	    m_wideTempRefp = nodep->lhsp()->castVarRef();
	    paren = false;
	} else if (nodep->isWide()) {
	    putbs("VL_ASSIGN_W(");
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->widthMin())+",");
	    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(", ");
	} else {
	    paren = false;
	    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    puts(" ");
	    ofp()->blockInc(); decind = true;
	    if (!nodep->rhsp()->castConst()) ofp()->putBreak();
	    puts("= ");
	}
	nodep->rhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	if (paren) puts(")");
	if (decind) ofp()->blockDec();
	if (!m_suppressSemi) puts(";\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstAlwaysPublic*, AstNUser*) {
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCCall* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts(nodep->hiername());
	puts(nodep->funcp()->name());
	puts("(");
	puts(nodep->argTypes());
	bool comma = (nodep->argTypes() != "");
	for (AstNode* subnodep=nodep->argsp(); subnodep; subnodep = subnodep->nextp()) {
	    if (comma) puts(", ");
	    subnodep->accept(*this);
	    comma = true;
	}
	if (nodep->backp()->castNodeMath() || nodep->backp()->castCReturn()) {
	    // We should have a separate CCall for math and statement usage, but...
	    puts(")");
	} else {
	    puts(");\n");
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstNodeCase* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	// In V3Case...
	nodep->v3fatalSrc("Case statements should have been reduced out\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstComment* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts((string)"// "+nodep->name()+" at "+nodep->fileline()->ascii()+"\n");
	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCoverDecl* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("__vlCoverInsert(");	// As Declared in emitCoverageDecl
	puts("&(vlSymsp->__Vcoverage[");
	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->dataDeclThisp()->binNum())); puts("])");
	// If this isn't the first instantiation of this module under this
	// design, don't really count the bucket, and rely on SystemPerl to
	// aggregate counts.  This is because Verilator combines all
	// hiearchies itself, and if SystemPerl also did it, you'd end up
	// with (number-of-instant) times too many counts in this bin.
	puts(", first");  // Enable, passed from __Vconfigure parameter
	puts(", ");	putsQuoted(nodep->fileline()->filename());
	puts(", ");	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->fileline()->lineno()));
	puts(", ");	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->column()));
	puts(", ");	putsQuoted((nodep->hier()!=""?".":"")+nodep->hier());
	puts(", ");	putsQuoted(nodep->page());
	puts(", ");	putsQuoted(nodep->comment());
	puts(");\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCoverInc* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("++(vlSymsp->__Vcoverage[");
	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->declp()->dataDeclThisp()->binNum()));
	puts("]);\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCReturn* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("return (");
	nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts(");\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstDisplay* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	string text = nodep->fmtp()->text();
	if (nodep->addNewline()) text += "\n";
	displayNode(nodep, nodep->fmtp()->scopeNamep(), text, nodep->fmtp()->exprsp(), false);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstScopeName* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	// For use under AstCCalls for dpiImports.  ScopeNames under displays are handled in AstDisplay
	if (!nodep->dpiExport()) {
	    putbs("(&(vlSymsp->__Vscope_"+nodep->scopeSymName()+"))");
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSFormat* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	displayNode(nodep, nodep->fmtp()->scopeNamep(), nodep->fmtp()->text(), nodep->fmtp()->exprsp(), false);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSFormatF* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	displayNode(nodep, nodep->scopeNamep(), nodep->text(), nodep->exprsp(), false);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstFScanF* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	displayNode(nodep, NULL, nodep->text(), nodep->exprsp(), true);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSScanF* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	displayNode(nodep, NULL, nodep->text(), nodep->exprsp(), true);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstValuePlusArgs* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	string prefix;
	char format = '?';
	bool pct=false;
	int got=0;
	for (const char* cp = nodep->text().c_str(); *cp; cp++) {
	    if (pct) {
		pct = false;
		switch (tolower(*cp)) {
		case '%':
		    prefix += *cp;
		    break;
		case 'd': // FALLTHRU
		case 'o': // FALLTHRU
		case 'h': // FALLTHRU
		case 'x': // FALLTHRU
		case 'b': // FALLTHRU
		case 's':
		    got++; format = tolower(*cp);
		    break;
		case 'e': // FALLTHRU
		case 'f': // FALLTHRU
		case 'g':
		    got++; format = tolower(*cp);
		    nodep->v3error("Unsupported $value$plusargs format qualifier: '"<<*cp<<"'"<<endl);
		    break;
		default:
		    got++;
		    nodep->v3error("Illegal $value$plusargs format qualifier: '"<<*cp<<"'"<<endl);
		    break;
		}
	    }
	    else if (*cp == '%') pct = true;
	    else prefix += *cp;
	}
	if (got!=1) nodep->v3error("Missing or extra $value$plusargs format qualifier: '"<<nodep->text()<<"'"<<endl);
	puts("VL_VALUEPLUSARGS_I");
	emitIQW(nodep->exprsp());
	puts("(");
	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->exprsp()->widthMin()));  // Note argument width, not node width (which is always 32)
	putbs(",");
	putsQuoted(prefix);
	putbs(",");
	puts("'"); puts(cvtToStr(format)); puts("'");
	puts(",");
	nodep->exprsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts(")");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstTestPlusArgs* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("VL_TESTPLUSARGS_I(");
	putsQuoted(nodep->text());
	puts(")");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstFGetS* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	checkMaxWords(nodep);
	emitOpName(nodep, nodep->emitC(), nodep->lhsp(), nodep->rhsp(), NULL);
    }

    void checkMaxWords(AstNode* nodep) {
	if (nodep->widthWords() > VL_TO_STRING_MAX_WORDS) {
	    nodep->v3error("String of "<<nodep->width()<<" bits exceeds hardcoded limit VL_TO_STRING_MAX_WORDS in verilatedos.h");
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstFOpen* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	nodep->filep()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts(" = VL_FOPEN_");
	emitIQW(nodep->filenamep());
	emitIQW(nodep->modep());
	if (nodep->modep()->width()>4*8) nodep->modep()->v3error("$fopen mode should be <= 4 characters");
	puts("(");
	if (nodep->filenamep()->isWide()) {
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->filenamep()->widthWords()));
	    putbs(", ");
	}
	checkMaxWords(nodep->filenamep());
	nodep->filenamep()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	putbs(", ");
	nodep->modep()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts(");\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstReadMem* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("VL_READMEM_");
	emitIQW(nodep->filenamep());
	puts(" (");  // We take a void* rather than emitIQW(nodep->memp());
	puts(nodep->isHex()?"true":"false");
	putbs(",");
	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->memp()->widthMin()));  // Need real storage width
	putbs(",");
	uint32_t array_lsb = 0;
	{
	    AstVarRef* varrefp = nodep->memp()->castVarRef();
	    if (!varrefp) { nodep->v3error("Readmem loading non-variable"); }
	    else if (AstArrayDType* adtypep = varrefp->varp()->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
		puts(cvtToStr(varrefp->varp()->dtypep()->arrayElements()));
		array_lsb = adtypep->lsb();
	    }
	    else {
		nodep->v3error("Readmem loading non-arrayed variable");
	    }
	}
	putbs(", ");
	puts(cvtToStr(array_lsb));
	putbs(",");
	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->filenamep()->widthWords()));
	checkMaxWords(nodep->filenamep());
	putbs(", ");
	nodep->filenamep()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	putbs(", ");
	nodep->memp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	putbs(","); if (nodep->lsbp()) { nodep->lsbp()->iterateAndNext(*this); }
	else puts(cvtToStr(array_lsb));
	putbs(","); if (nodep->msbp()) { nodep->msbp()->iterateAndNext(*this); } else puts("~0");
	puts(");\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstFClose* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("VL_FCLOSE_I(");
	nodep->filep()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts("); ");
	nodep->filep()->iterateAndNext(*this);	// For saftey, so user doesn't later WRITE with it.
	puts("=0;\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstFFlush* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (!nodep->filep()) {
	    puts("fflush (stdout);\n");
	} else {
	    puts("if (");
	    nodep->filep()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    puts(") { fflush (VL_CVT_I_FP(");
	    nodep->filep()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    puts(")); }\n");
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSystemT* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("(void)VL_SYSTEM_I");
	emitIQW(nodep->lhsp());
	puts("(");
	if (nodep->lhsp()->isWide()) {
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->lhsp()->widthWords()));
	    putbs(", ");
	}
	checkMaxWords(nodep->lhsp());
	nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts(");\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSystemF* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("VL_SYSTEM_I");
	emitIQW(nodep->lhsp());
	puts("(");
	if (nodep->lhsp()->isWide()) {
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->lhsp()->widthWords()));
	    putbs(", ");
	}
	checkMaxWords(nodep->lhsp());
	nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts(")");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstJumpGo* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("goto __Vlabel"+cvtToStr(nodep->labelp()->labelNum())+";\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstJumpLabel* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("{\n");
	nodep->stmtsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts("}\n");
	puts("__Vlabel"+cvtToStr(nodep->labelNum())+": ;\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstWhile* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	nodep->precondsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts("while (");
	nodep->condp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts(") {\n");
	nodep->bodysp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	nodep->incsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	nodep->precondsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);  // Need to recompute before next loop
	puts("}\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstNodeIf* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("if (");
	if (nodep->branchPred() != AstBranchPred::BP_UNKNOWN) {
	    puts(nodep->branchPred().ascii()); puts("(");
	}
	nodep->condp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	if (nodep->branchPred() != AstBranchPred::BP_UNKNOWN) puts(")");
	puts(") {\n");
	nodep->ifsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	if (nodep->elsesp()) {
	    puts("} else {\n");
	    nodep->elsesp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	}
	puts("}\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstStop* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("vl_stop(");
	putsQuoted(nodep->fileline()->filename());
	puts(",");
	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->fileline()->lineno()));
	puts(",\"\");\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstFinish* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("vl_finish(");
	putsQuoted(nodep->fileline()->filename());
	puts(",");
	puts(cvtToStr(nodep->fileline()->lineno()));
	puts(",\"\");\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstText* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (nodep->tracking()) {
	    puts(nodep->text());
	} else {
	    ofp()->putsNoTracking(nodep->text());
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCStmt* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	putbs("");
	nodep->bodysp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCMath* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	putbs("");
	nodep->bodysp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstUCStmt* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("// $c statement at "+nodep->fileline()->ascii()+"\n");
	nodep->bodysp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts("\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstUCFunc* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts("\n");
	puts("// $c function at "+nodep->fileline()->ascii()+"\n");
	nodep->bodysp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts("\n");
    }

    // Operators
    virtual void visit(AstNodeTermop* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	emitOpName(nodep, nodep->emitC(), NULL, NULL, NULL);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstNodeUniop* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (emitSimpleOk(nodep)) {
	    putbs("("); puts(nodep->emitSimpleOperator()); puts(" ");
	    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(")");
	} else {
	    emitOpName(nodep, nodep->emitC(), nodep->lhsp(), NULL, NULL);
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstNodeBiop* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (emitSimpleOk(nodep)) {
	    putbs("("); nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    puts(" "); putbs(nodep->emitSimpleOperator()); puts(" ");
	    nodep->rhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(")");
	} else {
	    emitOpName(nodep, nodep->emitC(), nodep->lhsp(), nodep->rhsp(), NULL);
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstRedXor* nodep, AstNUser* vup) {
	if (nodep->lhsp()->isWide()) {
	    visit(nodep->castNodeUniop(), vup);
	} else {
	    putbs("VL_REDXOR_");
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->lhsp()->dtypep()->widthPow2()));
	    puts("(");
	    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    puts(")");
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstMulS* nodep, AstNUser* vup) {
	if (nodep->widthWords() > VL_MULS_MAX_WORDS) {
	    nodep->v3error("Unsupported: Signed multiply of "<<nodep->width()<<" bits exceeds hardcoded limit VL_MULS_MAX_WORDS in verilatedos.h");
	}
	visit(nodep->castNodeBiop(), vup);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCCast* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	// Extending a value of the same word width is just a NOP.
	if (nodep->size()>VL_WORDSIZE) {
	    puts("(QData)(");
	} else {
	    puts("(IData)(");
	}
	nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	puts(")");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstNodeCond* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	// Widths match up already, so we'll just use C++'s operator w/o any temps.
	if (nodep->expr1p()->isWide()) {
	    emitOpName(nodep, nodep->emitC(), nodep->condp(), nodep->expr1p(), nodep->expr2p());
	} else {
	    putbs("(");
	    nodep->condp()->iterateAndNext(*this); putbs(" ? ");
	    nodep->expr1p()->iterateAndNext(*this); putbs(" : ");
	    nodep->expr2p()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(")");
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstSel* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	// Note ASSIGN checks for this on a LHS
	emitOpName(nodep, nodep->emitC(), nodep->fromp(), nodep->lsbp(), nodep->thsp());
    }
    virtual void visit(AstReplicate* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (nodep->lhsp()->widthMin() == 1 && !nodep->isWide()) {
	    if (((int)nodep->rhsp()->castConst()->toUInt()
		     * nodep->lhsp()->widthMin()) != nodep->widthMin())
		nodep->v3fatalSrc("Replicate non-constant or width miscomputed");
	    puts("VL_REPLICATE_");
	    emitIQW(nodep);
	    puts("OI(");
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->widthMin()));
	    if (nodep->lhsp()) { puts(","+cvtToStr(nodep->lhsp()->widthMin())); }
	    if (nodep->rhsp()) { puts(","+cvtToStr(nodep->rhsp()->widthMin())); }
	    puts(",");
	    nodep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(", ");
	    nodep->rhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this); puts(")");
	} else {
	    emitOpName(nodep, nodep->emitC(), nodep->lhsp(), nodep->rhsp(), NULL);
	}
    }
    // Terminals
    virtual void visit(AstVarRef* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts(nodep->hiername());
	puts(nodep->varp()->name());
    }
    void emitConstant(AstConst* nodep, AstVarRef* assigntop, const string& assignString) {
	// Put out constant set to the specified variable, or given variable in a string
	if (nodep->num().isFourState()) {
	    nodep->v3error("Unsupported: 4-state numbers in this context");
	} else if (nodep->isWide()) {
	    putbs("VL_CONST_W_");
	    puts(cvtToStr(VL_WORDS_I(nodep->num().widthMin())));
	    puts("X(");
	    puts(cvtToStr(nodep->widthMin()));
	    puts(",");
	    if (!assigntop) {
		puts(assignString);
	    } else if (assigntop->castVarRef()) {
		puts(assigntop->hiername());
		puts(assigntop->varp()->name());
	    } else {
		assigntop->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    }
	    for (int word=VL_WORDS_I(nodep->num().widthMin())-1; word>0; word--) {
		// Only 32 bits - llx + long long here just to appease CPP format warning
		ofp()->printf(",0x%08" VL_PRI64 "x", (vluint64_t)(nodep->num().dataWord(word)));
	    }
	    ofp()->printf(",0x%08" VL_PRI64 "x)", (vluint64_t)(nodep->num().dataWord(0)));
	} else if (nodep->isDouble()) {
	    ofp()->printf("%.17g", nodep->num().toDouble());
	} else if (nodep->isQuad()) {
	    vluint64_t num = nodep->toUQuad();
	    if (num<10) ofp()->printf("VL_ULL(%" VL_PRI64 "d)", num);
	    else ofp()->printf("VL_ULL(0x%" VL_PRI64 "x)", num);
	} else {
	    uint32_t num = nodep->toUInt();
	    // Only 32 bits - llx + long long here just to appease CPP format warning
	    if (num<10) puts(cvtToStr(num));
	    else ofp()->printf("0x%" VL_PRI64 "x", (vluint64_t)num);
	    //Unneeded-Causes %lx format warnings:
	    //  if (!nodep->num().isSigned() && (num & (1UL<<31))) puts("U");
	}
    }
    void emitSetVarConstant(const string& assignString, AstConst* constp) {
	if (!constp->isWide()) {
	    puts(assignString);
	    puts(" = ");
	}
	emitConstant(constp, NULL, assignString);
	puts(";\n");
    }
    virtual void visit(AstConst* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (nodep->isWide()) {
	    if (!m_wideTempRefp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Wide Constant w/ no temp");
	    emitConstant(nodep, m_wideTempRefp, "");
	    m_wideTempRefp = NULL;   // We used it, barf if set it a second time
	} else {
	    emitConstant(nodep, NULL, "");
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstConstString* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	putsQuoted(nodep->name());
    }

    // Just iterate
    virtual void visit(AstNetlist* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstTopScope* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstScope* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
    // NOPs
    virtual void visit(AstPragma*, AstNUser*) {}
    virtual void visit(AstCell*, AstNUser*) {}		// Handled outside the Visit class
    virtual void visit(AstVar*, AstNUser*) {}		// Handled outside the Visit class
    virtual void visit(AstNodeText*, AstNUser*) {}	// Handled outside the Visit class
    virtual void visit(AstTraceDecl*, AstNUser*) {}	// Handled outside the Visit class
    virtual void visit(AstTraceInc*, AstNUser*) {}	// Handled outside the Visit class
    virtual void visit(AstCFile*, AstNUser*) {}		// Handled outside the Visit class
    virtual void visit(AstTypedef*, AstNUser*) {}	// Nothing needed presently
    // Default
    virtual void visit(AstNode* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	puts((string)"\n???? // "+nodep->prettyTypeName()+"\n");
	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
	nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown node type reached emitter: "<<nodep->prettyTypeName());
    }

public:
    EmitCStmts() {
	m_suppressSemi = false;
	m_wideTempRefp = NULL;
	m_splitSize = 0;
	m_splitFilenum = 0;
    }
    virtual ~EmitCStmts() {}
};

//######################################################################
// Internal EmitC implementation

class EmitCImp : EmitCStmts {
    // MEMBERS
    AstNodeModule*	m_modp;
    vector<AstChangeDet*>	m_blkChangeDetVec;	// All encountered changes in block
    bool	m_slow;		// Creating __Slow file
    bool	m_fast;		// Creating non __Slow file (or both)

    //---------------------------------------
    // METHODS

    void doubleOrDetect(AstChangeDet* changep, bool& gotOne) {
	static int addDoubleOr = 10;	// Determined experimentally as best
	if (!changep->rhsp()) {
	    if (!gotOne) gotOne = true;
	    else puts(" | ");
	    changep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	}
	else {
	    AstNode* lhsp = changep->lhsp();
	    AstNode* rhsp = changep->rhsp();
	    if (!lhsp->castVarRef() && !lhsp->castArraySel()) changep->v3fatalSrc("Not ref?");
	    if (!rhsp->castVarRef() && !rhsp->castArraySel()) changep->v3fatalSrc("Not ref?");
	    for (int word=0; word<changep->lhsp()->widthWords(); word++) {
		if (!gotOne) {
		    gotOne = true;
		    addDoubleOr = 10;	// Determined experimentally as best
		    puts("(");
		} else if (--addDoubleOr == 0) {
		    puts("|| (");
		    addDoubleOr = 10;
		} else {
		    puts(" | (");
		}
		changep->lhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
		if (changep->lhsp()->isWide()) puts("["+cvtToStr(word)+"]");
		puts(" ^ ");
		changep->rhsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
		if (changep->lhsp()->isWide()) puts("["+cvtToStr(word)+"]");
		puts(")");
	    }
	}
    }

    V3OutCFile* newOutCFile(AstNodeModule* modp, bool slow, bool source, int filenum=0) {
	string filenameNoExt = v3Global.opt.makeDir()+"/"+ modClassName(modp);
	if (filenum) filenameNoExt += "__"+cvtToStr(filenum);
	filenameNoExt += (slow ? "__Slow":"");
	V3OutCFile* ofp = NULL;
	if (v3Global.opt.lintOnly()) {
	    // Unfortunately we have some lint checks here, so we can't just skip processing.
	    // We should move them to a different stage.
	    string filename = "/dev/null";
	    newCFile(filename, slow, source);
	    ofp = new V3OutSpFile (filename);
	}
	else if (optSystemPerl()) {
	    string filename = filenameNoExt+".sp";
	    newCFile(filename, slow, source);
	    ofp = new V3OutSpFile (filename);
	}
	else if (optSystemC()) {
	    string filename = filenameNoExt+(source?".cpp":".h");
	    newCFile(filename, slow, source);
	    ofp = new V3OutScFile (filename);
	}
	else {
	    string filename = filenameNoExt+(source?".cpp":".h");
	    newCFile(filename, slow, source);
	    ofp = new V3OutCFile  (filename);
	}

	ofp->putsHeader();
	if (modp->isTop() && !source) {
	    ofp->puts("// DESCR" "IPTION: Verilator output: Primary design header\n");
	    ofp->puts("//\n");
	    ofp->puts("// This header should be included by all source files instantiating the design.\n");
	    ofp->puts("// The class here is then constructed to instantiate the design.\n");
	    ofp->puts("// See the Verilator manual for examples.\n");
	} else {
	    if (source) {
		ofp->puts("// DESCR" "IPTION: Verilator output: Design implementation internals\n");
	    } else {
		ofp->puts("// DESCR" "IPTION: Verilator output: Design internal header\n");
	    }
	    ofp->puts("// See "+v3Global.opt.prefix()+".h for the primary calling header\n");
	}
	ofp->puts("\n");

	return ofp;
    }

    //---------------------------------------
    // VISITORS
    virtual void visit(AstCFunc* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	// TRACE_* and DPI handled elsewhere
	if (nodep->funcType().isTrace()) return;
	if (nodep->dpiImport()) return;
	if (!(nodep->slow() ? m_slow : m_fast)) return;

	m_blkChangeDetVec.clear();

	splitSizeInc(nodep);

	puts("\n");
	puts(nodep->rtnTypeVoid()); puts(" ");
	puts(modClassName(m_modp)+"::"+nodep->name()
	     +"("+cFuncArgs(nodep)+") {\n");

	puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_PRINTF(\"  ");
	for (int i=0;i<m_modp->level();i++) { puts("  "); }
	puts(modClassName(m_modp)+"::"+nodep->name()
	     +"\\n\"); );\n");

	if (nodep->symProlog()) puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symTopAssign()+"\n");

	if (nodep->initsp()) puts("// Variables\n");
	ofp()->putAlign(V3OutFile::AL_AUTO, 4);
	for (AstNode* subnodep=nodep->argsp(); subnodep; subnodep = subnodep->nextp()) {
	    if (AstVar* varp=subnodep->castVar()) {
		if (varp->isFuncReturn()) emitVarDecl(varp, "");
	    }
	}
	emitVarList(nodep->initsp(), EVL_ALL, "");
	ofp()->putAlign(V3OutFile::AL_AUTO, 4);
	emitVarList(nodep->stmtsp(), EVL_ALL, "");
	ofp()->putAlign(V3OutFile::AL_AUTO, 4);

	nodep->initsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);

	if (nodep->stmtsp()) puts("// Body\n");
	nodep->stmtsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
#ifndef NEW_ORDERING
	if (!m_blkChangeDetVec.empty()) emitChangeDet();
#endif

	if (nodep->finalsp()) puts("// Final\n");
	nodep->finalsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	//

	if (!m_blkChangeDetVec.empty()) puts("return __req;\n");

//	puts("__Vm_activity = true;\n");
	puts("}\n");
    }

    void emitChangeDet() {
	puts("// Change detection\n");
	puts("IData __req = false;  // Logically a bool\n");  // But not because it results in faster code
	bool gotOne = false;
	for (vector<AstChangeDet*>::iterator it = m_blkChangeDetVec.begin();
	     it != m_blkChangeDetVec.end(); ++it) {
	    AstChangeDet* changep = *it;
	    if (changep->lhsp()) {
		if (!gotOne) {  // Not a clocked block
		    puts("__req |= (");
		}
		else puts("\n");
		doubleOrDetect(changep, gotOne);
	    }
	}
	if (gotOne) {
	    puts(");\n");
	    //puts("VL_DEBUG_IF( if (__req) cout<<\"\tCLOCKREQ );");
	    for (vector<AstChangeDet*>::iterator it = m_blkChangeDetVec.begin();
		 it != m_blkChangeDetVec.end(); ++it) {
		AstChangeDet* nodep = *it;
		if (nodep->lhsp()) {
		    puts("VL_DEBUG_IF( if(__req && (");
		    bool gotOneIgnore = false;
		    doubleOrDetect(nodep, gotOneIgnore);
		    string varname;
		    if (nodep->lhsp()->castVarRef()) {
			varname = ": "+nodep->lhsp()->castVarRef()->varp()->prettyName();
		    }
		    puts(")) VL_PRINTF(\"\tCHANGE: "+nodep->fileline()->ascii()
			 +varname+"\\n\"); );\n");
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    virtual void visit(AstChangeDet* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	m_blkChangeDetVec.push_back(nodep);
    }

    //---------------------------------------
    // ACCESSORS

    // METHODS
    // Low level
    void emitVarResets(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitCellCtors(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitSensitives();
    // Medium level
    void emitCtorImp(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitConfigureImp(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitCoverageDecl(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitCoverageImp(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitDestructorImp(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitTextSection(AstType type);
    void emitIntFuncDecls(AstNodeModule* modp);
    // High level
    void emitImp(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitStaticDecl(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitWrapEval(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp);
    void writeMakefile(string filename);

public:
    EmitCImp() {
	m_modp = NULL;
	m_slow = false;
	m_fast = false;
    }
    virtual ~EmitCImp() {}
    void main(AstNodeModule* modp, bool slow, bool fast);
    void mainDoFunc(AstCFunc* nodep) {
	nodep->accept(*this);
    }
};

//######################################################################
// Internal EmitCStmts

void EmitCStmts::emitVarDecl(AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfImp) {
    AstBasicDType* basicp = nodep->basicp();  if (!basicp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unimplemented: Outputting this data type");
    if (nodep->isIO()) {
	bool isArray = !nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->castBasicDType();
	if (nodep->isSc()) {
	    m_ctorVarsVec.push_back(nodep);
	    ofp()->putAlign(nodep->isStatic(), 4);	// sc stuff is a structure, so bigger alignment
	    if (nodep->attrScClocked() && nodep->isInput()) {
		puts("sc_in_clk\t");
	    } else {
		if (nodep->isInout()) puts("sc_inout<");
		else if (nodep->isInput()) puts("sc_in<");
		else if (nodep->isOutput()) puts("sc_out<");
		else nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown type");

		puts(nodep->scType());
		puts(">\t");
	    }
	    puts(nodep->name());
	    if (isArray) {
		for (AstArrayDType* arrayp=nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType(); arrayp;
		     arrayp = arrayp->subDTypep()->skipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
		    puts("["+cvtToStr(arrayp->elementsConst())+"]");
		}
	    }
	    puts(";\n");
	} else { // C++ signals
	    ofp()->putAlign(nodep->isStatic(), nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->widthAlignBytes(),
			    nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->widthTotalBytes());
	    if (nodep->isInout()) puts("VL_INOUT");
	    else if (nodep->isInput()) puts("VL_IN");
	    else if (nodep->isOutput()) puts("VL_OUT");
	    else nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown type");

	    if (nodep->isQuad()) puts("64");
	    else if (nodep->widthMin() <= 8) puts("8");
	    else if (nodep->widthMin() <= 16) puts("16");

	    if (isArray) {
		if (nodep->isWide()) puts("W");
		puts("("+nodep->name());
		for (AstArrayDType* arrayp=nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType(); arrayp;
		     arrayp = arrayp->subDTypep()->skipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
		    puts("["+cvtToStr(arrayp->elementsConst())+"]");
		}
		puts(","+cvtToStr(basicp->msb())+","+cvtToStr(basicp->lsb()));
		if (basicp->isWide()) puts(","+cvtToStr(basicp->widthWords()));
	    } else {
		if (!basicp->isWide())
		    puts("("+nodep->name()
			 +","+cvtToStr(basicp->msb())
			 +","+cvtToStr(basicp->lsb()));
		else puts("W("+nodep->name()
			  +","+cvtToStr(basicp->msb())
			  +","+cvtToStr(basicp->lsb())
			  +","+cvtToStr(basicp->widthWords()));
	    }
	    puts(");\n");
	}
    } else if (basicp && basicp->isOpaque()) {
	// strings and other fundamental c types
	puts(nodep->vlArgType(true,false));
	// This isn't very robust and may need cleanup for other data types
	for (AstArrayDType* arrayp=nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType(); arrayp;
	     arrayp = arrayp->subDTypep()->skipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
	    puts("["+cvtToStr(arrayp->elementsConst())+"]");
	}
	puts(";\n");
    } else {
	// Arrays need a small alignment, but may need different padding after.
	// For example three VL_SIG8's needs alignment 1 but size 3.
	ofp()->putAlign(nodep->isStatic(), nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->widthAlignBytes(),
			nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->widthTotalBytes());
	if (nodep->isStatic() && prefixIfImp=="") puts("static ");
	if (nodep->isStatic()) puts("VL_ST_"); else puts("VL_");
	if (nodep->widthMin() <= 8) {
	    puts("SIG8(");
	} else if (nodep->widthMin() <= 16) {
	    puts("SIG16(");
	} else if (nodep->isQuad()) {
	    puts("SIG64(");
	} else if (!nodep->isWide()) {
	    puts("SIG(");
	} else {
	    puts("SIGW(");
	}
	if (prefixIfImp!="") { puts(prefixIfImp); puts("::"); }
	puts(nodep->name());
	// This isn't very robust and may need cleanup for other data types
	for (AstArrayDType* arrayp=nodep->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType(); arrayp;
	     arrayp = arrayp->subDTypep()->skipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
	    puts("["+cvtToStr(arrayp->elementsConst())+"]");
	}
	puts(","+cvtToStr(basicp->msb())+","+cvtToStr(basicp->lsb()));
	if (basicp->isWide()) puts(","+cvtToStr(basicp->widthWords()));
	puts(");\n");
    }
}

void EmitCStmts::emitVarCtors() {
    if (!m_ctorVarsVec.empty()) {
	ofp()->indentInc();
	puts("\n");
	puts("#if (SYSTEMC_VERSION>20011000)\n");  // SystemC 2.0.1 and newer
	bool first = true;
	for (vector<AstVar*>::iterator it = m_ctorVarsVec.begin(); it != m_ctorVarsVec.end(); ++it) {
	    AstVar* varp = *it;
	    bool isArray = !varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castBasicDType();
	    if (isArray) {
		puts("// Skipping array: ");
		puts(varp->name());
		puts("\n");
	    } else {
		if (first) { puts("  : "); first=false; }
		else puts(", ");
		if (ofp()->exceededWidth()) puts("\n  ");
		puts(varp->name());
		puts("("); putsQuoted(varp->name()); puts(")");
	    }
	}
	puts ("\n#endif\n");
	ofp()->indentDec();
    }
}

bool EmitCStmts::emitSimpleOk(AstNodeMath* nodep) {
    // Can we put out a simple (A + B) instead of VL_ADD_III(A,B)?
    if (nodep->emitSimpleOperator() == "") return false;
    if (nodep->isWide()) return false;
    if (nodep->op1p()) { if (nodep->op1p()->isWide()) return false; }
    if (nodep->op2p()) { if (nodep->op2p()->isWide()) return false; }
    if (nodep->op3p()) { if (nodep->op3p()->isWide()) return false; }
    return true;
}

void EmitCStmts::emitOpName(AstNode* nodep, const string& format,
			    AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp, AstNode* thsp) {
    // Look at emitOperator() format for term/uni/dual/triops,
    // and write out appropriate text.
    //  %n*	node
    //   %nq	  emitIQW on the [node]
    //   %nw	  width in bits
    //   %nW	  width in words
    //   %ni	  iterate
    //	%l*	lhsp - if appropriate, then second char as above
    //	%r*	rhsp - if appropriate, then second char as above
    //	%t*	thsp - if appropriate, then second char as above
    //	%k	Potential line break
    //  %P	Wide temporary name
    //	,	Commas suppressed if the previous field is suppressed
    string nextComma;
    bool needComma = false;
#define COMMA { if (nextComma!="") { puts(nextComma); nextComma=""; } }

    putbs("");
    for (string::const_iterator pos = format.begin(); pos != format.end(); ++pos) {
	if (pos[0]==',') {
	    // Remember we need to add one, but don't do yet to avoid ",)"
	    if (needComma) {
		if (pos[1]==' ') { nextComma=", "; }
		else nextComma = ",";
		needComma = false;
	    }
	    if (pos[1]==' ') { ++pos; } // Must do even if no nextComma
	}
	else if (pos[0]=='%') {
	    ++pos;
	    bool detail = false;
	    AstNode* detailp = NULL;
	    switch (pos[0]) {
	    case '%': puts("%");  break;
	    case 'k': putbs("");  break;
	    case 'n': detail = true; detailp = nodep; break;
	    case 'l': detail = true; detailp = lhsp; break;
	    case 'r': detail = true; detailp = rhsp; break;
	    case 't': detail = true; detailp = thsp; break;
	    case 'P':
		if (nodep->isWide()) {
		    if (!m_wideTempRefp) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Wide Op w/ no temp, perhaps missing op in V3EmitC?");
		    COMMA;
		    puts(m_wideTempRefp->hiername());
		    puts(m_wideTempRefp->varp()->name());
		    m_wideTempRefp = NULL;
		    needComma = true;
		}
		break;
	    default:
		nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown emitOperator format code: %"<<pos[0]);
		break;
	    }
	    if (detail) {
		// Get next letter of %[nlrt]
		++pos;
		switch (pos[0]) {
		case 'q': emitIQW(detailp); break;
		case 'w':
		    COMMA;
		    puts(cvtToStr(detailp->widthMin()));
		    needComma = true;
		    break;
		case 'W':
		    if (lhsp->isWide()) {
			COMMA;
			puts(cvtToStr(lhsp->widthWords()));
			needComma = true;
		    }
		    break;
		case 'i':
		    COMMA;
		    if (!detailp) { nodep->v3fatalSrc("emitOperator() references undef node"); }
		    else detailp->iterateAndNext(*this);
		    needComma = true;
		    break;
		default:
		    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown emitOperator format code: %[nlrt]"<<pos[0]);
		    break;
		}
	    }
	} else {
	    // Normal text
	    if (pos[0] == ')') nextComma="";
	    COMMA;
	    string s; s+=pos[0]; puts(s);
	}
    }
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Mid level - VISITS

// We only do one display at once, so can just use static state

struct EmitDispState {
    string		m_format;	// "%s" and text from user
    vector<AstNode*>	m_argsp;	// Each argument to be printed
    vector<string>	m_argsFunc;	// Function before each argument to be printed
    EmitDispState() { clear(); }
    void clear() {
	m_format = "";
	m_argsp.clear();
	m_argsFunc.clear();
    }
    void pushFormat(const string& fmt) { m_format += fmt; }
    void pushFormat(char fmt) { m_format += fmt; }
    void pushArg(AstNode* nodep, const string& func) {
	m_argsp.push_back(nodep); m_argsFunc.push_back(func);
    }
} emitDispState;

void EmitCStmts::displayEmit(AstNode* nodep, bool isScan) {
    if (emitDispState.m_format == ""
	&& nodep->castDisplay()) { // not fscanf etc, as they need to return value
	// NOP
    } else {
	// Format
	bool isStmt = false;
	if (AstFScanF* dispp = nodep->castFScanF()) {
	    isStmt = false;
	    puts("VL_FSCANF_IX(");
	    dispp->filep()->iterate(*this);
	    puts(",");
	} else if (AstSScanF* dispp = nodep->castSScanF()) {
	    isStmt = false;
	    checkMaxWords(dispp->fromp());
	    puts("VL_SSCANF_I"); emitIQW(dispp->fromp()); puts("X(");
	    puts(cvtToStr(dispp->fromp()->widthMin()));
	    puts(",");
	    dispp->fromp()->iterate(*this);
	    puts(",");
	} else if (AstDisplay* dispp = nodep->castDisplay()) {
	    isStmt = true;
	    if (dispp->filep()) {
		puts("VL_FWRITEF(");
		dispp->filep()->iterate(*this);
		puts(",");
	    } else {
		puts("VL_WRITEF(");
	    }
	} else if (AstSFormat* dispp = nodep->castSFormat()) {
	    isStmt = true;
	    puts("VL_SFORMAT_X(");
	    puts(cvtToStr(dispp->lhsp()->widthMin()));
	    putbs(",");
	    dispp->lhsp()->iterate(*this);
	    putbs(",");
	} else if (AstSFormatF* dispp = nodep->castSFormatF()) {
	    isStmt = false;
	    if (dispp) {}
	    puts("VL_SFORMATF_NX(");
	} else {
	    isStmt = true;
	    nodep->v3fatalSrc("Unknown displayEmit node type");
	}
	ofp()->putsQuoted(emitDispState.m_format);
	// Arguments
	for (unsigned i=0; i < emitDispState.m_argsp.size(); i++) {
	    puts(",");
	    AstNode* argp = emitDispState.m_argsp[i];
	    string   func = emitDispState.m_argsFunc[i];
	    ofp()->indentInc();
	    ofp()->putbs("");
	    if (func!="") puts(func);
	    if (argp) {
		if (isScan) puts("&(");
		argp->iterate(*this);
		if (isScan) puts(")");
	    }
	    ofp()->indentDec();
	}
        // End
	puts(")");
	if (isStmt) puts(";\n");
	else puts(" ");
	// Prep for next
	emitDispState.clear();
    }
}

void EmitCStmts::displayArg(AstNode* dispp, AstNode** elistp, bool isScan,
			    string vfmt, char fmtLetter) {
    // Print display argument, edits elistp
    AstNode* argp = *elistp;
    if (!argp) {
	// expectDisplay() checks this first, so internal error if found here
	dispp->v3error("Internal: Missing arguments for $display-like format");
	return;
    }
    if (argp->widthMin() > VL_VALUE_STRING_MAX_WIDTH) {
	dispp->v3error("Exceeded limit of "+cvtToStr(VL_VALUE_STRING_MAX_WIDTH)+" bits for any $display-like arguments");
    }
    if (argp && argp->isWide()
	&& (fmtLetter=='d'||fmtLetter=='u')) {
	argp->v3error("Unsupported: "<<dispp->verilogKwd()<<" of dec format of > 64 bit results (use hex format instead)");
    }
    if (argp && argp->widthMin()>8 && fmtLetter=='c') {
	// Technically legal, but surely not what the user intended.
	argp->v3error(dispp->verilogKwd()<<" of char format of > 8 bit result");
    }

    //string pfmt = "%"+displayFormat(argp, vfmt, fmtLetter)+fmtLetter;
    string pfmt;
    if ((fmtLetter=='u' || fmtLetter=='d' || fmtLetter=='t')
	&& !isScan
	&& vfmt == "") { // Size decimal output.  Spec says leading spaces, not zeros
	double mantissabits = argp->widthMin() - ((fmtLetter=='d')?1:0);
	double maxval = pow(2.0, mantissabits);
	double dchars = log10(maxval)+1.0;
	if (fmtLetter=='d') dchars++;  // space for sign
	int nchars = int(dchars);
	pfmt = string("%") + cvtToStr(nchars) + fmtLetter;
    } else {
	pfmt = string("%") + vfmt + fmtLetter;
    }
    emitDispState.pushFormat(pfmt);
    emitDispState.pushArg(NULL,cvtToStr(argp->widthMin()));
    emitDispState.pushArg(argp,"");

    // Next parameter
    *elistp = (*elistp)->nextp();
}

void EmitCStmts::displayNode(AstNode* nodep, AstScopeName* scopenamep,
			     const string& vformat, AstNode* exprsp,
			     bool isScan) {
    AstNode* elistp = exprsp;

    // Convert Verilog display to C printf formats
    // 		"%0t" becomes "%d"
    emitDispState.clear();
    string vfmt = "";
    string::const_iterator pos = vformat.begin();
    bool inPct = false;
    for (; pos != vformat.end(); ++pos) {
	//UINFO(1,"Parse '"<<*pos<<"'  IP"<<inPct<<" List "<<(void*)(elistp)<<endl);
	if (!inPct && pos[0]=='%') {
	    inPct = true;
	    vfmt = "";
	} else if (!inPct) {   // Normal text
	    emitDispState.pushFormat(*pos);
	} else { // Format character
	    inPct = false;
	    switch (tolower(pos[0])) {
	    case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
	    case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
	    case '.':
		// Digits, like %5d, etc.
		vfmt += pos[0];
		inPct = true;  // Get more digits
		break;
	    case '%':
		emitDispState.pushFormat("%%");  // We're printf'ing it, so need to quote the %
		break;
	    // Special codes
	    case '~': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'d'); break;  // Signed decimal
	    // Spec: h d o b c l
	    case 'b': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'b'); break;
	    case 'c': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'c'); break;
	    case 't': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'t'); break;
	    case 'd': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'u'); break;  // Unsigned decimal
	    case 'o': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'o'); break;
	    case 'h':
	    case 'x': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'x'); break;
	    case 's': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'s'); break;
	    case 'e': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'e'); break;
	    case 'f': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'f'); break;
	    case 'g': displayArg(nodep,&elistp,isScan, vfmt,'g'); break;
	    case 'm': {
		if (!scopenamep) nodep->v3fatalSrc("Display with %m but no AstScopeName");
		string suffix = scopenamep->scopePrettyName();
		if (suffix=="") emitDispState.pushFormat("%S");
		else emitDispState.pushFormat("%N");  // Add a . when needed
		emitDispState.pushArg(NULL, "vlSymsp->name()");
		emitDispState.pushFormat(suffix);
		break;
	    }
	    case 'u':
	    case 'z':
	    case 'l':
	    case 'v':
		nodep->v3error("Unsupported: $display-like format code: %"<<pos[0]);
		break;
	    default:
		nodep->v3error("Unknown $display-like format code: %"<<pos[0]);
		break;
	    }
	}
    }
    if (elistp != NULL) {
	// expectFormat also checks this, and should have found it first, so internal
	elistp->v3error("Internal: Extra arguments for $display-like format");
    }
    displayEmit(nodep, isScan);
}

//######################################################################
// Internal EmitC

void EmitCImp::emitVarResets(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    puts("// Reset internal values\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) {
	if (v3Global.opt.inhibitSim()) puts("__Vm_inhibitSim = false;\n");
	puts("\n");
    }

    puts("// Reset structure values\n");
    for (AstNode* nodep=modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	if (AstVar* varp = nodep->castVar()) {
	    if (varp->isIO() && modp->isTop() && optSystemC()) {
		// System C top I/O doesn't need loading, as the lower level subinst code does it.
	    }
	    else if (varp->basicp() && varp->basicp()->keyword() == AstBasicDTypeKwd::STRING) {
		// Constructor deals with it
	    }
	    else if (varp->isParam()) {
		if (!varp->hasSimpleInit()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("No init for a param?");
		//puts("// parameter "+varp->name()+" = "+varp->valuep()->name()+"\n");
	    }
	    else if (AstInitArray* initarp = varp->valuep()->castInitArray()) {
		AstConst* constsp = initarp->initsp()->castConst();
		if (AstArrayDType* arrayp = varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
		    for (int i=0; i<arrayp->elementsConst(); i++) {
			if (!constsp) initarp->v3fatalSrc("Not enough values in array initalizement");
			emitSetVarConstant(varp->name()+"["+cvtToStr(i)+"]", constsp);
			constsp = constsp->nextp()->castConst();
		    }
		} else {
		    varp->v3fatalSrc("InitArray under non-arrayed var");
		}
	    }
	    else {
		int vects = 0;
		// This isn't very robust and may need cleanup for other data types
		for (AstArrayDType* arrayp=varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType(); arrayp;
		     arrayp = arrayp->subDTypep()->skipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
		    int vecnum = vects++;
		    if (arrayp->msb() < arrayp->lsb()) varp->v3fatalSrc("Should have swapped msb & lsb earlier.");
		    string ivar = string("__Vi")+cvtToStr(vecnum);
		    // MSVC++ pre V7 doesn't support 'for (int ...)', so declare in sep block
		    puts("{ int __Vi"+cvtToStr(vecnum)+"="+cvtToStr(0)+";");
		    puts(" for (; "+ivar+"<"+cvtToStr(arrayp->elementsConst()));
		    puts("; ++"+ivar+") {\n");
		}
		bool zeroit = (varp->attrFileDescr() // Zero it out, so we don't core dump if never call $fopen
			       || (varp->basicp() && varp->basicp()->isZeroInit())
			       || (varp->name().c_str()[0]=='_' && v3Global.opt.underlineZero()));
		if (varp->isWide()) {
		    // DOCUMENT: We randomize everything.  If the user wants a _var to be zero,
		    // there should be a initial statement.  (Different from verilator2.)
		    if (zeroit) puts("VL_ZERO_RESET_W(");
		    else puts("VL_RAND_RESET_W(");
		    puts(cvtToStr(varp->widthMin()));
		    puts(",");
		    puts(varp->name());
		    for (int v=0; v<vects; ++v) puts( "[__Vi"+cvtToStr(v)+"]");
		    puts(");\n");
		} else {
		    puts(varp->name());
		    for (int v=0; v<vects; ++v) puts( "[__Vi"+cvtToStr(v)+"]");
		    if (zeroit) {
			puts(" = 0;\n");
		    } else {
			puts(" = VL_RAND_RESET_");
			emitIQW(varp);
			puts("(");
			puts(cvtToStr(varp->widthMin()));
			puts(");\n");
		    }
		}
		for (int v=0; v<vects; ++v) puts( "}}\n");
	    }
	}
    }
}

void EmitCImp::emitCoverageDecl(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    if (v3Global.opt.coverage()) {
	ofp()->putsPrivate(true);
	puts("// Coverage\n");
	puts("void __vlCoverInsert(uint32_t* countp, bool enable, const char* filenamep, int lineno, int column,\n");
	puts(  	"const char* hierp, const char* pagep, const char* commentp);\n");
    }
}

void EmitCImp::emitCtorImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    puts("\n");
    if (optSystemPerl() && modp->isTop()) {
	puts("SP_CTOR_IMP("+modClassName(modp)+")");
    } else if (optSystemC() && modp->isTop()) {
	puts("VL_SC_CTOR_IMP("+modClassName(modp)+")");
    } else {
	puts("VL_CTOR_IMP("+modClassName(modp)+")");
    }
    emitVarCtors();
    puts(" {\n");

    emitCellCtors(modp);
    emitSensitives();
    emitVarResets(modp);
    emitTextSection(AstType::atSCCTOR);
    if (optSystemPerl()) puts("SP_AUTO_CTOR;\n");
    puts("}\n");
}

void EmitCImp::emitConfigureImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    puts("\nvoid "+modClassName(modp)+"::__Vconfigure("+symClassName()+"* vlSymsp, bool first) {\n");
    puts(   "if (0 && first) {}  // Prevent unused\n");
    puts(   "this->__VlSymsp = vlSymsp;\n");  // First, as later stuff needs it.
    bool first=true;
    for (AstNode* nodep=modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	if (nodep->castCoverDecl()) {
	    if (first) {
		first = false;
		puts("// Coverage Declarations\n");
	    }
	    nodep->accept(*this);
	}
    }
    puts("}\n");
}

void EmitCImp::emitCoverageImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    if (v3Global.opt.coverage() ) {
	puts("\n// Coverage\n");
	// Rather than putting out SP_COVER_INSERT calls directly, we do it via this function
	// This gets around gcc slowness constructing all of the template arguments
	// SystemPerl 1.301 is much faster, but it's nice to remain back
	// compatible, and have a common wrapper.
	puts("void "+modClassName(m_modp)+"::__vlCoverInsert(uint32_t* countp, bool enable, const char* filenamep, int lineno, int column,\n");
	puts(  	"const char* hierp, const char* pagep, const char* commentp) {\n");
	puts(   "static uint32_t fake_zero_count = 0;\n");
	puts(   "if (!enable) countp = &fake_zero_count;\n");  // Used for second++ instantiation of identical bin
	puts(   "*countp = 0;\n");
	puts(   "SP_COVER_INSERT(countp,");
	puts(	"  \"filename\",filenamep,");
	puts(	"  \"lineno\",lineno,");
	puts(	"  \"column\",column,\n");
	//puts(	"\"hier\",string(__VlSymsp->name())+hierp,");  // Need to move hier into scopes and back out if do this
	puts(	"\"hier\",string(name())+hierp,");
	puts(	"  \"page\",pagep,");
	puts(	"  \"comment\",commentp);\n");
	puts("}\n");
    }
}

void EmitCImp::emitDestructorImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    puts("\n");
    puts(modClassName(modp)+"::~"+modClassName(modp)+"() {\n");
    emitTextSection(AstType::atSCDTOR);
    if (modp->isTop()) puts("delete __VlSymsp; __VlSymsp=NULL;\n");
    puts("}\n");
}

void EmitCImp::emitStaticDecl(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    // Need implementation here.  Be careful of alignment code; needs to be uniquified
    // with module name to avoid multiple symbols.
    //emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_ALL, modp->name());
    puts("");  // NOP for cppcheck, otherwise const function
}

void EmitCImp::emitTextSection(AstType type) {
    int last_line = -999;
    for (AstNode* nodep = m_modp->stmtsp(); nodep != NULL; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	if (AstNodeText* textp = nodep->castNodeText()) {
	    if (nodep->type() == type) {
		if (last_line != nodep->fileline()->lineno()) {
		    if (last_line < 0) {
			puts("\n//*** Below code from `systemc in Verilog file\n");
		    }
		    ofp()->putsNoTracking("//#line "+cvtToStr(nodep->fileline()->lineno())
					  +" ");
		    ofp()->putsQuoted(nodep->fileline()->filename());
		    ofp()->putsNoTracking("\n");
		    last_line = nodep->fileline()->lineno();
		}
		ofp()->putsNoTracking(textp->text());
		last_line++;
	    }
	}
    }
    if (last_line > 0) {
	puts("//*** Above code from `systemc in Verilog file\n\n");
    }
}

void EmitCImp::emitCellCtors(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    if (modp->isTop()) {
	// Must be before other constructors, as __vlCoverInsert calls it
	puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar()+" = __VlSymsp = new "+symClassName()+"(this, name());\n");
	puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symTopAssign()+"\n");
    }
    for (AstNode* nodep=modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	if (AstCell* cellp=nodep->castCell()) {
	    puts("VL_CELL ("+cellp->name()+", "+modClassName(cellp->modp())+");\n");
	}
    }
}

void EmitCImp::emitSensitives() {
    // Create sensitivity list for when to evaluate the model.
    // If C++ code, the user must call this routine themself.
    if (m_modp->isTop() && optSystemC()) {
	puts("// Sensitivities on all clocks and combo inputs\n");
	puts("SC_METHOD(eval);\n");
	for (AstNode* nodep=m_modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	    if (AstVar* varp = nodep->castVar()) {
		if (varp->isInput() && (varp->isScSensitive() || varp->isUsedClock())) {
		    int vects = 0;
		    // This isn't very robust and may need cleanup for other data types
		    for (AstArrayDType* arrayp=varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType(); arrayp;
			 arrayp = arrayp->subDTypep()->skipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
			int vecnum = vects++;
			if (arrayp->msb() < arrayp->lsb()) varp->v3fatalSrc("Should have swapped msb & lsb earlier.");
			string ivar = string("__Vi")+cvtToStr(vecnum);
			// MSVC++ pre V7 doesn't support 'for (int ...)', so declare in sep block
			puts("{ int __Vi"+cvtToStr(vecnum)+"="+cvtToStr(arrayp->lsb())+";");
			puts(" for (; "+ivar+"<="+cvtToStr(arrayp->msb()));
			puts("; ++"+ivar+") {\n");
		    }
		    puts("sensitive << "+varp->name());
		    for (int v=0; v<vects; ++v) puts( "[__Vi"+cvtToStr(v)+"]");
		    puts(";\n");
		    for (int v=0; v<vects; ++v) puts( "}}\n");
		}
	    }
	}
	puts("\n");
    }
}

void EmitCImp::emitWrapEval(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    puts("\nvoid "+modClassName(modp)+"::eval() {\n");
    puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar()+" = this->__VlSymsp; // Setup global symbol table\n");
    puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symTopAssign()+"\n");
    puts("// Initialize\n");
    puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(!vlSymsp->__Vm_didInit)) _eval_initial_loop(vlSymsp);\n");
    if (v3Global.opt.inhibitSim()) {
	puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(__Vm_inhibitSim)) return;\n");
    }
    puts("// Evaluate till stable\n");
    puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_PRINTF(\"\\n----TOP Evaluate "+modClassName(modp)+"::eval\\n\"); );\n");
#ifndef NEW_ORDERING
    puts("int __VclockLoop = 0;\n");
    puts("IData __Vchange=1;\n");
    puts("while (VL_LIKELY(__Vchange)) {\n");
    puts(    "VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_PRINTF(\" Clock loop\\n\"););\n");
#endif
    puts(    "vlSymsp->__Vm_activity = true;\n");
    puts(    "_eval(vlSymsp);\n");
#ifndef NEW_ORDERING
    puts(    "__Vchange = _change_request(vlSymsp);\n");
    puts(    "if (++__VclockLoop > "+cvtToStr(v3Global.opt.convergeLimit())
	     +") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,__FILE__,\"Verilated model didn't converge\");\n");
    puts("}\n");
#endif
    puts("}\n");

    //
    puts("\nvoid "+modClassName(modp)+"::_eval_initial_loop("+EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar()+") {\n");
    puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_didInit = true;\n");
    puts("_eval_initial(vlSymsp);\n");
#ifndef NEW_ORDERING
    puts(    "vlSymsp->__Vm_activity = true;\n");
    puts(    "int __VclockLoop = 0;\n");
    puts(    "IData __Vchange=1;\n");
    puts(    "while (VL_LIKELY(__Vchange)) {\n");
#endif
    puts(        "_eval_settle(vlSymsp);\n");
    puts(        "_eval(vlSymsp);\n");
#ifndef NEW_ORDERING
    puts(	 "__Vchange = _change_request(vlSymsp);\n");
    puts(        "if (++__VclockLoop > "+cvtToStr(v3Global.opt.convergeLimit())
		 +") vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,__FILE__,\"Verilated model didn't DC converge\");\n");
    puts(    "}\n");
#endif
    puts("}\n");
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Top interface/ implementation

void EmitCStmts::emitVarList(AstNode* firstp, EisWhich which, const string& prefixIfImp) {
    // Put out a list of signal declarations
    // in order of 0:clocks, 1:vluint8, 2:vluint16, 4:vluint32, 5:vluint64, 6:wide, 7:arrays
    // This aids cache packing and locality
    // Largest->smallest reduces the number of pad variables.
    // But for now, Smallest->largest makes it more likely a small offset will allow access to the signal.
    for (int isstatic=1; isstatic>=0; isstatic--) {
	if (prefixIfImp!="" && !isstatic) continue;
	const int sortmax = 9;
	for (int sort=0; sort<sortmax; sort++) {
	    if (sort==3) continue;
	    for (AstNode* nodep=firstp; nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
		if (AstVar* varp = nodep->castVar()) {
		    bool doit = true;
		    switch (which) {
		    case EVL_ALL:  doit = true; break;
		    case EVL_IO:   doit = varp->isIO(); break;
		    case EVL_SIG:  doit = (varp->isSignal() && !varp->isIO()); break;
		    case EVL_TEMP: doit = (varp->isTemp() && !varp->isIO()); break;
		    default: v3fatalSrc("Bad Case");
		    }
		    if (varp->isStatic() ? !isstatic : isstatic) doit=false;
		    if (doit) {
			int sigbytes = varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->widthAlignBytes();
			int sortbytes = sortmax-1;
			if (varp->isUsedClock() && varp->widthMin()==1) sortbytes = 0;
			else if (varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType()) sortbytes=8;
			else if (varp->basicp() && varp->basicp()->isOpaque()) sortbytes=7;
			else if (varp->isScBv()) sortbytes=6;
			else if (sigbytes==8) sortbytes=5;
			else if (sigbytes==4) sortbytes=4;
			else if (sigbytes==2) sortbytes=2;
			else if (sigbytes==1) sortbytes=1;
			if (sort==sortbytes) {
			    emitVarDecl(varp, prefixIfImp);
			}
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
	ofp()->putAlign(isstatic, 4, 0, prefixIfImp.c_str());
    }
}

struct CmpName {
    inline bool operator () (const AstNode* lhsp, const AstNode* rhsp) const {
	return lhsp->name() < rhsp->name();
    }
};

void EmitCImp::emitIntFuncDecls(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    vector<AstCFunc*> funcsp;

    for (AstNode* nodep=modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	if (AstCFunc* funcp = nodep->castCFunc()) {
	    if (!funcp->skipDecl()) {
		funcsp.push_back(funcp);
	    }
	}
    }

    sort(funcsp.begin(), funcsp.end(), CmpName());

    for (vector<AstCFunc*>::iterator it = funcsp.begin(); it != funcsp.end(); ++it) {
	AstCFunc* funcp = *it;
	if (!funcp->dpiImport()) {  // DPI is prototyped in __Dpi.h
	    ofp()->putsPrivate(funcp->declPrivate());
	    if (funcp->isStatic()) puts("static ");
	    puts(funcp->rtnTypeVoid()); puts("\t");
	    puts(funcp->name()); puts("("+cFuncArgs(funcp)+");\n");
	}
    }
}

void EmitCImp::emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    // Always have this first; gcc has short circuiting if #ifdef is first in a file
    if (!optSystemPerl()) {  // else done for us automatically
	puts("#ifndef _"+modClassName(modp)+"_H_\n");
	puts("#define _"+modClassName(modp)+"_H_\n");
	puts("\n");
    }

    ofp()->putsIntTopInclude();
    if (v3Global.needHeavy()) {
	puts("#include \"verilated_heavy.h\"\n");
    } else {
	puts("#include \"verilated.h\"\n");
    }
    if (v3Global.opt.coverage()) {
	puts("#include \"SpCoverage.h\"\n");
    }
    if (v3Global.needHInlines()) {   // Set by V3EmitCInlines; should have been called before us
	puts("#include \""+topClassName()+"__Inlines.h\"\n");
    }
    if (v3Global.dpi()) {
	// do this before including our main .h file so that any references to
	// types defined in svdpi.h are available
	puts("#include \""+ topClassName() +"__Dpi.h\"\n");
	puts("\n");
    }

    // Declare foreign instances up front to make C++ happy
    puts("class "+symClassName()+";\n");
    for (AstNode* nodep=modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	if (AstCell* cellp=nodep->castCell()) {
	    puts("class "+modClassName(cellp->modp())+";\n");
	}
    }
    if (v3Global.opt.trace()) {
	puts("class "+v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()+";\n");
    }

    puts("\n//----------\n\n");
    emitTextSection(AstType::atSCHDR);

    if (optSystemC() && modp->isTop()) {
	puts("SC_MODULE("+modClassName(modp)+") {\n");
    } else {
	puts("VL_MODULE("+modClassName(modp)+") {\n");
    }
    if (optSystemPerl()) puts("/*AUTOATTR(verilated)*/\n\n");
    ofp()->resetPrivate();
    ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:

    // Instantiated modules
    if (optSystemPerl()) {
	puts("/*AUTOSUBCELLS*/\n\n");
    } else {
	puts("// CELLS\n");
	if (modp->isTop()) puts("// Public to allow access to /*verilator_public*/ items;\n");
	if (modp->isTop()) puts("// otherwise the application code can consider these internals.\n");
	for (AstNode* nodep=modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	    if (AstCell* cellp=nodep->castCell()) {
		ofp()->putsCellDecl(modClassName(cellp->modp()), cellp->name());
	    }
	}
    }

    puts("\n// PORTS\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) puts("// The application code writes and reads these signals to\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) puts("// propagate new values into/out from the Verilated model.\n");
    emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_IO, "");

    puts("\n// LOCAL SIGNALS\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) puts("// Internals; generally not touched by application code\n");
    emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_SIG, "");

    puts("\n// LOCAL VARIABLES\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) puts("// Internals; generally not touched by application code\n");
    emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_TEMP, "");

    puts("\n// INTERNAL VARIABLES\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) puts("// Internals; generally not touched by application code\n");
    ofp()->putsPrivate(!modp->isTop());  // private: unless top
    ofp()->putAlign(V3OutFile::AL_AUTO, 8);
    puts(symClassName()+"*\t__VlSymsp;\t\t// Symbol table\n");
    ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
    if (modp->isTop()) {
	if (v3Global.opt.inhibitSim()) {
	    ofp()->putAlign(V3OutFile::AL_AUTO, sizeof(bool));
	    puts("bool\t__Vm_inhibitSim;\t///< Set true to disable evaluation of module\n");
	}
    }
    ofp()->putAlign(V3OutFile::AL_AUTO, 8);
    emitCoverageDecl(modp);	// may flip public/private
    ofp()->putAlign(V3OutFile::AL_AUTO, 8);

    puts("\n// PARAMETERS\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) puts("// Parameters marked /*verilator public*/ for use by application code\n");
    ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
    for (AstNode* nodep=modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	if (AstVar* varp = nodep->castVar()) {
	    if (varp->isParam() && (varp->isUsedParam() || varp->isSigPublic())) {
		if (!varp->valuep()) nodep->v3fatalSrc("No init for a param?");
		// These should be static const values, however microsloth VC++ doesn't
		// support them.  They also cause problems with GDB under GCC2.95.
		if (varp->isWide()) {   // Unsupported for output
		    puts("// enum WData "+varp->name()+"  //wide");
		} else if (!varp->valuep()->castConst()) {   // Unsupported for output
		    puts("// enum IData "+varp->name()+"  //not simple value");
		} else {
		    puts("enum ");
		    puts(varp->isQuad()?"_QData":"_IData");
		    puts(""+varp->name()+" { "+varp->name()+" = ");
		    varp->valuep()->iterateAndNext(*this);
		    puts("};");
		}
		puts("\n");
	    }
	}
    }

    puts("\n// CONSTRUCTORS\n");
    ofp()->resetPrivate();
    // We don't need a private copy constructor, as VerilatedModule has one for us.
    ofp()->putsPrivate(true);
    puts(modClassName(modp)+"& operator= (const "+modClassName(modp)+"&);\t///< Copying not allowed\n");
    puts(modClassName(modp)+"(const "+modClassName(modp)+"&);\t///< Copying not allowed\n");

    ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
    if (optSystemC() && modp->isTop()) {
	puts("SC_CTOR("+modClassName(modp)+");\n");
	puts("virtual ~"+modClassName(modp)+"();\n");
    } else if (optSystemC()) {
	puts("VL_CTOR("+modClassName(modp)+");\n");
	puts("~"+modClassName(modp)+"();\n");
    } else {
	if (modp->isTop()) {
	    puts("/// Construct the model; called by application code\n");
	    puts("/// The special name "" may be used to make a wrapper with a\n");
	    puts("/// single model invisible WRT DPI scope names.\n");
	}
	puts(modClassName(modp)+"(const char* name=\"TOP\");\n");
	if (modp->isTop()) puts("/// Destroy the model; called (often implicitly) by application code\n");
	puts("~"+modClassName(modp)+"();\n");
    }
    if (v3Global.opt.trace() && !optSystemPerl()) {
	if (modp->isTop()) puts("/// Trace signals in the model; called by application code\n");
	puts("void trace (VerilatedVcdC* tfp, int levels, int options=0);\n");
    }

    puts("\n// USER METHODS\n");
    if (optSystemPerl()) puts("/*AUTOMETHODS*/\n");
    emitTextSection(AstType::atSCINT);

    puts("\n// API METHODS\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) {
	if (optSystemC()) ofp()->putsPrivate(true);	///< eval() is invoked by our sensitive() calls.
	else puts("/// Evaluate the model.  Application must call when inputs change.\n");
	puts("void eval();\n");
	ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
	if (!optSystemC()) puts("/// Simulation complete, run final blocks.  Application must call on completion.\n");
	puts("void final();\n");
	if (v3Global.opt.inhibitSim()) {
	    puts("void inhibitSim(bool flag) { __Vm_inhibitSim=flag; }\t///< Set true to disable evaluation of module\n");
	}
    }

    puts("\n// INTERNAL METHODS\n");
    if (modp->isTop()) {
	ofp()->putsPrivate(true);  // private:
	puts("static void _eval_initial_loop("+EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar()+");\n");
    }

    ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
    puts("void __Vconfigure("+symClassName()+"* symsp, bool first);\n");

    emitIntFuncDecls(modp);

    if (!optSystemPerl() && v3Global.opt.trace()) {
	ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
	puts("static void traceInit ("+v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()+"* vcdp, void* userthis, uint32_t code);\n");
	puts("static void traceFull ("+v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()+"* vcdp, void* userthis, uint32_t code);\n");
	puts("static void traceChg  ("+v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()+"* vcdp, void* userthis, uint32_t code);\n");
    }

    puts("} VL_ATTR_ALIGNED(64);\n");
    puts("\n");

    // finish up h-file
    if (!optSystemPerl()) {
	puts("#endif  /*guard*/\n");
    }
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------

void EmitCImp::emitImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
    if (optSystemPerl()) {
	puts("//############################################################\n");
	puts("#sp implementation\n");
    }
    ofp()->printf("#include \"%-20s // For This\n",
		  (modClassName(modp)+".h\"").c_str());

    // Us
    puts("#include \""+ symClassName() +".h\"\n");

    if (v3Global.dpi()) {
	puts("\n");
	puts("#include \"verilated_dpi.h\"\n");
    }

    if (optSystemPerl() && (splitFilenum() || !m_fast)) {
	puts("\n");
	puts("SP_MODULE_CONTINUED("+modClassName(modp)+");\n");
    }

    emitTextSection(AstType::atSCIMPHDR);

    if (m_slow && splitFilenum()==0) {
	puts("\n//--------------------\n");
	puts("// STATIC VARIABLES\n\n");
	emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_ALL, modClassName(modp));
    }

    if (m_fast && splitFilenum()==0) {
	emitTextSection(AstType::atSCIMP);
	emitStaticDecl(modp);
    }

    if (m_slow && splitFilenum()==0) {
	puts("\n//--------------------\n");
	emitCtorImp(modp);
	emitConfigureImp(modp);
	emitDestructorImp(modp);
	emitCoverageImp(modp);
    }

    if (m_fast && splitFilenum()==0) {
	if (modp->isTop()) {
	    emitStaticDecl(modp);
	    puts("\n//--------------------\n");
	    puts("\n");
	    emitWrapEval(modp);
	}
    }

    if (m_fast && splitFilenum()==0) {
	if (v3Global.opt.trace() && optSystemPerl() && m_modp->isTop()) {
	    puts("\n");
	    puts("\n/*AUTOTRACE(__MODULE__,recurse,activity,exists)*/\n\n");
	}
    }

    // Blocks
    puts("\n//--------------------\n");
    puts("// Internal Methods\n");
}

//######################################################################

void EmitCImp::main(AstNodeModule* modp, bool slow, bool fast) {
    // Output a module
    m_modp = modp;
    m_slow = slow;
    m_fast = fast;
    string filenameNoExt = v3Global.opt.makeDir()+"/"+ modClassName(modp)+(m_fast ? "" : "__Slow");

    if (debug()>=5) {
	UINFO(0,"  Emitting "<<modClassName(modp)<<endl);
    }

    if (optSystemPerl()) {
	m_ofp = newOutCFile(modp, !m_fast, true);

	if (m_fast) {
	    puts("#sp interface\n");
	    emitInt (modp);
	}
    }
    else if (optSystemC()) {
	if (m_fast) {
	    m_ofp = newOutCFile (modp, !m_fast, false/*source*/);
	    emitInt (modp);
	    delete m_ofp; m_ofp=NULL;
	}

	m_ofp = newOutCFile (modp, !m_fast, true/*source*/);
    }
    else {
	if (m_fast) {
	    m_ofp = newOutCFile (modp, !m_fast, false/*source*/);
	    emitInt (modp);
	    delete m_ofp; m_ofp=NULL;
	}

	m_ofp = newOutCFile (modp, !m_fast, true/*source*/);
    }

    emitImp (modp);

    for (AstNode* nodep=modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
	if (AstCFunc* funcp = nodep->castCFunc()) {
	    if (splitNeeded()) {
		// Close old file
		delete m_ofp; m_ofp=NULL;
		// Open a new file
		m_ofp = newOutCFile (modp, !m_fast, true/*source*/, splitFilenumInc());
		emitImp (modp);
	    }
	    mainDoFunc(funcp);
	}
    }

    delete m_ofp; m_ofp=NULL;
}

//######################################################################
// Tracing routines

class EmitCTrace : EmitCStmts {
    AstCFunc*	m_funcp;	// Function we're in now
    bool	m_slow;		// Making slow file

    // METHODS
    void newOutCFile(int filenum) {
	string filename = (v3Global.opt.makeDir()+"/"+ topClassName()
			   + (m_slow?"__Trace__Slow":"__Trace"));
	if (filenum) filename += "__"+cvtToStr(filenum);
	filename += ".cpp";

	AstCFile* cfilep = newCFile(filename, m_slow, true/*source*/);
	cfilep->support(true);

	if (m_ofp) v3fatalSrc("Previous file not closed");
	m_ofp = new V3OutCFile (filename);
	m_ofp->putsHeader();
	m_ofp->puts("// DESCR" "IPTION: Verilator output: Tracing implementation internals\n");

	emitTraceHeader();
    }

    void emitTraceHeader() {
	// Includes
	if (optSystemPerl()) {
	    puts("#include \"SpTraceVcd.h\"\n");
	} else {
	    puts("#include \"verilated_vcd_c.h\"\n");
	}
	puts("#include \""+ symClassName() +".h\"\n");
	puts("\n");
    }

    void emitTraceSlow() {
	puts("\n//======================\n\n");

	puts("void "+topClassName()+"::trace (");
	if (optSystemPerl()) {
	    puts("SpTraceFile* tfp, int, int) {\n");
	} else {
	    puts("VerilatedVcdC* tfp, int, int) {\n");
	}
	puts(  "tfp->spTrace()->addCallback ("
	       "&"+topClassName()+"::traceInit"
	       +", &"+topClassName()+"::traceFull"
	       +", &"+topClassName()+"::traceChg, this);\n");
	puts("}\n");

	puts("void "+topClassName()+"::traceInit("
	     +v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()+"* vcdp, void* userthis, uint32_t code) {\n");
	puts("// Callback from vcd->open()\n");
	puts(topClassName()+"* t=("+topClassName()+"*)userthis;\n");
	puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar()+" = t->__VlSymsp; // Setup global symbol table\n");
	puts("if (!Verilated::calcUnusedSigs()) vl_fatal(__FILE__,__LINE__,__FILE__,\"Turning on wave traces requires Verilated::traceEverOn(true) call before time 0.\");\n");

	puts("vcdp->scopeEscape(' ');\n");
	puts("t->traceInitThis (vlSymsp, vcdp, code);\n");
	puts("vcdp->scopeEscape('.');\n");  // Restore so SystemPerl traced files won't break
	puts("}\n");

	puts("void "+topClassName()+"::traceFull("
	     +v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()+"* vcdp, void* userthis, uint32_t code) {\n");
	puts("// Callback from vcd->dump()\n");
	puts(topClassName()+"* t=("+topClassName()+"*)userthis;\n");
	puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar()+" = t->__VlSymsp; // Setup global symbol table\n");
	puts("t->traceFullThis (vlSymsp, vcdp, code);\n");
	puts("}\n");

	puts("\n//======================\n\n");
    }

    void emitTraceFast() {
	puts("\n//======================\n\n");

	puts("void "+topClassName()+"::traceChg("
	     +v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()+"* vcdp, void* userthis, uint32_t code) {\n");
	puts("// Callback from vcd->dump()\n");
	puts(topClassName()+"* t=("+topClassName()+"*)userthis;\n");
	puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar()+" = t->__VlSymsp; // Setup global symbol table\n");
	puts("if (vlSymsp->getClearActivity()) {\n");
	puts("t->traceChgThis (vlSymsp, vcdp, code);\n");
	puts("}\n");
	puts("}\n");

	puts("\n//======================\n\n");
    }

    bool emitTraceIsScBv(AstTraceInc* nodep) {
	AstVarRef* varrefp = nodep->valuep()->castVarRef();
	if (!varrefp) return false;
	AstVar* varp = varrefp->varp();
	return varp->isSc() && varp->isScBv();
    }
    void emitTraceInitOne(AstTraceDecl* nodep) {
	if (nodep->isDouble()) {
	    puts("vcdp->declDouble");
	} else if (nodep->isWide()) {
	    puts("vcdp->declArray");
	} else if (nodep->isQuad()) {
	    puts("vcdp->declQuad ");
	} else if (nodep->left() || nodep->right()) {
	    puts("vcdp->declBus  ");
	} else {
	    puts("vcdp->declBit  ");
	}
	puts("(c+"+cvtToStr(nodep->code()));
	if (nodep->arrayWidth()) puts("+i*"+cvtToStr(nodep->widthWords()));
	puts(",");
	putsQuoted(nodep->showname());
	if (nodep->arrayWidth()) {
	    puts(",(i+"+cvtToStr(nodep->arrayLsb())+")");
	} else {
	    puts(",-1");
	}
	if (!nodep->isDouble()  // When float/double no longer have widths this can go
	    && (nodep->left() || nodep->right())) {
	    puts(","+cvtToStr(nodep->left())+","+cvtToStr(nodep->right()));
	}
	puts(");");
    }

    void emitTraceChangeOne(AstTraceInc* nodep, int arrayindex) {
	nodep->precondsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	string full = ((m_funcp->funcType() == AstCFuncType::TRACE_FULL
			|| m_funcp->funcType() == AstCFuncType::TRACE_FULL_SUB)
		       ? "full":"chg");
	if (nodep->isDouble()) {
	    puts("vcdp->"+full+"Double");
	} else if (nodep->isWide() || emitTraceIsScBv(nodep)) {
	    puts("vcdp->"+full+"Array");
	} else if (nodep->isQuad()) {
	    puts("vcdp->"+full+"Quad ");
	} else if (nodep->declp()->left() || nodep->declp()->right()) {
	    puts("vcdp->"+full+"Bus  ");
	} else {
	    puts("vcdp->"+full+"Bit  ");
	}
	puts("(c+"+cvtToStr(nodep->declp()->code()
			    + ((arrayindex<0) ? 0 : (arrayindex*nodep->declp()->widthWords()))));
	puts(",");
	emitTraceValue(nodep, arrayindex);
	if (!nodep->isDouble()  // When float/double no longer have widths this can go
	    && (nodep->declp()->left() || nodep->declp()->right() || emitTraceIsScBv(nodep))) {
	    puts(","+cvtToStr(nodep->declp()->widthMin()));
	}
	puts(");\n");
    }
    void emitTraceValue(AstTraceInc* nodep, int arrayindex) {
	if (nodep->valuep()->castVarRef()) {
	    AstVarRef* varrefp = nodep->valuep()->castVarRef();
	    AstVar* varp = varrefp->varp();
	    puts("(");
	    if (emitTraceIsScBv(nodep)) puts("VL_SC_BV_DATAP(");
	    varrefp->iterate(*this);	// Put var name out
	    // Tracing only supports 1D arrays
	    if (varp->dtypeSkipRefp()->castArrayDType()) {
		if (arrayindex==-2) puts("[i]");
		else if (arrayindex==-1) puts("[0]");
		else puts("["+cvtToStr(arrayindex)+"]");
	    }
	    if (varp->isSc()) puts(".read()");
	    if (emitTraceIsScBv(nodep)) puts(")");
	    puts(")");
	} else {
	    puts("(");
	    nodep->valuep()->iterate(*this);
	    puts(")");
	}
    }

    // VISITORS
    virtual void visit(AstNetlist* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	// Top module only
	nodep->topModulep()->accept(*this);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstNodeModule* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	nodep->iterateChildren(*this);
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCFunc* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (nodep->slow() != m_slow) return;
	if (nodep->funcType().isTrace()) {   // TRACE_*
	    m_funcp = nodep;

	    if (splitNeeded()) {
		// Close old file
		delete m_ofp; m_ofp=NULL;
		// Open a new file
		newOutCFile (splitFilenumInc());
	    }

	    splitSizeInc(nodep);

	    puts("\n");
	    puts(nodep->rtnTypeVoid()); puts(" ");
	    puts(topClassName()+"::"+nodep->name()
		 +"("+cFuncArgs(nodep)+") {\n");

	    if (nodep->symProlog()) puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symTopAssign()+"\n");

	    puts("int c=code;\n");
	    puts("if (0 && vcdp && c) {}  // Prevent unused\n");
	    if (nodep->funcType() == AstCFuncType::TRACE_INIT) {
		puts("vcdp->module(vlSymsp->name()); // Setup signal names\n");
	    } else if (nodep->funcType() == AstCFuncType::TRACE_INIT_SUB) {
	    } else if (nodep->funcType() == AstCFuncType::TRACE_FULL) {
	    } else if (nodep->funcType() == AstCFuncType::TRACE_FULL_SUB) {
	    } else if (nodep->funcType() == AstCFuncType::TRACE_CHANGE) {
	    } else if (nodep->funcType() == AstCFuncType::TRACE_CHANGE_SUB) {
	    } else nodep->v3fatalSrc("Bad Case");

	    if (nodep->initsp()) puts("// Variables\n");
	    emitVarList(nodep->initsp(), EVL_ALL, "");
	    nodep->initsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    ofp()->putAlign(V3OutFile::AL_AUTO, 4);

	    puts("// Body\n");
	    puts("{\n");
	    nodep->stmtsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    puts("}\n");
	    if (nodep->finalsp()) puts("// Final\n");
	    nodep->finalsp()->iterateAndNext(*this);
	    puts("}\n");
	}
	m_funcp = NULL;
    }
    virtual void visit(AstTraceDecl* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (nodep->arrayWidth()) {
	    puts("{int i; for (i=0; i<"+cvtToStr(nodep->arrayWidth())+"; i++) {\n");
	    emitTraceInitOne(nodep);
	    puts("}}\n");
	} else {
	    emitTraceInitOne(nodep);
	    puts("\n");
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstTraceInc* nodep, AstNUser*) {
	if (nodep->declp()->arrayWidth()) {
	    // It traces faster if we unroll the loop
	    for (unsigned i=0; i<nodep->declp()->arrayWidth(); i++) {
		emitTraceChangeOne(nodep, i);
	    }
	} else {
	    emitTraceChangeOne(nodep, -1);
	}
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCoverDecl* nodep, AstNUser*) {
    }
    virtual void visit(AstCoverInc* nodep, AstNUser*) {
    }

public:
    EmitCTrace(bool slow) {
	m_funcp = NULL;
	m_slow = slow;
    }
    virtual ~EmitCTrace() {}
    void main() {
	// Put out the file
	newOutCFile(0);

	if (m_slow) emitTraceSlow();
	else emitTraceFast();

	v3Global.rootp()->accept(*this);

	delete m_ofp; m_ofp=NULL;
    }
};

//######################################################################
// EmitC class functions

void V3EmitC::emitc() {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    // Process each module in turn
    for (AstNodeModule* nodep = v3Global.rootp()->modulesp(); nodep; nodep=nodep->nextp()->castNodeModule()) {
	if (v3Global.opt.outputSplit()) {
	    { EmitCImp imp; imp.main(nodep, false, true); }
	    { EmitCImp imp; imp.main(nodep, true, false); }
	} else {
	    { EmitCImp imp; imp.main(nodep, true, true); }
	}
    }
}

void V3EmitC::emitcTrace() {
    UINFO(2,__FUNCTION__<<": "<<endl);
    if (v3Global.opt.trace()) {
	{ EmitCTrace imp (true);  imp.main(); }
	{ EmitCTrace imp (false); imp.main(); }
    }
}