CI: Add timeout to apt install steps (#8154)

These tend to hang for hours on occasion. Install all apt dependencies
via ci-install.bash, and add a hard timeout and retry for each attempt.

Also removed unnecessary man-db config (GitHub has this off by default
now) and ineffective install path exclusions.

.github/workflows/format.yml

@@ -27,9 +27,10 @@ jobs:
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Install packages for build
+        run: ./ci/ci-install.bash format
+
+      - name: Configure git identity
         run: |
-          sudo apt install clang-format-18 || \
-          sudo apt install clang-format-18
           git config --global user.email "[email protected]"
           git config --global user.name "github action"