diff --git a/src/Convert/HierConst.hs b/src/Convert/HierConst.hs
index f48bb72..5683d69 100644
--- a/src/Convert/HierConst.hs
+++ b/src/Convert/HierConst.hs
@@ -82,10 +82,13 @@ traverseDeclM decl = do
 scopeExpr :: Expr -> ST Expr
 scopeExpr expr = do
     expr' <- traverseSinglyNestedExprsM scopeExpr expr
+                >>= traverseExprTypesM scopeType
     details <- lookupElemM expr'
     case details of
         Just (accesses, _, _) -> return $ accessesToExpr accesses
         _ -> return expr'
+scopeType :: Type -> ST Type
+scopeType = traverseNestedTypesM $ traverseTypeExprsM scopeExpr
 
 -- substitute hierarchical references to constants
 traverseExprM :: Expr -> ST Expr
diff --git a/src/Convert/Scoper.hs b/src/Convert/Scoper.hs
index 7713ee5..691c787 100644
--- a/src/Convert/Scoper.hs
+++ b/src/Convert/Scoper.hs
@@ -171,8 +171,11 @@ replaceInType :: Replacements -> Type -> Type
 replaceInType replacements =
     if Map.null replacements
         then id
-        else traverseNestedTypes $ traverseTypeExprs $
-                replaceInExpr' replacements
+        else replaceInType' replacements
+
+replaceInType' :: Replacements -> Type -> Type
+replaceInType' replacements =
+    traverseNestedTypes $ traverseTypeExprs $ replaceInExpr' replacements
 
 replaceInExpr :: Replacements -> Expr -> Expr
 replaceInExpr replacements =
@@ -184,7 +187,8 @@ replaceInExpr' :: Replacements -> Expr -> Expr
 replaceInExpr' replacements (Ident x) =
     Map.findWithDefault (Ident x) x replacements
 replaceInExpr' replacements other =
-    traverseSinglyNestedExprs (replaceInExpr replacements) other
+    traverseExprTypes (replaceInType' replacements) $
+    traverseSinglyNestedExprs (replaceInExpr' replacements) other
 
 class ScopePath k where
     toTiers :: Scopes a -> k -> [Tier]
diff --git a/src/Convert/Simplify.hs b/src/Convert/Simplify.hs
index eb175f3..ff03741 100644
--- a/src/Convert/Simplify.hs
+++ b/src/Convert/Simplify.hs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ traverseDeclM decl = do
     case decl' of
         Param Localparam UnknownType x e ->
             insertExpr x e
-        Param Localparam (Implicit Signed [(RawNum 31, RawNum 0)]) x e ->
+        Param Localparam (Implicit _ [(RawNum 31, RawNum 0)]) x e ->
             insertExpr x e
         Param Localparam (Implicit sg rs) x e ->
             insertExpr x $ Cast (Left t) e
@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ substituteExprM :: Expr -> Scoper Expr Expr
 substituteExprM = embedScopes substitute
 
 convertExpr :: Scopes Expr -> Expr -> Expr
+convertExpr info (Cast (Left t) e) =
+    Cast (Left t') e'
+    where
+        t' = traverseNestedTypes (traverseTypeExprs $ substitute info) t
+        e' = convertExpr info e
 convertExpr info (Cast (Right c) e) =
     Cast (Right c') e'
     where
diff --git a/src/Convert/Struct.hs b/src/Convert/Struct.hs
index 89981a7..6bd8843 100644
--- a/src/Convert/Struct.hs
+++ b/src/Convert/Struct.hs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE TupleSections #-}
 {- sv2v
  - Author: Zachary Snow <zach@zachjs.com>
  -
@@ -150,33 +151,29 @@ traverseStmtM' =
     traverseStmtAsgnsM traverseAsgnM
 
 traverseExprM :: Expr -> Scoper Type Expr
-traverseExprM = traverseNestedExprsM $
-    embedScopes convertSubExpr >=> return . snd
+traverseExprM = embedScopes convertSubExpr >=> return . snd
 
 traverseLHSM :: LHS -> Scoper Type LHS
-traverseLHSM = traverseNestedLHSsM $ convertLHS >=> return . snd
+traverseLHSM = convertLHS >=> return . snd
 
 -- removes the innermost range from the given type, if possible
 dropInnerTypeRange :: Type -> Type
 dropInnerTypeRange t =
     case typeRanges t of
-        (_, []) -> unknownType
+        (_, []) -> UnknownType
         (tf, rs) -> tf $ tail rs
 
 -- produces the type of the given part select, if possible
 replaceInnerTypeRange :: PartSelectMode -> Range -> Type -> Type
 replaceInnerTypeRange NonIndexed r t =
     case typeRanges t of
-        (_, []) -> unknownType
+        (_, []) -> UnknownType
         (tf, rs) -> tf $ r : tail rs
 replaceInnerTypeRange IndexedPlus r t =
     replaceInnerTypeRange NonIndexed (snd r, RawNum 1) t
 replaceInnerTypeRange IndexedMinus r t =
     replaceInnerTypeRange NonIndexed (snd r, RawNum 1) t
 
-unknownType :: Type
-unknownType = Implicit Unspecified []
-
 traverseAsgnM :: (LHS, Expr) -> Scoper Type (LHS, Expr)
 traverseAsgnM (lhs, expr) = do
     -- convert the LHS using the innermost type information
@@ -319,9 +316,11 @@ convertExpr _ other = other
 
 fallbackType :: Scopes Type -> Expr -> (Type, Expr)
 fallbackType scopes e =
-    case lookupElem scopes e of
-        Nothing -> (unknownType, e)
-        Just (_, _, t) -> (t, e)
+    (t, e)
+    where
+        t = case lookupElem scopes e of
+                Nothing -> UnknownType
+                Just (_, _, typ) -> typ
 
 -- converting LHSs by looking at the innermost types first
 convertLHS :: LHS -> Scoper Type (Type, LHS)
@@ -354,65 +353,78 @@ convertSubExpr scopes (Range (Dot e x) NonIndexed rOuter) =
     if isntStruct subExprType then
         fallbackType scopes orig'
     else if structIsntReady subExprType then
-        (replaceInnerTypeRange NonIndexed rOuter fieldType, orig')
+        (replaceInnerTypeRange NonIndexed rOuter' fieldType, orig')
     else
-        (replaceInnerTypeRange NonIndexed rOuter fieldType, undotted)
+        (replaceInnerTypeRange NonIndexed rOuter' fieldType, undotted)
     where
+        (roLeft, roRight) = rOuter
         (subExprType, e') = convertSubExpr scopes e
-        orig' = Range (Dot e' x) NonIndexed rOuter
+        (_, roLeft') = convertSubExpr scopes roLeft
+        (_, roRight') = convertSubExpr scopes roRight
+        rOuter' = (roLeft', roRight')
+        orig' = Range (Dot e' x) NonIndexed rOuter'
         (fieldType, bounds, dims) = lookupFieldInfo subExprType x
         [dim] = dims
-        rangeLeft = ( BinOp Sub (fst bounds) $ BinOp Sub (fst dim) (fst rOuter)
-                    , BinOp Sub (fst bounds) $ BinOp Sub (fst dim) (snd rOuter) )
-        rangeRight =( BinOp Add (snd bounds) $ BinOp Sub (snd dim) (fst rOuter)
-                    , BinOp Add (snd bounds) $ BinOp Sub (snd dim) (snd rOuter) )
+        rangeLeft = ( BinOp Sub (fst bounds) $ BinOp Sub (fst dim) roLeft'
+                    , BinOp Sub (fst bounds) $ BinOp Sub (fst dim) roRight' )
+        rangeRight =( BinOp Add (snd bounds) $ BinOp Sub (snd dim) roLeft'
+                    , BinOp Add (snd bounds) $ BinOp Sub (snd dim) roRight' )
         undotted = Range e' NonIndexed $
             endianCondRange dim rangeLeft rangeRight
 convertSubExpr scopes (Range (Dot e x) mode (baseO, lenO)) =
     if isntStruct subExprType then
         fallbackType scopes orig'
     else if structIsntReady subExprType then
-        (replaceInnerTypeRange mode (baseO, lenO) fieldType, orig')
+        (replaceInnerTypeRange mode (baseO', lenO') fieldType, orig')
     else
-        (replaceInnerTypeRange mode (baseO, lenO) fieldType, undotted)
+        (replaceInnerTypeRange mode (baseO', lenO') fieldType, undotted)
     where
         (subExprType, e') = convertSubExpr scopes e
-        orig' = Range (Dot e' x) mode (baseO, lenO)
+        (_, baseO') = convertSubExpr scopes baseO
+        (_, lenO') = convertSubExpr scopes lenO
+        orig' = Range (Dot e' x) mode (baseO', lenO')
         (fieldType, bounds, dims) = lookupFieldInfo subExprType x
         [dim] = dims
-        baseLeft  = BinOp Sub (fst bounds) $ BinOp Sub (fst dim) baseO
-        baseRight = BinOp Add (snd bounds) $ BinOp Sub (snd dim) baseO
+        baseLeft  = BinOp Sub (fst bounds) $ BinOp Sub (fst dim) baseO'
+        baseRight = BinOp Add (snd bounds) $ BinOp Sub (snd dim) baseO'
         baseDec = baseLeft
         baseInc = case mode of
-            IndexedPlus  -> BinOp Add (BinOp Sub baseRight lenO) one
-            IndexedMinus -> BinOp Sub (BinOp Add baseRight lenO) one
+            IndexedPlus  -> BinOp Add (BinOp Sub baseRight lenO') one
+            IndexedMinus -> BinOp Sub (BinOp Add baseRight lenO') one
             NonIndexed   -> error "invariant violated"
         base = endianCondExpr dim baseDec baseInc
-        undotted = Range e' mode (base, lenO)
+        undotted = Range e' mode (base, lenO')
         one = RawNum 1
-convertSubExpr scopes (Range e mode r) =
-    (replaceInnerTypeRange mode r t, Range e' mode r)
-    where (t, e') = convertSubExpr scopes e
+convertSubExpr scopes (Range e mode (left, right)) =
+    (replaceInnerTypeRange mode r' t, Range e' mode r')
+    where
+        (t, e') = convertSubExpr scopes e
+        (_, left') = convertSubExpr scopes left
+        (_, right') = convertSubExpr scopes right
+        r' = (left', right')
 convertSubExpr scopes (Bit (Dot e x) i) =
     if isntStruct subExprType then
         fallbackType scopes orig'
     else if structIsntReady subExprType then
         (dropInnerTypeRange fieldType, orig')
     else
-        (dropInnerTypeRange fieldType, Bit e' i')
+        (dropInnerTypeRange fieldType, Bit e' iFlat)
     where
         (subExprType, e') = convertSubExpr scopes e
-        orig' = Bit (Dot e' x) i
+        (_, i') = convertSubExpr scopes i
+        orig' = Bit (Dot e' x) i'
         (fieldType, bounds, dims) = lookupFieldInfo subExprType x
         [dim] = dims
-        iLeft  = BinOp Sub (fst bounds) $ BinOp Sub (fst dim) i
-        iRight = BinOp Add (snd bounds) $ BinOp Sub (snd dim) i
-        i' = endianCondExpr dim iLeft iRight
+        left  = BinOp Sub (fst bounds) $ BinOp Sub (fst dim) i'
+        right = BinOp Add (snd bounds) $ BinOp Sub (snd dim) i'
+        iFlat = endianCondExpr dim left right
 convertSubExpr scopes (Bit e i) =
-    if t == unknownType
-        then fallbackType scopes $ Bit e' i
-        else (dropInnerTypeRange t, Bit e' i)
-    where (t, e') = convertSubExpr scopes e
+    if t == UnknownType
+        then fallbackType scopes $ Bit e' i'
+        else (dropInnerTypeRange t, Bit e' i')
+    where
+        (t, e') = convertSubExpr scopes e
+        (_, i') = convertSubExpr scopes i
 convertSubExpr scopes (Call e args) =
     (retType, Call e args')
     where
@@ -423,8 +435,8 @@ convertSubExpr scopes (Cast (Left t) e) =
     where (_, e') = convertSubExpr scopes e
 convertSubExpr scopes (Pattern items) =
     if all (== "") $ map fst items'
-        then (unknownType, Concat $ map snd items')
-        else (unknownType, Pattern items')
+        then (UnknownType, Concat $ map snd items')
+        else (UnknownType, Pattern items')
     where
         items' = map mapItem items
         mapItem (x, e) = (x, e')
@@ -435,8 +447,15 @@ convertSubExpr scopes (Mux a b c) =
         (_, a') = convertSubExpr scopes a
         (t, b') = convertSubExpr scopes b
         (_, c') = convertSubExpr scopes c
-convertSubExpr scopes other =
-    fallbackType scopes other
+convertSubExpr scopes (Ident x) =
+    fallbackType scopes (Ident x)
+convertSubExpr scopes e =
+    (UnknownType, ) $
+        traverseExprTypes typeMapper $
+        traverseSinglyNestedExprs exprMapper e
+    where
+        exprMapper = snd . convertSubExpr scopes
+        typeMapper = traverseNestedTypes $ traverseTypeExprs exprMapper
 
 -- get the fields and type function of a struct or union
 getFields :: Type -> Maybe [Field]
@@ -478,6 +497,6 @@ convertCall scopes fn (Args pnArgs kwArgs) =
             (x, e')
             where
                 details = lookupElem scopes $ LHSDot lhs x
-                typ = maybe unknownType thd3 details
+                typ = maybe UnknownType thd3 details
                 thd3 (_, _, c) = c
                 (_, e') = convertSubExpr scopes $ convertExpr typ e
diff --git a/src/Convert/Traverse.hs b/src/Convert/Traverse.hs
index 541848c..41b2e27 100644
--- a/src/Convert/Traverse.hs
+++ b/src/Convert/Traverse.hs
@@ -402,9 +402,7 @@ collectNestedExprsM = collectify traverseNestedExprsM
 traverseSinglyNestedExprsM :: Monad m => MapperM m Expr -> MapperM m Expr
 traverseSinglyNestedExprsM exprMapper = em
     where
-        typeMapper = traverseNestedTypesM (traverseTypeExprsM exprMapper)
-        typeOrExprMapper (Left t) =
-            typeMapper t >>= return . Left
+        typeOrExprMapper (Left t) = return $ Left t
         typeOrExprMapper (Right e) =
             exprMapper e >>= return . Right
         exprOrRangeMapper (Left e) =
diff --git a/src/Convert/TypeOf.hs b/src/Convert/TypeOf.hs
index a73b38f..305b748 100644
--- a/src/Convert/TypeOf.hs
+++ b/src/Convert/TypeOf.hs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ traverseDeclM decl = do
 -- rewrite and store a non-genvar data declaration's type information
 insertType :: Identifier -> Type -> ST ()
 insertType ident typ = do
-    typ' <- traverseNestedTypesM (traverseTypeExprsM scopeExpr) typ
+    typ' <- scopeType typ
     insertElem ident (typ', False)
 
 -- rewrite an expression so that any identifiers it contains unambiguously refer
@@ -79,10 +79,13 @@ insertType ident typ = do
 scopeExpr :: Expr -> ST Expr
 scopeExpr expr = do
     expr' <- traverseSinglyNestedExprsM scopeExpr expr
+                >>= traverseExprTypesM scopeType
     details <- lookupElemM expr'
     case details of
         Just (accesses, _, (_, False)) -> return $ accessesToExpr accesses
         _ -> return expr'
+scopeType :: Type -> ST Type
+scopeType = traverseNestedTypesM $ traverseTypeExprsM scopeExpr
 
 -- convert TypeOf in a ModuleItem
 traverseModuleItemM :: ModuleItem -> ST ModuleItem
@@ -135,8 +138,8 @@ traverseExprM (Cast (Right size) expr) = do
     size' <- traverseExprM size
     elaborateSizeCast size' expr'
 traverseExprM other =
-    traverseExprTypesM traverseTypeM other
-    >>= traverseSinglyNestedExprsM traverseExprM
+    traverseSinglyNestedExprsM traverseExprM other
+    >>= traverseExprTypesM traverseTypeM
 
 -- carry forward the signedness of the expression when cast to the given size
 elaborateSizeCast :: Expr -> Expr -> ST Expr
@@ -151,8 +154,8 @@ traverseTypeM :: Type -> ST Type
 traverseTypeM (TypeOf expr) =
     traverseExprM expr >>= typeof
 traverseTypeM other =
-    traverseTypeExprsM traverseExprM other
-    >>= traverseSinglyNestedTypesM traverseTypeM
+    traverseSinglyNestedTypesM traverseTypeM other
+    >>= traverseTypeExprsM traverseExprM
 
 -- attempts to find the given (potentially hierarchical or generate-scoped)
 -- expression in the available scope information
diff --git a/src/Convert/UnbasedUnsized.hs b/src/Convert/UnbasedUnsized.hs
index 790a3cc..b38e44e 100644
--- a/src/Convert/UnbasedUnsized.hs
+++ b/src/Convert/UnbasedUnsized.hs
@@ -124,7 +124,11 @@ substituteExpr mapping (Ident x) =
         Nothing -> Ident x
         Just expr -> substituteExpr mapping expr
 substituteExpr mapping expr =
-    traverseSinglyNestedExprs (substituteExpr mapping) expr
+    traverseExprTypes typeMapper $
+    traverseSinglyNestedExprs exprMapper expr
+    where
+        exprMapper = substituteExpr mapping
+        typeMapper = traverseNestedTypes $ traverseTypeExprs exprMapper
 
 tagExpr :: Expr -> Expr
 tagExpr (Ident x) = Ident (':' : x)
@@ -254,7 +258,7 @@ pattern UU ch = Number (UnbasedUnsized ch)
 
 convertType :: Type -> Type
 convertType (TypeOf e) = TypeOf $ convertExpr SelfDetermined e
-convertType other = other
+convertType other = traverseTypeExprs (convertExpr SelfDetermined) other
 
 isParentSizedBinOp :: BinOp -> Bool
 isParentSizedBinOp BitAnd  = True