diff --git a/main-actions/src/main/scala/sbt/ForkTests.scala b/main-actions/src/main/scala/sbt/ForkTests.scala
index 9bdfcc94a..a1380792a 100755
--- a/main-actions/src/main/scala/sbt/ForkTests.scala
+++ b/main-actions/src/main/scala/sbt/ForkTests.scala
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ import sbt.internal.WorkerConnection
 private[sbt] object ForkTests:
   val r = Random()
 
+  /**
+   * virtualClasspath can be controlled by setting
+   * Test / classLoaderLayeringStrategy to ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy.Raw.
+   */
   def apply(
       runners: Map[TestFramework, Runner],
       opts: ProcessedOptions,
@@ -46,6 +50,7 @@ private[sbt] object ForkTests:
       fork: ForkOptions,
       log: Logger,
       parallelism: Option[Int],
+      virtualClasspath: Boolean,
       tags: (Tag, Int)*
   ): Task[TestOutput] = {
     import std.TaskExtra.*
@@ -57,44 +62,22 @@ private[sbt] object ForkTests:
       if opts.tests.isEmpty then
         constant(TestOutput(TestResult.Passed, Map.empty[String, SuiteResult], Iterable.empty))
       else
-        mainTestTask(runners, opts, classpath, converter, fork, log, config.parallel, parallelism)
-          .tagw(
-            config.tags*
-          )
+        mainTestTask(
+          runners = runners,
+          opts = opts,
+          classpath = classpath,
+          converter = converter,
+          fork = fork,
+          log = log,
+          parallel = config.parallel,
+          parallelism = parallelism,
+          virtualClasspath = virtualClasspath,
+        ).tagw(config.tags*)
     main.tagw(tags*).dependsOn(all(opts.setup)*) flatMap { results =>
       all(opts.cleanup).join.map(_ => results)
     }
   }
 
-  def apply(
-      runners: Map[TestFramework, Runner],
-      tests: Vector[TestDefinition],
-      config: Execution,
-      classpath: Seq[HashedVirtualFileRef],
-      converter: FileConverter,
-      fork: ForkOptions,
-      log: Logger,
-      parallelism: Option[Int],
-      tags: (Tag, Int)*
-  ): Task[TestOutput] = {
-    val opts = processOptions(config, tests, log)
-    apply(runners, opts, config, classpath, converter, fork, log, parallelism, tags*)
-  }
-
-  def apply(
-      runners: Map[TestFramework, Runner],
-      tests: Vector[TestDefinition],
-      config: Execution,
-      classpath: Seq[HashedVirtualFileRef],
-      converter: FileConverter,
-      fork: ForkOptions,
-      log: Logger,
-      parallelism: Option[Int],
-      tag: Tag
-  ): Task[TestOutput] = {
-    apply(runners, tests, config, classpath, converter, fork, log, parallelism, tag -> 1)
-  }
-
   private def mainTestTask(
       runners: Map[TestFramework, Runner],
       opts: ProcessedOptions,
@@ -103,7 +86,8 @@ private[sbt] object ForkTests:
       fork: ForkOptions,
       log: Logger,
       parallel: Boolean,
-      parallelism: Option[Int]
+      parallelism: Option[Int],
+      virtualClasspath: Boolean,
   ): Task[TestOutput] =
     std.TaskExtra.task {
       val testListeners = opts.testListeners.flatMap:
@@ -131,8 +115,6 @@ private[sbt] object ForkTests:
           ArrayList(mainRunner.remoteArgs().toList.asJava)
         )
       val g = WorkerMain.mkGson()
-      // virtualize classloading by using ClassLoader
-      val useClassLoader = true
       val cpList = ArrayList[FilePath](
         (classpath
           .map: vf =>
@@ -146,7 +128,7 @@ private[sbt] object ForkTests:
         true, /* jvm */
         RunInfo.JvmRunInfo(
           ArrayList(),
-          if useClassLoader then cpList else ArrayList(),
+          if virtualClasspath then cpList else ArrayList(),
           "",
           false /*connectInput*/,
         ),
@@ -160,7 +142,7 @@ private[sbt] object ForkTests:
       testListeners.foreach(_.doInit())
       val result =
         val ct = WorkerConnection.Tcp
-        val w = WorkerExchange.startWorker(fork, if useClassLoader then Nil else cpFiles, ct)
+        val w = WorkerExchange.startWorker(fork, if virtualClasspath then Nil else cpFiles, ct)
         val wl = React(randomId, log, opts.testListeners, resultsAcc, w.process)
         try
           WorkerExchange.registerListener(wl)
diff --git a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy.scala b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy.scala
index c1e1f7584..71a8a9284 100644
--- a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy.scala
+++ b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy.scala
@@ -77,6 +77,11 @@ object ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy {
    */
   case object Flat extends ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy
 
+  /**
+   * Use the system loader. This applises only for forked tests.
+   */
+  case object Raw extends ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy
+
   /**
    * Add a layer for the scala library class loader.
    */
diff --git a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/Defaults.scala b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/Defaults.scala
index 4c0ffe923..afc845b33 100644
--- a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/Defaults.scala
+++ b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/Defaults.scala
@@ -1573,6 +1573,7 @@ object Defaults extends BuildCommon {
             opts,
             s.log,
             forkedParallelism,
+            strategy != ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy.Raw,
             (Tags.ForkedTestGroup, 1) +: group.tags*
           )
         case Tests.InProcess =>
diff --git a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/ClassLoaders.scala b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/ClassLoaders.scala
index ae5a3afac..9a77c9658 100644
--- a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/ClassLoaders.scala
+++ b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/ClassLoaders.scala
@@ -159,7 +159,8 @@ private[sbt] object ClassLoaders {
   ): ClassLoader = {
     val cpFiles = fullCP.map(_._1)
     strategy match {
-      case Flat => new FlatLoader(cpFiles.urls, interfaceLoader, tmp, close, allowZombies, logger)
+      case Flat | Raw =>
+        new FlatLoader(cpFiles.urls, interfaceLoader, tmp, close, allowZombies, logger)
       case _ =>
         val layerDependencies = strategy match {
           case _: AllLibraryJars => true
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/build.sbt b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/build.sbt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7fd48e96c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/build.sbt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+val munit = "org.scalameta" %% "munit" % "1.0.4"
+
+scalaVersion := "3.8.2"
+libraryDependencies += munit % Test
+
+Test / fork := true
+Test / classLoaderLayeringStrategy := ClassLoaderLayeringStrategy.Raw
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/changes/Good.scala b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/changes/Good.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7115a67b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/changes/Good.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package testpkg
+
+import munit.*
+
+class ATest extends FunSuite:
+  test("sum"):
+    assert(1 + 1 == 2)
+end ATest
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/src/test/scala/ATest.scala b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/src/test/scala/ATest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5023768df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/src/test/scala/ATest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package testpkg
+
+import munit.*
+
+class ATest extends FunSuite:
+  test("sum"):
+    assert(1 + 1 == 3)
+end ATest
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/test b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/test
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba0ee4d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/fork-raw/test
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+-> testFull
+
+$ copy-file changes/Good.scala src/test/scala/ATest.scala
+> testFull
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/munit/build.sbt b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/munit/build.sbt
index 949e62eaa..4de5cd4df 100644
--- a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/munit/build.sbt
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/munit/build.sbt
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-ThisBuild / scalaVersion := "2.12.21"
+val munit = "org.scalameta" %% "munit" % "1.0.4"
+scalaVersion := "3.8.2"
 
-lazy val munit = "org.scalameta" %% "munit" % "0.7.22"
-
-lazy val root = (project in file("."))
+lazy val root = rootProject
   .settings(
-    Compile / scalacOptions += "-Yrangepos",
     libraryDependencies += munit % Test
   )
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/munit/src/test/scala/ClueSuite.scala b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/munit/src/test/scala/ClueSuite.scala
index f4e44be9a..d717bcbdb 100644
--- a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/munit/src/test/scala/ClueSuite.scala
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/tests/munit/src/test/scala/ClueSuite.scala
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package testpkg
 
-import munit._
+import munit.*
 
-class ClueSuite extends FunSuite {
+class ClueSuite extends FunSuite:
   val x = 42
   val y = 32
   checkPrint(
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ class ClueSuite extends FunSuite {
       options: TestOptions,
       clues: Clues,
       expected: String
-  )(implicit loc: Location): Unit = {
+  )(using loc: Location): Unit = {
     test(options) {
       val obtained = munitPrint(clues)
       assertNoDiff(obtained, expected)
     }
   }
-}
+end ClueSuite
diff --git a/worker/src/main/java/sbt/internal/worker1/WorkerMain.java b/worker/src/main/java/sbt/internal/worker1/WorkerMain.java
index 2a2ebf9c8..0caa6d04d 100644
--- a/worker/src/main/java/sbt/internal/worker1/WorkerMain.java
+++ b/worker/src/main/java/sbt/internal/worker1/WorkerMain.java
@@ -188,8 +188,13 @@ public final class WorkerMain {
     if (info.jvm) {
       RunInfo.JvmRunInfo jvmRunInfo = info.jvmRunInfo;
       ClassLoader parent = new ForkTestMain().getClass().getClassLoader();
-      try (URLClassLoader cl = createClassLoader(jvmRunInfo, parent)) {
-        ForkTestMain.main(id, info, this.jsonOut, cl);
+      // empty virtual classpath means raw mode
+      if (jvmRunInfo.classpath.isEmpty()) {
+        ForkTestMain.main(id, info, this.jsonOut, parent);
+      } else {
+        try (URLClassLoader cl = createClassLoader(jvmRunInfo, parent)) {
+          ForkTestMain.main(id, info, this.jsonOut, cl);
+        }
       }
     } else {
       throw new RuntimeException("only jvm is supported");