diff --git a/build.sbt b/build.sbt
index 0734b6987..9119853d3 100644
--- a/build.sbt
+++ b/build.sbt
@@ -733,6 +733,7 @@ lazy val mainProj = (project in file("main"))
       exclude[DirectMissingMethodProblem]("sbt.coursierint.LMCoursier.coursierConfiguration"),
       exclude[IncompatibleMethTypeProblem]("sbt.internal.Compiler.scalaInstanceTask"),
       exclude[ReversedMissingMethodProblem]("sbt.ScriptedRun.invoke"),
+      exclude[ReversedMissingMethodProblem]("sbt.internal.KeyIndex.toConfigIdent"),
     ),
   )
   .dependsOn(lmCore, lmIvy, lmCoursierShadedPublishing)
diff --git a/main-settings/src/main/scala/sbt/Def.scala b/main-settings/src/main/scala/sbt/Def.scala
index f3526b1a6..c75d19960 100644
--- a/main-settings/src/main/scala/sbt/Def.scala
+++ b/main-settings/src/main/scala/sbt/Def.scala
@@ -102,6 +102,12 @@ object Def extends BuildSyntax with Init with InitializeImplicits:
 
   private[sbt] def showShortKey(
       keyNameColor: Option[String],
+  ): Show[ScopedKey[?]] =
+    showShortKey(keyNameColor, Scope.guessConfigIdent)
+
+  private[sbt] def showShortKey(
+      keyNameColor: Option[String],
+      configNameToIdent: String => String,
   ): Show[ScopedKey[?]] = {
     def displayShort(
         project: Reference
@@ -117,7 +123,8 @@ object Def extends BuildSyntax with Init with InitializeImplicits:
       Scope.display(
         key.scope,
         withColor(key.key.label, keyNameColor),
-        ref => displayShort(ref)
+        ref => displayShort(ref),
+        configNameToIdent
       )
     )
   }
diff --git a/main-settings/src/main/scala/sbt/Scope.scala b/main-settings/src/main/scala/sbt/Scope.scala
index 2dd328bec..c6db9923d 100644
--- a/main-settings/src/main/scala/sbt/Scope.scala
+++ b/main-settings/src/main/scala/sbt/Scope.scala
@@ -169,6 +169,9 @@ object Scope:
 
   def display(config: ConfigKey): String = guessConfigIdent(config.name) + " /"
 
+  def display(config: ConfigKey, configNameToIdent: String => String): String =
+    configNameToIdent(config.name) + " /"
+
   private[sbt] val configIdents: Map[String, String] =
     Map(
       "scala-tool" -> "ScalaTool",
@@ -191,6 +194,14 @@ object Scope:
   def display(scope: Scope, sep: String, showProject: Reference => String): String =
     displayMasked(scope, sep, showProject, ScopeMask())
 
+  def display(
+      scope: Scope,
+      sep: String,
+      showProject: Reference => String,
+      configNameToIdent: String => String
+  ): String =
+    displayMasked(scope, sep, showProject, ScopeMask(), showZeroConfig = false, configNameToIdent)
+
   private[sbt] def displayPedantic(scope: Scope, sep: String): String =
     displayMasked(scope, sep, showProject, ScopeMask(), true)
 
@@ -237,25 +248,35 @@ object Scope:
       showProject: Reference => String,
       mask: ScopeMask,
       showZeroConfig: Boolean
-  ): String = {
+  ): String =
+    displayMasked(scope, sep, showProject, mask, showZeroConfig, guessConfigIdent)
+
+  def displayMasked(
+      scope: Scope,
+      sep: String,
+      showProject: Reference => String,
+      mask: ScopeMask,
+      showZeroConfig: Boolean,
+      configNameToIdent: String => String
+  ): String =
     import scope.{ project, config, task, extra }
-    extra.toOption.flatMap(_.get(customShowString)).getOrElse {
-      val zeroConfig = if (showZeroConfig) "Zero /" else ""
-      val configPrefix = config.foldStrict(display, zeroConfig, "./")
-      val taskPrefix = task.foldStrict(_.label + " /", "", "./")
-      val extras = extra.foldStrict(_.entries.map(_.toString).toList, nil, nil)
-      val postfix = if (extras.isEmpty) "" else extras.mkString("(", ", ", ")")
-      if (scope == GlobalScope) "Global / " + sep + postfix
-      else
-        mask.concatShow(
-          appendSpace(projectPrefix(project, showProject)),
-          appendSpace(configPrefix),
-          appendSpace(taskPrefix),
-          sep,
-          postfix
-        )
-    }
-  }
+    extra.toOption
+      .flatMap(_.get(customShowString))
+      .getOrElse:
+        val zeroConfig = if showZeroConfig then "Zero /" else ""
+        val configPrefix = config.foldStrict(c => display(c, configNameToIdent), zeroConfig, "./")
+        val taskPrefix = task.foldStrict(_.label + " /", "", "./")
+        val extras = extra.foldStrict(_.entries.map(_.toString).toList, nil, nil)
+        val postfix = if extras.isEmpty then "" else extras.mkString("(", ", ", ")")
+        if scope == GlobalScope then "Global / " + sep + postfix
+        else
+          mask.concatShow(
+            appendSpace(projectPrefix(project, showProject)),
+            appendSpace(configPrefix),
+            appendSpace(taskPrefix),
+            sep,
+            postfix
+          )
 
   private[sbt] def appendSpace(s: String): String =
     if (s == "") ""
diff --git a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/MainLoop.scala b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/MainLoop.scala
index 4ca0b76b6..f2ebab9ba 100644
--- a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/MainLoop.scala
+++ b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/MainLoop.scala
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 package sbt
 
 import sbt.BasicCommandStrings.{ StashOnFailure, networkExecPrefix }
-import sbt.ProjectExtra.extract
+import sbt.ProjectExtra.*
 import sbt.internal.{ ConsoleChannel, FastTrackCommands, ShutdownHooks, SysProp, TaskProgress }
 import sbt.internal.langserver.ErrorCodes
 import sbt.internal.nio.CheckBuildSources.CheckBuildSourcesKey
@@ -156,7 +156,13 @@ private[sbt] object MainLoop:
       state.get(Keys.superShellSleep.key).getOrElse(SysProp.supershellSleep.millis)
     val superShellThreshold =
       state.get(Keys.superShellThreshold.key).getOrElse(SysProp.supershellThreshold)
-    val taskProgress = new TaskProgress(superShellSleep, superShellThreshold, state.log)
+    val taskProgress =
+      new TaskProgress(
+        superShellSleep,
+        superShellThreshold,
+        state.log,
+        Project.configNameToIdent(state)
+      )
     val gcMonitor = if (SysProp.gcMonitor) Some(new sbt.internal.GCMonitor(state.log)) else None
     try {
       ErrorHandling.wideConvert {
diff --git a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/ProjectExtra.scala b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/ProjectExtra.scala
index 637c5c20d..479a6909b 100755
--- a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/ProjectExtra.scala
+++ b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/ProjectExtra.scala
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ import Def.{ Flattened, Initialize, ScopedKey, Setting }
 import sbt.internal.{
   Load,
   BuildStructure,
+  KeyIndex,
   LoadedBuild,
   LoadedBuildUnit,
   SettingGraph,
@@ -199,31 +200,69 @@ trait ProjectExtra extends Scoped.Syntax:
       showContextKey(state, None)
 
     def showContextKey(state: State, keyNameColor: Option[String]): Show[ScopedKey[?]] =
-      if (isProjectLoaded(state)) showContextKey2(session(state), keyNameColor)
+      if isProjectLoaded(state) then
+        val se = session(state)
+        val st = structure(state)
+        showContextKey2(se, st.index.keyIndex, keyNameColor)
       else Def.showFullKey
 
-    // @deprecated("Use showContextKey2 which doesn't take the unused structure param", "1.1.1")
-    // def showContextKey(
-    //     session: SessionSettings,
-    //     structure: BuildStructure,
-    //     keyNameColor: Option[String] = None
-    // ): Show[ScopedKey[_]] =
-    //   showContextKey2(session, keyNameColor)
-
     def showContextKey2(
         session: SessionSettings,
         keyNameColor: Option[String] = None
     ): Show[ScopedKey[?]] =
       Def.showRelativeKey2(session.current, keyNameColor)
 
+    def showContextKey2(
+        session: SessionSettings,
+        keyIndex: KeyIndex,
+        keyNameColor: Option[String]
+    ): Show[ScopedKey[?]] =
+      val current = session.current
+      val configNameToIdent: String => String = name => keyIndex.toConfigIdent(Some(current))(name)
+      Show[ScopedKey[?]]: key =>
+        val color: String => String = Def.withColor(_, keyNameColor)
+        key.scope.extra.toOption
+          .flatMap(_.get(Scope.customShowString).map(color))
+          .getOrElse:
+            Scope.display(
+              key.scope,
+              color(key.key.label),
+              ref => Def.displayRelative2(current, ref),
+              configNameToIdent
+            )
+
     def showLoadingKey(
         loaded: LoadedBuild,
         keyNameColor: Option[String] = None
     ): Show[ScopedKey[?]] =
-      Def.showRelativeKey2(
-        ProjectRef(loaded.root, loaded.units(loaded.root).rootProjects.head),
-        keyNameColor
-      )
+      val configNameToIdent = buildConfigNameToIdent(loaded)
+      val current = ProjectRef(loaded.root, loaded.units(loaded.root).rootProjects.head)
+      Show[ScopedKey[?]]: key =>
+        val color: String => String = Def.withColor(_, keyNameColor)
+        key.scope.extra.toOption
+          .flatMap(_.get(Scope.customShowString).map(color))
+          .getOrElse:
+            Scope.display(
+              key.scope,
+              color(key.key.label),
+              ref => Def.displayRelative2(current, ref),
+              configNameToIdent
+            )
+
+    private[sbt] def configNameToIdent(state: State): String => String =
+      if isProjectLoaded(state) then buildConfigNameToIdent(structure(state).units)
+      else Scope.guessConfigIdent
+
+    private def buildConfigNameToIdent(loaded: LoadedBuild): String => String =
+      buildConfigNameToIdent(loaded.units)
+
+    private def buildConfigNameToIdent(units: Map[URI, LoadedBuildUnit]): String => String =
+      val configMap = (for
+        (_, unit) <- units.iterator
+        (_, project) <- unit.defined.iterator
+        config <- project.configurations.iterator
+      yield config.name -> config.id).toMap
+      name => configMap.getOrElse(name, Scope.guessConfigIdent(name))
 
     def getOrError[T](state: State, key: AttributeKey[T], msg: String): T =
       state.get(key).getOrElse(sys.error(msg))
@@ -253,11 +292,11 @@ trait ProjectExtra extends Scoped.Syntax:
       val se = Project.session(state)
       val st = Project.structure(state)
       val currentRef = internal.ProjectNavigation.effectiveCurrentRef(state)
-      Extracted(st, se, currentRef)(using Project.showContextKey2(se))
+      Extracted(st, se, currentRef)(using Project.showContextKey2(se, st.index.keyIndex, None))
     }
 
     private[sbt] def extract(se: SessionSettings, st: BuildStructure): Extracted =
-      Extracted(st, se, se.current)(using Project.showContextKey2(se))
+      Extracted(st, se, se.current)(using Project.showContextKey2(se, st.index.keyIndex, None))
 
     def getProjectForReference(ref: Reference, structure: BuildStructure): Option[ResolvedProject] =
       ref match
@@ -401,7 +440,7 @@ trait ProjectExtra extends Scoped.Syntax:
         case None       => ""
 
       val (definingKey, providedBy) = structure.data.definingKey(key) match
-        case Some(k) => k -> s"Provided by:\n\t${Scope.display(k.scope, key.key.label)}\n"
+        case Some(k) => k -> s"Provided by:\n\t${display.show(ScopedKey(k.scope, key.key))}\n"
         case None    => key -> ""
       val comp =
         Def.compiled(structure.settings, actual)(using
diff --git a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/AbstractTaskExecuteProgress.scala b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/AbstractTaskExecuteProgress.scala
index 34c90aacd..00163a4b6 100644
--- a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/AbstractTaskExecuteProgress.scala
+++ b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/AbstractTaskExecuteProgress.scala
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ import scala.collection.mutable
 import scala.collection.immutable.VectorBuilder
 import scala.concurrent.duration.*
 
-private[sbt] abstract class AbstractTaskExecuteProgress extends ExecuteProgress {
+private[sbt] abstract class AbstractTaskExecuteProgress(
+    configNameToIdent: String => String = Scope.guessConfigIdent
+) extends ExecuteProgress {
   import AbstractTaskExecuteProgress.Timer
 
-  private val showScopedKey = Def.showShortKey(None)
+  private val showScopedKey = Def.showShortKey(None, configNameToIdent)
   private val anonOwners = new ConcurrentHashMap[TaskId[?], TaskId[?]]
   private val calledBy = new ConcurrentHashMap[TaskId[?], TaskId[?]]
   private val timings = new ConcurrentHashMap[TaskId[?], Timer]
diff --git a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/KeyIndex.scala b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/KeyIndex.scala
index fde16c5db..1af1edb66 100644
--- a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/KeyIndex.scala
+++ b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/KeyIndex.scala
@@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ object KeyIndex {
       val data = ids map { id =>
         val configs = configurations.getOrElse(id, Seq())
         val configIdentToName = configs.map(config => config.id -> config.name).toMap
-        Option(id) -> new ConfigIndex(Map.empty, configIdentToName, emptyAKeyIndex)
+        val configNameToIdent = configs.map(config => config.name -> config.id).toMap
+        Option(id) -> new ConfigIndex(
+          Map.empty,
+          configIdentToName,
+          configNameToIdent,
+          emptyAKeyIndex
+        )
       }
       Option(uri) -> new ProjectIndex(data.toMap)
     }
@@ -66,6 +72,11 @@ object KeyIndex {
         case Some(idx) => idx.fromConfigIdent(proj)(configIdent)
         case _         => Scope.unguessConfigIdent(configIdent)
       }
+    private[sbt] def toConfigIdent(proj: Option[ResolvedReference])(configName: String): String =
+      indices.find(idx => idx.exists(proj)) match {
+        case Some(idx) => idx.toConfigIdent(proj)(configName)
+        case _         => Scope.guessConfigIdent(configName)
+      }
     def tasks(proj: Option[ResolvedReference], conf: Option[String]) = concat(_.tasks(proj, conf))
     def tasks(proj: Option[ResolvedReference], conf: Option[String], key: String) =
       concat(_.tasks(proj, conf, key))
@@ -79,7 +90,8 @@ object KeyIndex {
   private[sbt] def getOr[A, B](m: Map[A, B], key: A, or: B): B = m.getOrElse(key, or)
   private[sbt] def keySet[A, B](m: Map[Option[A], B]): Set[A] = m.keys.flatten.toSet
   private[sbt] val emptyAKeyIndex = new AKeyIndex(Relation.empty)
-  private[sbt] val emptyConfigIndex = new ConfigIndex(Map.empty, Map.empty, emptyAKeyIndex)
+  private[sbt] val emptyConfigIndex =
+    new ConfigIndex(Map.empty, Map.empty, Map.empty, emptyAKeyIndex)
   private[sbt] val emptyProjectIndex = new ProjectIndex(Map.empty)
   private[sbt] val emptyBuildIndex = new BuildIndex(Map.empty)
 
@@ -115,6 +127,7 @@ trait KeyIndex {
   ): Set[String]
   private[sbt] def configIdents(project: Option[ResolvedReference]): Set[String]
   private[sbt] def fromConfigIdent(proj: Option[ResolvedReference])(configIdent: String): String
+  private[sbt] def toConfigIdent(proj: Option[ResolvedReference])(configName: String): String
 }
 trait ExtendableKeyIndex extends KeyIndex {
   def add(scoped: ScopedKey[?]): ExtendableKeyIndex
@@ -135,11 +148,13 @@ private[sbt] case class IdentifiableConfig(name: String, ident: Option[String])
 /*
  * data contains the mapping between a configuration name and its keys.
  * configIdentToName contains the mapping between a configuration ident and its name
+ * configNameToIdent contains the reverse mapping from name to ident for display purposes
  * noConfigKeys contains the keys without a configuration.
  */
 private[sbt] final class ConfigIndex(
     val data: Map[String, AKeyIndex],
     val configIdentToName: Map[String, String],
+    val configNameToIdent: Map[String, String],
     val noConfigKeys: AKeyIndex
 ) {
   def add(
@@ -157,18 +172,22 @@ private[sbt] final class ConfigIndex(
       config: IdentifiableConfig,
       task: Option[AttributeKey[?]],
       key: AttributeKey[?]
-  ): ConfigIndex = {
+  ): ConfigIndex =
     val keyIndex = data.getOrElse(config.name, emptyAKeyIndex)
     val configIdent = config.ident.getOrElse(Scope.guessConfigIdent(config.name))
+    // Only add to configNameToIdent if not already present to preserve correct mappings from base()
+    val updatedNameToIdent =
+      if configNameToIdent.contains(config.name) then configNameToIdent
+      else configNameToIdent.updated(config.name, configIdent)
     new ConfigIndex(
       data.updated(config.name, keyIndex.add(task, key)),
       configIdentToName.updated(configIdent, config.name),
+      updatedNameToIdent,
       noConfigKeys
     )
-  }
 
   def addKeyWithoutConfig(task: Option[AttributeKey[?]], key: AttributeKey[?]): ConfigIndex = {
-    new ConfigIndex(data, configIdentToName, noConfigKeys.add(task, key))
+    new ConfigIndex(data, configIdentToName, configNameToIdent, noConfigKeys.add(task, key))
   }
 
   def keyIndex(conf: Option[String]): AKeyIndex = conf match {
@@ -179,8 +198,13 @@ private[sbt] final class ConfigIndex(
   def configs: Set[String] = data.keySet
   private[sbt] lazy val idents: Set[String] = configIdentToName.keySet
 
-  // guess Configuration name from an identifier.
-  // There's a guessing involved because we could have scoped key that Project is not aware of.
+  // Looks up the display identifier for a configuration name.
+  // Falls back to guessing if the name is not in the index.
+  private[sbt] def toConfigIdent(name: String): String =
+    configNameToIdent.getOrElse(name, Scope.guessConfigIdent(name))
+
+  // Looks up the configuration name from an identifier.
+  // Falls back to guessing if the identifier is not in the index.
   private[sbt] def fromConfigIdent(ident: String): String =
     configIdentToName.getOrElse(ident, Scope.unguessConfigIdent(ident))
 }
@@ -224,6 +248,9 @@ private[sbt] final class KeyIndex0(val data: BuildIndex) extends ExtendableKeyIn
   private[sbt] def fromConfigIdent(proj: Option[ResolvedReference])(configIdent: String): String =
     confIndex(proj).fromConfigIdent(configIdent)
 
+  private[sbt] def toConfigIdent(proj: Option[ResolvedReference])(configName: String): String =
+    confIndex(proj).toConfigIdent(configName)
+
   def tasks(proj: Option[ResolvedReference], conf: Option[String]): Set[AttributeKey[?]] =
     keyIndex(proj, conf).tasks
   def tasks(
diff --git a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/TaskProgress.scala b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/TaskProgress.scala
index e7bd8295a..e7d0ba8df 100644
--- a/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/TaskProgress.scala
+++ b/main/src/main/scala/sbt/internal/TaskProgress.scala
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ import sbt.util.Logger
 private[sbt] class TaskProgress(
     sleepDuration: FiniteDuration,
     threshold: FiniteDuration,
-    logger: Logger
-) extends AbstractTaskExecuteProgress
+    logger: Logger,
+    configNameToIdent: String => String = Scope.guessConfigIdent
+) extends AbstractTaskExecuteProgress(configNameToIdent)
     with ExecuteProgress
     with AutoCloseable {
   private val lastTaskCount = new AtomicInteger(0)
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/build.sbt b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/build.sbt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5c1419e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/build.sbt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// intentionally empty - CheckPlugin provides settings
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/project/CheckPlugin.scala b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/project/CheckPlugin.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..787732eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/project/CheckPlugin.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package sbt
+
+import sbt.*
+import Keys.*
+
+object CheckPlugin extends AutoPlugin:
+  override def requires = plugins.JvmPlugin
+  override def trigger = allRequirements
+
+  lazy val MultiJvm = config("multi-jvm")
+  lazy val test1 = taskKey[Unit]("")
+
+  override def projectConfigurations = Seq(MultiJvm)
+  override def projectSettings = Seq(
+    MultiJvm / test1 := {},
+    commands += Command.command("checkShortKeyDisplay") { state =>
+      val configNameToIdent = Project.configNameToIdent(state)
+      val show = Def.showShortKey(None, configNameToIdent)
+      val displayed = show.show((MultiJvm / test1).scopedKey)
+      if !displayed.contains("MultiJvm") then
+        sys.error(s"Expected 'MultiJvm' in short key display but got: '$displayed'")
+      state.log.info(s"Config display check passed: $displayed")
+      state
+    },
+  )
diff --git a/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/test b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/test
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d00f1b414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbt-app/src/sbt-test/project/config-name-display/test
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Verify that custom configuration MultiJvm displays correctly
+# instead of the guessed Multi-jvm (#5211)
+> checkShortKeyDisplay